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July 3, 2008  Vol. 359 No. 1

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Perspective
1-3
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A leading drug company may be poised to win a landmark legal victory next fall. Dr. Gregory Curfman, Stephen Morrissey, and Dr. Jeffrey Drazen write that if Wyeth prevails in a case soon to be argued before the U.S. Supreme Court (Wyeth v. Levine), drug ...

3-5

In their June report, the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) made 3 recommendations intended to create collective accountability across providers for selected hospital episodes. Glenn Hackbarth, Robert Reischauer, and Anne Mutti hope that this ...

Original Articles
7-20
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This randomized, controlled trial compared standard renal-replacement therapy with more intensive therapy in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury and failure of at least one nonrenal organ or sepsis. Intensive renal support did not decrease mortality, improve recovery of kidney function, or reduce the rate of nonrenal organ failure as compared with thrice-weekly intermittent hemodialysis.

21-30

In this clinical trial, a combination of epinephrine plus vasopressin was compared with epinephrine alone in out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. There was no benefit from the addition of vasopressin, and on the basis of these findings, this agent cannot be recommended in this clinical setting.

31-42

This phase 2 trial investigated the efficacy of motesanib diphosphate, an orally active inhibitor of VEGF receptors, in patients with advanced differentiated thyroid cancer. None of the patients had had a response to conventional treatment. No patient had a complete response, but 14% had a partial response, with a median duration of 32 weeks. Motesanib diphosphate is an option for patients with metastatic or locally progressive differentiated thyroid cancer who have not had a response to usual treatment.

43-49
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Endomyocardial fibrosis is the most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy worldwide and in its advanced stages has a poor prognosis. This study used echocardiographic screening for endomyocardial fibrosis in Mozambique and found a prevalence of nearly 20%, much of which was mild to moderate in severity. These data may help to develop therapeutic or preventive approaches.

Special Article
50-60

This national survey finds that only 4% of physicians use an extensive, fully functional system for electronic health records, and 13% use some form of basic electronic records. Those who use electronic records are generally satisfied with the systems and believe that they improve the quality of care that patients receive.

Review Article
61-73

Many lines of evidence, including epidemiologic data and extensive clinical and experimental studies, indicate that early life events play a powerful role in influencing later susceptibility to certain chronic diseases. This review synthesizes evidence from several disciplines to support the contention that environmental factors acting during development should be accorded greater weight in models of disease causation.

Images in Clinical Medicine
74
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A 20-year-old man who had had idiopathic end-stage renal failure since he was 12 years of age and who was undergoing dialysis once weekly (with stable serum electrolyte, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine levels) presented with a large, nontender ...

e1
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This 37-year-old man was given a diagnosis of renal tubular acidosis at 9 years of age but had no medical follow-up or treatment for 22 years.

Clinical Problem-Solving
75-80

    A 72-year-old man presented with a 3-month history of watery diarrhea. This condition was associated with intermittent fevers, abdominal pain, and weight loss of 15 lb (6.8 kg).

    Editorial
    82-84

    Acute kidney injury is associated with morbidity and mortality rates of more than 50% in critically ill patients, despite the potential for recovery of renal function and many advances in medical management.1 To manage the care of patients with acute ...

    Clinical Implications of Basic Research
    85-87

    Inhibiting the synthesis of the carotenoid pigment of a strain of Staphylococcus aureus counters the virulence of the bacterium in vitro and in vivo.

    Correspondence
    88-89

    To the Editor: In his Perspective article, Maisel (March 6 issue)1 criticizes the response of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to adverse events preceding the recall of Medtronic's Sprint Fidelis implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (ICD) leads. ...

    89-92

    To the Editor: In their article, Levine et al. (March 27 issue)1 conclude that atrophy of the human diaphragm occurs with mechanical ventilation; this finding is consistent with our observation of atrophy of the diaphragm in a patient with a high spinal ...

    92-93

    To the Editor: Kathiresan and coworkers (March 20 issue)1 find that a genotype score of nine, which was crafted from a combination of four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affecting high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and five SNPs ...

    93-95

    To the Editor: Van Seters et al. (April 3 issue)1 report that regression of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia was significantly greater in the imiquimod group than in the placebo group. However, the small number of patients treated with imiquimod (26), ...

    95-98

    To the Editor: Carpenter et al. (March 27 issue)1 report that new molecular entities (NMEs) approved in the 2 months before the first review deadlines established under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) showed a higher rate of postmarketing ...

    98-99

    To the Editor: In her article on hydroxyurea for the treatment of sickle cell anemia, Platt (March 27 issue)1 states that “the red cells of a normal adult generally contain almost 100% hemoglobin A and those of a person with sickle cell anemia contain ...

    99-100

    To the Editor: Mullen et al. (Feb. 7 issue)1 report on two cases of melanoma in patients with multiple sclerosis who received natalizumab. Their letter shows the limited interpretability of individual case reports in establishing cause-and-effect ...

    100-102

    These authors analyzed calculi obtained from 74 patients with a diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria type 1 and found that all showed very peculiar morphologic characteristics. This direct examination constitutes a simple, rapid, and cheap tool that might ...

    Book Reviews
    103

    It must have been a daunting task to produce a comprehensive account of the extraordinary advances in the genetics, molecular mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Ihor Gussak and Charles Antzelevitch, the editors of this book, ...

    103-104

    Heart failure caused predominantly by diastolic dysfunction, or diastolic heart failure, accounts for one third to one half of all cases of heart failure. Its prevalence and the rate of associated death from all causes are increasing in tandem with the ...

    104-105
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    The first edition of Osteoporosis appeared in 1996 and was followed by the second edition in 2001. The third edition of this multiauthored book keeps up remarkably well with the explosion of knowledge in the field. The two volumes of the latest edition ...

    105-106

    Only 50 years ago, the function of human platelets was barely understood and antiplatelet drugs were unknown — although aspirin had been available since the end of the 19th century. Once a special interest of hematologists who investigated the mechanisms ...

    Corrections
    106

    Weekly Paclitaxel in the Adjuvant Treatment of Breast Cancer Original Article, N Engl J Med 2008:358;1663-1671.. During the editing of this article, all instances of “hazard ratio” were changed to “odds ratio.” “Hazard ratio” is the correct term. The ...

    106

    Metformin versus Insulin for the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Original Article, N Engl J Med 2008:358;2003-2015.. In the abstract (page 2003), under Results, the parenthetical information should read “(relative risk, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, ...

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