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January 30, 2003 Vol. 348 No. 5
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To avoid the complications of cardiopulmonary bypass, techniques have been developed to stabilize the beating heart during “off-pump” coronary bypass surgery. In this randomized comparison of the two approaches, there were no significant differences in clinical outcomes or graft patency at one year, and the off-pump approach was more cost effective.
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In continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, bioincompatible fluids bathe the peritoneum, causing denudation of the mesothelial cells and, eventually, tissue fibrosis. This study characterized mesothelial cells from effluents in dialysis fluid. Soon after dialysis is initiated, peritoneal mesothelial cells undergo a transition from an epithelial phenotype to a mesenchymal phenotype, with progressive loss of epithelial morphology and changes in gene expression characteristic of a profibrotic state.
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The authors estimated the effects of various vaccination policies in the event of hypothetical smallpox attacks. Vaccination of the public before such an attack occurred would cause about 500 deaths. A highly successful airport attack could result in about 50,000 deaths from smallpox, most of which could be averted by prior vaccination of the public. Smallpox vaccination would save lives only if the probability of an attack were substantial.
A 33-year-old woman reports irritability, periods of crying, mood swings, and severe fatigue beginning one week before the start of menses and ending within three days after its onset. The symptoms have begun to interfere with her usual social functioning. How should the physician treat this patient?
Smallpox vaccination carries with it well-known risks of adverse events, but problems may also arise from the risk of secondary transmission of the live virus. This review article examines what is known about the potential for nosocomial infection and for spread within families. The author also assesses the implications for vaccination policy.
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