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January 30, 2003  Vol. 348 No. 5

Perspective
379-380

Inspired in 1931 by a bedside vigil for a dying patient with massive pulmonary embolism, John Gibbon had by the early 1950s developed the heart–lung machine, or pump oxygenator. Although it affected the management of pulmonary embolism only trivially, the ...

381-382
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The possibility of biologic warfare has entered the national psyche. Vaccination against smallpox has begun. For physicians and other health care professionals, the current call to arms means more than rolling up our sleeves for the prick of a bifurcated ...

Original Articles
383-393

Intensified, long-term intervention reduced cardiovascular and microvascular events by half.

394-402

To avoid the complications of cardiopulmonary bypass, techniques have been developed to stabilize the beating heart during “off-pump” coronary bypass surgery. In this randomized comparison of the two approaches, there were no significant differences in clinical outcomes or graft patency at one year, and the off-pump approach was more cost effective.

403-413

In continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, bioincompatible fluids bathe the peritoneum, causing denudation of the mesothelial cells and, eventually, tissue fibrosis. This study characterized mesothelial cells from effluents in dialysis fluid. Soon after dialysis is initiated, peritoneal mesothelial cells undergo a transition from an epithelial phenotype to a mesenchymal phenotype, with progressive loss of epithelial morphology and changes in gene expression characteristic of a profibrotic state.

Images in Clinical Medicine
414

Photographs show the progression of a lesion from vaccination in a healthy, previously unvaccinated 23-year-old woman. Undiluted smallpox vaccine (Dryvax, Wyeth Laboratories) was introduced into the skin of the upper arm by scarification with 15 punctures ...

415
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A nine-year-old girl living in a rural area who had no known exposure to cows presented with a two-week history of several painful lesions on her left forearm where she had been scratched by a free-roaming cat. Two days after the scratch, small vesicles ...

Special Articles
416-425
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The authors estimated the effects of various vaccination policies in the event of hypothetical smallpox attacks. Vaccination of the public before such an attack occurred would cause about 500 deaths. A highly successful airport attack could result in about 50,000 deaths from smallpox, most of which could be averted by prior vaccination of the public. Smallpox vaccination would save lives only if the probability of an attack were substantial.

426-432
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Government intelligence reports warn of the possibility of bioterrorist attacks involving smallpox. This possibility, coupled with the potential for military action against Iraq, which is thought to have biologic weapons, has raised the question of what ...

Clinical Practice
433-438

A 33-year-old woman reports irritability, periods of crying, mood swings, and severe fatigue beginning one week before the start of menses and ending within three days after its onset. The symptoms have begun to interfere with her usual social functioning. How should the physician treat this patient?

Review Article
439-446

Smallpox vaccination carries with it well-known risks of adverse events, but problems may also arise from the risk of secondary transmission of the live virus. This review article examines what is known about the potential for nosocomial infection and for spread within families. The author also assesses the implications for vaccination policy.

Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital
447-455

Presentation of Case

A 42-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of a productive cough, chills, and fever.

The patient had been well until seven months earlier, when an intermittent, generally nonproductive cough developed and did not resolve,...

Editorial
457-459

Mortality from cardiovascular disease is increased by a factor of two to three in persons with diabetes as compared with the general population.1 Cardiovascular disease develops earlier in the presence of diabetes and occurs as often in diabetic women as ...

Sounding Board
460-463

According to federal,1 academic,2 and lay3 observers, smallpox might be used as a weapon of terrorism. Variola virus is presumed to be available,4 and a terrorist could introduce it, leading to secondary spread and deaths. Current policy is to promote ...

463-466
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Each state party to this Convention undertakes never in any circumstances to develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain: (1) Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of types and in ...

Correspondence
467-468

To the Editor: We report a case in which a man presented with a papulovesicular rash with centrifugal distribution (Figure 1) that had been preceded by four days of headache, backache, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Because the rash started on the face, ...

468-470

To the Editor: The interesting study by Small et al. (Oct. 10 issue)1 showed that two potentially synergistic adrenergic-receptor polymorphisms are associated with a risk of congestive heart failure. Since this may indeed give rise to genotype-targeted ...

471-472

To the Editor: The findings of Tuomala et al. (June 13 issue)1 contradict earlier results from Europe2 showing that exposure to highly active antiretroviral therapy increases the risk of premature delivery by a factor of nearly three. The cumulative ...

472-473
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To the Editor: In his Clinical Practice article (Aug. 15 issue),1 Dr. Flemons discusses several risks associated with obstructive sleep apnea. Recent reports have revealed a number of “unexplained” postoperative cardiopulmonary arrests in surgical ...

473-474
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To the Editor: We disagree with the statement made by Brent and Birmaher (Aug. 29 issue)1 that overdoses of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are rarely toxic. Although overdoses of an SSRI (as the single ingested agent) are rarely fatal,2,...

474-476

To the Editor: A large variety of infectious agents are associated with fever, headache, and ocular inflammation, as discussed by Mushlin et al. in Case 33-2002 (Oct. 24 issue).1 Whenever lymphadenopathy is involved, cat scratch disease due to Bartonella ...

476-478

To the Editor: I am a retired biostatistician with recent service on an institutional review board (IRB), and my experience supports the observations of Schulman et al. (Oct. 24 issue)1 and suggests that the implications of their findings are serious and ...

Book Reviews
479-480

The rising tide of asthma in the Western world invites many questions. Why is the incidence of asthma increasing? Does avoidance of allergens help? When should treatment be started, and what are the therapeutic options? Anyone faced with these and related ...

480

This book aims to fill a niche. It is meant not for critical care specialists but rather for clinicians with intermittent responsibilities in the care of critically ill patients: internists and hospitalists, as well as trainees and students. But the book ...

480-481

Chronic obstructive lung disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by progressive limitation of airflow due to inflammation of small airways and fibrosis and destruction of lung parenchyma (emphysema). The principal cause ...

481-482

Occupational disorders are common, but clinicians who can recognize and manage them are not. Recent headlines reminded us of this gap in medical education, as we struggled to cope with outbreaks of anthrax in postal workers and cough in firefighters at ...