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November 1, 2001  Vol. 345 No. 18

Original Articles
1291-1297

Although frank hypertension is clearly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, the implications of high-normal blood pressure are less clear. This prospective analysis from the Framingham Study demonstrates that the relative risk of cardiovascular events is significantly higher among both men and women with high-normal blood pressure than among those with optimal blood pressure.

1298-1304

In a study of the prevention of venous thromboembolism after surgery for hip fracture, fondaparinux was compared with the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin. Fondaparinux was superior to enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis and was well tolerated.

1305-1310

Major knee surgery poses a considerable risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism. In this study, fondaparinux, a new antithrombotic pentasaccharide, was found to surpass the ability of enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, to prevent venous thromboembolism after knee surgery.

Images in Clinical Medicine
1311
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Figure 1. A 67-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a five-day history of nonproductive cough and progressive dyspnea and a one-day history of right-sided pleuritic chest pain. Four days earlier, left-lower-lobe pneumonia had been ...

e4
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A pregnant 27-year-old woman had dyspnea, orthopnea, and a history of rheumatic fever. Tight mitral stenosis was confirmed by echocardiography.

Special Article
1312-1317

Although gatekeeping — prior approval of referrals to specialists by a primary care physician — has been considered an important tool for controlling costs and coordinating care within health plans, many patients and physicians do not like it. This study showed no substantial effect on the use of specialty services by adults during the first 18 months after the elimination of a gatekeeping system.

Review Articles
1318-1330

The clinical features of this complex infection have changed in the past several decades. It is now an infection of older people, and mitral-valve prolapse is the most common predisposing cardiovascular problem in developed countries. In contrast, rheumatic heart disease is an important predisposing problem in developing countries. This review article provides a comprehensive assessment of this serious infectious disease, including diagnostic challenges, cardiovascular and neurologic complications, and approaches to therapy.

1331-1335

With this article by Nobel laureate Rolf Zinkernagel, the Immunology series that began in July 2000 comes to an end. Zinkernagel's thesis concerns the influence of a mother's immunologic memory on the effectiveness of childhood vaccination and the susceptibility of her child to infectious diseases. He reviews how immunity in the entire community (herd immunity) affects immune protection not only in the mother but also in succeeding generations. Zinkernagel warns that lax vaccination programs and complacency produced by improved living standards will have global effects on susceptibility to infection and autoimmune diseases.

Editorials
1337-1340

On the basis of evidence from multiple clinical trials, it is recommended that antihypertensive therapy be instituted for patients with confirmed hypertension — that is, when the systolic blood pressure exceeds 140 mm Hg or the diastolic blood pressure ...

1340-1342

For decades, if a patient required a parenteral anticoagulant agent, the choice was simple: unfractionated heparin was the only such agent available. Unfractionated heparin has a long track record of effectiveness in both the treatment of and prophylaxis ...

1342-1343

In this issue of the Journal, Ferris et al.1 report on the experience of Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, a multispecialty prepaid group practice, after it eliminated a gatekeeping system that had been in place for more than 25 years. During the first ...

1343-1344

The thought-provoking article by Zinkernagel in this issue of the Journal 1 brings to a close the series of review articles on immunology that have been appearing in these pages during the past 17 months. Those who have read these reviews will conclude ...

Clinical Implications of Basic Research
1345-1346

One hundred years ago, type 2 diabetes mellitus was considered a rare disease, but recently there has been an explosive increase in its incidence. About 16 million Americans have type 2 diabetes,1 and at least an equal number have impaired glucose ...

Correspondence
1348-1350

To the Editor: The report by Nadelman et al. (July 12 issue)1 suggests that a single dose of doxycycline given within 72 hours after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite is effective in the prevention of early Lyme disease. Should the results of this study ...

1350-1351

To the Editor: The superb review article on Lyme disease by Steere (July 12 issue)1 omitted a manifestation associated with the disease: ocular Lyme borreliosis. Ocular Lyme borreliosis is probably underdiagnosed not only because of difficulties in the ...

1351

To the Editor: In their Clinical Practice article (June 14 issue), Lee and Boucher review the use of noninvasive tests in patients with stable coronary artery disease.1 However, the authors do not comment on electron-beam computed tomography as a ...

1351-1352

To the Editor: The early deaths reported by Sargent et al. (July 12 issue)1 among patients with colorectal cancer who were enrolled in trials N9741 and C89803 have aroused concern regarding the use of irinotecan in combination with fluorouracil and ...

1352-1353

To the Editor: Hepatic-artery thrombosis early after liver transplantation is associated with a very high rate of graft loss and death.1 If urgent revascularization fails2 or if massive hepatic necrosis has already developed, prompt retransplantation is ...

Book Reviews
1354

For most of the 20th century, the rate of death from breast cancer in the United States has remained stable, with a moderate decline occurring only in the past few years. In The Breast Cancer Wars, Barron Lerner, a physician and historian of medicine, ...

1355

This book is a masterly review of the field of renal transplantation, edited by Sir Peter Morris, a universally esteemed pioneer who has devoted his life to the clinical and immunologic aspects of renal transplantation. The previous four editions, ...

Correction
1356

A Magic Bullet for Cancer — How Near and How Far? Editorial, N Engl J Med 2001:345;283-284.. On page 283, the sentence that begins 22 lines from the bottom of the left-hand column should have read, “The resulting humanized chimeric monoclonal antibodies ...