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November 1, 2001 Vol. 345 No. 18
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Although frank hypertension is clearly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, the implications of high-normal blood pressure are less clear. This prospective analysis from the Framingham Study demonstrates that the relative risk of cardiovascular events is significantly higher among both men and women with high-normal blood pressure than among those with optimal blood pressure.
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Although gatekeeping — prior approval of referrals to specialists by a primary care physician — has been considered an important tool for controlling costs and coordinating care within health plans, many patients and physicians do not like it. This study showed no substantial effect on the use of specialty services by adults during the first 18 months after the elimination of a gatekeeping system.
The clinical features of this complex infection have changed in the past several decades. It is now an infection of older people, and mitral-valve prolapse is the most common predisposing cardiovascular problem in developed countries. In contrast, rheumatic heart disease is an important predisposing problem in developing countries. This review article provides a comprehensive assessment of this serious infectious disease, including diagnostic challenges, cardiovascular and neurologic complications, and approaches to therapy.
With this article by Nobel laureate Rolf Zinkernagel, the Immunology series that began in July 2000 comes to an end. Zinkernagel's thesis concerns the influence of a mother's immunologic memory on the effectiveness of childhood vaccination and the susceptibility of her child to infectious diseases. He reviews how immunity in the entire community (herd immunity) affects immune protection not only in the mother but also in succeeding generations. Zinkernagel warns that lax vaccination programs and complacency produced by improved living standards will have global effects on susceptibility to infection and autoimmune diseases.
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