A substantial proportion of the cases of mother-to-child (vertical) transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occur during the intrapartum period.¹ Possible mechanisms include transfusion of the mother's blood to the fetus during labor ...

Bleeding from esophageal varices is associated with mortality rates ranging from 30 to 70 percent.¹,² Many therapies have been evaluated for primary prophylaxis against bleeding in people with cirrhosis and large varices.³–⁵ The most effective therapy is ...

In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) there is clonal expansion of immature promyelocytes with a characteristic balanced translocation, t(15;17)(q22–24;q12–21).¹,² This fusion of genetic elements gives rise to a chimeric protein (PML–RARα) derived from ...

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic pulmonary disorder that occurs primarily in premature infants with respiratory insufficiency who require supplemental oxygen and ventilatory support. The pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia is multifactorial ...

Figure 1. A 79-year-old woman had had discoloration of her sclerae and skin for several months. What is the cause of the pigmentation?

Disease-causing mutations often reveal key pathways of physiologic regulation and their underlying molecular mechanisms. Mutations in the trimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), which relay signals initiated by photons, odorants, and a ...

One of every 600 black people in the United States has sickle cell anemia. In addition, sickle cell–hemoglobin C disease and sickle cell–β-thalassemia, which are other common genotypes of sickle cell disease, together are as common as sickle cell anemia. ...

Each year in the United States 6000 to 7000 women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection give birth. Worldwide, about 2.3 million HIV-infected women give birth each year. The transmission of HIV from mother to child (vertical transmission) is ...

Most patients with portal hypertension in North America and Europe have cirrhosis. Of those with compensated cirrhosis (i.e., cirrhosis with no ascites, encephalopathy, or severe jaundice), 30 percent have esophageal varices, as compared with 60 percent ...

The annexins were first described as a family of proteins in 1990,¹ and they have since been extensively reviewed.² Individual members of the family had previously been isolated, characterized, and assigned a variety of names. The nomenclature depended on ...

Progress in the treatment of neonates with the respiratory distress syndrome has been one of the medical success stories of the past 15 years. During this time, the widespread use of glucocorticoids to accelerate lung maturation, surfactant therapy, and ...

To the Editor: As mentioned by Wade et al. in their paper (Nov. 12 issue),¹ we have also investigated the effects of the partial use of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) protocol regimen 076 on the rates of perinatal transmission of the human ...

To the Editor: Soignet et al. (Nov. 5 issue)¹ report the induction of complete remissions in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia after treatment with low doses of arsenic trioxide. They conclude, “The clinical response is associated with ...

To the Editor: In their discussion, Regamey et al. (Nov. 5 issue)¹ suggest that in regions where human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is not endemic, transplantation-associated Kaposi's sarcoma is often transmitted from the donor. Between January 1993 and ...

To the Editor: Chemoprevention can prevent second primary cancers in patients with cancer,¹ but the effect of secondary cancer prevention on absolute survival has not been established. In 1996 we reported in the Journal that oral administration of an ...

To the Editor: In their Clinical Problem-Solving article (Nov. 5 issue),¹ Elad et al. present readers with an example of the dangers of “jumping to the wrong conclusion.” They exhort us to examine the details of complicated histories, to be on the alert ...

To the Editor: In Case 27-1998 (Aug. 27 issue),¹ Atala offers an excellent discussion of eosinophilic cystitis. However, this case illustrates a problem many readers have with the Case Records: namely, that consideration is rarely given to the ...

To the Editor: In the United States, screening for open neural-tube defects is now part of routine prenatal care.¹ The two most common defects (anencephaly and open spina bifida) are important causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Although ...

“The elements are simple bodies. They are the primary components of the human being throughout all its parts, as well as of other bodies in their varied and diverse forms. The various orders of beings depend for their existence on the intermixture of the ...

Environmental illness is a variably defined collection of symptoms also known as multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome, total allergy syndrome, and 20th century disease. It is currently classified among functional somatic syndromes — that is, physical ...

Changing patterns in the prevalence of asthma and associated morbidity and mortality are of growing public concern. There are both national and international efforts to find ways to reduce the impact of this disease. Yet, for all the concern, much about ...

A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Original Article, N Engl J Med 1999:340;409-417.. On page 412, the sentence that begins on line 10 of the left-hand column should have read, “Twenty percent ...

Alternative Medicine — The Case of Herbal Remedies Correspondence, N Engl J Med 1999:340;564-566.. On page 566, 12 lines from the end of the letter by Angell and Kassirer, the dietary supplement should have read “Digitalis lanata,” not “Digitalis lantana,”...