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Perspective
Becoming a Physician: Freedom from the Tyranny of Choice — Teaching the End-of-Life Conversation
Thirty years ago, an intern had a conversation with a patient that he regrets to this day. The patient, a young man with widely metastatic lymphoma, unresponsive to chemotherapy, now had progressive dyspnea. The intern knew that even with intubation, his patient would soon die. Although the norm at…
Correspondence
Next to Nothing
What comes next, you ask As I turn to keep you facing away While your neighbor collects The toothbrush and the shoes And the clothes prefolded After dressing for the last struggle In that room where the monitor is now dark With no line left. Now I will write with black ink only Inside small white…
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Perspective
Discussing Overall Prognosis with the Very Elderly
It's late in the day in the office of a busy primary care physician, who is relieved to see that his last patient is a woman who, though 86 years old, has multiple stable medical problems and is visiting for her annual exam. The patient is accompanied by her daughter, who helps her mother with…
Special Article
End-of-Life Transitions among Nursing Home Residents with Cognitive Issues
Health care transitions, such as the hospitalization of nursing home residents, have the potential for fragmentation of care, changes in the management of chronic diseases, duplication of diagnostic workups, and medical errors.– Few previous reports have described health care transitions among…
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Sounding Board
Bending the Cost Curve in Cancer Care
Annual direct costs for cancer care are projected to rise — from $104 billion in 2006 to over $173 billion in 2020 and beyond. This increase has been driven by a dramatic rise in both the cost of therapy and the extent of care. In the United States, the sales of anticancer drugs are now second…
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Perspective
The Palliative Care Information Act in Real Life
New York's Palliative Care Information Act took effect on February 9, 2011. Sponsored by the advocacy group Compassion and Choices New York, the law on its face simply mandates that physicians practice good medicine in caring for patients with a poor prognosis: "If a patient is diagnosed with a…
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Perspective
Becoming a Physician: Gratitude, Memories, and Meaning in Medicine
The card, with its picture of a bouquet of flowers, was on my desk when I arrived at the hospital on Monday morning. I opened it, assuming it was a thank-you note from an interviewee for our residency program. But the handwriting was that of an elderly person who had taken the pains to write, with…
Original Article
Trajectories of Disability in the Last Year of Life
According to the hypothesis of a compression of morbidity, if the onset of disability could be postponed, then lifetime disability could be compressed into a shorter average period before death. Supporting this hypothesis, data from several large national surveys have shown a decline in disability…
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This longitudinal study involving older adults identified five trajectories during the last year of life: no disability, catastrophic disability, accelerated disability, progressive disability, and persistently severe disability. Most of the subjects who died suddenly had no disability, and most of those who died from advanced dementia had persistently severe disability; however, the course of disability was not predictable for the majority of the subjects, who died from other causes.
Editorial
Reversing the Code Status of Advance Directives?
Twenty years ago, Congress passed the Patient Self-Determination Act, hoping to improve end-of-life care through the use of advance directives. The statute stimulated the development of a cornucopia of planning documents. Patients can sign a living will that states that they do not want their lives…
Special Article
Advance Directives and Outcomes of Surrogate Decision Making before Death
Advance directives document patients' wishes with respect to life-sustaining treatment (in a living will), their choice of a surrogate decision maker (in a durable power of attorney for health care), or both. First sanctioned in 1976, advance directives were designed to protect patient autonomy…
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Data from a national study showed that more than one quarter of older adults who died between 2000 and 2006 required decision making at the end of life but lacked decision-making capacity. Most of these subjects had advance directives (living wills, health care proxies, or both) and received care consistent with their preferences. These findings suggest that advance directives are valuable.
Original Article
Epidemiologic Study of In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Elderly
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) evolved from a specific intervention applied in limited clinical situations to the default response to cardiac arrest in or out of the hospital, an evolution accompanied by a dramatic decline in survival rates after CPR.– Subsequently, innovations allowing…
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In this longitudinal study of hospitalized Medicare patients, there was no improvement in survival after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during the period from 1992 through 2005. The overall rate of survival to discharge of patients who underwent in-hospital CPR was 18.3%. Survival after CPR was lower among black patients than among white patients.
Perspective
A New Era of For-Profit Hospice Care — The Medicare Benefit
To ensure that a reluctant medical community would embrace Medicare at its inception in 1965, Congress declared that any willing provider could participate. Since that time, the vast majority of physicians and hospitals have come to rely on Medicare as a major source of revenue. But as additional…
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Perspective
Letting Go of the Rope — Aggressive Treatment, Hospice Care, and Open Access
More Americans are choosing hospice for end-of-life care, but ironically, hospice patients increasingly are forced to give up effective palliative treatments along with aggressive medical intervention. For Joanne Doolin, a 64-year-old mother of three who spent her last 2 years of life fighting…
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Perspective
Understanding Hospice — An Underutilized Option for Life's Final Chapter
It was Mr. G.'s third exacerbation of congestive heart failure in the past 6 months. Eighty-three years old, he had New York Heart Association class IV heart failure, end-stage coronary artery disease, and insulin-dependent diabetes. Although he had never wanted to be put on a ventilator, this time…
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Perspective
Retrospective: Dying and Decision Making — Evolution of End-of-Life Options
I recently helped my father to die. He was an engineer, independent, always on the go and in charge. He began to deteriorate rapidly from an ill-defined dementing illness, and his confusion and intermittent agitation did not respond to the standard treatments that were tried. He had made his wishes…
Review Article
Medical Progress: Pediatric Palliative Care
Each year in the United States, approximately 50,000 children die and 500,000 children cope with life-threatening conditions. Worldwide these numbers are in the millions. Such children and their families require comprehensive, compassionate, and developmentally appropriate palliative care.…
Each year, 500,000 children in the United States cope with life-threatening illness. These children and their families require comprehensive, compassionate, and developmentally appropriate palliative care. This review article discusses pediatric palliative care, which should intersect with the aims of curing and healing and become instrumental for improving quality of life.
Perspective
Behind the Research: Death by Voluntary Dehydration — What the Caregivers Say
Researcher Linda Ganzini, M.D. says she was "stunned" after tallying the questionnaire results reported in this issue of the Journal (pages 359–365): Among the hospice nurses in Oregon who were surveyed, nearly twice as many had cared for patients who chose voluntary refusal of food and fluids to…
Special Article
Nurses' Experiences with Hospice Patients Who Refuse Food and Fluids to Hasten Death
Studies of terminally ill patients show that a small proportion of them would choose physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia for reasons of hopelessness, depression, feeling unappreciated, a sense of the meaninglessness of continued existence, readiness to die, and fear of loss of independence and…
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Special Article
Experiences of Oregon Nurses and Social Workers with Hospice Patients Who Requested Assistance with Suicide
The Death with Dignity Act legalizes physician-assisted suicide for terminally ill persons in Oregon who request it. Since the law was enacted in 1997, most information about patients who receive prescriptions for lethal medications has come from interviews with and surveys of physicians.– These…
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Physician-assisted suicide was legalized in Oregon with the passage of the Death with Dignity Act in 1997. Seventy-one of the 91 patients who have died by assisted suicide received hospice care. This study reports the results of a survey of hospice nurses and social workers about patients who received prescriptions for lethal medications. Like physicians who responded to a similar survey, hospice nurses and social workers reported that patients chose assisted suicide because they wished to control the circumstances of death, not because they were depressed, lacked social support, or were concerned about being a financial burden. As compared with other hospice patients and their families, patients who received prescriptions for lethal medications appeared to have less pain, depression, and anxiety, and their family caregivers appeared to be less burdened.
Correspondence
A New Diagnosis-Related Group for Palliative Care
To the Editor: The National Hospice Organization welcomes the announcement of a new diagnostic code for palliative care and the possible development of a special diagnosis-related group (DRG) that would allow payment for end-of-life care in the hospital. Drs. Cassel and Vladeck correctly point out…
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