Special Report
Derivation of Embryonic Stem-Cell Lines from Human Blastocysts
N Engl J Med 2004; 350:1353-1356March 25, 2004
- Article
Embryonic stem cells have the unique ability to form all adult cell types. Harnessing this potential may provide a source of cells to replace those that are lost or impaired as a result of disease. Moreover, the derivation of human embryonic stem cells opens a unique window into the study of early human development. At present, approximately 15 human embryonic stem-cell lines are publicly available, and they vary considerably in their usefulness for research and the extent of their characterization (see http://stemcells.nih.gov/registry/index.asp). To promote further research with human embryonic stem cells, we sought to derive and characterize more fully cell lines that meet strict criteria for ease of manipulation, including enzymatic passage with trypsin, streamlined freezing and thawing procedures, well-defined culture mediums, and straightforward methods for in vitro differentiation. We report the derivation and characterization of 17 additional human embryonic stem cell lines.
We obtained frozen cleavage- and blastocyst-stage human embryos, produced by in vitro fertilization for clinical purposes, after obtaining written informed consent and approval by a Harvard institutional review board. A total of 286 frozen and thawed cleaved embryos (6 to 12 cells each) were cultured to the blastocyst stage, and 58 frozen and thawed blastocysts were allowed to re-expand in culture, whereupon they were treated with Tyrode's solution to remove the zona pellucida, followed by immunosurgery to isolate inner cell masses.1 Many of these embryos were of such poor quality that they did not develop or divide after thawing. Nevertheless, 97 inner cell masses were isolated, and 17 individual human embryonic stem-cell lines (HUES1 through HUES17) were derived according to published protocols that we modified in terms of medium composition, enzymatic dissociation, and procedures for freezing and thawing (Figure 1AFigure 1
Derivation and Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells., Figure 1B, and Figure 1C).2-4 Too few embryos were available for us to determine systematically whether the procedural changes we used contributed substantially to the success rates we achieved. A detailed manual of our methods for culturing blastocysts and isolating embryonic stem cells is available elsewhere.5 Blastocysts representing a wide range of morphologic grades were used for derivation (see Table 1 in Supplementary Appendix 1, available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org).6 Although cleavage-stage embryos that were of extremely poor quality often did not develop to the blastocyst stage, cell lines were produced from three blastocysts that would otherwise have been discarded because of their poor morphologic characteristics. Moreover, four additional cell lines were derived from embryos of intermediate quality. Twelve of the human embryonic stem-cell lines were derived from blastocysts that had been frozen and thawed, and five from blastocysts cultured from cleaved embryos that had been frozen and thawed. These data suggest that human embryonic stem-cell lines may be derived more efficiently from frozen blastocysts than from frozen cleaved embryos.
All 17 human embryonic stem-cell lines were derived on and have since been cultured on mitotically inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts in medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor, recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor, serum replacement, and a human plasma protein fraction (plasmanate). Each cell line was first passaged by mechanical dissociation (usually fewer than five passages) immediately after the initial outgrowth of the inner cell mass. By design, all cell lines were then adapted to enzymatic passage with trypsin. Although this approach may have reduced our efficiency in isolating putative embryonic stem-cell lines, it produced cell lines that are easily and routinely cultured in vitro. These human embryonic stem cells have a high ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm, prominent nucleoli, and compact colony structure, as reported for other embryonic stem-cell lines.3,4 These human embryonic stem-cell lines were strongly positive for a number of molecular markers of undifferentiated pluripotent human stem cells, including octamer binding protein 3/4, stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, and alkaline phosphatase (Table 1 and Figure 3 in Supplementary Appendix 1).7-11
The population doubling time for HUES1, HUES2, HUES4, HUES6 through HUES9, and HUES13 through HUES16 is approximately 24 to 48 hours (Figure 2 and Table 1 in Supplementary Appendix 1). Three cell lines, HUES3, HUES5, and HUES10, have slightly longer population doubling times — between 60 and 72 hours. We found that low-passage human embryonic stem cells had longer population doubling times (approximately 150 hours) and that with additional passages, the population doubling times shortened and stabilized (Table 1 and Figure 3 in Supplementary Appendix 1, and additional data not shown). With continued culturing (usually after more than 40 passages), the population doubling times shorten, which may be attributable to karyotypic changes. Five human embryonic stem-cell lines (HUES1 through HUES4 and HUES6) have undergone more than 50 passages in culture (with population doubling more than 130 times) without replicative crisis.12
Karyotype analysis revealed that all 17 human embryonic stem-cell lines had a normal complement of 46 chromosomes (HUES1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 12, 14, and 15 were 46,XX, and HUES3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, and 17 were 46,XY) (Figure 2 in Supplementary Appendix 1). After prolonged culture, we observed karyotypic changes involving trisomy of chromosome 12 (HUES3 and HUES4), as well as other changes (additions to chromosome 2 in HUES1) (Table 1 in Supplementary Appendix 1). These karyotypic abnormalities are accompanied by a proliferative advantage and a noticeable shortening in the population doubling time. Chromosomal abnormalities are commonplace in human embryonal carcinoma cell lines and in mouse embryonic stem-cell lines and have recently been reported in human embryonic stem-cell lines.13-17 Trisomy 12 mosaicism has been repeatedly observed in different laboratories, indicating its potential importance in the growth and passage of human embryonic stem cells in culture.
To assess the capacity of our human embryonic stem-cell lines to form differentiated cell types in vitro, we induced differentiation of HUES1 through HUES16 by culturing the cells in suspension and allowing them to form cystic embryoid bodies.18 Cryosections of embryoid bodies cultured for 30 days reacted positively with mouse monoclonal antibodies that detect neuron-specific β-tubulin (Tuj1, ectoderm), myosin heavy chain (MF20, mesoderm), and a rabbit polyclonal antibody that reacts with alpha-fetoprotein (endoderm) (Figure 1D, Figure 1E, and Figure 1F and Figure 4 in Supplementary Appendix 1).19-21 In addition, we investigated the potential of these human embryonic stem-cell lines to differentiate into ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal cell types in vivo through teratoma formation after placement of subcutaneous xenografts in immunocompromised mice. Cryosections of each teratoma were positive on staining for Tuj1, MF20, and alpha-fetoprotein (Figure 1G, Figure 1H, and Figure 1I and Figure 5 in Supplementary Appendix 1). These data indicate that the human embryonic stem-cell lines reproducibly differentiate in vitro and in vivo into cell types from all three embryonic germ layers.
The 17 new cell lines described here should facilitate our understanding of the mechanisms by which differentiation of embryonic stem cells may be controlled to produce cell types for drug development and for transplantation in the treatment of disease. Under current regulations, the HUES cell lines cannot be used in research that is funded, even in part, by federal funds. The cells are being made available to researchers by Dr. Melton's laboratory under a Material Transfer Agreement. Complete information on how to obtain the cells and detailed protocols regarding their growth and maintenance are available at http://www.mcb.harvard.edu/melton/hues. These detailed protocols are also provided in Supplementary Appendix 1.
Supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, and Harvard University. Dr. Cowan is a fellow of the Damon Runyon Cancer Foundation.
Dr. A. McMahon reports that he holds equity in and has received consulting fees from Curis. Dr. Melton is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. He reports that he holds equity in and has received consulting fees from Curis.
Drs. Cowan, Klimanskaya, and McMahon contributed equally to this article.
This article was published at www.nejm.org on March 3, 2004.
We are indebted to Olga Martinez, Tasheena Stewart, Jayaraj Rajagopal, and members of the Brigham and Women's Hospital Cytogenetics Laboratory for experimental help and advice.
Source Information
From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (C.A.C., I.K., J.M., J.A., J.P.Z., D.A.M.) and the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (C.A.C., I.K., J.M., J.A., J.P.Z., A.P.M., D.A.M.), Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; Boston IVF, Waltham, Mass. (J.W., S.W., D.P.); and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology and Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (C.C.M.).
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