Special Article
Monetary Costs of Dementia in the United States
N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1326-1334April 4, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1204629
- Abstract
Background
Dementia affects a large and growing number of older adults in the United States. The monetary costs attributable to dementia are likely to be similarly large and to continue to increase.
Methods
In a subsample (856 persons) of the population in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative longitudinal study of older adults, the diagnosis of dementia was determined with the use of a detailed in-home cognitive assessment that was 3 to 4 hours in duration and a review by an expert panel. We then imputed cognitive status to the full HRS sample (10,903 persons, 31,936 person-years) on the basis of measures of cognitive and functional status available for all HRS respondents, thereby identifying persons in the larger sample with a high probability of dementia. The market costs associated with care for persons with dementia were determined on the basis of self-reported out-of-pocket spending and the utilization of nursing home care; Medicare claims data were used to identify costs paid by Medicare. Hours of informal (unpaid) care were valued either as the cost of equivalent formal (paid) care or as the estimated wages forgone by informal caregivers.
Results
The estimated prevalence of dementia among persons older than 70 years of age in the United States in 2010 was 14.7%. The yearly monetary cost per person that was attributable to dementia was either $56,290 (95% confidence interval [CI], $42,746 to $69,834) or $41,689 (95% CI, $31,017 to $52,362), depending on the method used to value informal care. These individual costs suggest that the total monetary cost of dementia in 2010 was between $157 billion and $215 billion. Medicare paid approximately $11 billion of this cost.
Conclusions
Dementia represents a substantial financial burden on society, one that is similar to the financial burden of heart disease and cancer. (Funded by the National Institute on Aging.)
Media in This Article
Table 1
Probability of Dementia According to the Characteristics of the Study Population.Table 2
Yearly Cost per Person Attributed to Dementia, in 2010 Dollars.Article Activity
- Article
Dementia, a chronic disease of aging characterized by progressive cognitive decline that interferes with independent functioning,1 affects a large and growing number of older adults in the United States.2,3 Citing the growing effect of dementia on patients, families, and the health care and long-term care systems, President Barack Obama signed the National Alzheimer's Project Act into law in January 2011. One goal of the law is to improve the ability of the federal government to track the monetary costs incurred by individuals and public programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, that result from dementia.4
Accurately identifying the monetary costs attributable to dementia is challenging. First, persons with dementia are likely to have more coexisting chronic health problems than those without dementia, because they tend to be older and because certain diseases (e.g., stroke and depression) are more common in persons with dementia.5 Thus, adjusting for the presence of these coexisting conditions is important in estimating the costs due to dementia alone, as opposed to the total costs for the population with dementia. Second, informal caregiving, the unpaid care provided by family and friends, in the form of assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs), is an important component of the support required by those with dementia,6 yet it is unclear how to attribute a monetary cost to an informal caregiver's time.7
Given the aging of the population and the concomitant rise in the prevalence of dementia, the current uncertainty regarding the costs associated with dementia, and the recent focus of the federal government on developing a coordinated plan to address the growing effects of dementia, we sought to determine its monetary costs in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS).
Methods
Study Design
The HRS is a nationally representative longitudinal survey of persons 51 years of age or older that began in 1992.8 Because the HRS lacks a direct measure of dementia status, a subset of 856 HRS respondents underwent a detailed in-home clinical assessment for dementia, 3 to 4 hours in duration, as part of the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS), a nationally representative study of dementia in the United States.2,9
We used data on cognition and functional limitations from the HRS survey itself to estimate a three-category, ordered probit model10 of the probability that an ADAMS respondent had dementia, had cognitive impairment but not dementia, or was aging normally. These data on cognition and functional limitations were available for all HRS respondents, not just the ADAMS respondents. For self-respondents, the HRS assesses cognitive function using a modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS), a validated cognitive screening instrument designed for population-based studies.11-14 For respondents represented by a proxy in the HRS, cognitive function was assessed with the use of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE), a validated instrument consisting of 16 questions that address the respondent's memory and ability to function independently.14,15 See the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org, for details on these variables (Table S1 in the Supplementary Appendix) and for additional details on other data, methods, and results.
The HRS assesses whether respondents have limitations in the ability to perform six ADLs (eating, transferring [e.g., from a bed to a chair], toileting, dressing, bathing, and walking across a room) and five instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs; preparing meals, grocery shopping, making telephone calls, taking medications, and managing money).16 We estimated the probability model over the ADAMS subsample using data from prior HRS interviews. To explain cognitive status, we used the variables of age, educational level, sex, ADL limitations, IADL limitations, and scores on TICS items (identification of the current date, backward counting from 20, subtracting by serial 7s, word naming, identification of the current U.S. president, immediate word recall, and delayed word recall) from the HRS interview immediately preceding the ADAMS assessment, and changes in ADL limitations, in IADL limitations, and in scores on TICS items from the two preceding HRS surveys. For HRS respondents represented by a proxy, a similar model was estimated with the use of the IQCODE.
To assess the within-sample fit of the model, we assigned a cognitive status of dementia if the fitted probability of dementia was greater than the fitted probability of normal aging or of cognitive impairment but not dementia. On the basis of this assignment, the within-sample fit was good: the specificity for dementia was 89.8% and the sensitivity was 77.9%. Overall, 85.7% of cases were correctly classified. We conducted a further validation by making out-of-sample predictions of dementia status for a subset of ADAMS respondents who were reassessed several years after the initial assessment. On follow-up, progression to dementia was found in 14.9% of respondents; our model predicted 13.9%. We then used this statistical model to estimate the probability of dementia for all HRS respondents older than 70 years of age in five HRS surveys (spanning the period from 2000 through 2008). See the Supplementary Appendix for further analyses of model performance.
Measures of Cost of Care
Out-of-Pocket Spending
The HRS asks respondents about health care utilization and coverage, and whether they have incurred any out-of-pocket health care expenses for the following services or items: nursing home stays, hospital stays, medical visits, outpatient surgery, home health care, special services (e.g., outpatient rehabilitation), prescription drugs, and dental services. Total annual out-of-pocket spending and spending according to type of care were computed for each year in the study period. All spending measures were converted to 2010 dollars with the use of the medical care Consumer Price Index.
Spending by Medicare
Information on Medicare spending is available for HRS respondents who have agreed to linkage of their Medicare claims records and who were enrolled in fee-for-service plans (approximately 70% percent of persons in our study population). These records have enrollment information and data on total annual payments by Medicare for durable-medical-equipment purchases, skilled nursing-facility care, hospice care, inpatient care, outpatient care, care provided by home health agencies, and care provided by noninstitutional providers of medical care.
Net Nursing Home Spending
We used the self-reported number of nights spent in a nursing home and nightly nursing home fees to estimate total nursing home spending, distinguishing fees according to state of residence and distinguishing between rates paid by Medicaid17-23 and those paid by other third parties.24 We reduced total nursing home spending by 8% because a portion of nursing home fees cover food and housing; such costs have to be paid whether or not someone has dementia and are therefore not attributable to dementia.
Formal and Informal Home Care
Information on the receipt of in-home assistance by persons with limitations in ADLs or IADLs was used to generate the average number of hours of care provided to persons at home. Caregiving is classified as “informal” when the caregiver is a relative or an unpaid nonrelative with no agency affiliation. All other care, whether obtained through an agency or provided by someone hired directly, is classified as “formal.”25 The methods used to calculate total hours of care have been described in earlier work6 and are briefly summarized in the Supplementary Appendix.
To estimate the monetary value of formal care, we used 2010 average hourly rates charged by home health agencies in the respondent's state of residence.24 We used two approaches to estimate the monetary cost of informal care. The “replacement cost” approach values care by using the cost of an equivalent service purchased in the market through a home health agency.7 The “forgone wage” approach bases the valuation on the labor-market income forgone because of time spent on caregiving. For employed caregivers, we used the market wages reported by respondents in each HRS survey. Because most caregivers are not employed, we used average wages for persons with similar demographic characteristics (sex and, when reported, age and educational level). To account for the fact that many caregivers are elderly and out of the work force, we scaled down the imputed wages by multiplying by the rate of labor-force participation in the same demographic group, an approach that recognizes that many caregivers would not work even if they were not providing caregiving services. Our method estimates the loss of income and productive services to the market economy. It does not measure the loss of well-being associated with alternative uses of caregiver time.
Estimation of the Cost Attributable to Dementia
Persons with dementia have more coexisting conditions than those without dementia, conditions that by themselves lead to greater costs. To isolate the costs attributable to dementia, we estimated multivariate regression models that related a given cost component to the imputed probability of dementia, to coexisting conditions (stroke, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, lung disease, cancer, psychiatric problems, and arthritis), and to demographic characteristics (age, household income, educational level, sex, and marital status). For details of these analyses, see Tables S6 through S10 in the Supplementary Appendix. We interpreted the estimated coefficient for the probability of dementia as the increase in costs associated with a change in the probability of dementia from 0 to 1.0, holding coexisting conditions and demographic characteristics constant.
We estimated two measures of the cost attributable to dementia. The first includes costs for care purchased in the market and is equal to the sum of the estimated increases in cost associated with dementia for out-of-pocket spending, Medicare spending, nursing home spending, and spending on in-home care. These estimates come from the multivariate models discussed above. The second measure adds in the monetary value of time spent by unpaid caregivers that is attributable to dementia, calculated as either the replacement cost or the cost of forgone wages.
Results
Probability of Dementia
The average predicted probability of dementia, stratified according to personal and household characteristics, is shown in Table 1Table 1
Probability of Dementia According to the Characteristics of the Study Population.. Nonwhite race or ethnic group, female sex, single status, older age, lower educational level, and lower household income were associated with an increased likelihood of dementia (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Persons with one or more limitations in ADLs or IADLs were also more likely to have dementia, as were those who had a history of stroke or who had heart disease or a psychiatric condition (P<0.001 for all comparisons). However, persons who had a history of cancer were less likely to have dementia (P<0.001). The cost implications of these differences in demographic characteristics and coexisting conditions suggest the necessity of accounting for them in attributing costs to dementia.Estimated Cost Per Person with Dementia
Estimates of the yearly per-person costs attributable to dementia, both with and without adjustment for coexisting conditions and demographic characteristics, are shown in Table 2Table 2
Yearly Cost per Person Attributed to Dementia, in 2010 Dollars.. Dementia was associated with a cost of $33,329 for care purchased in the market (95% confidence interval [CI], $24,223 to $42,434). That is, someone with a probability of dementia of 1.0 would be expected to incur $33,329 more in health care costs than someone whose probability of dementia was zero, when costs were aggregated over all payers. Adjustment for coexisting conditions and demographic characteristics reduced the cost estimate to $28,501 (95% CI, $20,881 to $36,122), a reduction of approximately 14%. The adjustments reduced attributable out-of-pocket spending and costs for formal home care and nursing home care by 3 to 18%, but the adjustments reduced attributable Medicare costs by 47%. On the basis of adjusted values, the most important attributable cost was for nursing home care (approximately $13,900), followed by out-of-pocket spending (approximately $6,200), formal home care (approximately $5,700), and Medicare (approximately $2,700).The monetary value of informal home care attributable to dementia did not vary substantially when controlled for coexisting conditions and demographic characteristics. However, it varied by a factor of more than 2 when calculated on the basis of the replacement cost as compared with the cost of forgone wages.
After adjustment for coexisting conditions and demographic characteristics, the attributable yearly cost per person, including both the cost of care purchased in the marketplace and the cost of informal care, was $41,689 (95% CI, $31,017 to $52,362) when the valuation of forgone wages was used and $56,290 (95% CI, $42,746 to $69,834) when the valuation of replacement cost was used. Calculating the value of informal home care in terms of forgone wages yielded an estimate of the cost of unpaid caregiving that was 31% of the total cost; calculating the value of informal home care in terms of the replacement cost yielded an estimate of 49%.
Estimated Total Costs
Estimates of the total cost of dementia to the U.S. economy now and in the future are shown in Table 3Table 3
Projected Total and Per-Person Annual Monetary Costs of Dementia in the United States, in 2010 Dollars.. To estimate these costs, we combined the adjusted cost per person with dementia shown in Table 2 with prevalence rates from ADAMS and population projections from the U.S. Census. For 2010, this estimation yielded a prevalence of 14.7% in the population older than 70 years of age and an annual population cost of $109 billion for care purchased in the market, with a cost of $159 billion to $215 billion when the estimated monetary value of informal care was included. By 2040, assuming that prevalence rates and cost per person with dementia remain the same, our estimates suggest that these costs will more than double because of the aging of the population. Although the ability to pay these costs will be ameliorated somewhat by a growing population, they are still expected to increase by 79% when calculated per adult (with adults defined as persons 18 years of age or older).Discussion
We used nationally representative data to document comprehensively the incremental increase in costs attributable to dementia that arise from market transactions for goods and services as well as the costs of unpaid caregiving. We found that dementia leads to total annual societal costs of $41,000 to $56,000 per case, with a total cost of $159 billion to $215 billion nationwide in 2010. Our calculations suggest that the aging of the U.S. population will result in an increase of nearly 80% in total societal costs per adult by 2040.
The main component of the costs attributable to dementia is the cost for institutional and home-based long-term care rather than the costs of medical services — the sum of the costs for nursing home care and formal and informal home care represent 75 to 84% of attributable costs. Our estimate places dementia among the diseases that are the most costly to society. The cost for dementia care purchased in the marketplace ($109 billion) was similar to estimates of the direct health care expenditures for heart disease ($96 billion in 2008, or $102 billion in 2010 dollars) and significantly higher than the direct health care expenditures for cancer ($72 billion in 2008, or $77 billion in 2010 dollars).26 These costs do not include the costs of informal care, which are likely to be larger for dementia than for heart disease or cancer.
Although the costs attributable to dementia reported here are large, they are considerably smaller than those reported by the Alzheimer's Association,27 which has estimated that in 2010 the monetary costs alone were $172 billion (2010 dollars) as compared with our estimate of $109 billion. There are several reasons for this higher estimate. It is likely that the cost per case reported by the Alzheimer's Association is higher because it was estimated on the basis of a sample from a more severely impaired population (persons identified in the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey as having dementia). The higher cost is also based on a significantly larger estimate of the prevalence of dementia.27 The national prevalence of dementia used by the Alzheimer's Association is derived from a study of three Chicago neighborhoods.28 The diagnostic criteria for dementia used in that study did not require the presence of a limitation in ADLs or IADLs (a criterion that was used in ADAMS), a factor that probably led to the substantially higher estimate of the prevalence of dementia in the Chicago study.29 Finally, the cost estimate from the Alzheimer's Association was not adjusted for the costs of coexisting conditions.27
Our analysis has several potential weaknesses. First, as with all clinical assessments, the ADAMS diagnosis is subject to classification error, but a prior study that validated the ADAMS diagnostic methods with the use of neuropathological findings30 and a meta-analysis of 27 studies of the incidence of dementia31 suggest that the ADAMS approach achieves a diagnostic accuracy that is similar to that achieved by a reference standard for clinical evaluation. Second, we imputed dementia status to the entire HRS population rather than obtaining an actual clinical diagnosis for each respondent. Nonetheless, both the within-sample performance of the imputation model and the close correspondence between out-of-sample predictions based on our model and the follow-up assessments in ADAMS increase our confidence in the validity of our model. Furthermore, estimates of out-of-pocket spending based only on the ADAMS clinical assessments were similar to those reported here, but the ADAMS estimates had larger standard errors, reflecting its smaller sample.32 Third, self-reported costs of care may be subject to inaccuracies. Fourth, we were not able to include attributable costs paid by Medigap policies. However, a rough estimate indicates that these costs are small and would not materially change our conclusions. Fifth, the costs of informal care are a major contributor to costs — yet attribution is difficult. For this reason, we presented a range of estimates. Sixth, regarding our cost forecasts, we assumed that the real cost per case of dementia will remain constant. Although the costs of health care services have increased faster than the rate of inflation, the majority of costs attributable to dementia are related to the informal and formal care provided to address limitations in ADLs and IADLs, and much of that care is provided by low-wage workers. Wages in the lower part of the wage distribution have been stable or have even decreased in real terms, so we believe our assumption is reasonable. Finally, we could not conduct a detailed assessment of attributable costs according to payer because we lacked a linkage to Medicaid records. From the perspective of public policy, such information would be valuable.
The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the U.S. government.
Supported by a grant from the National Institute on Aging (R01AG030155). The Health and Retirement Study is conducted by the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan, with grants from the National Institute on Aging (U01 AG09740) and the Social Security Administration.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.
Source Information
From RAND, Santa Monica, CA (M.D.H., P.M., A.D., K.J.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (M.D.H.); the Network for Studies on Pensions, Aging, and Retirement, Tilburg, the Netherlands (M.D.H.); the University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom (A.D.); and the Division of General Medicine, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Center for Clinical Management Research, and the Institute for Social Research and the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan (K.M.L.) — both in Ann Arbor.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Hurd at the Center for the Study of Aging, RAND, 1776 Main St., Santa Monica, CA 90401, or at mhurd@rand.org.
- References
References
1
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed., text rev. (DSM-IV-TR). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
2
Plassman BL Langa KM Fisher GG
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Brookmeyer R Gray S Kawas C
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Draft: national plan to address Alzheimer's disease. Chicago: National Alzheimer's Association, 2012 (http://www.alz.org/documents_custom/National_Plan_to_Address_Alzheimers.pdf).
5
Barnes DE Yaffe K
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Langa KM Chernew M Kabeto M
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline7
Abraham KG, Mackie C. Home production. In: Abraham KG, Mackie C, eds. Beyond the market: designing nonmarket accounts for the United States. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005:55-78.
8
Juster F Suzman R
CrossRef | Web of Science9
Langa KM Plassman BL Wallace RB
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Johnston J, DiNardo J. Econometric methods. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
11
Brandt J Spencer M Folstein M 12
Welsh KA Breitner JCS Magruder-Habib KM 13
Plassman BL Newman T Welsh K Breitner J 14
Ofstedal MB, Fisher GG, Herzog AR. Documentation of cognitive functioning measures in the Health and Retirement Study. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Survey Research Center, 2005 (http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/sitedocs/userg/dr-006.pdf).
15
Jorm AF
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Fonda S, Herzog AR. Documentation of physical functioning measured in the Health and Retirement Study and the Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old Study. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Survey Research Center, 2004 (http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/sitedocs/userg/dr-008.pdf).
17
The State Long-Term Health Care Sector 2003: characteristics, utilization, and government funding. American Health care Association, 2004 (http://www.ahcancal.org/research_data/trends_statistics/Documents/State_Long-Term_Health_Care_Sector_2003.pdf).
18
The State Long-Term Health Care Sector 2004: characteristics, utilization, and government funding. American Health Care Association, 2005 (http://www.ahcancal.org/research_data/trends_statistics/Documents/State_Long-Term_Health_Care_Sector_2004.pdf).
19
BDO Siedman, Eljay, American Health Care Association. A report on shortfalls in Medicaid funding for nursing home care. September 2007 (http://www.ahcancal.org/research_data/funding/Documents/2007%20Medicaid%20Shortfall%20Report.pdf).
20
Eljay, American Health Care Association. A report on shortfalls in Medicaid funding for nursing home care. October 2008 (http://www.ahcancal.org/research_data/funding/Documents/2008%20Medicaid%20Shortfall%20Report.pdf).
21
Idem. A report on shortfalls in Medicaid funding for nursing home care. November 2009 (http://www.ahcancal.org/research_data/funding/Documents/2009%20Medicaid%20Shortfall%20Report.pdf).
22
Idem. A report on shortfalls in Medicaid funding for nursing home care. December 2010 (http://www.ahcancal.org/research_data/funding/Documents/2010%20Medicaid%20Shortfall%20Report.pdf).
23
Grabowski DC, Feng Z, Intrator I, Mor V. Recent trends in state nursing home payment policies. Health Aff (Millwood) Suppl Web Exclusives 2004;W4-363–W4-73.
24
Market survey of long-term care costs. Westport, CT: MetLife, 2010 (http://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/mmi/publications/studies/2010/mmi-2010-market-survey-long-term-care-costs.pdf).
25
Norgard TM Rodgers WL 26
Total expenses and percent distribution for selected conditions by type of service: United States, 2008 — Medical Expenditure Panel Survey: household component data. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2012.
27
Alzheimer's Association
CrossRef | Medline28
Hebert LE Scherr PA Bienias JL Bennett AD Evans DA
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Wilson RS Weir DR Leurgans SE
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline30
Plassman BL Khachaturian AS Townsend JJ
CrossRef | Medline31
Brookmeyer R Evans D Hebert L
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline32
Delavande A Hurd MD Martorell F Langa KM
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (172)
Citing Articles
1
Jeffrey L. Cummings, Kate Zhong, Jefferson W. Kinney, Chelcie Heaney, Joanne Moll-Tudla, Abhinay Joshi, Michael Pontecorvo, Michael Devous, Anne Tang, James Bena. (2016) Double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial of bexarotene in moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 8
CrossRef2
Melissa A. Schilling, Wei Qiao (Wendy) Qiu. (2016) Unraveling Alzheimer’s: Making Sense of the Relationship between Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease1. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 51, 961-977
CrossRef3
Jaclene A. Zauszniewski, Nirmala Lekhak, Betty Napoleon, Diana L. Morris. (2016) Resourcefulness Training for Women Dementia Caregivers: Acceptability and Feasibility of Two Methods. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 37, 249-256
CrossRef4
Jennifer L Wolff, Andrea Berger, Deserae Clarke, Jamie A Green, Rebecca Stametz, Christina Yule, Jonathan D Darer. (2016) Patients, care partners, and shared access to the patient portal: online practices at an integrated health system. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, ocw025
CrossRef5
Joseph W. Sakshaug, Martina Huber. (2016) An Evaluation of Panel Nonresponse and Linkage Consent Bias in a Survey of Employees in Germany. Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology 4, 71-93
CrossRef6
Soo Borson, Malaz A. Boustani, Kathleen C. Buckwalter, Louis D. Burgio, Joshua Chodosh, Richard H. Fortinsky, David R. Gifford, Lisa P. Gwyther, Mary Jane Koren, Joanne Lynn, Cheryl Phillips, Martha Roherty, Judah Ronch, Claudia Stahl, Lauren Rodgers, Hye Kim, Matthew Baumgart, Angela Geiger. (2016) Report on milestones for care and support under the U.S. National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia 12, 334-369
CrossRef7
Michael A. LaMantia, Kathleen A. Lane, Wanzhu Tu, Jennifer L. Carnahan, Frank Messina, Kathleen T. Unroe. (2016) Patterns of Emergency Department Use Among Long-Stay Nursing Home Residents With Differing Levels of Dementia Severity. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association
CrossRef8
Philipe de Souto Barreto, Philippe Denormandie, Benoit Lepage, Didier Armaingaud, Thomas Rapp, Pauline Chauvin, Bruno Vellas, Yves Rolland. (2016) Effects of a long-term exercise programme on functional ability in people with dementia living in nursing homes: Research protocol of the LEDEN study, a cluster randomised controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 47, 289-295
CrossRef9
Kanika Arora. (2016) How does dementia onset in parents influence unmarried adult children's wealth. Social Science & Medicine 152, 156-165
CrossRef10
Satizabal, Claudia L., Beiser, Alexa S., Chouraki, Vincent, Chêne, Geneviève, Dufouil, Carole, Seshadri, Sudha, . (2016) Incidence of Dementia over Three Decades in the Framingham Heart Study. New England Journal of Medicine 374:6, 523-532
Full Text11
Luís González-de Paz, Jordi Real, Alicia Borrás-Santos, José M Martínez-Sánchez, Virginia Rodrigo-Baños, María Dolores Navarro-Rubio. (2016) Associations between informal care, disease, and risk factors: A Spanish country-wide population-based study. Journal of Public Health Policy
CrossRef12
Toni C. Antonucci, Lisa Berkman, Axel Börsch-Supan, Laura L. Carstensen, Linda P. Fried, Frank F. Furstenberg, Dana Goldman, James S. Jackson, Martin Kohli, S. Jay Olshansky, John Rother, John W. Rowe, Julie Zissimopoulos. . Society and the Individual at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. 2016:, 41-62.
CrossRef13
Urszula Wojda. (2016) Alzheimer's disease lymphocytes: potential for biomarkers?. Biomarkers in Medicine 10, 1-4
CrossRef14
Hui Li, Yi Liu, Li-Ting Lin, Xue-Rui Wang, Si-Qi Du, Chao-Qun Yan, Tian He, Jing-Wen Yang, Cun-Zhi Liu. (2016) Acupuncture reversed hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction in vascular dementia rats. Neurochemistry International 92, 35-42
CrossRef15
Vishal Bali, Holly M. Holmes, Michael L. Johnson, Hua Chen, Marc L. Fleming, Rajender R. Aparasu. (2016) Comparative Effectiveness of Second-Generation Antidepressants in Reducing the Risk of Dementia in Elderly Nursing Home Residents with Depression. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 36:10.1002/phar.2016.36.issue-1, 38-48
CrossRef16
Michael A. LaMantia, Timothy E. Stump, Frank C. Messina, Douglas K. Miller, Christopher M. Callahan. (2016) Emergency Department Use Among Older Adults With Dementia. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 30, 35-40
CrossRef17
Brendan P. Lucey, Celedon Gonzales, Ujjwas Das, Jinhe Li, Eric R. Siemers, J. Randall Slemmon, Randall J. Bateman, Yafei Huang, Gerard B. Fox, Jurgen A.H.R. Claassen, Diane Slats, Marcel M. Verbeek, Gary Tong, Holly Soares, Mary J. Savage, Matthew Kennedy, Mark Forman, Magnus Sjögren, Richard Margolin, Xia Chen, Martin R. Farlow, Robert A. Dean, Jeffrey F. Waring. (2015) An integrated multi-study analysis of intra-subject variability in cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β concentrations collected by lumbar puncture and indwelling lumbar catheter. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 7
CrossRef18
Kenneth M Langa. (2015) Is the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia declining?. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 7
CrossRef19
Jung-Lung Hsu, Yen-Chun Fan, Ya-Li Huang, Jui Wang, Wei-Hung Chen, Hou-Chang Chiu, Chyi-Huey Bai. (2015) Improved predictive ability of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment for diagnosing dementia in a community-based study. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 7
CrossRef20
Melissa D. Aldridge, Amy S. Kelley. (2015) The Myth Regarding the High Cost of End-of-Life Care. American Journal of Public Health 105, 2411-2415
CrossRef21
, Bo Cheng, Mingxia Liu, Heung-Il Suk, Dinggang Shen, Daoqiang Zhang. (2015) Multimodal manifold-regularized transfer learning for MCI conversion prediction. Brain Imaging and Behavior 9, 913-926
CrossRef22
Rubén Martín-Láez, Hugo Caballero-Arzapalo, Luis Ángel López-Menéndez, Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla, Alfonso Vázquez-Barquero. (2015) Epidemiology of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Systematic Review of the Literature. World Neurosurgery 84, 2002-2009
CrossRef23
Heather Schofield, George Loewenstein, Jessica Kopsic, Kevin G. Volpp. (2015) Comparing the effectiveness of individualistic, altruistic, and competitive incentives in motivating completion of mental exercises. Journal of Health Economics 44, 286-299
CrossRef24
Qizhen Yang, Zhiqi Shen. . (2015) Active Aging in the Workplace and the Role of Intelligent Technologies. , 391-394
CrossRef25
Aniket Nagle, Robert Riener, Peter Wolf. (2015) High User Control in Game Design Elements Increases Compliance and In-game Performance in a Memory Training Game. Frontiers in Psychology 6
CrossRef26
Shu-Chen Kuo, Shih-Wei Lai, Hung-Chang Hung, Chih-Hsin Muo, Shih-Chang Hung, Ling-Ling Liu, Chia-Wei Chang, Yueh-Juen Hwu, Shieh-Liang Chen, Fung-Chung Sung. (2015) Association between comorbidities and dementia in diabetes mellitus patients: population-based retrospective cohort study. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 29, 1071-1076
CrossRef27
Evandro Fei Fang, Morten Scheibye-Knudsen, Heiko J. Jahn, Juan Li, Li Ling, Hongwei Guo, Xinqiang Zhu, Victor Preedy, Huiming Lu, Vilhelm A. Bohr, Wai Yee Chan, Yuanli Liu, Tzi Bun Ng. (2015) A research agenda for aging in China in the 21st century. Ageing Research Reviews 24, 197-205
CrossRef28
Richard Glickman-Simon, Tammy Lindsay. (2015) Cannabinoids for Chronic Pain, Mediterranean Diet and Cognitive Function; Vitamin E and Selenium for Cataract Prevention; Acupuncture and Moxibustion for Primary Dysmenorrhea; Massage Therapy and In Vitro Fertilization. EXPLORE: The Journal of Science and Healing 11, 489-493
CrossRef29
Xu Hou, Samuel O. Adeosun, Qinli Zhang, Brett Barlow, Melissa Brents, Baoying Zheng, Junming Wang. (2015) Differential contributions of ApoE4 and female sex to BACE1 activity and expression mediate Aβ deposition and learning and memory in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 7
CrossRef30
V K Ramanan, K Nho, L Shen, S L Risacher, S Kim, B C McDonald, M R Farlow, T M Foroud, S Gao, H Soininen, I Kłoszewska, P Mecocci, M Tsolaki, B Vellas, S Lovestone, P S Aisen, R C Petersen, C R Jack, L M Shaw, J Q Trojanowski, M W Weiner, R C Green, A W Toga, P L De Jager, L Yu, D A Bennett, A J Saykin. (2015) FASTKD2 is associated with memory and hippocampal structure in older adults. Molecular Psychiatry 20, 1197-1204
CrossRef31
Michelle W. Voss, Timothy B. Weng, Agnieszka Z. Burzynska, Chelsea N. Wong, Gillian E. Cooke, Rachel Clark, Jason Fanning, Elizabeth Awick, Neha P. Gothe, Erin A. Olson, Edward McAuley, Arthur F. Kramer. (2015) Fitness, but not physical activity, is related to functional integrity of brain networks associated with aging. NeuroImage
CrossRef32
Jennifer C Davis, Stirling Bryan, Carlo A Marra, Ging-Yuek R Hsiung, Teresa Liu-Ambrose. (2015) Challenges with cost-utility analyses of behavioural interventions among older adults at risk for dementia. British Journal of Sports Medicine 49, 1343-1347
CrossRef33
Stephanie A Kovalchik, Mary E Slaughter, Jeremy Miles, Esther M Friedman, Regina A Shih. (2015) Neighbourhood racial/ethnic composition and segregation and trajectories of cognitive decline among US older adults. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 69, 978-984
CrossRef34
Denise Wilfling, Anne Junghans, Lisa Marshall, Nora Eisemann, Gabriele Meyer, Ralph Möhler, Sascha Köpke, Sascha Köpke. . Non-pharmacological interventions for sleep disturbances in people with dementia. 2015.
CrossRef35
Carlos Chiatti, Gianluca Furneri, Joseph M. Rimland, Federica Demma, Franco Bonfranceschi, Laura Cassetta, Filippo Masera, Antonio Cherubini, Andrea Corsonello, Fabrizia Lattanzio, . (2015) The economic impact of moderate stage Alzheimer's disease in Italy: evidence from the UP-TECH randomized trial. International Psychogeriatrics 27, 1563-1572
CrossRef36
Icilio Cavero, Henry Holzgrefe. (2015) 14th Annual Meeting of the Safety Pharmacology Society: Threading through peripheral and central nervous system presentations. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 75, 143-157
CrossRef37
Raun van Ooijen, Rob Alessie, Adriaan Kalwij. (2015) Saving Behavior and Portfolio Choice After Retirement. De Economist 163, 353-404
CrossRef38
Zhou Yang, Allan Levey. (2015) Gender Differences: A Lifetime Analysis of the Economic Burden of Alzheimer's Disease. Women's Health Issues 25, 436-440
CrossRef39
Kenneth M. Langa, David Cutler. (2015) Opportunities for New Insights on the Life-Course Risks and Outcomes of Cognitive Decline in the Kavli HUMAN Project. Big Data 3, 189-192
CrossRef40
Kathryn Murphy. (2015) What to do about sexually inappropriate behavior in patients with dementia. Nursing 45, 53-56
CrossRef41
Ansgar Wübker, Sandra M. G. Zwakhalen, David Challis, Riitta Suhonen, Staffan Karlsson, Adelaida Zabalegui, Maria Soto, Kai Saks, Dirk Sauerland. (2015) Costs of care for people with dementia just before and after nursing home placement: primary data from eight European countries. The European Journal of Health Economics 16, 689-707
CrossRef42
Bryna Shatenstein, Pascale Barberger-Gateau, Patrizia Mecocci. (2015) Prevention of Age-Related Cognitive Decline: Which Strategies, When, and forWhom?. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 48, 35-53
CrossRef43
Panagiotis D. Bamidis, Patrick Fissler, Sokratis G. Papageorgiou, Vasiliki Zilidou, Evdokimos I. Konstantinidis, Antonis S. Billis, Evangelia Romanopoulou, Maria Karagianni, Ion Beratis, Angeliki Tsapanou, Georgia Tsilikopoulou, Eirini Grigoriadou, Aristea Ladas, Athina Kyrillidou, Anthoula Tsolaki, Christos Frantzidis, Efstathios Sidiropoulos, Anastasios Siountas, Stavroula Matsi, John Papatriantafyllou, Eleni Margioti, Aspasia Nika, Winfried Schlee, Thomas Elbert, Magda Tsolaki, Ana B. Vivas, Iris-Tatjana Kolassa. (2015) Gains in cognition through combined cognitive and physical training: the role of training dosage and severity of neurocognitive disorder. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 7
CrossRef44
Stefan Teipel, Thomas Fritze, Attila Ovari, Anne Buhr, Ingo Kilimann, Gabriele Witt, Hans-Wilhelm Pau, Gabriele Doblhammer. (2015) Regional Pattern of Dementia and Prevalence of Hearing Impairment in Germany. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 63:10.1111/jgs.2015.63.issue-8, 1527-1533
CrossRef45
Cynthia L. Leibson, Kirsten Hall Long, Jeanine E. Ransom, Rosebud O. Roberts, Steven L. Hass, Amy M. Duhig, Carin Y. Smith, Jane A. Emerson, V. Shane Pankratz, Ronald C. Petersen. (2015) Direct medical costs and source of cost differences across the spectrum of cognitive decline: A population-based study. Alzheimer's & Dementia 11, 917-932
CrossRef46
Christopher M. Callahan, Wanzhu Tu, Kathleen T. Unroe, Michael A. LaMantia, Timothy E. Stump, Daniel O. Clark. (2015) Transitions in Care in a Nationally Representative Sample of Older Americans with Dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 63:10.1111/jgs.2015.63.issue-8, 1495-1502
CrossRef47
Gail B. Rattinger, Sarah Schwartz, C. Daniel Mullins, Chris Corcoran, Ilene H. Zuckerman, Chelsea Sanders, Maria C. Norton, Elizabeth B. Fauth, Jeannie-Marie S. Leoutsakos, Constantine G. Lyketsos, JoAnn T. Tschanz. (2015) Dementia severity and the longitudinal costs of informal care in the Cache County population. Alzheimer's & Dementia 11, 946-954
CrossRef48
Limor Raz, Janice Knoefel, Kiran Bhaskar. (2015) The neuropathology and cerebrovascular mechanisms of dementia. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
CrossRef49
Kasey Wilson, Sara S. Bachman. (2015) House Calls: The Impact of Home-Based Care for Older Adults With Alzheimer’s and Dementia. Social Work in Health Care 54, 547-558
CrossRef50
William H. Thies. (2015) Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: A decade of progress in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia 11, 727-729
CrossRef51
Jacquelyn N. Walsh, Brad Manor, Jeffrey Hausdorff, Vera Novak, Lewis Lipsitz, Brian Gow, Eric A. Macklin, Chung-Kang Peng, Peter M. Wayne. (2015) Impact of Short- and Long-term Tai Chi Mind-Body Exercise Training on Cognitive Function in Healthy Adults: Results From a Hybrid Observational Study and Randomized Trial. Global Advances in Health and Medicine 4, 38-48
CrossRef52
Thomas A. Lutz, Urs Meyer. (2015) Amylin at the interface between metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Frontiers in Neuroscience 9
CrossRef53
Kensuke Toyama, Nobutaka Koibuchi, Yu Hasegawa, Ken Uekawa, Osamu Yasuda, Daisuke Sueta, Takashi Nakagawa, Mingjie Ma, Hiroaki Kusaka, Bowen Lin, Hisao Ogawa, Hidenor Ichijo, Shokei Kim-Mitsuyama. (2015) ASK1 is involved in cognitive impairment caused by long-term high-fat diet feeding in mice. Scientific Reports 5, 10844
CrossRef54
Michelle L. Ellis, Victor Molinari, Debra Dobbs, Kelly Smith, Kathryn Hyer. (2015) Assessing approaches and barriers to reduce antipsychotic drug use in Florida nursing homes. Aging & Mental Health 19, 507-516
CrossRef55
Michael A. LaMantia, Catherine A. Alder, Christopher M. Callahan, Sujuan Gao, Dustin D. French, Mary G. Austrom, Karim Boustany, Lee Livin, Bharath Bynagari, Malaz A. Boustani. (2015) The Aging Brain Care Medical Home: Preliminary Data. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 63, 1209-1213
CrossRef56
Alain Paraponaris, Bérengère Davin. (2015) Economics of the Iceberg: Informal Care Provided to French Elderly with Dementia. Value in Health 18, 368-375
CrossRef57
Robert O. Morgan, David M. Bass, Katherine S. Judge, C. F. Liu, Nancy Wilson, A. Lynn Snow, Paul Pirraglia, Maurilio Garcia-Maldonado, Paul Raia, N. N. Fouladi, Mark E. Kunik. (2015) A Break-Even Analysis for Dementia Care Collaboration: Partners in Dementia Care. Journal of General Internal Medicine 30, 804-809
CrossRef58
Tracey Holsinger, Brenda L. Plassman, Karen M. Stechuchak, James R. Burke, Cynthia J. Coffman, John W. Williams. (2015) Stability of Diagnoses of Cognitive Impairment, Not Dementia in a Veterans Affairs Primary Care Population. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 63, 1105-1111
CrossRef59
Wei Xu, Lan Tan, Hui-Fu Wang, Meng-Shan Tan, Lin Tan, Jie-Qiong Li, Qing-Fei Zhao, Jin-Tai Yu. (2015) Education and Risk of Dementia: Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Molecular Neurobiology
CrossRef60
Matthew Gladman, Lorne Zinman. (2015) The economic impact of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 15, 439-450
CrossRef61
O. Turró-Garriga, L. Calvó-Perxas, R. Albaladejo, E. Alsina, J.M. Cuy, J. Llinàs-Reglà, A.M. Roig, J. Serena, N. Vallmajó, M. Viñas, S. López-Pousa, J. Vilalta-Franch, J. Garre-Olmo. (2015) Pharmaceutical consumption and cost in patients with dementia: A longitudinal study by the Registry of Dementias of Girona (ReDeGi) in Catalonia (Spain). Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 60, 448-452
CrossRef62
Sid E. O'Bryant, Veer Gupta, Kim Henriksen, Melissa Edwards, Andreas Jeromin, Simone Lista, Chantal Bazenet, Holly Soares, Simon Lovestone, Harald Hampel, Thomas Montine, Kaj Blennow, Tatiana Foroud, Maria Carrillo, Neill Graff-Radford, Christoph Laske, Monique Breteler, Leslie Shaw, John Q. Trojanowski, Nicole Schupf, Robert A. Rissman, Anne M. Fagan, Pankaj Oberoi, Robert Umek, Michael W. Weiner, Paula Grammas, Holly Posner, Ralph Martins. (2015) Guidelines for the standardization of preanalytic variables for blood-based biomarker studies in Alzheimer's disease research. Alzheimer's & Dementia 11, 549-560
CrossRef63
Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, Edward M. Callaway, Sarah J. Caddick, Patricia Churchland, Guoping Feng, Gregg E. Homanics, Kuo-Fen Lee, David A. Leopold, Cory T. Miller, Jude F. Mitchell, Shoukhrat Mitalipov, Alysson R. Moutri, J. Anthony Movshon, Hideyuki Okano, John H. Reynolds, Dario L. Ringach, Terrence J. Sejnowski, Afonso C. Silva, Peter L. Strick, Jun Wu, Feng Zhang. (2015) Brains, Genes, and Primates. Neuron 86, 617-631
CrossRef64
Tabitha J. Bane, Connie Cole. (2015) Prevention of Alzheimer disease. The Nurse Practitioner 40, 30-35
CrossRef65
Reem Alattas, Buket D. Barkana. . (2015) A comparative study of brain volume changes in Alzheimer's disease using MRI scans. , 1-6
CrossRef66
Amanda Lazar, George Demiris, Hilaire J. Thompson. (2015) Involving Family Members in the Implementation and Evaluation of Technologies for Dementia: A Dyad Case Study. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 41, 21-26
CrossRef67
G. O. Neill, R. Pruchno. (2015) Toward the 2015 White House Conference on Aging: Creating an Aging Policy Vision for the Decade Ahead. The Gerontologist 55, 179-182
CrossRef68
Carolyn W. Zhu, Nikolaos Scarmeas, Katherine Ornstein, Marilyn Albert, Jason Brandt, Deborah Blacker, Mary Sano, Yaakov Stern. (2015) Health-care use and cost in dementia caregivers: Longitudinal results from the Predictors Caregiver Study. Alzheimer's & Dementia 11, 444-454
CrossRef69
H. Okano, A. Miyawaki, K. Kasai. (2015) Brain/MINDS: brain-mapping project in Japan. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, 20140310-20140310
CrossRef70
Christiane Reitz. (2015) Genetic diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer’s disease: challenges and opportunities. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 15, 339-348
CrossRef71
Fang Yu, Shanda L. Demorest, David M. Vock. (2015) Testing a modified perceived exertion scale for Alzheimer's disease. PsyCh Journal 4:10.1002/pchj.v4.1, 38-46
CrossRef72
P Foltyn. (2015) Ageing, dementia and oral health. Australian Dental Journal 60:10.1111/adj.2015.60.issue-S1, 86-94
CrossRef73
Kay Deckers, Martin P. J. van Boxtel, Olga J. G. Schiepers, Marjolein de Vugt, Juan Luis Muñoz Sánchez, Kaarin J. Anstey, Carol Brayne, Jean-Francois Dartigues, Knut Engedal, Miia Kivipelto, Karen Ritchie, John M Starr, Kristine Yaffe, Kate Irving, Frans R. J. Verhey, Sebastian Köhler. (2015) Target risk factors for dementia prevention: a systematic review and Delphi consensus study on the evidence from observational studies. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 30, 234-246
CrossRef74
(2015) 2015 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimer's & Dementia 11, 332-384
CrossRef75
Michael D. Hurd, Paco Martorell, Kenneth Langa. (2015) Future Monetary Costs of Dementia in the United States Under Alternative Dementia Prevalence Scenarios. Journal of Population Ageing 8, 101-112
CrossRef76
M. Sander, B. Oxlund, A. Jespersen, A. Krasnik, E. L. Mortensen, R. G. J. Westendorp, L. J. Rasmussen. (2015) The challenges of human population ageing. Age and Ageing 44, 185-187
CrossRef77
Neil Gilbert. (2015) Social Welfare Trends in Western Societies: privatisation and the challenge to Social Work. Arbor 191:10.3989/arbor.2015.i771, a200
CrossRef78
Wolf , Susan M. , Berlinger , Nancy , Jennings , Bruce , . (2015) Forty Years of Work on End-of-Life Care — From Patients' Rights to Systemic Reform. New England Journal of Medicine 372:7, 678-682
Free Full Text79
Surender R. Neravetla, Shantanu R. Neravetla. . Table Salt and Dementia. 2015:, 83-91.
CrossRef80
Patsri Srisuwan. . Prevention of Dementia Through Modifiable Risk Factors. 2015:, 163-174.
CrossRef81
John W. Wright, Leen H. Kawas, Joseph W. Harding. (2015) The development of small molecule angiotensin IV analogs to treat Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Progress in Neurobiology 125, 26-46
CrossRef82
Ihab Halaweish, Hasan B. Alam. (2015) Changing Demographics of the American Population. Surgical Clinics of North America 95, 1-10
CrossRef83
Sarah E. Tom, Rebecca A. Hubbard, Paul K. Crane, Sebastien J. Haneuse, James Bowen, Wayne C. McCormick, Susan McCurry, Eric B. Larson. (2015) Characterization of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease in an Older Population: Updated Incidence and Life Expectancy With and Without Dementia. American Journal of Public Health 105, 408-413
CrossRef84
JEFFREY ROLLO, STACEY KNIGHT, HEIDI T. MAY, JEFFREY L. ANDERSON, JOSEPH B. MUHLESTEIN, T. JARED BUNCH, JOHN CARLQUIST. (2015) Incidence of Dementia in Relation to Genetic Variants at PITX2, ZFHX3, and ApoE ε4 in Atrial Fibrillation Patients. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 38:10.1111/pace.2015.38.issue-2, 171-177
CrossRef85
Florian Riese. . Geriatric Psychiatry. 2015:, 104-108.
CrossRef86
Debra Bailey Whitman. (2015) Unsolved Mysteries in Aging Policy. Public Policy & Aging Report 25, 67-73
CrossRef87
Laura L. Carstensen, Mary E. Rosenberger, Ken Smith, Sepideh Modrek. (2015) Optimizing Health in Aging Societies. Public Policy & Aging Report 25, 38-42
CrossRef88
Stefan J. Teipel, Jochen René Thyrian, Johannes Hertel, Tilly Eichler, Diana Wucherer, Bernhard Michalowsky, Ingo Kilimann, Wolfgang Hoffmann. (2015) Neuropsychiatric symptoms in people screened positive for dementia in primary care. International Psychogeriatrics 27, 39-48
CrossRef89
Karinne Marieta Carvalho, Eduardo Winter, Adelaide Maria de Souza Antunes. (2015) Analysis of Technological Developments in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease through Patent Documents. Intelligent Information Management 07, 268-281
CrossRef90
David A. Bennett, Lei Yu, Jingyun Yang, Gyan P. Srivastava, Cristin Aubin, Philip L. De Jager. (2015) Epigenomics of Alzheimer's disease. Translational Research 165, 200-220
CrossRef91
Dimitry S. Davydow, Deborah A. Levine, Kara Zivin, Wayne J. Katon, Kenneth M. Langa. (2015) The Association of Depression, Cognitive Impairment Without Dementia, and Dementia With Risk of Ischemic Stroke. Psychosomatic Medicine 77, 200-208
CrossRef92
Richard L. Jackson, Jeffrey S. Greiwe, Richard J. Schwen. . S-Equol, a Metabolite of Soy Daidzein, and Cognitive Function. 2015:, 1011-1020.
CrossRef93
Catherine Feart, Cécilia Samieri, Pascale Barberger-Gateau. (2015) Mediterranean diet and cognitive health. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 18, 51-62
CrossRef94
Mark E. Gurney, Emily C. D’Amato, Alex B. Burgin. (2015) Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) Molecular Pharmacology and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurotherapeutics 12, 49-56
CrossRef95
Protásio Lemos da Luz, Renata Caruso Fialdini, Marcelo Nishiyama. . Red Wine, Resveratrol, and Vascular Aging. 2015:, 943-953.
CrossRef96
Christopher M. Callahan, Wanzhu Tu, Timothy E. Stump, Daniel O. Clark, Kathleen T. Unroe, Hugh C. Hendrie. (2015) Errors in Self-Reports of Health Services Use. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 29, 75-81
CrossRef97
Kathleen L. Wolf, Marcus K. Measells, Stephen C. Grado, Alicia S.T. Robbins. (2015) Economic values of metro nature health benefits: A life course approach. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14, 694-701
CrossRef98
Ho-Wei Wang, Duan-Rung Chen, Hsiao-Wei Yu, Ya-Mei Chen. (2015) Forecasting the Incidence of Dementia and Dementia-Related Outpatient Visits With Google Trends: Evidence From Taiwan. Journal of Medical Internet Research 17:11, e264
CrossRef99
James Bennett, Jeffrey Burns, Paul Welch, Rebecca Bothwell. (2015) Safety and Tolerability of R(+) Pramipexole in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 49:4, 1179
CrossRef100
Tamela D. McClam, Christopher M. Marano, Paul B. Rosenberg, Constantine G. Lyketsos. (2015) Interventions for Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Neurocognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer’s Disease. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 23, 377-393
CrossRef101
Robert W. Gereau, Kathleen A. Sluka, William Maixner, Seddon R. Savage, Theodore J. Price, Beth B. Murinson, Mark D. Sullivan, Roger B. Fillingim. (2014) A Pain Research Agenda for the 21st Century. The Journal of Pain 15, 1203-1214
CrossRef102
Diddier Prada, Elena Colicino, Melinda C Power, David G Cox, Marc G Weisskopf, Lifang Hou, Avron Spiro III, Pantel Vokonas, Jia Zhong, Marco Sanchez-Guerra, Luis A Herrera, Joel Schwartz, Andrea A Baccarelli. (2014) Influence of multiple APOE genetic variants on cognitive function in a cohort of older men – results from the Normative Aging Study. BMC Psychiatry 14
CrossRef103
Cutter A. Lindbergh, Antonio N. Puente, Joshua C. Gray, James MacKillop, L. Stephen Miller. (2014) Discounting preferences and response consistency as markers of functional ability in community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 36, 1112-1123
CrossRef104
Travonia B. Hughes, Betty S. Black, Marilyn Albert, Laura N. Gitlin, Deirdre M. Johnson, Constantine G. Lyketsos, Quincy M. Samus. (2014) Correlates of objective and subjective measures of caregiver burden among dementia caregivers: influence of unmet patient and caregiver dementia-related care needs. International Psychogeriatrics 26, 1875-1883
CrossRef105
C. A. Lindbergh, A. N. Puente, J. C. Gray, J. Mackillop, L. S. Miller. (2014) Delay and Probability Discounting as Candidate Markers for Dementia: An Initial Investigation. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 29, 651-662
CrossRef106
J. L. Wolff, B. Spillman. (2014) Older Adults Receiving Assistance With Physician Visits and Prescribed Medications and Their Family Caregivers: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Hours of Care. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 69, S65-S72
CrossRef107
Diana E. Pankevich, Bruce M. Altevogt, John Dunlop, Fred H. Gage, Steve E. Hyman. (2014) Improving and Accelerating Drug Development for Nervous System Disorders. Neuron 84, 546-553
CrossRef108
Robin Pierce. (2014) Broader Challenges for DBS in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. AJOB Neuroscience 5, 81-83
CrossRef109
Lynda A. Anderson, Robert Egge. (2014) Expanding efforts to address Alzheimer's disease: The Healthy Brain Initiative. Alzheimer's & Dementia 10, S453-S456
CrossRef110
J. Scott Roberts, Sara J. McLaughlin, Cathleen M Connell. (2014) Public beliefs and knowledge about risk and protective factors for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia 10, S381-S389
CrossRef111
Dimitry S. Davydow, Kara Zivin, Wayne J. Katon, Gregory M. Pontone, Lydia Chwastiak, Kenneth M. Langa, Theodore J. Iwashyna. (2014) Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations in a Prospective Cohort Study of Older Americans. Journal of General Internal Medicine 29, 1362-1371
CrossRef112
Elżbieta Kuźma, David J. Llewellyn, Kenneth M. Langa, Robert B. Wallace, Iain A. Lang. (2014) History of Alcohol Use Disorders and Risk of Severe Cognitive Impairment: A 19-Year Prospective Cohort Study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 22, 1047-1054
CrossRef113
Jonathan W. Nelson, Jennifer M. Young, Rohan N. Borkar, Randy L. Woltjer, Joseph F. Quinn, Lisa C. Silbert, Marjorie R. Grafe, Nabil J. Alkayed. (2014) Role of soluble epoxide hydrolase in age-related vascular cognitive decline. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators 113-115, 30-37
CrossRef114
Roger A. Dixon, Correne A. DeCarlo, Stuart W. S. MacDonald, David Vergote, Jack Jhamandas, David Westaway. (2014) APOE and COMT polymorphisms are complementary biomarkers of status, stability, and transitions in normal aging and early mild cognitive impairment. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 6
CrossRef115
Nancy Hodgson, Laura N. Gitlin, Jin Huang. (2014) The influence of sleep disruption and pain perception on indicators of quality of life in individuals living with dementia at home. Geriatric Nursing 35, 394-398
CrossRef116
VICKI A. FREEDMAN, BRENDA C. SPILLMAN. (2014) Disability and Care Needs Among Older Americans. Milbank Quarterly 92:10.1111/milq.2014.92.issue-3, 509-541
CrossRef117
Alicja Klich-Rączka, Karolina Piotrowicz, Małgorzata Mossakowska, Anna Skalska, Barbara Wizner, Katarzyna Broczek, Katarzyna Wieczorowska-Tobis, Tomasz Grodzicki. (2014) The assessment of cognitive impairment suspected of dementia in Polish elderly people: results of the population-based PolSenior Study. Experimental Gerontology 57, 233-242
CrossRef118
AgustÃn Ibanez, Pablo Richly, MarÃa Roca, Facundo Manes. (2014) Methodological Considerations Regarding Cognitive Interventions in Dementia. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 6
CrossRef119
Soo Borson, James M. Scanlan, Tatiana Sadak, Mary Lessig, Peter Vitaliano. (2014) Dementia Services Mini-Screen: A Simple Method to Identify Patients and Caregivers in Need of Enhanced Dementia Care Services. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 22, 746-755
CrossRef120
Susan E. Merel, Shaune DeMers, Elizabeth Vig. (2014) Palliative Care in Advanced Dementia. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 30, 469-492
CrossRef121
Soo Borson, Joshua Chodosh. (2014) Developing Dementia-Capable Health Care Systems. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 30, 395-420
CrossRef122
Alan Rembach, Andrew D. Watt, William J. Wilson, Stephanie Rainey-Smith, Kathryn A. Ellis, Christopher C. Rowe, Victor L. Villemagne, S. Lance Macaulay, Ashley I. Bush, Ralph N. Martins, David Ames, Colin L. Masters, James D. Doecke. (2014) An increased neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio in Alzheimer's disease is a function of age and is weakly correlated with neocortical amyloid accumulation. Journal of Neuroimmunology 273, 65-71
CrossRef123
Nikki L. Hill, Ann M. Kolanowski, Donna Fick, Vernon M. Chinchilli, Rita A. Jablonski. (2014) Personality as a Moderator of Cognitive Stimulation in Older Adults at High Risk for Cognitive Decline. Research in Gerontological Nursing 7, 159-170
CrossRef124
Nikki L. Hill, Andrea Yevchak, Andrea Gilmore-Bykovskyi, Ann M. Kolanowski. (2014) The Model of Care Partner Engagement: Use in delirium management. Geriatric Nursing 35, 272-278
CrossRef125
Diego Iacono, Inga Volkman, Inger Nennesmo, Nancy L. Pedersen, Laura Fratiglioni, Boo Johansson, David Karlsson, Bengt Winblad, Margaret Gatz. (2014) Neuropathologic Assessment of Dementia Markers in Identical and Fraternal Twins. Brain Pathology 24, 317-333
CrossRef126
Joshana K. Goga. (2014) Dignifying dementia: Accepting the limitations of medications. Mental Health Clinician 4, 162-163
CrossRef127
D. J. Lowsky, S. J. Olshansky, J. Bhattacharya, D. P. Goldman. (2014) Heterogeneity in Healthy Aging. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 69, 640-649
CrossRef128
Amy S. Kelley, Kenneth M. Langa, Alexander K. Smith, John Cagle, Katherine Ornstein, Maria J. Silveira, Lauren Nicholas, Kenneth E. Covinsky, Christine S. Ritchie. (2014) Leveraging the Health and Retirement Study To Advance Palliative Care Research. Journal of Palliative Medicine 17, 506-511
CrossRef129
Raymundo Cassani, Tiago H. Falk, Francisco J. Fraga, Paulo A. Kanda, Renato Anghinah. . (2014) Towards automated EEG-Based Alzheimer's disease diagnosis using relevance vector machines. , 1-6
CrossRef130
A. Sonnega, J. D. Faul, M. B. Ofstedal, K. M. Langa, J. W. Phillips, D. R. Weir. (2014) Cohort Profile: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). International Journal of Epidemiology 43, 576-585
CrossRef131
Nathaniel M. Rickles, Jann B. Skelton, Jennifer Davis, Jennifer Hopson. (2014) Cognitive memory screening and referral program in community pharmacies in the United States. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 36, 360-367
CrossRef132
Troy J. Scott, Alan C. O'Connor, Albert N. Link, Travis J. Beaulieu. (2014) Economic analysis of opportunities to accelerate Alzheimer's disease research and development. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1313, 17-34
CrossRef133
S. Nicole Hastings, Heather E. Whitson, Richard Sloane, Lawrence R. Landerman, Carolyn Horney, Kimberly S. Johnson. (2014) Using the Past to Predict the Future: Latent Class Analysis of Patterns of Health Service Use of Older Adults in the Emergency Department. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 62, 711-715
CrossRef134
Kristin J. Hung, Christopher S. Awtrey, Alexander C. Tsai. (2014) Urinary Incontinence, Depression, and Economic Outcomes in a Cohort of Women Between the Ages of 54 and 65 Years. Obstetrics & Gynecology 123, 822-827
CrossRef135
Michelle W. Voss, Lucas J. Carr, Rachel Clark, Timothy Weng. (2014) Revenge of the “sit” II: Does lifestyle impact neuronal and cognitive health through distinct mechanisms associated with sedentary behavior and physical activity?. Mental Health and Physical Activity 7, 9-24
CrossRef136
(2014) 2014 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimer's & Dementia 10, e47-e92
CrossRef137
Dimitry S. Davydow, Kara Zivin, Kenneth M. Langa. (2014) Hospitalization, depression and dementia in community-dwelling older Americans: findings from the National Health and Aging Trends Study. General Hospital Psychiatry 36, 135-141
CrossRef138
Ana Tuya Fulton, Pedro Gozalo, Susan L. Mitchell, Vince Mor, Joan M. Teno. (2014) Intensive Care Utilization among Nursing Home Residents with Advanced Cognitive and Severe Functional Impairment. Journal of Palliative Medicine 17, 313-317
CrossRef139
Christiane Reitz. (2014) Genetic loci associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Future Neurology 9, 119-122
CrossRef140
Shelley Sternberg, Netta Bentur, Jennifer Shuldiner. (2014) Quality of Care of Older People Living with Advanced Dementia in the Community in Israel. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 62:10.1111/jgs.2014.62.issue-2, 269-275
CrossRef141
Hans-Helmut König, Hanna Leicht, Christian Brettschneider, Cadja Bachmann, Horst Bickel, Angela Fuchs, Frank Jessen, Mirjam Köhler, Melanie Luppa, Edelgard Mösch, Michael Pentzek, Jochen Werle, Siegfried Weyerer, Birgitt Wiese, Martin Scherer, Wolfgang Maier, Steffi G. Riedel-Heller. (2014) The Costs of Dementia From the Societal Perspective: Is Care Provided in the Community Really Cheaper than Nursing Home Care?. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 15, 117-126
CrossRef142
Karen Chiang, Edward H. Koo. (2014) Emerging Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 54, 381-405
CrossRef143
Satoshi Shimizutani. (2014) The Future of Long-term Care in Japan. Asia-Pacific Review 21, 88-119
CrossRef144
S. M. Elyashiv, E. L. Shabtai, M. Belkin. (2014) Correlation between visual acuity and cognitive functions. British Journal of Ophthalmology 98, 129-132
CrossRef145
Xiao Da, Jon B. Toledo, Jarcy Zee, David A. Wolk, Sharon X. Xie, Yangming Ou, Amanda Shacklett, Paraskevi Parmpi, Leslie Shaw, John Q. Trojanowski, Christos Davatzikos. (2014) Integration and relative value of biomarkers for prediction of MCI to AD progression: Spatial patterns of brain atrophy, cognitive scores, APOE genotype and CSF biomarkers. NeuroImage: Clinical 4, 164-173
CrossRef146
Jeffrey L Cummings, Travis Morstorf, Kate Zhong. (2014) Alzheimer’s disease drug-development pipeline: few candidates, frequent failures. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 6, 37
CrossRef147
Amanda Lazar. . (2014) Using Technology to Increase Meaningful Engagement in a Memory Care Unit. , 255-257
CrossRef148
Roy W. Jones. . Preventing Alzheimer’s Disease. 2014:, 33-46.
CrossRef149
Kerry Murphy, Denise A O’Connor, Colette J Browning, Simon D French, Susan Michie, Jill J Francis, Grant M Russell, Barbara Workman, Leon Flicker, Martin P Eccles, Sally E Green. (2014) Understanding diagnosis and management of dementia and guideline implementation in general practice: a qualitative study using the theoretical domains framework. Implementation Science 9, 31
CrossRef150
Mingfeng Yu, Timothy M. Ryan, Samantha Ellis, Ashley I. Bush, James A. Triccas, Peter J. Rutledge, Matthew H. Todd. (2014) Neuroprotective peptide–macrocycle conjugates reveal complex structure–activity relationships in their interactions with amyloid β. Metallomics 6, 1931-1940
CrossRef151
Erin Saito, Beau K. Nakamoto, Mario F. Mendez, Bijal Mehta, Aaron McMurtray. (2014) Cost Effective Community Based Dementia Screening: A Markov Model Simulation. International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2014, 1-6
CrossRef152
Beth Dahlrup, Eva Nordell, Katarina Steen Carlsson, Sölve Elmståhl. (2014) Health Economic Analysis on a Psychosocial Intervention for Family Caregivers of Persons with Dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 37, 181-195
CrossRef153
Katherine E Sleeman, Yuen K Ho, Julia Verne, Wei Gao, Irene J Higginson, . (2014) Reversal of English trend towards hospital death in dementia: a population-based study of place of death and associated individual and regional factors, 2001–2010. BMC Neurology 14, 59
CrossRef154
Cornelia M. Weyand, Zhen Yang, Jörg J. Goronzy. (2014) T-cell aging in rheumatoid arthritis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 26, 93-100
CrossRef155
Mariano E. Menendez, Valentin Neuhaus, Arjan G. J. Bot, David Ring, Thomas D. Cha. (2014) Psychiatric Disorders and Major Spine Surgery. Spine 39, E111-E122
CrossRef156
Joanne W. Hsu, Robert Willis. (2013) Dementia Risk and Financial Decision Making by Older Households: The Impact of Information. Journal of Human Capital 7, 340-377
CrossRef157
Tia Kostas, Allison Paquin, James L Rudolph. (2013) Practical geriatric assessment. Aging Health 9, 579-591
CrossRef158
Meryl Comer, Maria C. Freire, Alan J. Russell. (2013) Disrupting Alzheimer's Disease Research. Disruptive Science and Technology 1, 157-160
CrossRef159
Nick C Fox, Ronald C Petersen. (2013) The G8 Dementia Research Summit—a starter for eight?. The Lancet 382, 1968-1969
CrossRef160
Costantino Iadecola. (2013) The Pathobiology of Vascular Dementia. Neuron 80, 844-866
CrossRef161
Steven D. Pearson, Daniel A. Ollendorf, Jennifer A. Colby. (2013) Biomarker tests for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Generating evidence to inform insurance coverage determinations. Alzheimer's & Dementia 9, 745-752
CrossRef162
LINDA C. VLAY, STEPHEN C. VLAY. (2013) Implantation of Cardiac Implantable Devices in Patients with Dementia: What Should be Our Approach?. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 36, 1059-1060
CrossRef163
Thomas Giles. (2013) Hypertension and Dementia-The Elephant in the Room. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 15, 611-611
CrossRef164
(2013) Monetary Costs of Dementia in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine 369:5, 489-490
Free Full Text165
Ying Li, Shan Hai, Yan Zhou, Bi Rong Dong, Bi Rong Dong. . Cholinesterase inhibitors for neurological conditions associated with rarer dementias. 2013.
CrossRef166
T. R. Insel, S. C. Landis, F. S. Collins. (2013) The NIH BRAIN Initiative. Science 340, 687-688
CrossRef167
(2013) Alzheimer's Association Update. Alzheimer's & Dementia 9, 360-361
CrossRef168
Roger A. Fielding, John Gunstad, Deborah R. Gustafson, Steven B. Heymsfield, John G. Kral, Lenore J. Launer, Josef Penninger, David I. W. Phillips, Nikolaos Scarmeas. (2013) The paradox of overnutrition in aging and cognition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1287, 31-43
CrossRef169
Kurt Samson. (2013) Dementia Care Costs Surpass Heart Disease, Cancer, RAND Study Finds. Neurology Today 13, 1
CrossRef170
Roberto Esposito, Alessandra Mosca, Valentina Pieramico, Filippo Cieri, Nicoletta Cera, Stefano L. Sensi. (2013) Characterization of resting state activity in MCI individuals. PeerJ 1, e135
CrossRef171
Patrick Fissler, Olivia Küster, Winfried Schlee, Iris-Tatjana Kolassa. . Novelty Interventions to Enhance Broad Cognitive Abilities and Prevent Dementia. 2013:, 403-434.
CrossRef172
Omid Kohannim, Xue Hua, Priya Rajagopalan, Derrek P. Hibar, Neda Jahanshad, Joshua D. Grill, Liana G. Apostolova, Arthur W. Toga, Clifford R. Jack, Michael W. Weiner, Paul M. Thompson. (2013) Multilocus genetic profiling to empower drug trials and predict brain atrophy. NeuroImage: Clinical 2, 827-835
CrossRef
- Letters
- Metrics
Social Media statistics are not yet available.