Special Article
Cost-Effectiveness of Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillators
N Engl J Med 2005; 353:1471-1480October 6, 2005
- Abstract
Background
Eight randomized trials have evaluated whether the prophylactic use of an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (ICD) improves survival among patients who are at risk for sudden death due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction but who have not had a life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of the ICD in the populations represented in these primary-prevention trials.
Methods
We developed a Markov model of the cost, quality of life, survival, and incremental cost-effectiveness of the prophylactic implantation of an ICD, as compared with control therapy, among patients with survival and mortality rates similar to those in each of the clinical trials. We modeled the efficacy of the ICD as a reduction in the relative risk of death on the basis of the hazard ratios reported in the individual clinical trials.
Results
Use of the ICD increased lifetime costs in every trial. Two trials — the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Patch Trial and the Defibrillator in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (DINAMIT) — found that the prophylactic implantation of an ICD did not reduce the risk of death and thus was both more expensive and less effective than control therapy. For the other six trials — the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT) I, MADIT II, the Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial (MUSTT), the Defibrillators in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Treatment Evaluation (DEFINITE) trial, the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial, and the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) — the use of an ICD was projected to add between 1.01 and 2.99 quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) and between $68,300 and $101,500 in cost. Using base-case assumptions, we found that the cost-effectiveness of the ICD as compared with control therapy in these six populations ranged from $34,000 to $70,200 per QALY gained. Sensitivity analyses showed that this cost-effectiveness ratio would remain below $100,000 per QALY as long as the ICD reduced mortality for seven or more years.
Conclusions
Prophylactic implantation of an ICD has a cost-effectiveness ratio below $100,000 per QALY gained in populations in which a significant device-related reduction in mortality has been demonstrated.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
The Decision Model.Figure 2
Hazard Ratios for the Risk of Death after the Implantation of an ICD, as Compared with Control Therapy, in Eight Primary-Prevention Trials.Article Activity
- Article
The implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (ICD) can convert episodes of ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia to sinus rhythm, thus potentially averting sudden death from cardiac causes. Randomized trials clearly demonstrate that the implantation of an ICD reduces the subsequent risk of death among patients who have been resuscitated from a cardiac arrest.1-3 However, because very few patients in the United States survive an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, a strategy of implanting an ICD in patients at high risk for sudden death from cardiac causes has been proposed.
Eight clinical trials have randomly assigned patients at risk for sudden death due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction who have not had life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias to receive an ICD or an alternative therapy: the Defibrillator in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (DINAMIT), the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial I and II (MADIT I and MADIT II, respectively), the Defibrillators in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Treatment Evaluation (DEFINITE) trial, the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial, the Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial (MUSTT), the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT), and the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Patch Trial.4-11 Several of these trials, most notably MADIT II and SCD-HeFT, have shown that prophylactic implantation of an ICD significantly reduced overall mortality.6,9 No such advantage was found in the DINAMIT and CABG Patch Trial, however.4,10
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services estimate that as many as 500,000 Medicare beneficiaries might be eligible to receive a prophylactic ICD in the United States.12 Given the substantial cost of the ICD, the economic effect of this strategy must be considered. In this analysis, we evaluated the benefits, costs, and cost-effectiveness of the prophylactic implantation of an ICD in patients meeting the inclusion criteria of each of the eight primary-prevention trials.
Methods
Design of the Study
We used a decision model to estimate costs and survival among patients who received either an ICD for the primary prevention of sudden death from cardiac causes or control therapy (Figure 1Figure 1
The Decision Model.). We adhered to recommendations for the conduct of cost-effectiveness analyses by using a societal perspective on health benefits and costs and applying a 3 percent annual discount rate.13 Although some of the individual trials from which we obtained data were supported by device manufacturers, none of the authors of this article had any association with the manufacturers of ICD devices.Decision Model
We adapted a Markov model14,15 developed to assess the cost-effectiveness of the ICD16-18 (Figure 1) using Decision Maker software (version 2002.7.2, Pratt Medical Group). The model tracked a cohort of patients who received either a prophylactic ICD or control therapy. Each month, patients in this Markov tree were at risk for sudden death from cardiac causes, nonsudden death from cardiac causes, and death from noncardiac causes.
We assumed that the probability of death was constant and matched the total rate of death from any cause among the control patients during the average follow-up period (range, 16 to 41 months). For extrapolation beyond the trial period, we assumed the annual rate of death from any cause observed during the trial period continued, but we also incorporated data from the U.S. general population to account for the increase in the age- and sex-specific rate of death from noncardiac causes as the cohort aged.19 Additional information is provided in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org.4-11
Efficacy of the ICD
We modeled the efficacy of ICD therapy as a reduction in the relative risk of death from any cause on the basis of the hazard ratios reported by each clinical trial (provided in the Supplementary Appendix).4-11,16,20-30 The effectiveness of the ICD, as compared with control therapy, in reducing the hazard ratio for death varied among the trials in relation to their annual rate of death from any cause (correlation coefficient, –0.76) (Figure 2Figure 2
Hazard Ratios for the Risk of Death after the Implantation of an ICD, as Compared with Control Therapy, in Eight Primary-Prevention Trials.). For our base-case analysis, we assumed that the benefit of the ICD would continue throughout the patient's lifetime and that the generator would be replaced every five years.21 Quality of Life
The Markov model incorporated adjustments for the quality of life associated with age-specific current health, a history of myocardial infarction, and with implantation of an ICD with the use of utilities. Utilities are a measure of the quality of life rated on a scale from 0 to 1, where 0 represents death and 1 ideal health. The model assumed that one year of life with left ventricular dysfunction equaled 0.88 year of optimal health on the basis on data from previous studies.27,29,31 This figure was then multiplied by age-specific weights based on data from the Beaver Dam Health Outcomes Study.28 In our base-case analysis, we assumed that the quality of life did not change as a result of the implantation of an ICD. We assumed that patients who were hospitalized for lead infections received a quality-of-life decrement of 3.5 days (as shown in the Supplementary Appendix).
Costs
Our analysis included the direct costs of medical care associated with inpatient and outpatient treatment (provided in the Supplementary Appendix). We included the costs of the initial ICD implantation; of ongoing therapy for both the control and ICD groups, including visits to physicians, laboratory tests, and rehospitalization; and of ICD generator or lead replacement. We updated all costs to 2005 U.S. dollars using the gross domestic product deflator.32,33 We based the cost of ICD implantation ($27,975) and replacement ($18,390) on the fiscal-year 2005 Medicare Inpatient Prospective Hospital Payment system (diagnosis-related groups 515 and 115) and professional fees (Current Procedural Terminology codes 33249 and 33240). We assumed that single-chamber ICDs were used in terms of both costs and complications. We obtained follow-up hospitalization costs unrelated to ICD implantation for both strategies from the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention patient registry.34,35
Sensitivity Analyses
We performed sensitivity analyses to account for important model assumptions and uncertainties. For clinical variables, our ranges for sensitivity analyses represent our judgment of the variation likely to be encountered in clinical practice on the basis of both the literature and discussion with experts. In sensitivity analyses that included all model variables, the incremental cost-effectiveness of the ICD as compared with control therapy was most sensitive to variation in five factors: the efficacy of the ICD in reducing mortality, the cost of ICD implantation, the frequency of generator replacement, the quality of life, and the time horizon used in the analysis. We therefore explored these variables more extensively and assessed the range of potential effects.
Results
Validation of the Model
For the trial period, our Markov model predicted mortality rates associated with control therapy that were within 0.3 percentage point of those found in the individual trials. For the ICD strategy, our model matched the trial results within 1.6 percentage points except for those of MADIT I, for which our estimated mortality rate was 20 percent at 27 months, rather than the actual rate of 15.8 percent. The cause of this discrepancy is not clear.
Base-Case Analysis
The health and economic outcomes varied greatly among the trial populations (Table 1Table 1
Health and Economic Outcomes of the Prophylactic Implantation of an ICD as Compared with Control Therapy.). In each population, prophylactic implantation of an ICD was more expensive than control therapy, with the increase in estimated lifetime discounted costs ranging from $55,700 in the CABG Patch Trial to $101,500 in MUSTT. In six of the eight populations, implantation of the ICD improved life expectancy relative to control therapy, with the discounted increment ranging from 1.40 to 4.14 years (undiscounted range, 2.12 to 6.21) or from 1.01 to 2.99 quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) (undiscounted range, 1.53 to 4.47). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios based on these trials ranged from $24,500 to $50,700 per life-year added and from $34,000 to $70,200 per QALY added (Table 1). In two trials (DINAMIT and CABG Patch), the life expectancy of the patients who received an ICD was less than that of the patients who received control therapy, so the ICD was both more expensive and less effective than control therapy.Sensitivity Analyses
The incremental cost-effectiveness of the ICD as compared with control therapy became more favorable as the efficacy of the ICD increased within the 95 percent confidence interval for the reduction in the risk of death from any cause that was calculated in each trial (Table 1 and Figure 3AFigure 3
Sensitivity Analysis of the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness of Prophylactic Implantation of an ICD, as Compared with Control Therapy, with Respect to Efficacy (Panel A), the Frequency of Generator Replacement (Panel B), and the Quality of Life (Panel C).). Since the efficacy of the ICD is, in general, related to the estimated annual mortality rate in the patient population studied (Figure 2), the incremental cost-effectiveness of the ICD tended to be more favorable in higher-risk patients.Lowering the estimated cost of the ICD improved cost-effectiveness. If the cost of the ICD were reduced from $27,975 to $10,000, the incremental cost-effectiveness of ICD therapy would improve from $70,200 to $52,400 per QALY gained in SCD-HeFT and from $34,000 to $27,900 per QALY gained in MUSTT. Conversely, if the cost of the device were increased to $60,000, the incremental cost-effectiveness of the ICD would be less favorable, ranging from $44,700 per QALY gained in MUSTT to $101,800 per QALY gained in SCD-HeFT.
If ICD generators were replaced more frequently than every five years, the cost-effectiveness of ICD therapy would be less economically favorable (replacement every three years yields an incremental cost-effectiveness of between $41,200 and $88,600 per QALY gained for the clinical trials in which prophylactic implantation of an ICD was found to be better than control therapy). However, if the generators were replaced every seven years, the cost-effectiveness of ICD implantation relative to control therapy would improve to between $30,800 and $62,300 per QALY gained (Figure 3B).
We initially assumed that the prophylactic implantation of an ICD would not further change the patients' quality of life, but if the patients' quality of life were decreased by prophylactic ICD implantation, the cost-effectiveness of this approach would be much less favorable (Figure 3C). For example, in SCD-HeFT, if a patient in the control group has a utility of 0.88 and a patient with an ICD has a utility of 0.72 or less, then the control therapy is associated with both lower costs and better outcomes than the implantation of an ICD. Such an ICD-associated decrease in the quality of life might be anticipated, for example, in a patient who received numerous shocks from the device.36 However, as long as the utility associated with having an ICD exceeded 0.84, the cost-effectiveness would be less than $100,000 per QALY gained. Recent clinical trials suggest that the implantation of an ICD may in fact improve the average quality of life.36,37 In SCD-HeFT, if the ICD utility were increased to 0.95 (base-case utility, 0.88), then the cost-effectiveness of the implantation of an ICD would improve to less than $50,000 per QALY gained.
Because patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy might have a lower quality of life than those with ischemic heart disease, we also explored the effect of decreasing patients' utility on the basis of the presence of left ventricular dysfunction (for both the ICD and control strategies) from our base-case value of 0.88 to 0.75, as suggested in one study.38 In the clinical trials in which prophylactic implantation of an ICD was found to be better than control therapy, the cost-effectiveness of the ICD would range from $39,800 to $82,400 per QALY gained. Because such patients might also have higher inpatient costs, we also explored increasing monthly inpatient costs. Our results were not sensitive to these changes; increasing these monthly inpatient costs by 50 percent (for both treatment strategies) would change the incremental cost-effectiveness of the implantation of an ICD from $70,200 to $73,500 per QALY gained in SCD-HeFT and from $34,000 to $37,300 per QALY gained in MUSTT.
Extrapolation and the Time Horizon
Our base-case analyses used a time horizon that encompassed the lifetime of the patient, and we assumed that the costs and benefits associated with the ICD in reducing the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes would continue for the entire period. If we used a lifelong horizon but assumed that ICD efficacy ceased after the first three years, the cost-effectiveness of the ICD as compared with control treatment became much less favorable, ranging from $70,200 per QALY gained in MUSTT to $171,800 per QALY gained in SCD-HeFT (Figure 4AFigure 4
Incremental Cost-Effectiveness of the Prophylactic Implantation of an ICD, as Compared with Control Therapy, with Respect to the Duration of the ICD-Associated Reduction in the Risk of Sudden Death from Cardiac Causes (Panel A) and the Time Horizon (Panel B).). As long as the ICD retained its effectiveness for at least seven years, the cost-effectiveness of this approach as compared with control therapy was less than $100,000 per QALY gained in all trials in which prophylactic implantation of an ICD was found to be better than control therapy (Figure 4A).We also evaluated the costs and benefits of the implantation of an ICD as compared with control therapy for various time horizons (Figure 4B). In these analyses, both costs and benefits were included in the simulation through the use of a specified time horizon (for example, three years), and neither costs nor benefits that occurred after that time frame were included. Cost-effectiveness became substantially more favorable as the time horizon increased (Figure 4B). Therefore, a cost-effectiveness analysis limited to a shorter time horizon would result in a less favorable estimate of cost-effectiveness than would an analysis with a longer time horizon.
Discussion
Our analysis demonstrates that under most assumptions, the prophylactic implantation of an ICD has a cost-effectiveness ratio below $100,000 per QALY gained in patients at increased risk for sudden death as the result of a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. The weight of evidence from eight randomized trials is that the prophylactic implantation of an ICD reduces the rate of death from any cause; in the six trials that showed a mortality benefit, we project that the implantation of an ICD adds between 2.12 and 6.21 undiscounted years of life. This increment in life expectancy is substantial as compared with that provided by many other medical interventions, and the incremental cost-effectiveness of the ICD, in appropriately selected patients, is similar to that of other interventions often accepted as cost-effective.
In the six randomized trials that showed a reduction in mortality associated with the implantation of an ICD,5-9,11 we found a cost-effectiveness ratio of less than $51,000 per additional life-year and less than $71,000 per QALY gained. In the two studies that found a higher mortality rate among patients who received an ICD than among patients who received control therapy, the ICD strategy was associated with higher costs and worse outcomes.
A quantitative overview20 of the eight primary-prevention ICD trials showed a significant degree of heterogeneity among these trials in the effectiveness of the ICD in reducing the rate of death from any cause. The disparity in results among these studies is probably a consequence of several factors, including the differing characteristics of the populations, the differing quality of the non-ICD medical therapy given to the control groups, and the differing competing risks of death from causes not affected by ICD implantation. The two trials in which patients assigned to ICD therapy had a higher mortality rate were composed of patients who were undergoing concomitant bypass surgery (CABG Patch) or who had had an acute myocardial infarction (DINAMIT). Prophylactic implantation of an ICD in such patients may have reduced efficacy owing to the specific characteristics of the patient population, competing causes of death, or both. Whatever the reason, this heterogeneity in the effectiveness of prophylactic implantation of an ICD highlights the need for appropriate, evidence-based selection of patients.
Because the clinical results of the prophylactic implantation of an ICD vary substantially depending on the patient population, we did not pool the results of available trials to estimate an overall cost-effectiveness ratio. Indeed, cost-effectiveness is not an inherent property of any particular therapy but depends on the patient population in which the therapy is used. When the clinical effectiveness of a therapy varies according to the population selected, its cost-effectiveness will vary as well.39
Prophylactic implantation of an ICD poses a difficult challenge to health policymakers owing to the high cost of the device and the large patient population in which it may be applied.40 Even if this approach is used only in patient populations in which it has been shown to be cost-effective, the aggregate expenditure in the United States for ICDs could easily exceed several billion dollars per year. If clinicians extend the prophylactic use of ICDs to lower-risk patients in whom the efficacy is lower and cost-effectiveness less favorable, the societal cost will rise further. On the other hand, within the population of patients with low ejection fractions, it may be possible to identify subgroups that have a characteristically greater or lesser benefit. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services has announced plans for the prospective collection of data to assist in identifying such subgroups.12 There is not yet, however, a consensus as to how such patients might be identified.
Recently, the SCD-HeFT investigators presented results from their trial-specific cost-effectiveness analysis.41 Their base-case analysis estimates that the ICD costs $33,200 per life-year more than does medical management (as compared with our estimate of $50,700 per life-year). Although we do not have access to all their assumptions, incorporating into our model the lower ICD-implantation cost used in their analysis ($17,500) would result in a cost-effectiveness ratio of $43,200 per life-year.
Our study has several limitations. We used only summary data from each trial, so our projections may not match the more detailed results of prospective economic studies that may have been done within the individual trials. We also made lifetime projections of the clinical and economic outcomes of the prophylactic implantation of an ICD — an approach that required some assumptions. Our analysis demonstrates that as long as the mortality benefit associated with the prophylactic implantation of the ICD (as compared with control therapy) exceeds seven years, the ICD costs less than $100,000 per QALY gained in the trials showing that the ICD implantation reduced the risk of death. We cannot, however, be certain that longer-term follow-up of the trials might indicate the need for some adjustments in our analyses. Nevertheless, in view of the substantial reductions in mortality seen during medium-term follow-up in these trials, these adjustments are not likely to change our major conclusions.
Our analysis is limited to ICDs and cannot be extrapolated to the newer devices that include a cardiac-resynchronization capability. The added cost and complexity of these combined devices suggest that their cost-effectiveness may be quite different from that of ICDs alone. By contrast, our findings are probably applicable to lower-cost ICDs that may omit noncritical features to reduce expense. Future price competition that lowers the costs of these devices would also enhance the cost-effectiveness of ICDs. In conclusion, our analysis suggests that the prophylactic implantation of an ICD has a cost-effectiveness ratio below $100,000 per QALY gained in populations in which a significant device-associated reduction in mortality has been demonstrated.
Supported by the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Technology Evaluation Center, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Drs. Sanders, Hlatky, and Owens report having served as consultants to the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Technology Evaluation Center.
Source Information
From Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, N.C. (G.D.S.); the Department of Health Research and Policy, School of Medicine (M.A.H.), and the Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine (M.A.H., D.K.O.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; and the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. (D.K.O.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Sanders at Duke Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 17969, Duke University, Durham, NC 27715, or at gillian.sanders@duke.edu.
- References
References
1
Connolly SJ ,Gent M ,Roberts RS , et al. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS): a randomized trial of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator against amiodarone. Circulation 2000;101:1297-1302
Web of Science | Medline2
The Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline3
Siebels J ,Kuck KH . Implantable cardioverter defibrillator compared with antiarrhythmic drug treatment in cardiac arrest survivors (the Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg). Am Heart J 1994;127:1139-1144
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Hohnloser SH ,Kuck KH ,Dorian P , et al. Prophylactic use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2481-2488
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline5
Kadish A ,Dyer A ,Daubert JP , et al. Prophylactic defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2151-2158
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline6
Moss AJ ,Zareba W ,Hall WJ , et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002;346:877-883
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline7
Bristow MR ,Saxon LA ,Boehmer J , et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2140-2150
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline8
Buxton AE ,Lee KL ,Fisher JD ,Josephson ME ,Prystowsky EN ,Hafley G . A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1882-1890[Erratum, N Engl J Med 2000;342:1300.]
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline9
Bardy GH ,Lee KL ,Mark DB , et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352:225-237[Erratum, N Engl J Med 2005;352:2146.]
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline10
Bigger JT Jr . Prophylactic use of implanted cardiac defibrillators in patients at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias after coronary-artery bypass graft surgery. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1569-1575
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline11
Moss AJ ,Hall WJ ,Cannom DS , et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1933-1940
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline12
McClellan MB ,Tunis SR . Medicare coverage of ICDs. N Engl J Med 2005;352:222-224
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline13
Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russell LB, Weinstein MC, eds. Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
14
Sonnenberg FA ,Beck JR . Markov models in medical decision making: a practical guide. Med Decis Making 1993;13:322-338
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Beck JR ,Pauker SG . The Markov process in medical prognosis. Med Decis Making 1983;3:419-458
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Sanders GD ,Hlatky MA ,Every NR , et al. Potential cost-effectiveness of prophylactic use of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator or amiodarone after myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:870-883
Web of Science | Medline17
Owens DK ,Sanders GD ,Harris RA , et al. Cost effectiveness of implantable cardioverter defibrillators relative to amiodarone for prevention of sudden cardiac death. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:1-12
Web of Science | Medline18
Special report: cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in a MADIT-II population. Technol Eval Cent Asses Program Exec Summ 2004;19:1-2
19
Health, United States, 2002: with chartbook on trends in the health of Americans. Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics, 2002. (DHHS publication no. (PHS) 2002-1232.)
20
Al-Khatib SM ,Sanders GD ,Mark DB , et al. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: randomized trial evidence through 2004. Am Heart J 2005;149:1020-1034
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Hauser RG . The growing mismatch between patient longevity and the service life of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:2022-2025
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Zipes DP ,Roberts D . Results of the international study of the implantable pacemaker cardioverter-defibrillator: a comparison of epicardial and endocardial lead systems. Circulation 1995;92:59-65
Web of Science | Medline23
Saksena S ,Poczobutt-Johanos M ,Castle LW , et al. Long-term multicenter experience with a second-generation implantable pacemaker-defibrillator in patients with malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:490-499
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Gabry MD ,Brodman R ,Johnston D , et al. Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: patient survival, battery longevity and shock delivery analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;9:1349-1356
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Intrinsic dual chamber ICD. Minneapolis: Medtronic, 2005. (Accessed September 12, 2005, at http://www.medtronic.com/physician/tachy/icd/intrinsic.html.)
26
Larsen GC ,Manolis AS ,Sonnenberg FA ,Beshansky JR ,Estes NA ,Pauker SG . Cost-effectiveness of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: effect of improved battery life and comparison with amiodarone therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:1323-1334
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
Tsevat J ,Goldman L ,Soukup JR , et al. Stability of time-tradeoff utilities in survivors of myocardial infarction. Med Decis Making 1993;13:161-165
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
Fryback DG ,Dasbach EJ ,Klein R , et al. The Beaver Dam Health Outcomes Study: initial catalog of health-state quality factors. Med Decis Making 1993;13:89-102
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Kuntz KM ,Tsevat J ,Goldman L ,Weinstein MC . Cost-effectiveness of routine coronary angiography after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1996;94:957-965
Web of Science | Medline30
Lipscomb J, Weinstein MC, Torrance GW. Time preference. In: Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russell LB, Weinstein MC, eds. Cost effectiveness in health and medicine. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996:214-46.
31
Moye LA ,Pfeffer MA ,Braunwald E . Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement trial. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:70D-79D
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline32
Executive Office of the President of the United States. Budget of the United States government. Section 10. Gross domestic product and implicit outlay deflators. (Accessed September 12, 2005, at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy01/hist.html.)
33
Mankiw NG. Principles of economics. 2nd ed. Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt College, 2001.
34
Every NR ,Fihn SD ,Maynard C ,Martin JS ,Weaver WD . Resource utilization in treatment of acute myocardial infarction: staff-model health maintenance organization versus fee-for-service hospitals. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:401-406
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline35
Every NR ,Parsons LS ,Fihn SD , et al. Long-term outcome in acute myocardial infarction patients admitted to hospitals with and without on-site cardiac catheterization facilities. Circulation 1997;96:1770-1775
Web of Science | Medline36
Irvine J ,Dorian P ,Baker B , et al. Quality of life in the Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS). Am Heart J 2002;144:282-289
Web of Science | Medline37
Hsu J ,Uratsu C ,Truman A , et al. Life after a ventricular arrhythmia. Am Heart J 2002;144:404-412
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline38
Lewis EF ,Johnson PA ,Johnson W ,Collins C ,Griffin L ,Stevenson LW . Preferences for quality of life or survival expressed by patients with heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001;20:1016-1024
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline39
Goldman L ,Weinstein MC ,Goldman PA ,Williams LW . Cost-effectiveness of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition for primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1991;265:1145-1151
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline40
Hlatky MA ,Sanders GD ,Owens DK . Evidence-based medicine and policy: the case of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Health Aff (Millwood) 2005;24:42-51
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline41
Shah A ,Patel M ,Goyal A , et al. Highlights from the American Heart Association Annual Scientific Sessions 2004: November 7-10, 2004. Am Heart J 2005;149:240-253
CrossRef | Web of Science
- Citing Articles (151)
Citing Articles
1
D. G. Katritsis, M. E. Josephson. (2012) Sudden cardiac death and implantable cardioverter defibrillators: two modern epidemics?. Europace
CrossRef2
Paban Saha, Jeffrey J. Goldberger. (2011) Risk Stratification for Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine
CrossRef3
Andrea M. Russo. (2011) The Reality of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Longevity: What Can Be Done To Improve Cost-Effectiveness?. Heart Rhythm
CrossRef4
Iosif Kelesidis, Mark I. Travin. (2011) Use of cardiac radionuclide imaging to identify patients at risk for arrhythmic sudden cardiac death. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology
CrossRef5
Joep Thijssen, C. Jan Willem Borleffs, Johannes B. van Rees, SumChe Man, Mihály K. de Bie, Jeroen Venlet, Enno T. van der Velde, Lieselot van Erven, Martin J. Schalij. (2011) Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Longevity under Clinical Circumstances: an Analysis According to Device Type, Generation, and Manufacturer. Heart Rhythm
CrossRef6
Norbert Frey, Mark Luedde, Hugo A. Katus. (2011) Mechanisms of disease: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Nature Reviews Cardiology
CrossRef7
T. Smith, P. F. Dessel, D. A. M. J. Theuns, A. Muskens-Heemskerk, R. T. Domburg, A. A. Wilde, L. Jordaens. (2011) Health care utilisation after defibrillator implantation for primary prevention according to the guidelines in 2 Dutch academic medical centres. Netherlands Heart Journal 19:10, 405-411
CrossRef8
James V. Freeman, Aditya Ullal, Mintu P. Turakhia. (2011) Cost-effectiveness of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics 3:3, 421-440
CrossRef9
Alexander Goehler, Benjamin P. Geisler, Jennifer M. Manne, Beate Jahn, Annette Conrads-Frank, Petra Schnell-Inderst, G. Scott Gazelle, Uwe Siebert. (2011) Decision-Analytic Models to Simulate Health Outcomes and Costs in Heart Failure. PharmacoEconomics 29:9, 753-769
CrossRef10
Afschin Gandjour, Astrid Holler Dipl-Ges-Ök, Charles Christian Adarkwah. (2011) Cost-Effectiveness of Implantable Defibrillators after Myocardial Infarction Based on 8-Year Follow-Up Data (MADIT II). Value in Health 14:6, 812-817
CrossRef11
Andrea Alcaraz, Jorge González-Zuelgaray, Federico Augustovski. (2011) Costo-Efectividad del Cardiodesfibrilador Implantable en Pacientes con Factores de Riesgo de Muerte Súbita en Argentina. Value in Health 14:5, S33-S38
CrossRef12
Mauro Biffi, Matteo Ziacchi, Matteo Bertini, Beatrice Gardini, Andrea Mazzotti, Giulia Massaro, Cristian Martignani, Igor Diemberger, Giuseppe Boriani, Daniela Corsini. (2011) How to truly value implantable cardioverter-defibrillators technology: Up-front cost or daily cost?. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 27:03, 201-206
CrossRef13
Gregg C. Fonarow, Clyde W. Yancy, Adrian F. Hernandez, Eric D. Peterson, John A. Spertus, Paul A. Heidenreich. (2011) Potential impact of optimal implementation of evidence-based heart failure therapies on mortality. American Heart Journal 161:6, 1024-1030.e3
CrossRef14
C. Sorenson, R. Tarricone, M. Siebert, M. Drummond. (2011) Applying health economics for policy decision making: do devices differ from drugs?. Europace 13:Supplement 2, ii54-ii58
CrossRef15
A. Lubinski, A. Bissinger, L. Boersma, A. Leenhardt, B. Merkely, A. Oto, A. Proclemer, J. Brugada, P. E. Vardas, C. Wolpert. (2011) Determinants of geographic variations in implantation of cardiac defibrillators in the European Society of Cardiology member countries--data from the European Heart Rhythm Association White Book. Europace 13:5, 654-662
CrossRef16
F. Leyva, I. Fernandez Lozano, J. Morgan. (2011) Cardioverter-defibrillators: a cost or an investment?. Europace 13:Supplement 2, ii25-ii31
CrossRef17
Michael L. Bernard, Michael R. Gold. (2011) Economic Implications and Cost-effectiveness of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Heart Failure Clinics 7:2, 241-250
CrossRef18
M. Khaled Shamseddin, Patrick S. Parfrey. (2011) Sudden cardiac death in chronic kidney disease: epidemiology and prevention. Nature Reviews Nephrology 7:3, 145-154
CrossRef19
Raymond Cutro, Michael W. Rich, Paul J. Hauptman. (2011) Device therapy in patients with heart failure and advanced age: Too much too late?. International Journal of Cardiology
CrossRef20
Nathalie Eckard, Magnus Janzon, Lars-Åke Levin. (2011) Compilation of cost-effectiveness evidence for different heart conditions and treatment strategies. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal1-16
CrossRef21
Leah Iles, Heinz Pfluger, Lisa Lefkovits, Michelle J. Butler, Peter M. Kistler, David M. Kaye, Andrew J. Taylor. (2011) Myocardial Fibrosis Predicts Appropriate Device Therapy in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators for Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 57:7, 821-828
CrossRef22
John K. Triedman. (2011) Children are not just small adults. Heart Rhythm 8:1, 29-30
CrossRef23
MAREK MALIK. (2011) Autonomic Tests to Detect Cardiac Risk and Their Clinical Practicality. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiologyno-no
CrossRef24
Toshinori SOEJIMA, Eisaku YODEN, Yasumasa NISHIMURA, Seiji ONO, Akihiro YOSHIDA, Haruyuki FUKUDA, Noboru FUKUHARA, Ryohei SASAKI, Kayoko TSUJINO, Yoshiki NORIHISA. (2011) Radiation Therapy in Patients with Implanted Cardiac Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators: A Prospective Survey in Japan. Journal of Radiation Research 52:4, 516-521
CrossRef25
Harindra C. Wijeysundera, Márcio Machado, Xuesong Wang, Gabrielle van der Velde, Nancy Sikich, William Witteman, Jack V. Tu, Douglas S. Lee, Shaun G. Goodman, Robert Petrella, Martin O'Flaherty, Simon Capewell, Murray Krahn. (2010) Cost-Effectiveness of Specialized Multidisciplinary Heart Failure Clinics in Ontario, Canada. Value in Health 13:8, 915-921
CrossRef26
John A. Spertus, Robert O. Bonow, Paul Chan, George A. Diamond, Joseph P. Drozda, Sanjay Kaul, Harlan M. Krumholz, Frederick A. Masoudi, Sharon-Lise T. Normand, Eric D. Peterson, Martha J. Radford, John S. Rumsfeld. (2010) ACCF/AHA New Insights Into the Methodology of Performance Measurement. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 56:21, 1767-1782
CrossRef27
Casey S. Hager, Sunil Jain, Jeffry Blackwell, Benjamin Culp, Juhee Song, Christopher D. Chiles. (2010) Effect of Renal Function on Survival After Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Placement. The American Journal of Cardiology 106:9, 1297-1300
CrossRef28
Sanjiv M. Narayan. 2010. Preventing Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the Heart Failure Patient. , 177-195.
CrossRef29
Sanjiv M. Narayan. 2010. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Indications for Treatment and Strategies for Optimizing Results. , 197-215.
CrossRef30
Maria Agapova, Michael P. Busch, Brian Custer. (2010) Cost-effectiveness of screening the US blood supply for Trypanosoma cruzi. Transfusion 50:10, 2220-2232
CrossRef31
Stephen P. Fitzgerald, Nigel G. Bean. (2010) An Analysis of the Interactions Between Individual Comorbidities and Their Treatments—Implications for Guidelines and Polypharmacy. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 11:7, 475-484
CrossRef32
Niloufar Tabatabaei, Stephen C. Hammill. (2010) Role of the Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator in the Post-myocardial Infarction Patient. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 4:5, 321-326
CrossRef33
Brian Feingold, Gaurav Arora, Steven A. Webber, Kenneth J. Smith. (2010) Cost-Effectiveness of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators in Children With Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Journal of Cardiac Failure 16:9, 734-741
CrossRef34
Sang Yong Ji, Mark I. Travin. (2010) Radionuclide imaging of cardiac autonomic innervation. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 17:4, 655-666
CrossRef35
A. John Camm, S. Nisam. (2010) European utilization of the implantable defibrillator: has 10 years changed the 'enigma'?. Europace 12:8, 1063-1069
CrossRef36
Gillian D. Sanders, Melissa H. Kong, Sana M. Al-Khatib, Eric D. Peterson. (2010) Cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in patients ≥65 years of age. American Heart Journal 160:1, 122-131
CrossRef37
Badri Chandrasekaran, Peter J Cowburn. (2010) Heart failure: the challenge of selecting patients for implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy. Expert Review of Medical Devices 7:4, 461-467
CrossRef38
Ellen J. MacKenzie, Sharada Weir, Frederick P. Rivara, Gregory J. Jurkovich, Avery B. Nathens, Weiwei Wang, Daniel O. Scharfstein, David S. Salkever. (2010) The Value of Trauma Center Care. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 69:1, 1-10
CrossRef39
JERRY M. JOHN, AHMED HUSSEIN, NASER IMRAN, SAMUEL J. DURHAM, BLAIR P. GRUBB, YOUSUF KANJWAL. (2010) Underutilization of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators Post Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Patients with Systolic Dysfunction. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 33:6, 727-733
CrossRef40
Cihan Cevik, Kenneth Nugent, Alejandro Perez-Verdia, R. David Fish. (2010) Prophylactic Implantation of Cardioverter Defibrillators in Idiopathic Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy for the Primary Prevention of Death: A Narrative Review. Clinical Cardiology 33:5, 254-260
CrossRef41
Pablo B. Nery, Nisha D’Mello, Rob Beanlands. (2010) Screening patients for primary prophylaxis implantable cardioverter defibrillators: Insights into current practices. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 26:3, e125-e127
CrossRef42
Rodrigo Antonini Ribeiro, Steffan Frosi Stella, Suzi Alves Camey, Leandro Ioschpe Zimerman, Maurício Pimentel, Luis Eduardo Rohde, Carísi Anne Polanczyk. (2010) Cost-Effectiveness of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators in Brazil: Primary Prevention Analysis in the Public Sector. Value in Health 13:2, 160-168
CrossRef43
Weinstein, Milton C., Skinner, Jonathan A., . (2010) Comparative Effectiveness and Health Care Spending — Implications for Reform. New England Journal of Medicine 362:5, 460-465
Full Text44
Garrick C. Stewart, Joanne R. Weintraub, Parakash P. Pratibhu, Marc J. Semigran, Janice M. Camuso, Kimberly Brooks, Sui W. Tsang, Mary Susan Anello, Viviane T. Nguyen, Eldrin F. Lewis, Anju Nohria, Akshay S. Desai, Michael M. Givertz, Lynne W. Stevenson. (2010) Patient Expectations From Implantable Defibrillators to Prevent Death in Heart Failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure 16:2, 106-113
CrossRef45
Giuseppe Boriani, Claudio Rapezzi, Igor Diemberger, Lucio Gonzini, Marco Gorini, Donata Lucci, Gianfranco Sinagra, Robin M. T. Cooke, Giuseppe Di Pasquale, Luigi Tavazzi, Aldo P. Maggioni. (2010) Trial-generated profiles for implantation of electrical devices in outpatients with heart failure: real-world prevalence and 1-year outcome. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 16:1, 82-91
CrossRef46
T. Kleemann, T. Becker, M. Strauss, N. Dyck, U. Weisse, W. Saggau, U. Burkhardt, K. Seidl. (2010) Prevalence of bacterial colonization of generator pockets in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients without signs of infection undergoing generator replacement or lead revision. Europace 12:1, 58-63
CrossRef47
MEHMET K. AKTAS, DAVID D. KIM, SCOTT MCNITT, DAVID T. HUANG, SPENCER Z. ROSERO, BURR W. HALL, WOJCIECH ZAREBA, JAMES P. DAUBERT. (2009) Right Ventricular Dysfunction and the Incidence of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapies. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 32:12, 1501-1508
CrossRef48
Stavros Mountantonakis, Mathew D. Hutchinson. (2009) Who should receive an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator after myocardial infarction?. Current Heart Failure Reports 6:4, 236-244
CrossRef49
M. Gasparini, C. Menozzi, A. Proclemer, M. Landolina, S. Iacopino, A. Carboni, E. Lombardo, F. Regoli, M. Biffi, V. Burrone, A. Denaro, G. Boriani. (2009) A simplified biventricular defibrillator with fixed long detection intervals reduces implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) interventions and heart failure hospitalizations in patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy implanted for primary prevention: the RELEVANT [Role of long dEtection window programming in patients with LEft VentriculAr dysfunction, Non-ischemic eTiology in primary prevention treated with a biventricular ICD] study. European Heart Journal 30:22, 2758-2767
CrossRef50
, Sumit Parikh, Russell Saneto, Marni J. Falk, Irina Anselm, Bruce H. Cohen, Richard Haas. (2009) A modern approach to the treatment of mitochondrial disease. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 11:6, 414-430
CrossRef51
E. M. Kanoupakis, E. G. Manios, P. E. Vardas. (2009) Predicting future shocks in implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients: the role of biomarkers. Europace 11:11, 1434-1439
CrossRef52
Susan Zayac, Nancy Finch. (2009) Recipients' of implanted cardioverter-defibrillators actual and perceived adaptation: a review of the literature. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 21:10, 549-556
CrossRef53
Kate C. Young, J. C. Teeters, Curtis G. Benesch, John D. Bisognano, Karl A. Illig. (2009) Cost-Effectiveness of Treating Resistant Hypertension With an Implantable Carotid Body Stimulator. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 11:10, 555-563
CrossRef54
Kirsi Malmivaara, Juha Hernesniemi, Ritva Salmenperä, Juha Öhman, Risto P. Roine, Jari Siironen. (2009) SURVIVAL AND OUTCOME OF NEUROSURGICAL PATIENTS REQUIRING VENTILATORY SUPPORT AFTER INTENSIVE CARE UNIT STAY. Neurosurgery 65:3, 530-538
CrossRef55
Weiwei Li, Brian Olshansky. (2009) Electrophysiological device therapy (implantable defibrillators) in older adults. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 3:5, 347-354
CrossRef56
Young, G. Bryan, . (2009) Neurologic Prognosis after Cardiac Arrest. New England Journal of Medicine 361:6, 605-611
Full Text57
Deryk L. McDowell, Paul J. Hauptman. (2009) Implantable Defibrillators and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Heart Transplant Recipients: Results of a National Survey. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 28:8, 847-850
CrossRef58
Robert J. Myerburg, Vivek Reddy, Agustin Castellanos. (2009) Indications for Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Based on Evidence and Judgment. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 54:9, 747-763
CrossRef59
C. W. Israel. (2009) Do some implant too many defibrillators or others too few?. Europace 11:8, 982-984
CrossRef60
Giovanni Lucignani. (2009) Metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) molecular imaging in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy planning: a health technology assessment issue. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 36:8, 1346-1350
CrossRef61
M. R. Cowie, D. Marshall, M. Drummond, N. Ferko, M. Maschio, M. Ekman, L. de Roy, H. Heidbuchel, Y. Verboven, F. Braunschweig, C. Linde, G. Boriani. (2009) Lifetime cost-effectiveness of prophylactic implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator in patients with reduced left ventricular systolic function: results of Markov modelling in a European population. Europace 11:6, 716-726
CrossRef62
Hein J. Verberne, G. Aernout Somsen, Berthe L.F. van Eck-Smit. (2009) 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine in patients with chronic heart failure: technical aspects, conceptual issues, and future prospects. Nuclear Medicine Communications 30:6, 411-414
CrossRef63
M. Meine, T. Smith, R. N.W. Hauer. (2009) The economical challenge in the treatment of chronic heart failure: is primary prophylactic ICD therapy cost-effective in Europe?. Europace 11:6, 689-691
CrossRef64
J. P. Piccini, J. S. Berger, C. M. O'Connor. (2009) Amiodarone for the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European Heart Journal 30:10, 1245-1253
CrossRef65
G. Boriani, M. Biffi, C. Martignani, I. Diemberger, C. Valzania, M. Bertini, A. Branzi. (2009) Expenditure and value for money: the challenge of implantable cardioverter defibrillators. QJM 102:5, 349-356
CrossRef66
Daniel R. Frisch, Evaldas Giedrimas, Satishkumar Mohanavelu, Amy Shui, Kalon K.L. Ho, C. Michael Gibson, Mark E. Josephson, Peter J. Zimetbaum. (2009) Predicting Irreversible Left Ventricular Dysfunction After Acute Myocardial Infarction. The American Journal of Cardiology 103:9, 1206-1209
CrossRef67
Daphna Y. Gelblum, Howard Amols. (2009) Implanted Cardiac Defibrillator Care in Radiation Oncology Patient Population. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 73:5, 1525-1531
CrossRef68
Kristian B. Filion, Xuanqian Xie, Charlotte J. van der Avoort, Nandini Dendukuri, James M. Brophy. (2009) Microvolt T-wave alternans and the selective use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators for primary prevention: A cost-effectiveness study. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25:02, 151
CrossRef69
Paul S. Chan, John D. Birkmeyer, Harlan M. Krumholz, John A. Spertus, Brahmajee K. Nallamothu. (2009) Racial and Gender Trends in the Use of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Among Medicare Beneficiaries Between 1997 and 2003. Congestive Heart Failure 15:2, 51-57
CrossRef70
Guy Amit, Otto Costantini, David S. Rosenbaum. (2009) Can we alternate between T-wave alternans testing methods?. Heart Rhythm 6:3, 338-340
CrossRef71
Eric J. Rashba. (2009) Anger Management May Save Your Life. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:9, 779-781
CrossRef72
H. Baris Deniz, Alexandra Ward, J. Jaime Caro, Piedad Alvarez, Hamid Sadri. (2009) Cost-benefit analysis of primary prevention of sudden cardiac death with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator versus amiodarone in Canada. Current Medical Research and Opinion 25:3, 617-626
CrossRef73
Andrew E. Epstein. (2009) Reply. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:13, 1163
CrossRef74
Otto Costantini, Stefan H. Hohnloser, Malcolm M. Kirk, Bruce B. Lerman, James H. Baker, Barathi Sethuraman, Mary M. Dettmer, David S. Rosenbaum. (2009) The ABCD (Alternans Before Cardioverter Defibrillator) Trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:6, 471-479
CrossRef75
(2009) Defibrillators in Heart Failure and Quality of Life. New England Journal of Medicine 360:2, 187-189
Full Text76
MITESH S. AMIN, AARON D. FOX, GAUTHAM KALAHASTY, RICHARD K. SHEPARD, MARK A. WOOD, KENNETH A. ELLENBOGEN. (2008) Benefit of Primary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators in the Setting of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Decision Model Analysis. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 19:12, 1275-1280
CrossRef77
Jonathan M. Tan, Alex Macario. (2008) How to Evaluate Whether a New Technology in the Operating Room is Cost-Effective from Society's Viewpoint. Anesthesiology Clinics 26:4, 745-764
CrossRef78
Ori Galante, Guy Amit, Doron Zahger, Abraham Wagshal, Reuben Ilia, Amos Katz. (2008) B-type Natruiretic Peptide Levels Stratify the Risk for Arrhythmia Among Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Patients. Clinical Cardiology 31:12, 586-589
CrossRef79
A. Goette, F. Cantu, L. van Erven, P. Geelen, F. Halimi, J. L. Merino, J. M. Morgan, . (2008) Performance and survival of transvenous defibrillation leads: need for a European data registry. Europace 11:1, 31-34
CrossRef80
Ilan Goldenberg, Wojciech Zareba, Arthur J. Moss. (2008) Long QT Syndrome. Current Problems in Cardiology 33:11, 629-694
CrossRef81
Sana M. Al-Khatib, Gillian D. Sanders, Mark Carlson, Aida Cicic, Anne Curtis, Gregg C. Fonarow, Peter W. Groeneveld, David Hayes, Paul Heidenreich, Daniel Mark, Eric Peterson, Eric N. Prystowsky, Philip Sager, Marcel E. Salive, Kevin Thomas, Clyde W. Yancy, Wojciech Zareba, Douglas Zipes. (2008) Preventing tomorrow's sudden cardiac death today. American Heart Journal 156:4, 613-622
CrossRef82
Andrew Moran, Lee Goldman. (2008) Eliminating out-of-pocket drug costs may improve outcomes after myocardial infarction—but at what cost to Medicare?. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 5:10, 606-607
CrossRef83
Healey, Jeff, Connolly, Stuart, . (2008) Life and Death after ICD Implantation. New England Journal of Medicine 359:10, 1058-1059
Full Text84
Andrew D. Krahn, Jeffrey S. Hoch, Marie Antoinette Rockx, Peter Leong-Sit, Lorne J. Gula, Raymond Yee, Allan C. Skanes, George J. Klein. (2008) Cost of Preimplantation Cardiac Imaging in Patients Referred for a Primary-Prevention Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator. The American Journal of Cardiology 102:5, 588-592
CrossRef85
Scott W Ferreira, Paul J Hauptman. (2008) Implantation of cardiac defibrillators for primary prevention: a pendulum too far?. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 6:8, 1047-1050
CrossRef86
Roderick Tung, Peter Zimetbaum, Mark E. Josephson. (2008) A Critical Appraisal of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy for the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 52:14, 1111-1121
CrossRef87
Kenneth M. Stein. (2008) Noninvasive Risk Stratification for Sudden Death: Signal-Averaged Electrocardiography, Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia, Heart Rate Variability, Baroreflex Sensitivity, and QRS Duration. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 51:2, 106-117
CrossRef88
Andrew E. Epstein. (2008) Benefits of the Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 52:14, 1122-1127
CrossRef89
M. Biffi, M. Ziacchi, M. Bertini, D. Sangiorgi, D. Corsini, C. Martignani, I. Diemberger, G. Boriani. (2008) Longevity of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: implications for clinical practice and health care systems. Europace 10:11, 1288-1295
CrossRef90
C. N. Pellegrini, K. Lee, J. E. Olgin, M. P. Turakhia, Z. H. Tseng, R. Lee, N. Badhwar, B. Lee, P. D. Varosy. (2008) Impact of advanced age on survival in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Europace 10:11, 1296-1301
CrossRef91
L. Ding, W. Hua, H. Niu, K. Chen, S. Zhang. (2008) Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death using implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Europace 10:9, 1034-1041
CrossRef92
Theodore Chow, Deepak Joshi. (2008) Microvolt T-wave alternans testing for ventricular arrhythmia risk stratification. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 6:6, 833-842
CrossRef93
Andrew E. Epstein, John P. DiMarco, Kenneth A. Ellenbogen, N. A. Mark Estes, Roger A. Freedman, Leonard S. Gettes, A. Marc Gillinov, Gabriel Gregoratos, Stephen C. Hammill, David L. Hayes, Mark A. Hlatky, L. Kristin Newby, Richard L. Page, Mark H. Schoenfeld, Michael J. Silka, Lynne Warner Stevenson, Michael O. Sweeney, Sidney C. Smith, Alice K. Jacobs, Cynthia D. Adams, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Christopher E. Buller, Mark A. Creager, Steven M. Ettinger, David P. Faxon, Jonathan L. Halperin, Loren F. Hiratzka, Sharon A. Hunt, Harlan M. Krumholz, Frederick G. Kushner, Bruce W. Lytle, Rick A. Nishimura, Joseph P. Ornato, Richard L. Page, Barbara Riegel, Lynn G. Tarkington, Clyde W. Yancy. (2008) ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities. Heart Rhythm 5:6, e1-e62
CrossRef94
Ilan Goldenberg, Arthur J. Moss. (2008) Long QT Syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51:24, 2291-2300
CrossRef95
Harvinder Singh Arora, Pranav Loyalka, Biswajit Kar, Reynolds Delgado. (2008) Devices for Heart Failure: The Future Is Now. Congestive Heart Failure 14:3, 141-148
CrossRef96
Peter W. Groeneveld, Steven A. Farmer, Janice J. Suh, Mary Anne Matta, Feifei Yang. (2008) Outcomes and costs of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death among the elderly. Heart Rhythm 5:5, 646-653
CrossRef97
Ilan Goldenberg, Arthur J. Moss. (2008) Implantable Device Therapy. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 50:6, 449-474
CrossRef98
Andrew E. Epstein, John P. DiMarco, Kenneth A. Ellenbogen, N.A. Mark Estes, Roger A. Freedman, Leonard S. Gettes, A. Marc Gillinov, Gabriel Gregoratos, Stephen C. Hammill, David L. Hayes, Mark A. Hlatky, L. Kristin Newby, Richard L. Page, Mark H. Schoenfeld, Michael J. Silka, Lynne Warner Stevenson, Michael O. Sweeney. (2008) ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51:21, e1-e62
CrossRef99
Wolfram Grimm. (2008) Outcomes of elderly heart failure recipients of ICD and CRT. International Journal of Cardiology 125:2, 154-160
CrossRef100
Milton C. Weinstein. (2008) How Much Are Americans Willing to Pay for a Quality-Adjusted Life Year?. Medical Care 46:4, 343-345
CrossRef101
Denis Agostini, Hein J. Verberne, Wolfgang Burchert, Juhani Knuuti, Pavol Povinec, Gianmario Sambuceti, Mustafa Unlu, Montserrat Estorch, Gopa Banerjee, Arnold F. Jacobson. (2008) I-123-mIBG myocardial imaging for assessment of risk for a major cardiac event in heart failure patients: insights from a retrospective European multicenter study. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 35:3, 535-546
CrossRef102
Nayef AlGhanim, Vikram R. Comondore, John Fleetham, Carlo A. Marra, Najib T. Ayas. (2008) The Economic Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Lung 186:1, 7-12
CrossRef103
Bach, Peter B., . (2008) Cost Sharing for Health Care — Whose Skin? Which Game?. New England Journal of Medicine 358:4, 411-413
Full Text104
Neiko Ozasa, Takeshi Morimoto, Yutaka Furukawa, Satoshi Shizuta, Kei Nishiyama, Toru Kita, Takeshi Kimura. (2008) Effects of ICD implantation on quality-adjusted life years in patients with congestive heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 123:2, 213-216
CrossRef105
Mattias Neyt, Nancy Thiry, Dirk Ramaekers, Hans Van Brabandt. (2008) Cost Effectiveness of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators for Primary Prevention in a Belgian Context. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy 6:1, 67-80
CrossRef106
James N Kirkpatrick, Savitri E Fedson, Ralph Verdino. (2007) Ethical dilemmas in device treatment for advanced heart failure. Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 1:4, 267-273
CrossRef107
Guy Amit, Otto Costantini. (2007) SCD in patients with cardiomyopathy: Use of microvolt T-wave alternans and other noninvasive tests for risk stratification and prevention of SCD. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 9:5, 345-355
CrossRef108
Van C. Lansingh, Marissa J. Carter, Marion Martens. (2007) Global Cost-effectiveness of Cataract Surgery. Ophthalmology 114:9, 1670-1678
CrossRef109
N.A. MARK ESTES. (2007) Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Is the Burn Worth the Buck?. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 18:9, 914-916
CrossRef110
Jan Paul Ottervanger, Anand R. Ramdat Misier, Jan-Henk E. Dambrink, Menko-Jan de Boer, Jan C.A. Hoorntje, A.T. Marcel Gosselink, Harry Suryapranata, Stoffer Reiffers, Arnoud W.J. van ‘t Hof. (2007) Mortality in Patients With Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction ≤30% After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. The American Journal of Cardiology 100:5, 793-797
CrossRef111
DAVID T. HUANG, HENRY W. SESSELBERG, SCOTT McNITT, KATIA NOYES, MARK L. ANDREWS, W. JACKSON HALL, ANDREW DICK, JAMES P. DAUBERT, WOJCIECH ZAREBA, ARTHUR J. MOSS, . (2007) Improved Survival Associated with Prophylactic Implantable Defibrillators in Elderly Patients with Prior Myocardial Infarction and Depressed Ventricular Function: A MADIT-II Substudy. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 18:8, 833-838
CrossRef112
ALI F. SONEL, ALAA SHALABY, JOSEPH P. MCCONNELL, TAMMY CZARNECKI, SCOTT HOGEN, MALIHA ZAHID, MORTEZA AMIDI. (2007) Detectable Troponin Levels Predict Poor Prognosis in Patients With Left Ventricular Dysfunction Undergoing Internal Defibrillator Implantation. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 30:7, 839-844
CrossRef113
RICHARD KOBZA, PAUL ERNE. (2007) End-of-life Decisions in ICD Patients with Malignant Tumors. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 30:7, 845-849
CrossRef114
Daniel P. Morin, Eran S. Zacks, Andreas C. Mauer, Shaun Ageno, Matthew Janik, Steven M. Markowitz, Suneet Mittal, Sei Iwai, Bindi K. Shah, Bruce B. Lerman, Kenneth M. Stein. (2007) Effect of bundle branch block on microvolt T-wave alternans and electrophysiologic testing in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 4:7, 904-912
CrossRef115
Jacob A. Udell, David N. Juurlink, Alexander Kopp, Douglas S. Lee, Jack V. Tu, Muhammad M. Mamdani. (2007) Inequitable distribution of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in Ontario. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 23:03,
CrossRef116
Gillian D. Sanders, Sana M. Al-Khatib, Elise Berliner, J. Thomas Bigger, Alfred E. Buxton, Robert M. Califf, Mark Carlson, Anne B. Curtis, Jeptha P. Curtis, Michael Domanski, Eric Fain, Bernard J. Gersh, Michael R. Gold, Jeffrey Goldberger, Ali Haghighi-Mood, Stephen C. Hammill, Joel Harder, Jeffrey Healey, Mark A. Hlatky, Stefan H. Hohnloser, Kerry L. Lee, Daniel B. Mark, Brent Mitchell, Steve Phurrough, Eric Prystowsky, Joseph M. Smith, Norman Stockbridge, Robert Temple. (2007) Preventing tomorrow's sudden cardiac death today. American Heart Journal 153:6, 951-959
CrossRef117
Katia Noyes, Ethan Corona, Jack Zwanziger, W Jackson Hall, Hongwei Zhao, Hongkun Wang, Arthur J. Moss, Andrew W. Dick. (2007) Health-Related Quality of Life Consequences of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators. Medical Care 45:5, 377-385
CrossRef118
Gregory de Lissovoy. (2007) The Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator. Medical Care 45:5, 371-373
CrossRef119
Timothy W. Smith, Michael E. Cain. (2007) Sudden cardiac death: Epidemiologic and financial worldwide perspective. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology 17:3, 199-203
CrossRef120
Paul S. Chan, Cheryl Bartone, Terri Booth, Dean Kereiakes, Theodore Chow. (2007) Prognostic implication of redefining indeterminate microvolt T-wave alternans studies as abnormal or normal. American Heart Journal 153:4, 523-529
CrossRef121
PETER W. GROENEVELD, MARY A. MATTA, JANICE J. SUH, FEIFEI YANG, JUDY A. SHEA. (2007) Quality of Life Among Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Recipients in the Primary Prevention Therapeutic Era. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 30:4, 463-471
CrossRef122
MINTU P. TURAKHIA, PAUL D VAROSY, KEANE LEE, ZIAN H. TSENG, RANDALL LEE, NITISH BADHWAR, MELVIN SCHEINMAN, BYRON K. LEE, JEFFREY E. OLGIN. (2007) Impact of Renal Function on Survival in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 30:3, 377-384
CrossRef123
Lauren A. Stutts, Natalie J. Cross, Jamie B. Conti, Samuel F. Sears. (2007) Examination of Research Trends on Patient Factors in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators. Clinical Cardiology 30:2, 64-68
CrossRef124
J. Jaime Caro, Alexandra Ward, H. Baris Deniz, Judith A. O'Brien, Jenifer L. Ehreth. (2007) Cost-Benefit Analysis of Preventing Sudden Cardiac Deaths with an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator versus Amiodarone. Value in Health 10:1, 13-22
CrossRef125
Giuseppe Boriani. (2007) Cardioverter Defibrillators in Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Cost or an Investment?. Value in Health 10:1, 1-2
CrossRef126
W.H. Frishman. (2007) Comparison of β-Blockers, Amiodarone Plus β-Blockers, or Sotalol for Prevention of Shocks From Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators: The OPTIC Study: A Randomized Trial. Yearbook of Medicine 2007, 375-377
CrossRef127
STEVEN M. GREENBERG, ANDREW E. EPSTEIN, THOMAS DEERING, DANIEL S. GOLDMAN, MARCO GHIDINA, CURTIS NEASON, ALESSANDRO PROCLEMER. (2007) A Comparison of ICD Implantations in the United States Versus Italy. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 30:s1,
CrossRef128
MARK W. SWEESY, BRUCE L. WILKOFF, KERRY W. SMITH, JAMES L. HOLLAND. (2006) Group Purchasing Organizations: Optimizing Cardiac Device Selection, Therapy Delivery, and Fiscal Responsibility. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 29:12, 1404-1409
CrossRef129
Kathy Hebert, James Mckinnie, Ron Horswell, Lee Arcement, Lynne Stevenson. (2006) Expansion of Heart Failure Device Therapy Into a Rural Indigent Population in Louisiana: Potential Economic and Health Policy Implications. Journal of Cardiac Failure 12:9, 689-693
CrossRef130
Adnan Siddiqui, Peter R Kowey. (2006) Sudden death secondary to cardiac arrhythmias: mechanisms and treatment strategies. Current Opinion in Internal Medicine 5:6, 544-552
CrossRef131
Christopher M. Kramer. (2006) The Expanding Prognostic Role of Late Gadolinium Enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
Editorials published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of JACC or the American College of Cardiology.. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 48:10, 1986-1987
CrossRef132
Harlan M. Krumholz, Frederick A. Masoudi. (2006) The Year in Epidemiology, Health Services Research, and Outcomes Research. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 48:9, 1886-1895
CrossRef133
Carlos M. Ferrario, Ronald D. Smith, . (2006) Cost-Effectiveness of Impedance Cardiography Testing in Uncontrolled Hypertension. The American Heart Hospital Journal 4:4, 279-289
CrossRef134
Peter Cram, David Katz, Sandeep Vijan, David M. Kent, Kenneth M. Langa, A. Mark Fendrick. (2006) Implantable or External Defibrillators for Individuals at Increased Risk of Cardiac Arrest: Where Cost-Effectiveness Hits Fiscal Reality. Value in Health 9:5, 292-302
CrossRef135
Leslie A. Saxon. (2006) Patient Selection for Primary Prevention ICDs—Are EPs Shocking Patients Into Consent?. Journal of Cardiac Failure 12:6, 413-415
CrossRef136
Peter Santucci. (2006) Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator failures and recalls: Where do we go from here?. Heart Rhythm 3:6, 645-646
CrossRef137
Jack Zwanziger, W. Jackson Hall, Andrew W. Dick, Hongwei Zhao, Alvin I. Mushlin, Rebecca Marron Hahn, Hongkun Wang, Mark L. Andrews, Cathleen Mooney, Hongyue Wang, Arthur J. Moss. (2006) The Cost Effectiveness of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 47:11, 2310-2318
CrossRef138
Matthew R. Reynolds, David J. Cohen, Aaron D. Kugelmass, Phillip P. Brown, Edmund R. Becker, Steven D. Culler, April W. Simon. (2006) The Frequency and Incremental Cost of Major Complications Among Medicare Beneficiaries Receiving Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 47:12, 2493-2497
CrossRef139
AHMET KAYA BILGE, BESTE OZBEN, SABRI DEMIRCAN, MUTLU CINAR, ERCUMENT YILMAZ, KAMIL ADALET. (2006) Depression and Anxiety Status of Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator and Precipitating Factors. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 29:6, 619-626
CrossRef140
Robert G. Hauser, David L. Hayes, Andrew E. Epstein, David S. Cannom, Stephen C. Vlay, Susan L. Song, G. Frank O. Tyers. (2006) Multicenter experience with failed and recalled implantable cardioverter-defibrillator pulse generators. Heart Rhythm 3:6, 640-644
CrossRef141
Sheharyar Ali, Eduardo S. Antezano. (2006) Sudden Cardiac Death. Southern Medical Journal 99:5, 502-510
CrossRef142
Riemer H.J.A. Slart, Pieter L. Jager, Dirk J. van Veldhuisen, Jeroen J. Bax. (2006) Optimal imaging of patients with ischaemic heart failure. Nuclear Medicine Communications 27:4, 317-320
CrossRef143
Jeffrey D. Dayton, Kirk R. Kanter, Robert N. Vincent, William T. Mahle. (2006) Cost-effectiveness of Pediatric Heart Transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 25:4, 409-415
CrossRef144
Melvin M. Scheinman, Edmund Keung. (2006) The Year in Clinical Electrophysiology. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 47:6, 1207-1213
CrossRef145
James D. Allred, Andrew E. Epstein, Raymond E. Ideker. (2006) The Sign of Four and the SDNN of one of three. Heart Rhythm 3:3, 287-289
CrossRef146
Barry M. Massie, Thomas Force. (2006) The Year in Heart Failure 2005. Journal of Cardiac Failure 12:1, 1-9
CrossRef147
(2006) Cost-Effectiveness of ICDs. New England Journal of Medicine 354:2, 205-207
Full Text148
José Azpitarte. (2006) Profilaxis primaria con desfibrilador-cardioversor implantable en la insuficiencia cardiaca: un punto de vista clínico. Revista Española de Cardiología 59, 10-22
CrossRef149
Francesc X. Borrás Pérez. (2005) Los análisis de coste-efectividad como guía para la implementación clínica de los nuevos tratamientos. Revista Española de Cardiología 58:12, 1377-1380
CrossRef150
Goldman, Lee, . (2005) Cost-Effectiveness in a Flat World — Can ICDs Help the United States Get Rhythm?. New England Journal of Medicine 353:14, 1513-1515
Full Text151
Neumann, Peter J., Rosen, Allison B., Weinstein, Milton C., . (2005) Medicare and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. New England Journal of Medicine 353:14, 1516-1522
Full Text
- Letters
