Special Article
Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for HIV in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
N Engl J Med 2005; 352:570-585February 10, 2005
- Abstract
Background
The costs, benefits, and cost-effectiveness of screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in health care settings during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have not been determined.
Methods
We developed a Markov model of costs, quality of life, and survival associated with an HIV-screening program as compared with current practice. In both strategies, symptomatic patients were identified through symptom-based case finding. Identified patients started treatment when their CD4 count dropped to 350 cells per cubic millimeter. Disease progression was defined on the basis of CD4 levels and viral load. The likelihood of sexual transmission was based on viral load, knowledge of HIV status, and efficacy of counseling.
Results
Given a 1 percent prevalence of unidentified HIV infection, screening increased life expectancy by 5.48 days, or 4.70 quality-adjusted days, at an estimated cost of $194 per screened patient, for a cost-effectiveness ratio of $15,078 per quality-adjusted life-year. Screening cost less than $50,000 per quality-adjusted life-year if the prevalence of unidentified HIV infection exceeded 0.05 percent. Excluding HIV transmission, the cost-effectiveness of screening was $41,736 per quality-adjusted life-year. Screening every five years, as compared with a one-time screening program, cost $57,138 per quality-adjusted life-year, but was more attractive in settings with a high incidence of infection. Our results were sensitive to the efficacy of behavior modification, the benefit of early identification and therapy, and the prevalence and incidence of HIV infection.
Conclusions
The cost-effectiveness of routine HIV screening in health care settings, even in relatively low-prevalence populations, is similar to that of commonly accepted interventions, and such programs should be expanded.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Effect of Early Identification of HIV Infection on Life Expectancy.Figure 2
Sensitivity Analysis of the Effect of the Prevalence of Unidentified HIV on the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness of One-Time Screening, as Compared with Current Practice (Panel A), and the Effect of Screening Frequency on the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness of Screening at Various HIV Incidence Rates (Panel B).Article Activity
- Article
Timely identification of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is critical from both clinical and public health perspectives. A delay in diagnosis until late in the course of HIV infection may be associated with irreversible immunologic damage and related complications. Early identification also provides the opportunity to reduce transmission of HIV through changes in risk behavior.1-3 Treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) most likely reduces infectivity4 and may therefore afford an additional public health benefit by further reducing transmission.
Despite these compelling reasons for early identification, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that up to 20,000 new HIV infections annually can be attributed to people who are unaware of their HIV-positive status. Such people represent up to 280,000 of the approximately 950,000 people infected with HIV in the United States.5 CDC data indicate that in 41 percent of HIV-positive patients, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) develops within a year after they received the diagnosis,6 suggesting that opportunities for preventing adverse outcomes were missed.
A fundamental strategy of a new CDC initiative to promote early identification of HIV disease is to make voluntary HIV testing a routine part of medical care.7,8 Although we and others previously evaluated the cost-effectiveness of screening,9-12 these analyses were performed before HAART became available. Because both the costs and the benefits of screening have changed since these analyses were published, the current cost-effectiveness of screening and the settings in which screening is economically attractive remain uncertain. We sought to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of voluntary HIV screening in health care settings and to assess how incorporating the costs and benefits associated with reductions in HIV transmission would influence the cost-effectiveness of a screening program.
Methods
We used a decision model to estimate the health benefits and expenditures of performing voluntary HIV screening in health care settings. We adhered to the recommendations of the Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine for conducting and reporting a reference-case analysis.13
Decision Model
We used Decision Maker software (version 2003.11.1, Pratt Medical Group) to develop a Markov model that followed a cohort of patients over their lifetime (details are provided in Figure 1 of the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org). Our model includes voluntary HIV screening of a population, the natural history of HIV and AIDS, the costs and health consequences of transmission of HIV, and the costs and health consequences of HAART for patients so identified. Whenever possible, we based our probability estimates on high-quality published studies1-4,7-9,13-165 (Table 1Table 1
Variables and Sources.).Patient Population
The target population for our analysis was patients in health care settings whose HIV status was unknown. Reflecting the average age of patients in health care settings, our base-case analysis considered a cohort of 43-year-old men and women.14 In our base-case analysis we assumed a prevalence of unidentified HIV infection of 1 percent, a value consistent with the CDC recommendation for screening.8 The age- and sex-specific incidence of HIV was estimated on the basis of work by Rosenberg (Figure 3 of the Supplementary Appendix).21
HIV Disease Progression
The patients' viral load and CD4 levels together defined their risk of disease progression. We used natural-history data to estimate the rates of disease progression without therapy.52,73,74 As the patients' viral load or CD4 count changed, so did their risk of AIDS or death. We estimated the relative hazard of AIDS or death for every change in the viral load of 1 log (on a base 10 scale) copy per milliliter and for every change in the CD4 count of 1 log per cubic millimeter (Table 1 and Figure 4 of the Supplementary Appendix).
HIV Testing
Each month, patients could be selected for testing through either an HIV-screening program or symptom-based case finding. We assumed that the frequency with which case finding occurred was constant and high below a CD4 count of 50 cells per cubic millimeter, linearly related to the CD4 count between 50 and 350 cells per cubic millimeter, and not relevant with a CD4 count of more than 350 cells per cubic millimeter, when patients were assumed to be asymptomatic (Figure 4 of the Supplementary Appendix).
We assumed a standard testing strategy consisting of a serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay followed by confirmatory Western blotting (Table 1). The benefits of testing and counseling accrued only if patients received their test results and entered care. Our base-case assumption was that 80 percent of patients who screened positive for HIV would enter care and receive appropriate treatment.
Treatment of HIV Infection
In accordance with published treatment guidelines, we assumed that HAART was started when the CD4 count of an identified HIV-infected patient was at or below 350 cells per cubic millimeter.41,42 We estimated the viral load for such patients to be 4.6 log copies per milliliter, according to community-based populations of patients who had never received antiretroviral agents.43-46
After starting a HAART regimen, patients in whom virologic replication was suppressed also had an increase in their CD4 count (Table 1). Each month, patients with virologic suppression (defined as fewer than 500 copies per milliliter) could have treatment-related effects, virologic rebound, or continued virologic suppression (Supplementary Appendix). Patients who had drug-related adverse effects switched to a new antiretroviral regimen. Patients with incompletely suppressed viral loads owing to the development of resistance were identified when their viral load was determined at three-month intervals. When identified, these patients switched to a new antiretroviral regimen. We assumed that virologic suppression was less likely to be successful with each virologic rebound (Table 1).
If resistance developed to three successive antiretroviral regimens, we assumed that only partial virologic suppression was possible; such patients continued to receive HAART. We assumed that this partial suppression was sustained, reflecting the use of additional nonsuppressive regimens over time. All patients received prophylaxis against opportunistic infections when appropriate.
Transmission of HIV
Transmission from an HIV-infected patient to his or her sexual partner depended on the infected patient's sex, type of sexual activity, number of sexual partners, knowledge of HIV status, and viral load (Table 1). On the basis of trials of counseling to prevent transmission of HIV by increasing condom use,1-3 we assumed a 20 percent reduction in transmission for patients with identified HIV infection. We assumed that reductions in viral load further reduced transmission (Table 1).4 Our assumptions and methods are in the Supplementary Appendix. In a sensitivity analysis, we included transmission from injection-drug users to their partners.
Quality of Life
HIV infection and AIDS can markedly affect the quality of life. Accordingly, we incorporated adjustments for the quality of life in our analysis (Table 1 and Supplementary Appendix).
Costs
Our analysis included the costs of testing and counseling, follow-up, and treatment for patients identified through screening or case finding (Table 1). We updated all costs to 2004 U.S. dollars (Supplementary Appendix).166,167
Costs for care of HIV-infected patients receiving HAART were separated into drug-related and non–drug-related costs (Table 1). The cost of multidrug HAART was estimated from published wholesale costs of recommended drug regimens. The non–drug-related annual cost of treating patients varied on the basis of the CD4 count and clinical status (Table 1).
Results
Benefit of Screening Due to Early Identification of HIV
We used our model to estimate the increase in the length of life that resulted from the initiation of HAART at a CD4 count of 350 cells per cubic millimeter as compared with the initiation of HAART on the basis of case finding (associated with an average CD4 count of 175 cells per cubic millimeter). In our base-case analysis, early identification and treatment resulted in an increase in life expectancy of the HIV-infected patient of 1.52 years; the benefit decreased for older patients (Figure 1Figure 1
Effect of Early Identification of HIV Infection on Life Expectancy.).Benefit of Screening from Reduced Transmission of HIV
Without screening, we estimated that HIV-infected men who have sex with men transmit the virus to 1.12 sexual partners over their lifetime and that heterosexual men and women transmit the virus to 0.42 and 0.14 partner, respectively (Table 2Table 2
Lifetime Transmission Rates.). If a one-time screening program is implemented, the lifetime numbers of transmissions are reduced to 0.95, 0.35, and 0.12 partner among men who have sex with men, heterosexual men, and heterosexual women, respectively. At our base-case incidence, recurrent screening (every five years) had little additional effect on the lifetime numbers of transmissions (Table 2). These lifetime transmissions reflected a 44 percent reduction in the annual transmission rate in the absence of screening, as compared with the natural history of the disease (without any case finding), and a reduction in the annual transmission rate of approximately 21 percent with the use of a screening strategy, as compared with the absence of screening.One-Time Screening
We assessed the cost-effectiveness of screening both with and without considering the benefit to sexual partners. When we considered only the benefit to the identified patient, we found that with an unidentified HIV prevalence of 1 percent, a one-time screening program increased life expectancy by 3.92 days, or 2.92 quality-adjusted days, at a cost of $333 relative to current practice, for an incremental cost-effectiveness of $41,736 per quality-adjusted life-year (Table 3Table 3
Health and Economic Outcomes.). Incorporating costs and benefits to partners, we estimated that one-time screening cost $194 more than the cost of current practice, while increasing life expectancy by 5.48 days, or 4.70 quality-adjusted days, for an incremental cost-effectiveness of $15,078 per quality-adjusted life-year (Table 3). As Figure 2AFigure 2Sensitivity Analysis of the Effect of the Prevalence of Unidentified HIV on the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness of One-Time Screening, as Compared with Current Practice (Panel A), and the Effect of Screening Frequency on the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness of Screening at Various HIV Incidence Rates (Panel B). demonstrates, the prevalence of unidentified HIV can be as low as 0.5 percent and still have a cost-effectiveness ratio of less than $50,000 per quality-adjusted life-year, excluding the benefits to partners. Including the costs and benefits to partners, the prevalence of unidentified HIV can be as low as 0.05 percent before it costs $50,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained.Recurrent Screening
At our base-case annual incidence of 0.03 percent, screening every five years relative to one-time screening cost $57,138 per quality-adjusted life-year gained, when we included the benefit to partners (Table 3). Because the incidence of HIV infection in health care settings varies, we evaluated the cost-effectiveness of screening when the incidence was increased by a factor of 2 or 3 (Figure 2B). Recurrent screening became more cost-effective as the incidence increased. For example, if the incidence increased by a factor of 3, screening every five years cost $29,900 per quality-adjusted life-year gained, as compared with one-time screening.
Sensitivity Analyses
The reduction in HIV transmission that occurred with screening depended on the effectiveness of counseling, the degree to which HAART reduced infectivity, and the baseline viral levels at the time of transmission. If a 1-log decrease in viral load reduced transmission by a factor of 1.5, screening cost $24,800 per quality-adjusted life-year, as compared with no screening. If counseling resulted in a reduction in risk behavior of only 10 percent, screening cost $20,500 per quality-adjusted life-year. If men who have sex with men had only 1 partner at risk and heterosexuals had only 0.5 partner at risk, screening cost $25,300 per quality-adjusted life-year, as compared with no screening.
In a sensitivity analysis, we evaluated the cost-effectiveness of screening when a proportion of HIV-positive patients were injection-drug users and accounted for additional transmission that could occur (Supplementary Appendix). In one-way sensitivity analyses, we changed our assumptions about infectivity (from a factor of 2 per 1-log decrease in viral load to no change), the proportion of injection-drug users among HIV-infected patients (from 25 percent to 35 percent), and the effectiveness of counseling in reducing high-risk injections (from 25 percent to 50 percent). The corresponding cost-effectiveness ratios were $15,900, $9,700, and $8,800 per quality-adjusted life-year, respectively.
Given the high specificity of HIV tests, the occurrence of false positive results was very rare. Even at a prevalence of HIV of 0.1 percent, for every 100,000 patients tested, only 0.48 patient would be falsely identified as infected with HIV. In the base-case analysis, we assumed that such persons would be identified as not having HIV within two months after the false positive result. Even if such identification took three years, the cost of screening would be less than $45,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained at a prevalence of 0.1 percent.
If HAART was started at a lower CD4 count (e.g., 300 cells per cubic millimeter), screening cost $14,200 per quality-adjusted life-year.
Discussion
We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of routine screening for HIV infection in the era of HAART. Our analysis indicates that screening for HIV infection is cost-effective relative to other commonly accepted screening programs and medical treatments,168 even when the prevalence of HIV infection is substantially lower than 1 percent, a prevalence that the CDC has used as general guidance for the initiation of routinely recommended as opposed to targeted screening.8 This finding has potential public health implications in that screening for HIV infection is likely to be cost-effective in a much broader range of health care settings than has previously been recognized. Our analysis also highlights the importance of the public health benefit afforded by the identification of HIV infection. The identification of HIV infection can reduce transmission through two mechanisms: reductions in risk behavior and in infectivity from HAART. When we accounted for these important benefits, the cost-effectiveness of screening for HIV became favorable even at infection prevalences of less than 0.1 percent.
The main benefit of screening is that people identified as having HIV can begin lifesaving HAART before severe immunologic destruction has occurred. We assumed that, in patients in whom the infection was diagnosed early, HAART would begin when the CD4 count declined to 350 cells per cubic millimeter, the threshold recommended in current treatment guidelines. However, the best time to begin HAART is controversial.44,169-176 The clinical benefit of starting therapy at various CD4 counts has not been evaluated directly in clinical trials. The ongoing Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) study may help determine whether starting treatment when the CD4 count exceeds 350 cells per cubic millimeter and maintaining an undetectable viral load are more clinically beneficial than waiting to start treatment until the CD4 cell count reaches 350 cells per cubic millimeter.177 Our model-based estimates indicate that identifying patients early and beginning therapy when the CD4 count was 350 cells per cubic millimeter, rather than through case finding and beginning therapy when the CD4 count was, on average, 175 cells per cubic millimeter, resulted in a survival advantage of about 1.5 years. This substantial survival advantage is the reason that screening reaches conventional levels of cost-effectiveness even when we did not consider the additional benefit from reduced transmission to sexual partners.
When we accounted for changes in risk behavior associated with counseling and the reduction in transmission related to a decreased viral load during HAART, the rates of HIV transmission with the use of screening dropped by slightly more than 20 percent, as compared with no screening. Both changes in behavior and reduced viral load are important mediators of this benefit: HAART would reduce transmission even if patients who screened positive for HIV did not change their risk behavior (a reduction of 12 percent, as compared with no screening). However, the rate of transmission of HIV depends on many factors, including the number of sexual partners, the type and frequency of sex acts, the length of partnerships, the use or nonuse of condoms, and the viral load of the index patient. These factors will vary among populations that are screened, and there is uncertainty about each of them. Nonetheless, the benefit from reduced transmission remained important in our analyses under a broad range of assumptions.
The available evidence strongly indicates that current approaches to testing are inadequate. As noted, AIDS developed in 41 percent of the patients reported in CDC surveillance data within a year after they learned of their HIV-positive status.6 In an ongoing cohort study of veterans, 20 percent of patients had an AIDS-defining illness at presentation for HIV care and 41 percent had a CD4 count of 200 cells per cubic millimeter or less (Justice AC: personal communication). Another study of veterans found that of almost 14,000 patients identified as at risk, only about one third to one half had documentation of HIV testing.178 Together these studies indicate that many patients at risk are not tested at all and that of those who are identified, many have advanced disease.
Given the inadequacies of current testing, we believe the case for systematic voluntary HIV screening in health care settings is now compelling. When implementing screening, providers must decide whether to recommend routine screening for all patients or targeted screening based on risk-behavior assessment. The CDC recommends providers consider the type of setting, prevalence of HIV, and behavioral and clinical HIV risk of individual patients when they are deciding between targeted and routinely recommended screening.8 The guideline suggests that a prevalence of 1 percent can be used as a general threshold for recommending routine (as compared with targeted) screening, but it also notes that routine screening may be recommended at lower prevalences depending on available resources and circumstances. Our findings suggest that routine screening would be cost-effective if the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection were as low as 0.05 percent. Although the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection is largely unknown, it is likely to reach 0.05 percent in many settings, including urgent care clinics, emergency departments, and some primary care clinics. For example, in a blinded serologic survey, we found that the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection ranged from 0.13 percent to 2.9 percent in unselected outpatients at six Department of Veterans Affairs health care systems.179 Outpatient populations are rarely offered routine HIV screening. Because the prevalence of HIV infection in these populations is low, the HIV tests that are used should have very high specificity, ensuring low rates of false positive results.
Our analysis indicated that screening would be more effective than current practice and that the cost-effectiveness of screening is well within the range of that of other commonly accepted health care interventions. In addition, we demonstrated that screening is likely to be cost-effective at a substantially lower prevalence than previously recognized. This finding suggests that in many health care settings, HIV screening will provide important health benefits for a reasonable investment in health care resources.
Supported by a grant (HII-99047-1) from the Health Services Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs; the Ontario HIV Treatment Network; and by a grant (R01 DA15612-01) from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Source Information
From Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, N.C. (G.D.S.); the Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine (G.D.S., V.S., S.P.B., C.P.N., C.E.R., D.K.O.), and the Department of Health Research and Policy (L.C.L., D.K.O.), School of Medicine (M.H.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; the Centre for Research on Inner City Health and Division of General Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of Toronto — both in Toronto (A.M.B.); and Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. (V.S., L.R.D., M.H., D.K.O.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Sanders at Duke Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 17969, Duke University, Durham, NC 27715, or at gillian.sanders@duke.edu.
- References
References
1
The NIMH Multisite HIV Prevention Trial: reducing HIV sexual risk behavior. Science 1998;280:1889-1894
CrossRef | Web of Science2
Kamb ML ,Fishbein M ,Douglas JM Jr , et al. Efficacy of risk-reduction counseling to prevent human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted diseases: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998;280:1161-1167
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
DiClemente RJ ,Wingood GM . A randomized controlled trial of an HIV sexual risk-reduction intervention for young African-American women. JAMA 1995;274:1271-1276
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Quinn TC ,Wawer MJ ,Sewankambo N , et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med 2000;342:921-929
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline5
Advancing HIV prevention: new strategies for a changing epidemic, 2004. (Accessed January 18, 2005, at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5215a1.htm.)
6
Neal JJ, Fleming PL. Frequency and predictors of late HIV diagnosis in the United States, 1994 through 1999. In: Proceedings of the 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, February 24–28, 2002. abstract.
7
Advancing HIV prevention: new strategies for a changing epidemic -- United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003;52:329-332
Medline8
Revised guidelines for HIV counseling, testing, and referral. MMWR Recomm Rep 2001;50:1-57
9
Owens DK ,Nease RF Jr ,Harris RA . Cost-effectiveness of HIV screening in acute care settings. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:394-404
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Phillips KA ,Fernyak S . The cost-effectiveness of expanded HIV counselling and testing in primary care settings: a first look. AIDS 2000;14:2159-2169
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
McCarthy BD ,Wong JB ,Munoz A ,Sonnenberg FA . Who should be screened for HIV infection? A cost-effectiveness analysis. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1107-1116
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Lurie P ,Avins AL ,Phillips KA ,Kahn JG ,Lowe RA ,Ciccarone D . The cost-effectiveness of voluntary counseling and testing of hospital inpatients for HIV infection. JAMA 1994;272:1832-1838[Erratum, JAMA 1995;273:1000.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Weinstein MC ,Siegel JE ,Gold MR ,Kamlet MS ,Russell LB . Recommendations of the Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. JAMA 1996;276:1253-1258
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Kozak LJ, Owings MF, Hall MJ. National Hospital Discharge Survey: 2001 annual summary with detailed diagnosis and procedure data. Vital and health statistics. Series 13. No. 156. Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics, 2004:1-198.
15
Janssen RS ,St Louis ME ,Satten GA , et al. HIV infection among patients in U.S. acute care hospitals: strategies for the counseling and testing of hospital patients. N Engl J Med 1992;327:445-452
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline16
Lemp GF ,Hirozawa AM ,Givertz D , et al. Seroprevalence of HIV and risk behaviors among young homosexual and bisexual men: the San Francisco/Berkeley Young Men's Survey. JAMA 1994;272:449-454
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Sinclair M ,Bor R ,Evans A ,Glass D ,Levitt D ,Johnson MA . The sociodemographic profile, risk categories and prevalence of HIV infection among people attending a London same-day testing clinic, 2000-2001. Int J STD AIDS 2004;15:33-37
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Bindman AB ,Osmond D ,Hecht FM , et al. Multistate evaluation of anonymous HIV testing and access to medical care. JAMA 1998;280:1416-1420
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Bozzette SA ,Berry SH ,Duan N , et al. The care of HIV-infected adults in the United States. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1897-1904
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline20
Zingmond DS ,Wenger NS ,Crystal S , et al. Circumstances at HIV diagnosis and progression of disease in older HIV-infected Americans. Am J Public Health 2001;91:1117-1120
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Rosenberg PS . Scope of the AIDS epidemic in the United States. Science 1995;270:1372-1375
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Karon JM ,Fleming PL ,Steketee RW ,De Cock KM . HIV in the United States at the turn of the century: an epidemic in transition. Am J Public Health 2001;91:1060-1068
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS surveillance report 2002. Vol. 14. (Accessed January 18, 2005, at http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasr1402/2002SurveillanceReport.pdf.)
24
Turner BJ ,Hecht FM ,Ismail RB . CD4+ T-lymphocyte measures in the treatment of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: a review for clinical practitioners. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1561-1573
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Harris RL ,Boisaubin EV ,Salyer PD ,Semands DF . Evaluation of a hospital admission HIV antibody voluntary screening program. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990;11:628-634
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Irwin K ,Olivo N ,Schable CA ,Weber JT ,Janssen R ,Ernst J . Performance characteristics of a rapid HIV antibody assay in a hospital with a high prevalence of HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:471-475
Web of Science | Medline27
Kelen GD ,Shahan JB ,Quinn TC . Emergency department-based HIV screening and counseling: experience with rapid and standard serologic testing. Ann Emerg Med 1999;33:147-155
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
Schwartz JS ,Kinosian BP ,Pierskalla WP ,Lee HL . Strategies for screening blood for human immunodeficiency virus antibody: use of a decision support system. JAMA 1990;264:1704-1710
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Mylonakis E ,Paliou M ,Lally M ,Flanigan TP ,Rich JD . Laboratory testing for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus: established and novel approaches. Am J Med 2000;109:568-576
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline30
Update: serologic testing for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1988;36:833-40, 845
Medline31
MacDonald KL ,Jackson JB ,Bowman RJ , et al. Performance characteristics of serologic tests for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibody among Minnesota blood donors: public health and clinical implications. Ann Intern Med 1989;110:617-621
Web of Science | Medline32
Kelen GD ,Hexter DA ,Hansen KN , et al. Feasibility of an emergency department-based, risk-targeted voluntary HIV screening program. Ann Emerg Med 1996;27:687-692
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline33
Kassler WJ ,Dillon BA ,Haley C ,Jones WK ,Goldman A . On-site, rapid HIV testing with same-day results and counseling. AIDS 1997;11:1045-1051
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline34
Holman S ,Sorin MD ,Crossette J ,LaChance-McCullough ML . A state program for postpartum HIV counseling and testing. Public Health Rep 1994;109:521-529
Web of Science | Medline35
HIV counseling and testing in publicly funded sites: annual report 1997 and 1998. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001.
36
Erickson B ,Wasserheit J ,Rompalo AM ,Brathwaite W ,Glasser D ,Hook E III . Routine voluntary HIV screening in STD clinic clients: characterization of infected clients. Sex Transm Dis 1990;17:194-199
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline37
Voluntary HIV testing as part of routine medical care -- Massachusetts, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004;53:523-526
Medline38
Routinely recommended HIV testing at an urban urgent-care clinic -- Atlanta, Georgia, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50:538-541
Medline39
Hightow LB ,Miller WC ,Leone PA ,Wohl D ,Smurzynski M ,Kaplan AH . Failure to return for HIV posttest counseling in an STD clinic population. AIDS Educ Prev 2003;15:282-290
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline40
Sullivan PS ,Lansky A ,Drake A . Failure to return for HIV test results among persons at high risk for HIV infection: results from a multistate interview project. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004;35:511-518
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline41
Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV Infection. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Bethesda, Md.: Department of Health and Human Services, March 23, 2004. (Accessed January 18, 2005, at http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/adult/AA_102904.pdf.)
42
Yeni PG ,Hammer SM ,Hirsch MS , et al. Treatment for adult HIV infection: 2004 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA 2004;292:251-265
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline43
The AVANTI Steering Committee
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline44
Erb P ,Battegay M ,Zimmerli W ,Rickenbach M ,Egger M . Effect of antiretroviral therapy on viral load, CD4 cell count, and progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a community human immunodeficiency virus-infected cohort: Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1134-1140
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline45
Mocroft A ,Gill MJ ,Davidson W ,Phillips AN . Predictors of a viral response and subsequent virological treatment failure in patients with HIV starting a protease inhibitor. AIDS 1998;12:2161-2167
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline46
Rhone SA ,Hogg RS ,Yip B , et al. The antiviral effect of ritonavir and saquinavir in combination amongst HIV-infected adults: results from a community-based study. AIDS 1998;12:619-624
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline47
Cohen Stuart JW ,Schuurman R ,Burger DM , et al. Randomized trial comparing saquinavir soft gelatin capsules versus indinavir as part of triple therapy (CHEESE study). AIDS 1999;13:F53-F58
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline48
Hammer SM ,Squires KE ,Hughes MD , et al. A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less. N Engl J Med 1997;337:725-733
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline49
Maher K ,Klimas N ,Fletcher MA , et al. Disease progression, adherence, and response to protease inhibitor therapy for HIV infection in an urban Veterans Affairs medical center. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999;22:358-363
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline50
Drusano GL ,Stein DS . Mathematical modeling of the interrelationship of CD4 lymphocyte count and viral load changes induced by the protease inhibitor indinavir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:358-361
Web of Science | Medline51
Keita-Perse O ,Roger PM ,Pradier C ,Pugliese P ,Cottalorda J ,Dellamonica P . Do viral load and CD8 cell count at initiation of tritherapy influence the increase of CD4 T-cell count? AIDS 1998;12:F175-F179
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline52
Mellors JW ,Munoz A ,Giorgi JV , et al. Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:946-954
Web of Science | Medline53
Cook J ,Dasbach E ,Coplan P , et al. Modeling the long-term outcomes and costs of HIV antiretroviral therapy using HIV RNA levels: application to a clinical trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999;15:499-508
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline54
Diagnosis and reporting of HIV and AIDS in states with integrated HIV and AIDS surveillance -- United States, January 1994-June 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998;47:309-314
Medline55
Raboud JM ,Montaner JS ,Conway B , et al. Suppression of plasma viral load below 20 copies/ml is required to achieve a long-term response to therapy. AIDS 1998;12:1619-1624
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline56
Le Moing V ,Chene G ,Carrieri MP , et al. Predictors of virological rebound in HIV-1-infected patients initiating a protease inhibitor-containing regimen. AIDS 2002;16:21-29
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline57
Deeks SG ,Hecht FM ,Swanson M , et al. HIV RNA and CD4 cell count response to protease inhibitor therapy in an urban AIDS clinic: response to both initial and salvage therapy. AIDS 1999;13:F35-F43
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline58
Report of the NIH Panel to Define Principles of Therapy of HIV Infection. MMWR Recomm Rep 1998;47:1-41
59
de Wolf F ,Spijkerman I ,Schellekens PT , et al. AIDS prognosis based on HIV-1 RNA, CD4+ T-cell count and function: markers with reciprocal predictive value over time after seroconversion. AIDS 1997;11:1799-1806
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline60
Mellors JW ,Kingsley LA ,Rinaldo CR Jr , et al. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma predicts outcome after seroconversion. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:573-579
Web of Science | Medline61
Ioannidis JP ,Cappelleri JC ,Lau J ,Sacks HS ,Skolnik PR . Predictive value of viral load measurements in asymptomatic untreated HIV-1 infection: a mathematical model. AIDS 1996;10:255-262
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline62
Keet IP ,Janssen M ,Veugelers PJ , et al. Longitudinal analysis of CD4 T cell counts, T cell reactivity, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels in persons remaining AIDS-free despite CD4 cell counts <200 for >5 years. J Infect Dis 1997;176:665-671
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline63
O'Brien TR ,Rosenberg PS ,Yellin F ,Goedert JJ . Longitudinal HIV-1 RNA levels in a cohort of homosexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998;18:155-161
CrossRef | Medline64
Spijkerman IJ ,Prins M ,Goudsmit J , et al. Early and late HIV-1 RNA level and its association with other markers and disease progression in long-term AIDS-free homosexual men. AIDS 1997;11:1383-1388
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline65
Henrard DR ,Phillips JF ,Muenz LR , et al. Natural history of HIV-1 cell-free viremia. JAMA 1995;274:554-558
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline66
Sabin CA ,Devereux H ,Phillips AN , et al. Course of viral load throughout HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;23:172-177
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline67
Sabin CA ,Devereux H ,Phillips AN ,Janossy G ,Loveday C ,Lee CA . Immune markers and viral load after HIV-1 seroconversion as predictors of disease progression in a cohort of haemophilic men. AIDS 1998;12:1347-1352
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline68
Lucas GM ,Chaisson RE ,Moore RD . Highly active antiretroviral therapy in a large urban clinic: risk factors for virologic failure and adverse drug reactions. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:81-87
Web of Science | Medline69
d'Arminio Monforte A ,Lepri AC ,Rezza G , et al. Insights into the reasons for discontinuation of the first highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen in a cohort of antiretroviral naive patients. AIDS 2000;14:499-507
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline70
Bonfanti P ,Valsecchi L ,Parazzini F , et al. Incidence of adverse reactions in HIV patients treated with protease inhibitors: a cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;23:236-245
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline71
Valdez H ,Lederman MM ,Woolley I , et al. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 protease inhibitors in clinical practice: predictors of virological outcome. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1771-1776
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline72
Welch K ,Morse A ,Clark R ,Ogbuokiri T . Factors associated with incomplete virological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:407-408
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline73
Vlahov D ,Graham N ,Hoover D , et al. Prognostic indicators for AIDS and infectious disease death in HIV-infected injection drug users: plasma viral load and CD4+ cell count. JAMA 1998;279:35-40
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline74
Hughes MD ,Johnson VA ,Hirsch MS , et al. Monitoring plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in addition to CD4+ lymphocyte count improves assessment of antiretroviral therapeutic response. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:929-938
Web of Science | Medline75
O'Brien WA ,Hartigan PM ,Daar ES ,Simberkoff MS ,Hamilton JD . Changes in plasma HIV RNA levels and CD4+ lymphocyte counts predict both response to antiretroviral therapy and therapeutic failure. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:939-945
Web of Science | Medline76
Marschner IC ,Collier AC ,Coombs RW , et al. Use of changes in plasma levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA to assess the clinical benefit of antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 1998;177:40-47
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline77
Brun-Vezinet F ,Boucher C ,Loveday C , et al. HIV-1 viral load, phenotype, and resistance in a subset of drug-naive participants from the Delta trial. Lancet 1997;350:983-990
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline78
Coombs RW ,Welles SL ,Hooper C , et al. Association of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA level with risk of clinical progression in patients with advanced infection. J Infect Dis 1996;174:704-712
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline79
Galetto-Lacour A ,Yerly S ,Perneger TV ,Baumberger C ,Hirschel B ,Perrin L . Prognostic value of viremia in patients with long-standing human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 1996;173:1388-1393
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline80
Katzenstein DA ,Hammer SM ,Hughes MD , et al. The relation of virologic and immunologic markers to clinical outcomes after nucleoside therapy in HIV-infected adults with 200 to 500 CD4 cells per cubic millimeter. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1091-1098[Erratum, N Engl J Med 1997;337:1097.]
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline81
Mellors JW ,Rinaldo CR Jr ,Gupta P ,White RM ,Todd JA ,Kingsley LA . Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science 1996;272:1167-1170[Erratum, Science 1997;275:14.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline82
Montaner JS ,DeMasi R ,Hill AM . The effects of lamivudine treatment on HIV-1 disease progression are highly correlated with plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4 cell count. AIDS 1998;12:F23-F28
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline83
O'Brien TR ,Blattner WA ,Waters D , et al. Serum HIV-1 RNA levels and time to development of AIDS in the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. JAMA 1996;276:105-110
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline84
O'Brien WA ,Hartigan PM ,Martin D , et al. Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS. N Engl J Med 1996;334:426-431
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline85
Pedersen C ,Katzenstein T ,Nielsen C ,Lundgren JD ,Gerstoft J . Prognostic value of serum HIV-RNA levels at virologic steady state after seroconversion: relation to CD4 cell count and clinical course of primary infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997;16:93-99
CrossRef | Medline86
Phillips AN ,Eron JJ ,Bartlett JA , et al. HIV-1 RNA levels and the development of clinical disease. AIDS 1996;10:859-865
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline87
Phillips AN ,Eron J ,Bartlett J , et al. Correspondence between the effect of zidovudine plus lamivudine on plasma HIV level/CD4 lymphocyte count and the incidence of clinical disease in infected individuals. AIDS 1997;11:169-175
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline88
Welles SL ,Jackson JB ,Yen-Lieberman B , et al. Prognostic value of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease and with little or no prior zidovudine therapy. J Infect Dis 1996;174:696-703
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline89
Yerly S ,Perneger TV ,Hirschel B , et al. A critical assessment of the prognostic value of HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4+ cell counts in HIV-infected patients: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:247-252
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline90
Chene G ,Binquet C ,Moreau JF , et al. Changes in CD4+ cell count and the risk of opportunistic infection or death after highly active antiretroviral treatment. AIDS 1998;12:2313-2320
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline91
Loveday C ,Hill A . Prediction of progression to AIDS with serum HIV-1 RNA and CD4 count. Lancet 1995;345:790-791
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline92
Butcher D ,Greene J ,Duong P ,Markson L . Virologic response associated with a change in protease inhibitor therapy. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:394-395
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline93
Guardiola JM ,Domingo P ,Vazquez G . Switching HIV-1 protease inhibitor therapy: which? When? And why? Arch Intern Med 1999;159:194-195
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline94
Casado JL ,Perez-Elias MJ ,Antela A , et al. Predictors of long-term response to protease inhibitor therapy in a cohort of HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1998;12:F131-F135
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline95
d'Arminio Monforte A ,Testa L ,Adorni F , et al. Clinical outcome and predictive factors of failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy in antiretroviral-experienced patients in advanced stages of HIV-1 infection. AIDS 1998;12:1631-1637
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline96
Kirk O ,Katzenstein TL ,Gerstoft J , et al. Combination therapy containing ritonavir plus saquinavir has superior short-term antiretroviral efficacy: a randomized trial. AIDS 1999;13:F9-F16
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline97
Roca B ,Gomez CJ ,Arnedo A . A randomized, comparative study of lamivudine plus stavudine, with indinavir or nelfinavir, in treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2000;14:157-161
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline98
Roca B ,Gomez CJ ,Arnedo A . Stavudine, lamivudine and indinavir in drug abusing and non-drug abusing HIV-infected patients: adherence, side effects and efficacy. J Infect 1999;39:141-145
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline99
van Roon EN ,Verzijl JM ,Juttmann JR ,Lenderink AW ,Blans MJ ,Egberts AC . Incidence of discontinuation of highly active antiretroviral combination therapy (HAART) and its determinants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1999;20:290-294
CrossRef | Medline100
Paredes R ,Puig T ,Arno A , et al. High-dose saquinavir plus ritonavir: long-term efficacy in HIV-positive protease inhibitor-experienced patients and predictors of virologic response. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999;22:132-138
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline101
Kaufmann GR ,Duncombe C ,Cunningham P , et al. Treatment response and durability of a double protease inhibitor therapy with saquinavir and ritonavir in an observational cohort of HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS 1998;12:1625-1630
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline102
Hogg RS ,Rhone SA ,Yip B , et al. Antiviral effect of double and triple drug combinations amongst HIV-infected adults: lessons from the implementation of viral load-driven antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 1998;12:279-284
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline103
Fatkenheuer G ,Theisen A ,Rockstroh J , et al. Virological treatment failure of protease inhibitor therapy in an unselected cohort of HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1997;11:F113-F116
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline104
Montaner JS ,Reiss P ,Cooper D , et al. A randomized, double-blind trial comparing combinations of nevirapine, didanosine, and zidovudine for HIV-infected patients: the INCAS Trial: Italy, the Netherlands, Canada and Australia Study. JAMA 1998;279:930-937
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline105
Zolopa AR ,Shafer RW ,Warford A , et al. HIV-1 genotypic resistance patterns predict response to saquinavir-ritonavir therapy in patients in whom previous protease inhibitor therapy had failed. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:813-821
Web of Science | Medline106
Shulman NS ,Zolopa AR ,Passaro DJ , et al. Efavirenz- and adefovir dipivoxil-based salvage therapy in highly treatment-experienced patients: clinical and genotypic predictors of virologic response. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;23:221-226
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline107
Durant J ,Clevenbergh P ,Halfon P , et al. Drug-resistance genotyping in HIV-1 therapy: the VIRADAPT randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;353:2195-2199[Erratum, Lancet 1999;354:1128.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline108
Cohen C, Hunt S, Sension M, et al. Phenotypic resistance testing significantly improves response to therapy (Tx): a randomized trial (VIRA 3001). In: Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, January 30–February 2, 2000. abstract.
109
Baxter JD ,Mayers DL ,Wentworth DN , et al. A randomized study of antiretroviral management based on plasma genotypic antiretroviral resistance testing in patients failing therapy. AIDS 2000;14:F83-F93
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline110
Carpenter CC ,Cooper DA ,Fischl MA , et al. Antiretroviral therapy in adults: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA 2000;283:381-390
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline111
Bernasconi E ,Magenta L ,Piffaretti JC ,Carota A ,Moccetti T . Are nelfinavir-containing regimens effective as second-line triple therapy? AIDS 2000;14:95-96
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline112
Bonfanti P ,Capetti A ,Di Mattei P ,Niero F ,Rizzardini G . Virological treatment failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy in an unselected cohort of HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1998;12:1111-1111
Web of Science | Medline113
Gulick RM ,Mellors JW ,Havlir D , et al. Treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and prior antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 1997;337:734-739
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline114
Gulick RM ,Mellors JW ,Havlir D , et al. Simultaneous vs sequential initiation of therapy with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine for HIV-1 infection: 100-week follow-up. JAMA 1998;280:35-41
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline115
Ledergerber B ,Egger M ,Opravil M , et al. Clinical progression and virological failure on highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 patients: a prospective cohort study: Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Lancet 1999;353:863-868
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline116
Moyle G ,Pozniak A ,Opravil M , et al. The SPICE study: 48-week activity of combinations of saquinavir soft gelatin and nelfinavir with and without nucleoside analogues: Study of Protease Inhibitor Combinations in Europe. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;23:128-137
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline117
Notermans DW ,Jurriaans S ,de Wolf F , et al. Decrease of HIV-1 RNA levels in lymphoid tissue and peripheral blood during treatment with ritonavir, lamivudine and zidovudine. AIDS 1998;12:167-173
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline118
Paris D ,Ledergerber B ,Weber R , et al. Incidence and predictors of virologic failure of antiretroviral triple-drug therapy in a community-based cohort. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999;15:1631-1638
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline119
Powderly WG ,Saag MS ,Chapman S ,Yu G ,Quart B ,Clendeninn NJ . Predictors of optimal virological response to potent antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 1999;13:1873-1880
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline120
Salzberger B ,Rockstroh J ,Wieland U , et al. Clinical efficacy of protease inhibitor based antiretroviral combination therapy -- a prospective cohort study. Eur J Med Res 1999;4:449-455
Medline121
Staszewski S ,Morales-Ramirez J ,Tashima KT , et al. Efavirenz plus zidovudine and lamivudine, efavirenz plus indinavir, and indinavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine in the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1865-1873
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline122
Cameron DW ,Japour AJ ,Xu Y , et al. Ritonavir and saquinavir combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. AIDS 1999;13:213-224
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline123
Clough LA ,D'Agata E ,Raffanti S ,Haas DW . Factors that predict incomplete virological response to protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:75-81
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline124
De Wit S ,Cassano P ,Hermans P , et al. Salvage therapy with ritonavir-saquinavir plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in patients failing with amprenavir-zidovudine-lamivudine. AIDS 1999;13:864-865
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline125
Paredes R ,Mocroft A ,Kirk O , et al. Predictors of virological success and ensuing failure in HIV-positive patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy in Europe: results from the EuroSIDA study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1123-1132
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline126
Kaufmann D ,Pantaleo G ,Sudre P ,Telenti A . CD4-cell count in HIV-1-infected individuals remaining viraemic with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Lancet 1998;351:723-724
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline127
Bellman PC . Clinical experience with adding delavirdine to combination therapy in patients in whom multiple antiretroviral treatment including protease inhibitors has failed. AIDS 1998;12:1333-1340
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline128
Hall CS ,Raines CP ,Barnett SH ,Moore RD ,Gallant JE . Efficacy of salvage therapy containing ritonavir and saquinavir after failure of single protease inhibitor-containing regimens. AIDS 1999;13:1207-1212
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline129
Pialoux G ,Raffi F ,Brun-Vezinet F , et al. A randomized trial of three maintenance regimens given after three months of induction therapy with zidovudine, lamivudine, and indinavir in previously untreated HIV-1-infected patients. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1269-1276
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline130
Havlir DV ,Marschner IC ,Hirsch MS , et al. Maintenance antiretroviral therapies in HIV-infected subjects with undetectable plasma HIV RNA after triple-drug therapy. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1261-1268
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline131
Gulick RM ,Mellors JW ,Havlir D , et al. 3-Year suppression of HIV viremia with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:35-39
Web of Science | Medline132
Raboud JM ,Rae S ,Vella S , et al. Meta-analysis of two randomized controlled trials comparing combined zidovudine and didanosine therapy with combined zidovudine, didanosine, and nevirapine therapy in patients with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999;22:260-266
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline133
Staszewski S ,Miller V ,Sabin C ,Berger A ,Hill AM ,Phillips AN . Rebound of HIV-1 viral load after suppression to very low levels. AIDS 1998;12:2360-2360
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline134
D'Amato RM ,D'Aquila RT ,Wein LM . Management of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: modelling when to change therapy. Antivir Ther 1998;3:147-158
Web of Science | Medline135
Kempf DJ ,Rode RA ,Xu Y , et al. The duration of viral suppression during protease inhibitor therapy for HIV-1 infection is predicted by plasma HIV-1 RNA at the nadir. AIDS 1998;12:F9-F14
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline136
Tebas P ,Patick AK ,Kane EM , et al. Virologic responses to a ritonavir-saquinavir-containing regimen in patients who had previously failed nelfinavir. AIDS 1999;13:F23-F28
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline137
Cameron DW ,Heath-Chiozzi M ,Danner S , et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of ritonavir in advanced HIV-1 disease. Lancet 1998;351:543-549
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline138
Sullivan AK ,Nelson MR ,Moyle GJ ,Newell AM ,Feher MD ,Gazzard BG . Coronary artery disease occurring with protease inhibitor therapy. Int J STD AIDS 1998;9:711-712
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline139
Safrin S ,Grunfeld C . Fat distribution and metabolic changes in patients with HIV infection. AIDS 1999;13:2493-2505
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline140
Reijers MHE ,Weigel HM ,Hart AAM , et al. Toxicity and drug exposure in a quadruple drug regimen in HIV-1 infected patients participating in the ADAM study. AIDS 2000;14:59-67
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline141
Michael RT ,Wadsworth J ,Feinleib J ,Johnson AM ,Laumann EO ,Wellings K . Private sexual behavior, public opinion, and public health policy related to sexually transmitted diseases: a US-British comparison. Am J Public Health 1998;88:749-754
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline142
Laumann EO. The social organization of sexuality: sexual practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
143
Samuel MC ,Hessol N ,Shiboski S ,Engel RR ,Speed TP ,Winkelstein W Jr . Factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion in homosexual men in three San Francisco cohort studies, 1984-1989. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993;6:303-312
Web of Science | Medline144
Keet IP ,Albrecht van Lent N ,Sandfort TG ,Coutinho RA ,van Griensven GJ . Orogenital sex and the transmission of HIV among homosexual men. AIDS 1992;6:223-226
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline145
Caceres CF ,van Griensven GJ . Male homosexual transmission of HIV-1. AIDS 1994;8:1051-1061
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline146
Buchbinder SP ,Douglas JM Jr ,McKirnan DJ ,Judson FN ,Katz MH ,MacQueen KM . Feasibility of human immunodeficiency virus vaccine trials in homosexual men in the United States: risk behavior, seroincidence, and willingness to participate. J Infect Dis 1996;174:954-961
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline147
Deschamps MM ,Pape JW ,Hafner A ,Johnson WD Jr . Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Haiti. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:324-330
Web of Science | Medline148
de Vincenzi I . A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners. N Engl J Med 1994;331:341-346
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline149
Padian NS ,Shiboski SC ,Glass SO ,Vittinghoff E . Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in northern California: results from a ten-year study. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:350-357
Web of Science | Medline150
Operskalski EA ,Stram DO ,Busch MP , et al. Role of viral load in heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by blood transfusion recipients. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:655-661
Web of Science | Medline151
Musicco M ,Lazzarin A ,Nicolosi A , et al. Antiretroviral treatment of men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reduces the incidence of heterosexual transmission. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1971-1976
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline152
Freedberg KA ,Losina E ,Weinstein MC , et al. The cost effectiveness of combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV disease. N Engl J Med 2001;344:824-831
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline153
Bozzette SA ,Joyce G ,McCaffrey DF , et al. Expenditures for the care of HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 2001;344:817-823
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline154
Drugs for HIV infection. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2000;42:1-6
Web of Science | Medline155
HIV/AIDS drugs: funding implications of new combination therapies for federal and state programs. Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office, October 1998. (GAO/HEHS-99-2.)
156
Mole L ,Ockrim K ,Holodniy M . Decreased medical expenditures for care of HIV-seropositive patients: the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy at a US Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Pharmacoeconomics 1999;16:307-315
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline157
Keiser P ,Kvanli MB ,Turner D , et al. Protease inhibitor-based therapy is associated with decreased HIV-related health care costs in men treated at a Veterans Administration hospital. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1999;20:28-33
CrossRef | Medline158
Gable CB ,Tierce JC ,Simison D ,Ward D ,Motte K . Costs of HIV+/AIDS at CD4+ counts disease stages based on treatment protocols. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996;12:413-420
CrossRef | Medline159
Fryback DG ,Dasbach EJ ,Klein R , et al. The Beaver Dam Health Outcomes Study: initial catalog of health-state quality factors. Med Decis Making 1993;13:89-102
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline160
Honiden S ,Nease RF ,Sundaram V ,Holodniy M ,Owens DK . The effect of diagnosis with HIV infection on quality of life. Med Decis Making 2002;22:560-560 abstract.161
Tsevat J ,Solzan JG ,Kuntz KM , et al. Health values of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: relationship to mental health and physical functioning. Med Care 1996;34:44-57
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline162
Tsevat J ,Sherman SN ,McElwee JA , et al. The will to live among HIV-infected patients. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:194-198
Web of Science | Medline163
Revicki DA ,Wu AW ,Murray MI . Change in clinical status, health status, and health utility outcomes in HIV-infected patients. Med Care 1995;33:Suppl 4:AS173-AS182
Web of Science | Medline164
Tengs TO ,Lin TH . A meta-analysis of utility estimates for HIV/AIDS. Med Decis Making 2002;22:475-481
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline165
Bayoumi AM ,Redelmeier DA . Preventing Mycobacterium avium complex in patients who are using protease inhibitors: a cost-effectiveness analysis. AIDS 1998;12:1503-1512
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline166
Budget of the United States government, section 10 — gross domestic product and implicit outlay deflators. 2004. (Accessed January 18, 2005, at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy05/hist.html.)
167
Mankiw NG. Principles of economics. 2nd ed. Fort Worth, Tex.: Harcourt College, 2001.
168
Stone PW ,Teutsch S ,Chapman RH ,Bell C ,Goldie SJ ,Neumann PJ . Cost-utility analyses of clinical preventive services: published ratios, 1976-1997. Am J Prev Med 2000;19:15-23
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline169
Opravil M ,Ledergerber B ,Furrer H , et al. Clinical efficacy of early initiation of HAART in patients with asymptomatic HIV infection and CD4 cell count >350×10(6)/l. AIDS 2002;16:1371-1381
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline170
Cozzi Lepri A ,Phillips AN ,d'Arminio Monforte A , et al. When to start highly active antiretroviral therapy in chronically HIV-infected patients: evidence from the ICONA study. AIDS 2001;15:983-990
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline171
Ahdieh-Grant L ,Yamashita TE ,Phair JP , et al. When to initiate highly active antiretroviral therapy: a cohort approach. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:738-746
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline172
Hogg RS ,Yip B ,Chan KJ , et al. Rates of disease progression by baseline CD4 cell count and viral load after initiating triple-drug therapy. JAMA 2001;286:2568-2577
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline173
Anastos K ,Barron Y ,Miotti P , et al. Risk of progression to AIDS and death in women infected with HIV-1 initiating highly active antiretroviral treatment at different stages of disease. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1973-1980
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline174
Phillips AN ,Lepri AC ,Lampe F ,Johnson M ,Sabin CA . When should antiretroviral therapy be started for HIV infection? Interpreting the evidence from observational studies. AIDS 2003;17:1863-1869
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline175
Palella FJ Jr ,Deloria-Knoll M ,Chmiel JS , et al. Survival benefit of initiating antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected persons in different CD4+ cell strata. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:620-626
Web of Science | Medline176
Ferrer E, Santamarina E, Santin M, et al. Progression to AIDS/death is higher in patients initiating antiretroviral therapy with CD4 counts below 350 cells/μL. In: Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, February 10–14, 2003:910. abstract.
177
A comparison of two ways to manage anti-HIV treatment (the SMART Study). 2004. (Accessed January 18, 2005, at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/nct00027352.)
178
Owens DK ,Sundaram V ,Lazzeroni LC , et al. HIV testing appropriateness and predictors of HIV infection in Department of Veterans Affairs health care systems. Med Decis Making 2002;22:534-534 abstract.
CrossRef | Web of Science179
Owens DK ,Sundaram V ,Douglass L , et al. Seroprevalence of HIV infection at VA health care systems. Med Decis Making 2003;23:569-569 abstract.
- Citing Articles (146)
Citing Articles
1
Lael Cragin, Feng Pan, Siyang Peng, Jonathan M. Zenilman, Julia Green, Cynthia Doucet, Donald B. Chalfin, Greg de Lissovoy. (2012) Cost-effectiveness of a Fourth-Generation Combination Immunoassay for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Antibody and p24 Antigen for the Detection of HIV Infections in the United States. HIV Clinical Trials 13:1, 11-22
CrossRef2
Kevin Pottie, Govinda Dahal, Carmen Logie, Vivian Welch, Kevin Pottie. 2011. Rapid testing for improving uptake of HIV/AIDS services in people with HIV infection. .
CrossRef3
James D Heffelfinger, S Michele Owen, R Michael Hendry, Amy Lansky. (2011) HIV testing: the cornerstone of HIV prevention efforts in the USA. Future Virology 6:11, 1299-1317
CrossRef4
Angela B. Hutchinson, Paul G. Farnham, Nadezhda Duffy, Richard J. Wolitski, Stephanie L. Sansom, Samuel W. Dooley, Janet C. Cleveland, Jonathan H. Mermin. (2011) Return on Public Health Investment. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes1
CrossRef5
Gary Murphy, Celia Aitken. (2011) HIV testing—The perspective from across the pond. Journal of Clinical Virology
CrossRef6
Jon Persichino, Leticia Ibarra. (2011) HIV and Latino migrant workers in the USA. Ethnic and Racial Studies1-15
CrossRef7
Jeremy D. Goldhaber-Fiebert, Lonnie R. Snowden, Fred Wulczyn, John Landsverk, Sarah M. Horwitz. (2011) Economic evaluation research in the context of Child Welfare policy: A structured literature review and recommendations. Child Abuse & Neglect 35:9, 722-740
CrossRef8
Jessie L. Juusola, Margaret L. Brandeau, Elisa F. Long, Douglas K. Owens, Eran Bendavid. (2011) The cost-effectiveness of symptom-based testing and routine screening for acute HIV infection in men who have sex with men in the USA. AIDS 25:14, 1779-1787
CrossRef9
Rosanna F. DeMarco, Donna Gallagher, Lucy Bradley-Springer, Sande Gracia Jones, Julie Visk. (2011) Recommendations and reality: Perceived patient, provider, and policy barriers to implementing routine HIV screening and proposed solutions. Nursing Outlook
CrossRef10
Elisa F. Long, Douglas K. Owens. (2011) The cost-effectiveness of a modestly effective HIV vaccine in the United States. Vaccine 29:36, 6113-6124
CrossRef11
María José Busto, Lucía García San Miguel, María Elena Castelao, Elena Bermúdez. (2011) Actitudes y prácticas de los médicos de atención primaria ante el diagnóstico de la infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica 29:7, 490-496
CrossRef12
David W. Dowdy, Robert M. Rodriguez, C. Bradley Hare, Beth Kaplan. (2011) Cost-effectiveness of Targeted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Screening in an Urban Emergency Department. Academic Emergency Medicine 18:7, 745-753
CrossRef13
Pyoeng Gyun Choe, Wan Beom Park, Jin Su Song, Nak-Hyun Kim, Jin Yong Park, Kyoung-Ho Song, Sang Won Park, Hong Bin Kim, Nam Joong Kim, Myoung-don Oh. (2011) Late presentation of HIV disease and its associated factors among newly diagnosed patients before and after abolition of a government policy of mass mandatory screening. Journal of Infection 63:1, 60-65
CrossRef14
David R. Holtgrave. (2011) Assessing the Population-Level Prevention Effect of Emergency Department–Based HIV Testing in the United States: A Research Framework and Commentary. Annals of Emergency Medicine 58:1, S164-S167
CrossRef15
R. Chou. (2011) Routine Screening for Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Why Don't the Guidelines Agree?. Epidemiologic Reviews 33:1, 7-19
CrossRef16
Nathan J. Hudepohl, Christopher J. Lindsell, Kimberly W. Hart, Andrew H. Ruffner, Alexander T. Trott, Carl J. Fichtenbaum, Michael S. Lyons. (2011) Effect of an Emergency Department HIV Testing Program on the Proportion of Emergency Department Patients Who Have Been Tested. Annals of Emergency Medicine 58:1, S140-S144
CrossRef17
Heather Hsu, Rochelle P. Walensky. (2011) Cost-effectiveness Analysis and HIV Screening: The Emergency Medicine Perspective. Annals of Emergency Medicine 58:1, S145-S150
CrossRef18
Sanjay R. Mehta, Vu T. Nguyen, Georgina Osorio, Susan Little, Davey M. Smith. (2011) Evaluation of pooled rapid HIV antibody screening of patients admitted to a San Diego Hospital. Journal of Virological Methods 174:1-2, 94-98
CrossRef19
2011. The laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection. , 1-20.
CrossRef20
Herschel Knapp, Kee Chan, Henry D. Anaya, Matthew B. Goetz. (2011) Interactive Internet-Based Clinical Education: An Efficient and Cost-Savings Approach to Point-of-Care Test Training. Telemedicine and e-Health 17:5, 335-340
CrossRef21
Matthew Bidwell Goetz, David Rimland. (2011) Effect of Expanded HIV Testing Programs on the Status of Newly Diagnosed HIV-Infected Patients in Two Veterans Health Administration Facilities: 1999–2009. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 57:2, e23-e25
CrossRef22
Angela B. Hutchinson, Paul G. Farnham, Sheryl B. Lyss, Douglas A.E. White, Stephanie L. Sansom, Bernard M. Branson. (2011) Emergency Department HIV Screening with Rapid Tests: A Cost Comparison of Alternative Models. AIDS Education and Prevention 23:3_supplement, 58-69
CrossRef23
Mark Jit, Marc Brisson. (2011) Modelling the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases for Decision Analysis. PharmacoEconomics 29:5, 371-386
CrossRef24
P. Read, D. Armstrong-James, C. Y. W. Tong, J. Fox. (2011) Missed opportunities for HIV testing--a costly oversight. QJM 104:5, 421-424
CrossRef25
Henry D. Anaya, Barbara Bokhour, Jamie Feld, Joya F. Golden, Steven M. Asch, Herschel Knapp. (2011) Implementation of Routine Rapid HIV Testing Within the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. Journal for Healthcare Qualityno-no
CrossRef26
Shu-Yu Lyu, Donald E. Morisky, Ching-Ying Yeh, Shiing-Jer Twu, Eugene Yu-Chang Peng, Robert M. Malow. (2011) Acceptability of rapid oral fluid HIV testing among male injection drug users in Taiwan, 1997 and 2007. AIDS Care 23:4, 508-514
CrossRef27
Richard C Waters, Jan Ostermann, Travis D Reeves, Max F Masnick, Nathan M Thielman, John A Bartlett, John A Crump. (2011) A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Alternative HIV Retesting Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 56:5, 443-452
CrossRef28
Rashida A. Ferrand, Helen A. Weiss, Kusum Nathoo, Chiratidzo E. Ndhlovu, Stanley Mungofa, Shungu Munyati, Tsitsi Bandason, Diana M. Gibb, Elizabeth L. Corbett. (2011) A primary care level algorithm for identifying HIV-infected adolescents in populations at high risk through mother-to-child transmission. Tropical Medicine & International Health 16:3, 349-355
CrossRef29
Ying-Ying Meng, Janet M. Coffman, Jay C. Ripps, Chankyu Lee, Gerald F. Kominski. (2011) Financial impact of California's new law to increase HIV screening by mandating insurance coverage. AIDS Care 23:2, 206-212
CrossRef30
Gregory S. Zaric. 2011. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, Health-Care Policy, and Operations Research Models. .
CrossRef31
Abdur Rais, Ana Viana. (2011) Operations Research in Healthcare: a survey. International Transactions in Operational Research 18:1, 1-31
CrossRef32
Avinash K. Shetty, Yvonne A. Maldonado. 2011. Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in the Infant. , 622-660.
CrossRef33
Naveen K Vaidya, Jianhong Wu. (2011) HIV epidemic in Far-Western Nepal: effect of seasonal labor migration to India. BMC Public Health 11:1, 310
CrossRef34
Rochelle P Walensky, Robin Wood, Mariam O Fofana, Neil A Martinson, Elena Losina, Michael D April, Ingrid V Bassett, Bethany L Morris, Kenneth A Freedberg, A David Paltiel. (2011) The Clinical Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Routine, Voluntary HIV Screening in South Africa. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 56:1, 26-35
CrossRef35
Jennifer Chu, Caroline E Sloan, Kenneth A Freedberg, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Elena Losina. (2011) Drug efficacy by direct and adjusted indirect comparison to placebo: An illustration by Mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis in HIV. AIDS Research and Therapy 8:1, 14
CrossRef36
Erika G. Martin, A. David Paltiel, Rochelle P. Walensky, Bruce R. Schackman. (2010) Expanded HIV Screening in the United States: What Will It Cost Government Discretionary and Entitlement Programs? A Budget Impact Analysis. Value in Health 13:8, 893-902
CrossRef37
Herschel Knapp, Michael Fletcher, Anne Taylor, Kee Chan, Matthew Bidwell Goetz. (2010) No Clinic Left Behind: Providing Cost-Effective In-Services Via Distance Learning. Journal for Healthcare Qualityno-no
CrossRef38
Marc Siegel, Leigh Kennedy, Karen Rexroth, Margaret Lankford, Melissa Turner, Angela McKnight, Shirley Cummins, Debra Benator, Virginia Kan. (2010) Better But Not Ideal Acceptance of Routine Inpatient HIV Point-of-Care Testing Among Veterans in a High Prevalence Area. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 55:2, 205-210
CrossRef39
Anna K. Person, Neela D. Goswami, Deborah J. Bissette, Debra S. Turner, Ann V. Baker, L. Beth Gadkowski, Susanna Naggie, Kirby Erlandson, Luke Chen, Tahaniyat Lalani, Gary M. Cox, Jason E. Stout. (2010) Pairing QuantiFERON Gold In-Tube with Opt-Out HIV Testing in a Tuberculosis Contact Investigation in the Southeastern United States. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 24:9, 539-543
CrossRef40
L. A. Kennedy, F. M. Gordin, V. L. Kan. (2010) Assessing Targeted Screening and Low Rates of HIV Testing. American Journal of Public Health 100:9, 1765-1768
CrossRef41
Onome Dibosa-Osadolor, Tracy Roberts. (2010) Economic evaluation, human immunodeficiency virus infection and screening: A review and critical appraisal of economic studies. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 26:03, 301-308
CrossRef42
Gillian D. Sanders, Henry D. Anaya, Steven Asch, Tuyen Hoang, Joya F. Golden, Ahmed M. Bayoumi, Douglas K. Owens. (2010) Cost-Effectiveness of Strategies to Improve HIV Testing and Receipt of Results: Economic Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 25:6, 556-563
CrossRef43
Roberta M. Berry, Lisa Bliss, Sylvia Caley, Paul A. Lombardo, Jerri Nims Rooker, Jonathan Todres, Leslie E. Wolf. (2010) Recent Developments in Health Care Law: Partners in Innovation. HEC Forum 22:2, 85-116
CrossRef44
Ronald O. Valdiserri, Kim Nazi, D. Keith McInnes, David Ross, Linda Kinsinger. (2010) Need to Improve Routine HIV Testing of U.S. Veterans in Care: Results of an Internet Survey. Journal of Community Health 35:3, 215-219
CrossRef45
Claudia M. Carrizosa, Elaine J. Blumberg, Melbourne F. Hovell, Ana P. Martinez-Donate, Gregorio Garcia-Gonzalez, Remedios Lozada, Norma J. Kelley, C. Richard Hofstetter, Carol L. Sipan. (2010) Determinants and Prevalence of Late HIV Testing in Tijuana, Mexico. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 24:5, 333-340
CrossRef46
Emilia Condes, Carlos Barros, Francisco Merino, Julián Ruiz-Galiana. (2010) Infección por el VIH en el adulto: cambios epidemiológicos durante 25 años (1983–2008) en un área de la Comunidad de Madrid. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica 28:3, 156-161
CrossRef47
Paul G. Farnham. (2010) Do Reduced Inpatient Costs Associated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) Balance the Overall Cost for HIV Treatment?. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy 8:2, 75-88
CrossRef48
Robert J Smith, B D Aggarwala. (2010) HIV: The invisible epidemic of the United States healthcare system. Social Theory & Health 8:1, 83-94
CrossRef49
Amanda E. Tanner, Ravikiran Muvva, Rafiq Miazad, Sheridan Johnson, Phyllis Burnett, Glen Olthoff, Sherell Jackson, Denise Freeman, Jonathan M. Ellen. (2010) Integration of HIV Testing and Linkage to Care by the Baltimore City Health Department. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 37:2, 129-130
CrossRef50
Fred J. Hellinger, William E. Encinosa. (2010) The Cost and Incidence of Prescribing Errors Among Privately Insured HIV Patients. PharmacoEconomics 28:1, 23-34
CrossRef51
Joel E. Gallant. (2010) What Does the Generalist Need to Know About HIV Infection?. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 17:1, 5-18
CrossRef52
, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Tuyen Hoang, S. Randal Henry, Herschel Knapp, Henry D. Anaya, Allen L. Gifford, Steven M. Asch. (2009) Evaluation of the Sustainability of an Intervention to Increase HIV Testing. Journal of General Internal Medicine 24:12, 1275-1280
CrossRef53
PS Kivelä, A Krol, MO Salminen, MA Ristola. (2009) Determinants of late HIV diagnosis among different transmission groups in Finland from 1985 to 2005. HIV Medicineno-no
CrossRef54
Kerry B. Broderick, Megan L. Ranney, Federico E. Vaca, Gail D’Onofrio, Richard E. Rothman, Karin V. Rhodes, Bruce Becker, Jason S. Haukoos. (2009) Study Designs and Evaluation Models for Emergency Department Public Health Research. Academic Emergency Medicine 16:11, 1124-1131
CrossRef55
Jason S. Haukoos, Supriya D. Mehta, Leah Harvey, Yvette Calderon, Richard E. Rothman. (2009) Research Priorities for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, Screening, and Intervention in Emergency Departments: Consensus-based Recommendations. Academic Emergency Medicine 16:11, 1096-1102
CrossRef56
Yu-Hsiang Hsieh, Julianna J. Jung, Judy B. Shahan, Daniel Moring-Parris, Gabor D. Kelen, Richard E. Rothman. (2009) Emergency Medicine Resident Attitudes and Perceptions of HIV Testing Before and After a Focused Training Program and Testing Implementation. Academic Emergency Medicine 16:11, 1165-1173
CrossRef57
Nameeta M. Dookeran, James F. Burgess, Candice C. Bowman, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Steven M. Asch, Allen L. Gifford. (2009) HIV screening among substance-abusing veterans in care. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 37:3, 286-291
CrossRef58
Barbara G. Bokhour, Jeffrey L. Solomon, Herschel Knapp, Steven M. Asch, Allen L. Gifford. (2009) Barriers and Facilitators to Routine HIV Testing in VA Primary Care. Journal of General Internal Medicine 24:10, 1109-1114
CrossRef59
Sabreen Akhter, Kathleen Beckmann, Marc Gorelick. (2009) Update on Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2008. Pediatric Emergency Care 25:9, 608-618
CrossRef60
Elisa F. Long, Margaret L. Brandeau, Douglas K. Owens. (2009) Potential population health outcomes and expenditures of HIV vaccination strategies in the United States. Vaccine 27:39, 5402-5410
CrossRef61
Chinazo O. Cunningham, Bethany Doran, Joseph DeLuca, Robert Dyksterhouse, Ramin Asgary, Galit Sacajiu. (2009) Routine Opt-Out HIV Testing in an Urban Community Health Center. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 23:8, 619-623
CrossRef62
Jason S. Haukoos, Emily Hopkins, Richard L. Byyny, Amy A. Conroy, Morgan Silverman, Sheri Eisert, Mark Thrun, Michael Wilson, Brian Boyett, James D. Heffelfinger, . (2009) Design and Implementation of a Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Routine Opt-out Rapid Human Immunodeficiency Virus Screening in the Emergency Department. Academic Emergency Medicine 16:8, 800-808
CrossRef63
Douglas A.E. White, Alicia N. Scribner, Jeffrey D. Schulden, Bernard M. Branson, James D. Heffelfinger. (2009) Results of a Rapid HIV Screening and Diagnostic Testing Program in an Urban Emergency Department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 54:1, 56-64
CrossRef64
Peter D. Ehrenkranz, José A. Pagán, Elizabeth M. Begier, Benjamin P. Linas, Kristin Madison, Katrina Armstrong. (2009) Written Informed-Consent Statutes and HIV Testing. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 37:1, 57-63
CrossRef65
G. Sroczynski, E. Esteban, A. Conrads-Frank, R. Schwarzer, N. Muhlberger, D. Wright, S. Zeuzem, U. Siebert. (2009) Long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening for Hepatitis C virus infection. The European Journal of Public Health 19:3, 245-253
CrossRef66
Chipepo Kankasa, Rosalind J Carter, Nancy Briggs, Marc Bulterys, Eslone Chama, Ellen R Cooper, Cristiane Costa, Erica Spielman, Mary Katepa-Bwalya, Tendai Mʼsoka, Katai Chola, Chin-Yih Ou, Elaine J Abrams. (2009) Routine Offering of HIV Testing to Hospitalized Pediatric Patients at University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia: Acceptability and Feasibility. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 51:2, 202-208
CrossRef67
Wayne A. Duffus, Kristina Weis, Lynda Kettinger, Terri Stephens, Helmut Albrecht, James J. Gibson. (2009) Risk-Based HIV Testing in South Carolina Health Care Settings Failed to Identify the Majority of Infected Individuals. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 23:5, 339-345
CrossRef68
Lucía García San Miguel, Maria José Busto Martínez, Elena Bermúdez Moreno. (2009) El problema del retraso en el diagnóstico de la infección por el VIH en España. ¿Podemos hacer un mejor abordaje de la epidemia desde atención primaria?. Atención Primaria 41:4, 213-215
CrossRef69
Wasima Rida, Sonja Sandberg. (2009) Modeling the Population Level Effects of an HIV-1 Vaccine in an Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 71:3, 648-680
CrossRef70
Kristina E. Weis, Angela D. Liese, James Hussey, James Coleman, Penney Powell, James J. Gibson, Wayne A. Duffus. (2009) A Routine HIV Screening Program in a South Carolina Community Health Center in an Area of Low HIV Prevalence. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 23:4, 251-258
CrossRef71
Amina A. Chaudhry, Allen L. Gifford, Joseph Cofrancesco Jr., James Sosman, Gail Berkenblit, Lynn E. Sullivan. (2009) Update in HIV Medicine for the Generalist. Journal of General Internal Medicine 24:2, 276-282
CrossRef72
Arthi Vijayaraghavan, Molly Efrusy, Gerhard Lindeque, Greta Dreyer, Christopher Santas. (2009) Cost effectiveness of high-risk HPV DNA testing for cervical cancer screening in South Africa. Gynecologic Oncology 112:2, 377-383
CrossRef73
Deborah Cohan, Elvira Gomez, Teri Dowling, Nicola Zetola, Beth Kaplan, Jeffrey D Klausner. (2009) HIV Testing Attitudes and Practices Among Clinicians in the Era of Updated Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Recommendations. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 50:1, 114-116
CrossRef74
Asher Mullard. (2008) Should everyone have an HIV test?. Nature
CrossRef75
S. Basu, G. B. Chapman, A. P. Galvani. (2008) Integrating epidemiology, psychology, and economics to achieve HPV vaccination targets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:48, 19018-19023
CrossRef76
Alok Kumar, Krishna R Kilaru, Geeta Kumari, Sheila Forde, Ira Waterman. (2008) Follow-Up of HIV-Infected Women Diagnosed by Antenatal Screening in Barbados from 1996–2004. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 22:9, 715-721
CrossRef77
Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Tuyen Hoang, Candice Bowman, Herschel Knapp, Barbara Rossman, Robert Smith, Henry Anaya, Teresa Osborn, Allen L. Gifford, Steven M. Asch, . (2008) A System-wide Intervention to Improve HIV Testing in the Veterans Health Administration. Journal of General Internal Medicine 23:8, 1200-1207
CrossRef78
Kyle T Bernstein, Elizabeth Begier, Ryan Burke, Adam Karpati, Matthew Hogben. (2008) HIV Screening Among U.S. Physicians, 1999–2000. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 22:8, 649-656
CrossRef79
B Gazzard, N Clumeck, A d'Arminio Monforte, JD Lundgren. (2008) Indicator disease-guided testing for HIV – the next step for Europe?. HIV Medicine 9:s2, 34-40
CrossRef80
Kate Buchacz, Rose K Baker, Anne C Moorman, James T Richardson, Kathleen C Wood, Scott D Holmberg, John T Brooks. (2008) Rates of hospitalizations and associated diagnoses in a large multisite cohort of HIV patients in the United States, 1994–2005. AIDS 22:11, 1345-1354
CrossRef81
I. U. Ogbuanu, M. E. Torres, L. Kettinger, H. Albrecht, W. A. Duffus. (2008) Epidemiological Characterization of Individuals With Newly Reported HIV Infection: South Carolina, 2004-2005. American Journal of Public Health 99:S1, S111-S117
CrossRef82
Henry D. Anaya, Tuyen Hoang, Joya F. Golden, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Allen Gifford, Candice Bowman, Teresa Osborn, Douglas K. Owens, Gillian D. Sanders, Steven M. Asch. (2008) Improving HIV Screening and Receipt of Results by Nurse-Initiated Streamlined Counseling and Rapid Testing. Journal of General Internal Medicine 23:6, 800-807
CrossRef83
Cynthia Mollen, Jane Lavelle, Linda Hawkins, Christine Ambrose, Bret Ruby. (2008) Description of a Novel Pediatric Emergency Department-Based HIV Screening Program for Adolescents. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 22:6, 505-512
CrossRef84
Jennifer C. Millen, Christian Arbelaez, Rochelle P. Walensky. (2008) Implications and impact of the new US centers for disease control and prevention HIV testing guidelines. Current Infectious Disease Reports 10:2, 157-163
CrossRef85
Jason S. Haukoos, Emily Hopkins, Richard L. Byyny. (2008) Patient Acceptance of Rapid HIV Testing Practices in an Urban Emergency Department: Assessment of the 2006 CDC Recommendations for HIV Screening in Health Care Settings. Annals of Emergency Medicine 51:3, 303-309.e1
CrossRef86
Máirín Ryan, Susan Griffin, Bona Chitah, A Sarah Walker, Veronica Mulenga, Donald Kalolo, Neil Hawkins, Concepta Merry, Michael G Barry, Chifumbe Chintu, Mark J Sculpher, Diana M Gibb. (2008) The cost-effectiveness of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-infected children in Zambia. AIDS 22:6, 749-757
CrossRef87
R. S. Janssen. (2007) Implementing HIV Screening. Clinical Infectious Diseases 45:Supplement 4, S226-S231
CrossRef88
R. P. Walensky, K. A. Freedberg, M. C. Weinstein, A. D. Paltiel. (2007) Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Testing and Treatment in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases 45:Supplement 4, S248-S254
CrossRef89
(2007) Importance of Baseline Prognostic Factors With Increasing Time Since Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 46:5, 607-615
CrossRef90
YVETTE CALDERON, MARIANNE HAUGHEY, JASON LEIDER, POLLY E. BIJUR, PAUL GENNIS, LAURIE J. BAUMAN. (2007) Increasing Willingness to Be Tested for Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Emergency Department During Off-Hour Tours: A Randomized Trial. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 34:12, 1025-1029
CrossRef91
Jason S. Haukoos, Emily Hopkins, Vassily T. Eliopoulos, Richard L. Byyny, Kate A. LaPerriere, Myles X. Mendoza, Mark W. Thrun, . (2007) Development and Implementation of a Model to Improve Identification of Patients Infected with HIV Using Diagnostic Rapid Testing in the Emergency Department. Academic Emergency Medicine 14:12, 1149-1157
CrossRef92
Jeremy Brown, Robert Shesser, Gary Simon, Maria Bahn, Maggie Czarnogorski, Irene Kuo, Manya Magnus, Neal Sikka. (2007) Routine HIV Screening in the Emergency Department Using the New US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 46:4, 395-401
CrossRef93
Neel R. Gandhi, Melissa Skanderson, Kirsha S. Gordon, John Concato, Amy C. Justice. (2007) Delayed Presentation for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Care Among Veterans. Medical Care 45:11, 1105-1109
CrossRef94
D. K. Owens, V. Sundaram, L. C. Lazzeroni, L. R. Douglass, G. D. Sanders, K. Taylor, R. VanGroningen, V. M. Shadle, V. C. McWhorter, T. Agoncillo, N. Haren, J. Nyland, P. Tempio, W. Khayr, D. J. Dietzen, P. Jensen, M. S. Simberkoff, S. A. Bozzette, M. Holodniy. (2007) Prevalence of HIV Infection Among Inpatients and Outpatients in Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care Systems: Implications for Screening Programs for HIV. American Journal of Public Health 97:12, 2173-2178
CrossRef95
Benjamin Armbruster, Margaret L. Brandeau. (2007) Optimal mix of screening and contact tracing for endemic diseases. Mathematical Biosciences 209:2, 386-402
CrossRef96
Alessandro Soria, Adriano Lazzarin. (2007) Antiretroviral Treatment Strategies and Immune Reconstitution in Treatment-naive HIV-Infected Patients with Advanced Disease. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 46:Suppl 1, S19-S30
CrossRef97
Evan M. Cadoff, Gratian Salaru, Roseann Marone, Sunanda Gaur, Sindy M. Paul, Eugene G. Martin. (2007) Integrating Rapid HIV Testing in Emergency Care Improves HIV Detection. Point of Care: The Journal of Near-Patient Testing & Technology 6:3, 201-207
CrossRef98
Enrico Girardi, Caroline A Sabin, Antonella d??Arminio Monforte. (2007) Late Diagnosis of HIV Infection: Epidemiological Features, Consequences and Strategies to Encourage Earlier Testing. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 46:Suppl 1, S3-S8
CrossRef99
Surinda Kawichai, David D. Celentano, Suwat Chariyalertsak, Surasing Visrutaratna, Onsri Short, Cholticha Ruangyuttikarn, Chonlisa Chariyalertsak, Becky Genberg, Chris Beyrer. (2007) Community-based Voluntary Counseling and Testing Services in Rural Communities of Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. AIDS and Behavior 11:5, 770-777
CrossRef100
Kenneth A Freedberg, Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy, Elena Losina, Anitha J Cecelia, Callie A Scott, Nomita Divi, Timothy P Flanigan, Zhigang Lu, Milton C Weinstein, Bingxia Wang, Aylur K Ganesh, Melissa A Bender, Kenneth H Mayer, Rochelle P Walensky. (2007) Clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy in India: starting criteria and second-line therapy. AIDS 21:Suppl 4, S117-S128
CrossRef101
E. J. Schweitzer, E. N. Perencevich, B. Philosophe, S. T. Bartlett. (2007) Estimated Benefits of Transplantation of Kidneys from Donors at Increased Risk for HIV or Hepatitis C Infection. American Journal of Transplantation 7:6, 1515-1525
CrossRef102
Keith Thomas Borg. (2007) To Test or Not To Test? HIV, Emergency Departments, and the New Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines. Annals of Emergency Medicine 49:5, 573-574
CrossRef103
Sheryl B Lyss, Bernard M Branson, Karen A Kroc, Eileen F Couture, Daniel R Newman, Robert A Weinstein. (2007) Detecting Unsuspected HIV Infection With a Rapid Whole-Blood HIV Test in an Urban Emergency Department. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 44:4, 435-442
CrossRef104
Nicole G. Campos, Joshua A. Salomon, Julie C. Servoss, David P. Nunes, Jeffrey H. Samet, Kenneth A. Freedberg, Sue J. Goldie. (2007) Cost-effectiveness of Treatment for Hepatitis C in an Urban Cohort Co-infected with HIV. The American Journal of Medicine 120:3, 272-279
CrossRef105
David R Holtgrave, Steven D Pinkerton. (2007) Can Increasing Awareness of HIV Seropositivity Reduce Infections by 50% in the United States?. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 44:3, 360-363
CrossRef106
Douglas K. Owens, Vandana Sundaram, Laura C. Lazzeroni, Lena R. Douglass, Patricia Tempio, Mark Holodniy, Gillian D. Sanders, Vera M. Shadle, Valerie C. McWhorter, Teodora Agoncillo, Noreen Haren, Darlene Chavis, Leila H. Borowsky, Elizabeth M. Yano, Peter Jensen, Michael S. Simberkoff, Samuel A. Bozzette. (2007) HIV Testing of At Risk Patients in a Large Integrated Health Care System. Journal of General Internal Medicine 22:3, 315-320
CrossRef107
Jennifer K. Mayben, Jennifer R. Kramer, Michael A. Kallen, Luisa Franzini, David R. Lairson, Thomas P. Giordano. (2007) Predictors of Delayed HIV Diagnosis in a Recently Diagnosed Cohort. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 21:3, 195-204
CrossRef108
Murli U. Purswani, Stefan Hagmann, Saroj S. Bakshi, Aida R. Matias, Caroline A. Nubel, Richard Neugebauer, James M. Dunne, Ram Kairam. (2007) A Blinded Survey of the Seroprevalence of HIV-1 Infection in an Inner-City Adolescent and Young Adult Population Attending a Community Hospital in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health 40:2, 182-184
CrossRef109
Bernard Branson. (2007) Current HIV epidemiology and revised recommendations for HIV testing in health-care settings. Journal of Medical Virology 79:S1, S6-S10
CrossRef110
Lindsey L. Wolf, Rochelle P. Walensky. (2007) Testing for HIV infection in the United States. Current Infectious Disease Reports 9:1, 76-82
CrossRef111
Sandra Schwarcz, Ling Hsu, James W Dilley, Lisa Loeb, Kimberly Nelson, Stephen Boyd. (2006) Late Diagnosis of HIV Infection. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 43:4, 491-494
CrossRef112
Rebecca R. Roberts, Linda M. Kampe, Martha Hammerman, R. Douglas Scott, Tomas Soto, Ginevra G. Ciavarella, Robert J. Rydman, Kathye Gorosh, Robert A. Weinstein. (2006) The Cost of Care for Patients with HIV from the Provider Economic Perspective. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 20:12, 876-886
CrossRef113
Kenneth A Freedberg, Lisa R Hirschhorn, Bruce R Schackman, Lindsey L Wolf, Lindsay A Martin, Milton C Weinstein, Susan Goldin, A David Paltiel, Carol Katz, Sue J Goldie, Elena Losina. (2006) Cost-Effectiveness of an Intervention to Improve Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Infected Patients. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 43:Supplement 1, S113-S118
CrossRef114
Angela B Hutchinson, Paul G Farnham, Hazel D Dean, Donatus U Ekwueme, Carlos del Rio, Laurie Kamimoto, Scott E Kellerman. (2006) The Economic Burden of HIV in the United States in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 43:4, 451-457
CrossRef115
R. Heimer, L. E. Grau, E. Curtin, K. Khoshnood, M. Singer. (2006) Assessment of HIV Testing of Urban Injection Drug Users: Implications for Expansion of HIV Testing and Prevention Efforts. American Journal of Public Health 97:1, 110-116
CrossRef116
Elisa F Long, Margaret L Brandeau, Cristina M Galvin, Tatyana Vinichenko, Swati P Tole, Adam Schwartz, Gillian D Sanders, Douglas K Owens. (2006) Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of strategies to expand antiretroviral therapy in St. Petersburg, Russia. AIDS 20:17, 2207-2215
CrossRef117
Julie Munakata, Joshua S. Benner, Stephen Becker, Christopher M. Dezii, Elisabeth H. Hazard, Jonothan C. Tierce. (2006) Clinical and Economic Outcomes of Nonadherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Medical Care 44:10, 893-899
CrossRef118
Edmund J. Bini, Sue L. Currie, Hui Shen, Norbert Br??u, Warren Schmidt, Bhupinderjit S. Anand, Ramsey Cheung, Teresa L. Wright. (2006) National Multicenter Study of HIV Testing and HIV Seropositivity in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 40:8, 732-739
CrossRef119
Jamie L. Feldman, Joshua M. Goldberg. (2006) Transgender Primary Medical Care. International Journal of Transgenderism 9:3-4, 3-34
CrossRef120
John E. Anderson, Stephanie Sansom. (2006) HIV Testing Among U.S. Women During Prenatal Care: Findings from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Maternal and Child Health Journal 10:5, 413-417
CrossRef121
Matthew K. Wynia. (2006) Routine Screening: Informed Consent, Stigma and the Waning of HIV Exceptionalism. The American Journal of Bioethics 6:4, 5-8
CrossRef122
Stuart M. Berman, Myron S. Cohen. (2006) STD Treatment: How Can It Improve HIV Prevention in the South?. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 33:Supplement, S50-S57
CrossRef123
E Ray Dorsey, Robert G Holloway, Bernard M Ravina. (2006) Biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 6:6, 823-831
CrossRef124
Sada Soorapanth, Stephanie Sansom, Marc Bulterys, Mitchell Besser, Gerhard Theron, Mary Glenn Fowler. (2006) Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Rescreening During Late Pregnancy to Prevent Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in South Africa and Other Resource-Limited Settings. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 42:2, 213-221
CrossRef125
Timothy C. Jenkins, Edward M. Gardner, Mark W. Thrun, David L. Cohn, William J. Burman. (2006) Risk-Based Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Testing Fails to Detect the Majority of HIV-Infected Persons in Medical Care Settings. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 33:5, 329-333
CrossRef126
Brett A. Saraniti. (2006) Optimal pooled testing. Health Care Management Science 9:2, 143-149
CrossRef127
Pragna Patel, Jeffrey D. Klausner, Oliver M. Bacon, Sally Liska, Melanie Taylor, Anthony Gonzalez, Robert P. Kohn, William Wong, Sydney Harvey, Peter R. Kerndt, Scott D. Holmberg. (2006) Detection of Acute HIV Infections in High-Risk Patients in California. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 42:1, 75-79
CrossRef128
Geraldine M. McQuillan, Deanna Kruszon-Moran, Benny J. Kottiri, Laurie A. Kamimoto, Lee Lam, M. Faye Cowart, Marjorie Hubbard, Thomas J. Spira. (2006) Prevalence of HIV in the US Household Population. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 41:5, 651-656
CrossRef129
Tracey E. Wilson, David Vlahov, Stephen Crystal, Judith Absalon, Susan J. Klein, Robert H. Remein, Bruce Agins. (2006) Integrating HIV Prevention Activities into the HIV Medical Care Setting: A Report from the NYC HIV Centers Consortium. Journal of Urban Health 83:1, 18-30
CrossRef130
Newton G. Osborne. (2006) HIV Infection: Management Options for Infected, Sexually Active, Fertile Women. Journal of Gynecologic Surgery 22:1, 37-39
CrossRef131
Jeffrey L. Greenwald. (2006) Routine rapid HIV testing in hospitals: Another opportunity for hospitalists to improve care. Journal of Hospital Medicine 1:2, 106-112
CrossRef132
(2006) Public Health Principles for the HIV Epidemic. New England Journal of Medicine 354:8, 877-878
Full Text133
Emma Simmons, Mary Roberts, Mindy Ma, Curt Beckwith, Charles Carpenter, Timothy Flanigan. (2006) Routine Testing for HIV in the United States: The Intersection Between Recommendations and Practice. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 20:2, 79-83
CrossRef134
Shyoko Honiden, Vandana Sundaram, Robert F. Nease, Mark Holodniy, Laura C. Lazzeroni, Andrew Zolopa, Douglas K. Owens. (2006) The Effect of Diagnosis with HIV Infection on Health-Related Quality of Life. Quality of Life Research 15:1, 69-82
CrossRef135
(2006) Cost-effectiveness of Screening for HIV in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Yearbook of Pediatrics 2006, 277-280
CrossRef136
Milton C Weinstein. (2006) Recent Developments in Decision-Analytic Modelling for Economic Evaluation. PharmacoEconomics 24:11, 1043-1053
CrossRef137
Fred J Hellinger. (2006) Economic Models of Antiretroviral Therapy. PharmacoEconomics 24:7, 631-642
CrossRef138
Thomas P. Giordano, Maria E. Suarez-Almazor, Richard M. Grimes. (2005) The population effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy: Are good drugs good enough?. Current HIV/AIDS Reports 2:4, 177-183
CrossRef139
Hammer, Scott M., . (2005) Management of Newly Diagnosed HIV Infection. New England Journal of Medicine 353:16, 1702-1710
Full Text140
Nora D. Volkow, Ting-Kai Li. (2005) Drugs and alcohol: Treating and preventing abuse, addiction and their medical consequences. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 108:1, 3-17
CrossRef141
Padeh, Yoram C., , Rubinstein, Arye, , Shliozberg, Jenny, . (2005) Common Variable Immunodeficiency and Testing for HIV-1. New England Journal of Medicine 353:10, 1074-1075
Full Text142
Irene Vernon, Pamela Jumper-Thurman. (2005) The Changing Face of HIV/AIDS Among Native Populations. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 37:3, 247-255
CrossRef143
Joanne Stekler, Paul D Swenson, Robert W Wood, H Hunter Handsfield, Matthew R Golden. (2005) Targeted screening for primary HIV infection through pooled HIV-RNA testing in men who have sex with men. AIDS 19:12, 1323-1325
CrossRef144
(2005) Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for HIV. New England Journal of Medicine 352:20, 2137-2139
Full Text145
Curt G. Beckwith, Timothy P. Flanigan, Carlos del Rio, Emma Simmons, Edward J. Wing, Charles C. J. Carpenter, John G. Bartlett. (2005) It Is Time to Implement Routine, Not Risk‐Based, HIV Testing. Clinical Infectious Diseases 40:7, 1037-1040
CrossRef146
Bozzette, Samuel A., . (2005) Routine Screening for HIV Infection — Timely and Cost-Effective. New England Journal of Medicine 352:6, 620-621
Full Text
- Letters
