Review Article

Current Concepts

Computed Tomography — An Increasing Source of Radiation Exposure

David J. Brenner, Ph.D., D.Sc., and Eric J. Hall, D.Phil., D.Sc.

N Engl J Med 2007; 357:2277-2284November 29, 2007DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra072149

Article

The advent of computed tomography (CT) has revolutionized diagnostic radiology. Since the inception of CT in the 1970s, its use has increased rapidly. It is estimated that more than 62 million CT scans per year are currently obtained in the United States, including at least 4 million for children.1

By its nature, CT involves larger radiation doses than the more common, conventional x-ray imaging procedures (Table 1Table 1Typical Organ Radiation Doses from Various Radiologic Studies.). We briefly review the nature of CT scanning and its main clinical applications, both in symptomatic patients and, in a more recent development, in the screening of asymptomatic patients. We focus on the increasing number of CT scans being obtained, the associated radiation doses, and the consequent cancer risks in adults and particularly in children. Although the risks for any one person are not large, the increasing exposure to radiation in the population may be a public health issue in the future.

CT and Its Use

The basic principles of axial and helical (also known as spiral) CT scanning are illustrated in Figure 1Figure 1The Basics of CT.. CT has transformed much of medical imaging by providing three-dimensional views of the organ or body region of interest.

The use of CT has increased rapidly, both in the United States and elsewhere, notably in Japan; according to a survey conducted in 1996,2 the number of CT scanners per 1 million population was 26 in the United States and 64 in Japan. It is estimated that more than 62 million CT scans are currently obtained each year in the United States, as compared with about 3 million in 1980 (Figure 2Figure 2Estimated Number of CT Scans Performed Annually in the United States.).3 This sharp increase has been driven largely by advances in CT technology that make it extremely user-friendly, for both the patient and the physician.

Common Types of CT Scans

CT use can be categorized according to the population of patients (adult or pediatric) and the purpose of imaging (diagnosis in symptomatic patients or screening of asymptomatic patients). CT-based diagnosis in adults is the largest of these categories. (About half of diagnostic CT examinations in adults are scans of the body, and about one third are scans of the head, with about 75% obtained in a hospital setting and 25% in a single-specialty practice setting.1) The largest increases in CT use, however, have been in the categories of pediatric diagnosis4,5 and adult screening,6-13 and these trends can be expected to continue for the next few years.

The growth of CT use in children has been driven primarily by the decrease in the time needed to perform a scan — now less than 1 second — largely eliminating the need for anesthesia to prevent the child from moving during image acquisition.4 The major growth area in CT use for children has been presurgical diagnosis of appendicitis, for which CT appears to be both accurate and cost-effective — though arguably no more so than ultrasonography in most cases.14 Estimates of the proportion of CT studies that are currently performed in children range between 6% and 11%.1,15

A large part of the projected increase in CT scanning for adults will probably come from new CT-based screening programs for asymptomatic patients. The four areas attracting the most interest are CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy6,7), CT lung screening for current and former smokers,8-10 CT cardiac screening,10 and CT whole-body screening.12,13

Radiation Doses from CT Scans

Quantitative Measures

Various measures are used to describe the radiation dose delivered by CT scanning, the most relevant being absorbed dose, effective dose, and CT dose index (or CTDI).

The absorbed dose is the energy absorbed per unit of mass and is measured in grays (Gy). One gray equals 1 joule of radiation energy absorbed per kilogram. The organ dose (or the distribution of dose in the organ) will largely determine the level of risk to that organ from the radiation. The effective dose, expressed in sieverts (Sv), is used for dose distributions that are not homogeneous (which is always the case with CT); it is designed to be proportional to a generic estimate of the overall harm to the patient caused by the radiation exposure. The effective dose allows for a rough comparison between different CT scenarios but provides only an approximate estimate of the true risk. For risk estimation, the organ dose is the preferred quantity.

Organ doses can be calculated or measured in anthropomorphic phantoms.16 Historically, CT doses have generally been (and still are) measured for a single slice in standard cylindrical acrylic phantoms17; the resulting quantity, the CT dose index, although useful for quality control, is not directly related to the organ dose or risk.18

Typical Organ Doses

Organ doses from CT scanning are considerably larger than those from corresponding conventional radiography (Table 1). For example, a conventional anterior–posterior abdominal x-ray examination results in a dose to the stomach of approximately 0.25 mGy, which is at least 50 times smaller than the corresponding stomach dose from an abdominal CT scan.

Representative calculated organ doses for frequently used machine settings1 are shown in Figure 3A and 3BFigure 3Estimated Organ Doses and Lifetime Cancer Risks from Typical Single CT Scans of the Head and the Abdomen. for a single CT scan of the head and of the abdomen, the two most common types of CT scan. The number of scans in a given study is, of course, an important factor in determining the dose. For example, Mettler et al.15 reported that in virtually all patients undergoing CT of the abdomen or pelvis, more than one scan was obtained on the same day; among all patients undergoing CT, the authors reported that at least three scans were obtained in 30% of patients, more than five scans in 7%, and nine or more scans in 4%.

The radiation doses to particular organs from any given CT study depend on a number of factors. The most important are the number of scans, the tube current and scanning time in milliamp-seconds (mAs), the size of the patient, the axial scan range, the scan pitch (the degree of overlap between adjacent CT slices), the tube voltage in the kilovolt peaks (kVp), and the specific design of the scanner being used.17 Many of these factors are under the control of the radiologist or radiology technician. Ideally, they should be tailored to the type of study being performed and to the size of the particular patient, a practice that is increasing but is by no means universal.19 It is always the case that the relative noise in CT images will increase as the radiation dose decreases, which means that there will always be a tradeoff between the need for low-noise images and the desirability of using low doses of radiation.22

Biologic Effects of Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation

Mechanism of Biologic Damage

Ionizing radiation, such as x-rays, is uniquely energetic enough to overcome the binding energy of the electrons orbiting atoms and molecules; thus, these radiations can knock electrons out of their orbits, thereby creating ions. In biologic material exposed to x-rays, the most common scenario is the creation of hydroxyl radicals from x-ray interactions with water molecules; these radicals in turn interact with nearby DNA to cause strand breaks or base damage. X-rays can also ionize DNA directly. Most radiation-induced damage is rapidly repaired by various systems within the cell, but DNA double-strand breaks are less easily repaired, and occasional misrepair can lead to induction of point mutations, chromosomal translocations, and gene fusions, all of which are linked to the induction of cancer.23

Risks Associated with Low Doses of Radiation

Depending on the machine settings, the organ being studied typically receives a radiation dose in the range of 15 millisieverts (mSv) (in an adult) to 30 mSv (in a neonate) for a single CT scan, with an average of two to three CT scans per study. At these doses, as reviewed elsewhere,24 the most likely (though small) risk is for radiation-induced carcinogenesis.

Most of the quantitative information that we have regarding the risks of radiation-induced cancer comes from studies of survivors of the atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945.25 Data from cohorts of these survivors are generally used as the basis for predicting radiation-related risks in a population because the cohorts are large and have been intensively studied over a period of many decades, they were not selected for disease, all age groups are covered, and a substantial subcohort of about 25,000 survivors26 received radiation doses similar to those of concern here — that is, less than 50 mSv. Of course, the survivors of the atomic bombs were exposed to a fairly uniform dose of radiation throughout the body, whereas CT involves highly nonuniform exposure, but there is little evidence that the risks for a specific organ are substantially influenced by exposure of other organs to radiation.

There was a significant increase in the overall risk of cancer in the subgroup of atomic-bomb survivors who received low doses of radiation, ranging from 5 to 150 mSv27-29; the mean dose in this subgroup was about 40 mSv, which approximates the relevant organ dose from a typical CT study involving two or three scans in an adult.

Although most of the quantitative estimates of the radiation-induced cancer risk are derived from analyses of atomic-bomb survivors, there are other supporting studies, including a recent large-scale study of 400,000 radiation workers in the nuclear industry30,31 who were exposed to an average dose of approximately 20 mSv (a typical organ dose from a single CT scan for an adult). A significant association was reported between the radiation dose and mortality from cancer in this cohort (with a significant increase in the risk of cancer among workers who received doses between 5 and 150 mSv); the risks were quantitatively consistent with those reported for atomic-bomb survivors.

The situation is even clearer for children, who are at greater risk than adults from a given dose of radiation (Figure 4Figure 4Estimated Dependence of Lifetime Radiation-Induced Risk of Cancer on Age at Exposure for Two of the Most Common Radiogenic Cancers.), both because they are inherently more radiosensitive and because they have more remaining years of life during which a radiation-induced cancer could develop.

In summary, there is direct evidence from epidemiologic studies that the organ doses corresponding to a common CT study (two or three scans, resulting in a dose in the range of 30 to 90 mSv) result in an increased risk of cancer. The evidence is reasonably convincing for adults and very convincing for children.

Cancer Risks Associated with CT Scans

No large-scale epidemiologic studies of the cancer risks associated with CT scans have been reported; one such study is just beginning.32 Although the results of such studies will not be available for some years, it is possible to estimate the cancer risks associated with the radiation exposure from any given CT scan20 by estimating the organ doses involved and applying organ-specific cancer incidence or mortality data that were derived from studies of atomic-bomb survivors. As discussed above, the organ doses for a typical CT study involving two or three scans are in the range in which there is direct evidence of a statistically significant increase in the risk of cancer, and the corresponding CT-related risks can thus be directly assessed from epidemiologic data, without the need to extrapolate measured risks to lower doses.33

The estimated lifetime risk of death from cancer that is attributable to a single “generic” CT scan of the head or abdomen (Figure 3C and 3D) is calculated by summing the estimated organ-specific cancer risks. These risk estimates are based on the organ doses shown in Figure 3A and 3B, which were derived for average CT machine settings.1

Although the individual risk estimates shown in Figure 3 are small, the concern about the risks from CT is related to the rapid increase in its use — small individual risks applied to an increasingly large population may create a public health issue some years in the future. On the basis of such risk estimates and data on CT use from 1991 through 1996, it has been estimated that about 0.4% of all cancers in the United States may be attributable to the radiation from CT studies.2,34 By adjusting this estimate for current CT use (Figure 2), this estimate might now be in the range of 1.5 to 2.0%.

Conclusions

The widespread use of CT represents probably the single most important advance in diagnostic radiology. However, as compared with plain-film radiography, CT involves much higher doses of radiation, resulting in a marked increase in radiation exposure in the population.

The increase in CT use and in the CT-derived radiation dose in the population is occurring just as our understanding of the carcinogenic potential of low doses of x-ray radiation has improved substantially, particularly for children. This improved confidence in our understanding of the lifetime cancer risks from low doses of ionizing radiation has come about largely because of the length of follow-up of the atomic-bomb survivors — now more than 50 years — and because of the consistency of the risk estimates with those from other large-scale epidemiologic studies. These considerations suggest that the estimated risks associated with CT are not hypothetical — that is, they are not based on models or major extrapolations in dose. Rather, they are based directly on measured excess radiation-related cancer rates among adults and children who in the past were exposed to the same range of organ doses as those delivered during CT studies.

In light of these considerations, and despite the fact that most diagnostic CT scans are associated with very favorable ratios of benefit to risk, there is a strong case to be made that too many CT studies are being performed in the United States.35,36 There is a considerable literature questioning the use of CT, or the use of multiple CT scans, in a variety of contexts, including management of blunt trauma,37-40 seizures,41 and chronic headaches,42 and particularly questioning its use as a primary diagnostic tool for acute appendicitis in children.14 But beyond these clinical issues, a problem arises when CT scans are requested in the practice of defensive medicine, or when a CT scan, justified in itself, is repeated as the patient passes through the medical system, often simply because of a lack of communication. Tellingly, a straw poll35 of pediatric radiologists suggested that perhaps one third of CT studies could be replaced by alternative approaches or not performed at all.

Part of the issue is that physicians often view CT studies in the same light as other radiologic procedures, even though radiation doses are typically much higher with CT than with other radiologic procedures. In a recent survey of radiologists and emergency-room physicians,43 about 75% of the entire group significantly underestimated the radiation dose from a CT scan, and 53% of radiologists and 91% of emergency-room physicians did not believe that CT scans increased the lifetime risk of cancer. In the light of these findings, the pamphlet “Radiation Risks and Pediatric Computed Tomography (CT): A Guide for Health Care Providers,”44 which was recently circulated among the medical community by the National Cancer Institute and the Society for Pediatric Radiology, is most welcome.

There are three ways to reduce the overall radiation dose from CT in the population. The first is to reduce the CT-related dose in individual patients. The automatic exposure-control option45 on the latest generation of scanners is helping to address this concern. The second is to replace CT use, when practical, with other options, such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We have already mentioned the issue of CT versus ultrasonography for the diagnosis of appendicitis.14 Although the cost of MRI is decreasing, making it more competitive with CT, there are not many common imaging scenarios in which MRI can simply replace CT, although this substitution has been suggested for the imaging of liver disease.46

The third and most effective way to reduce the population dose from CT is simply to decrease the number of CT studies that are prescribed. From an individual standpoint, when a CT scan is justified by medical need, the associated risk is small relative to the diagnostic information obtained. However, if it is true that about one third of all CT scans are not justified by medical need, and it appears to be likely,35 perhaps 20 million adults and, crucially, more than 1 million children per year in the United States are being irradiated unnecessarily.

Supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute (R01CA088974, to Dr. Brenner), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI67773, to Dr. Brenner), and the Department of Energy Low Dose Radiation Research Program (DE-FG-03ER63441 and DE-FG-03ER63629, to Dr. Hall).

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Source Information

From the Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Brenner at the Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, or at djb3@columbia.edu.

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     Franziska Walter, Johannes Czernin, Theodore Hall, Martin Allen-Auerbach, Martin A. Walter, Simone Dunkelmann, Noah Federman. (2011) Is There a Need for Dedicated Bone Imaging in Addition to 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging in Pediatric Sarcoma Patients?. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology1
     

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     Andrew Scott-Moncrieff, Jiao Yang, Daniel Levine, Carolyn Taylor, David Tso, Mark Johnson, Brett Heilbron, Jonathan Leipsic. (2011) Real-World Estimated Effective Radiation Doses From Commonly Used Cardiac Testing and Procedural Modalities. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 27:5, 613-618
     

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     Audrey Arlix, Barbara Bournet, Philippe Otal, Guillaume Canevet, Aldine Thevenot, Sylvain Kirzin, Nicolas Carrere, Bertrand Suc, Jacques Moreau, Jean Escourrou, Louis Buscail. (2011) Long-Term Clinical and Imaging Follow-Up of Nonoperated Branch Duct Form of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas. Pancreas1
     

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     Sheng-Chieh Chan, Hung-Ming Wang, Tzu-Chen Yen, Chien-Yu Lin, Shy-Chyi Chin, Chun-Ta Liao, Yau-Yau Wai, Jiun-Jie Wang, Shu-Hang Ng. (2011) 18F-FDG PET/CT and 3.0-T whole-body MRI for the detection of distant metastases and second primary tumours in patients with untreated oropharyngeal/hypopharyngeal carcinoma: a comparative study. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 38:9, 1607-1619
     

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     Xinhui Duan, Jia Wang, Jodie A. Christner, Shuai Leng, Katharine L. Grant, Cynthia H. McCollough. (2011) Dose Reduction to Anterior Surfaces With Organ-Based Tube-Current Modulation: Evaluation of Performance in a Phantom Study. American Journal of Roentgenology 197:3, 689-695
     

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     Michela Casella, Gemma Pelargonio, Antonio Dello Russo, Stefania Riva, Stefano Bartoletti, Pasquale Santangeli, Antonio Scarà, Tommaso Sanna, Riccardo Proietti, Luigi Di Biase, G Joseph Gallinghouse, Maria Lucia Narducci, Luigi Sisto, Fulvio Bellocci, Andrea Natale, Claudio Tondo. (2011) “Near-zero” fluoroscopic exposure in supraventricular arrhythmia ablation using the EnSite NavX™ mapping system: personal experience and review of the literature. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology 31:2, 109-118
     

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     J.E. Martín-López, A.M. Carlos-Gil, L. Luque-Romero, S. Flores-Moreno. (2011) Eficacia de la colonografía por tomografía computarizada frente a la colonoscopia como prueba de cribado del cáncer colorrectal. Radiología 53:4, 355-363
     

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     Lawrence S. Lau, Maria R. Pérez, Kimberly E. Applegate, Madan M. Rehani, Hans G. Ringertz, Robert George. (2011) Global Quality Imaging: Emerging Issues. Journal of the American College of Radiology 8:7, 508-512
     

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     Brigitte M. Baumann, Esther H. Chen, Angela M. Mills, Lindsey Glaspey, Nicole M. Thompson, Molly K. Jones, Michael C. Farner. (2011) Patient Perceptions of Computed Tomographic Imaging and Their Understanding of Radiation Risk and Exposure. Annals of Emergency Medicine 58:1, 1-7.e2
     

757. 757

     Michael Riccabona, M. L. Lobo, F. Papadopoulou, F. E. Avni, J. G. Blickman, J. N. Dacher, B. Damasio, K. Darge, L. S. Ording-Müller, P. H. Vivier, U. Willi. (2011) ESPR uroradiology task force and ESUR paediatric working group: imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology, part IV. Pediatric Radiology 41:7, 939-944
     

758. 758

     Daniel P. Fogarty, Benjamin Reinhart, Tochko Tzvetkov, Ivan Nesch, Cooper Williams. (2011) In-Laboratory Diffraction-Enhanced X-Ray Imaging of an Equine Hoof. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 31:7, 365-369
     

759. 759

     Mirko S. Gilardino, Shareef Jandali, Linton A. Whitaker, Scott P. Bartlett. (2011) Does the Incidence of Traumatic Brain Injury in Children Increase After Craniofrontal Surgery?. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 22:4, 1284-1286
     

760. 760

     Matthias S. May, Wolfgang Wüst, Michael Brand, Christian Stahl, Thomas Allmendinger, Bernhard Schmidt, Michael Uder, Michael M. Lell. (2011) Dose Reduction in Abdominal Computed Tomography. Investigative Radiology 46:7, 465-470
     

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     Alexander E. Stewart, John T. Stalp, Cheryl Futerman, Winston C. Vaughan. (2011) Variability of radiation exposure with in-office sinus computed tomography examinations. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology 1:4, 313-318
     

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     Kyrie L. Shomaker, Tim Weiner, Charles R. Esther. (2011) Impact of an evidence-based algorithm on quality of care in pediatric parapneumonic effusion and empyema. Pediatric Pulmonology 46:7, 722-728
     

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     Amy E. Liepert, Amalia Cochran. (2011) CT Utilization in Transferred Trauma Patients. Journal of Surgical Research
     

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     K. Ono, N. Ban, M. Ojima, S. Yoshinaga, K. Akahane, K. Fujii, M. Toyota, F. Hamada, C. Kouriyama, S. Akiba, N. Kunugita, Y. Shimada, M. Kai. (2011) Nationwide survey on pediatric CT among children of public health and school nurses to examine a possibility for a follow-up study on radiation effects. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 146:1-3, 260-262
     

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     Minsig Choi, Barbara Craft, Stephen A. Geraci. (2011) Surveillance and Monitoring of Adult Cancer Survivors. The American Journal of Medicine 124:7, 598-601
     

766. 766

     Antonio C. Westphalen, Renee Y. Hsia, Judith H. Maselli, Ralph Wang, Ralph Gonzales. (2011) Radiological Imaging of Patients With Suspected Urinary Tract Stones: National Trends, Diagnoses, and Predictors. Academic Emergency Medicine 18:7, 699-707
     

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     , M. Hartmann, S. Krege, R. Souchon, M. Santis, S. Gillessen, R. Cathomas. (2011) Nachsorge von Patienten mit Hodentumoren. Der Urologe 50:7, 830-835
     

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     Katherine Van Loon, Alan P Venook. (2011) Adjuvant treatment of colon cancer: what is next?. Current Opinion in Oncology 23:4, 403-409
     

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     A.M. García Vicente, M. Bellón Guardia, A. Soriano Castrejón, C. Calle Primo, J.M. Cordero García, A. Palomar Muñoz, J.P. Pilkington Woll, M.P. Talavera Rubio, B. Hernández Ruiz. (2011) PET-TAC con 18F-FDG en el seguimiento de pacientes con linfoma: detección de recidivas asintomáticas. Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear
     

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     Eithne DeLappe, Mark Dunphy. (2011) 18F-2-Deoxy-d-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography in Lung Cancer. Seminars in Roentgenology 46:3, 208-223
     

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     Patrick T. McGann, Thad A. Howard, Jonathan M. Flanagan, Jill M. Lahti, Russell E. Ware. (2011) Chromosome damage and repair in children with sickle cell anaemia and long-term hydroxycarbamide exposure. British Journal of Haematology 154:1, 134-140
     

772. 772

     Daniel J. Durand. (2011) A Rational Approach to the Clinical Use of Cumulative Effective Dose Estimates. American Journal of Roentgenology 197:1, 160-162
     

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     Atif Khan, Faisal Khosa, Khurram Nasir, Aya Yassin, Melvin E. Clouse. (2011) Comparison of Radiation Dose and Image Quality: 320-MDCT Versus 64-MDCT Coronary Angiography. American Journal of Roentgenology 197:1, 163-168
     

774. 774

     Kumaresan Sandrasegaran, Aashish A. Patel, Raja Ramaswamy, Victor P. Samuel, Benjamin G. Northcutt, Mark S. Frank, Isaac R. Francis. (2011) Characterization of Adrenal Masses With Diffusion-Weighted Imaging. American Journal of Roentgenology 197:1, 132-138
     

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     Daniele Marin, Rendon C. Nelson, Geoffrey D. Rubin, Sebastian T. Schindera. (2011) Body CT: Technical Advances for Improving Safety. American Journal of Roentgenology 197:1, 33-41
     

776. 776

     So Jung Lee, Seong Ho Park, Ah Young Kim, Suk-Kyun Yang, Sung-Cheol Yun, Seung Soo Lee, Gyoo Sik Jung, Hyun Kwon Ha. (2011) A Prospective Comparison of Standard-Dose CT Enterography and 50% Reduced-Dose CT Enterography With and Without Noise Reduction for Evaluating Crohn Disease. American Journal of Roentgenology 197:1, 50-57
     

777. 777

     Gaël P. Hammer, Michael C. Seidenbusch, Dieter F. Regulla, Claudia Spix, Hajo Zeeb, Karl Schneider, Maria Blettner. (2011) Childhood Cancer Risk From Conventional Radiographic Examinations for Selected Referral Criteria: Results From a Large Cohort Study. American Journal of Roentgenology 197:1, 217-223
     

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     Benjamin Pariente, Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet, Louis Cohen, Anne-Marie Zagdanski, Jean-Frédéric Colombel. (2011) Gastroenterology Review and Perspective: The Role of Cross-Sectional Imaging in Evaluating Bowel Damage in Crohn Disease. American Journal of Roentgenology 197:1, 42-49
     

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     A. Canì, E. Cotta, C. Recaldini, D. Lumia, F. Fontana, G. Carrafiello, V. Colli, C. Fugazzola. (2011) Volumetric analysis of the aneurysmal sac with computed tomography in the follow-up of abdominal aortic aneurysms after endovascular treatment. La radiologia medica
     

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     Brian B. Ghoshhajra, Leif-Christopher Engel, Gyöngyi Petra Major, Dan Verdini, Manovjot Sidhu, Mihály Károlyi, Suhny Abbara, Udo Hoffmann, Manudeep Kalra, Thomas J. Brady. (2011) Direct chest area measurement: A potential anthropometric replacement for BMI to inform cardiac CT dose parameters?. Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography
     

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     Kenji Inaba, Bernardino C. Branco, George Lim, Katie Russell, Pedro G. R. Teixeira, Kai Lee, Peep Talving, Sravanthi Reddy, Demetrios Demetriades. (2011) The Increasing Burden of Radiation Exposure in the Management of Trauma Patients. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 70:6, 1366-1370
     

782. 782

     Gary Mok, Padraig Warde. (2011) Management of Stage I Testicular Seminoma. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 25:3, 503-516
     

783. 783

     M.P. Vullierme, G. d’Assignies, P. Ruszniewski, V. Vilgrain. (2011) Imaging IPMN: Take home messages and news. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 35:6-7, 426-429
     

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     Jeffrey M. Burford, Melvin S. Dassinger, Samuel D. Smith. (2011) Surgeon-performed ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in appendicitis. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 46:6, 1115-1120
     

785. 785

     David H. Nguyen, Haydeliz Martinez-Ruiz, Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff. (2011) Consequences of Epithelial or Stromal TGFβ1 Depletion in the Mammary Gland. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 16:2, 147-155
     

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     Francis M. Fesmire, Michael D. Brown, James A. Espinosa, Richard D. Shih, Scott M. Silvers, Stephen J. Wolf, Wyatt W. Decker. (2011) Critical Issues in the Evaluation and Management of Adult Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Suspected Pulmonary Embolism. Annals of Emergency Medicine 57:6, 628-652.e75
     

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     W. Mazrani, M.E. O’Malley, P.W.M. Chung, P. Warde, D. Vesprini, T. Panzarella. (2011) Lymph Node Growth Rate in Testicular Germ Cell Tumours: Implications for Computed Tomography Surveillance Frequency. Clinical Oncology 23:5, 333-338
     

788. 788

     Jeremy S. Cardinal, Richard B. Gunderman, Robert D. Tarver. (2011) Informing Patients About Risks and Benefits of Radiology Examinations: A Review Article. Journal of the American College of Radiology 8:6, 402-408
     

789. 789

     Charles C. Wykoff, Timothy G. Murray, Arnold M. Markoe, Lynn G. Feun, Amy C. Schefler, Steven Gayer. (2011) Preoperative Evaluation for Patients With Choroidal/Ciliary Body Melanomas: What Is Necessary?. American Journal of Ophthalmology 151:6, 921-924
     

790. 790

     Carvell T. Nguyen, Andrew J. Stephenson. (2011) Role of Postchemotherapy Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection in Advanced Germ Cell Tumors. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 25:3, 593-604
     

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     S.A. Sohaib, G. Cook, Dow-Mu Koh. (2011) Imaging Studies for Germ Cell Tumors. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 25:3, 487-502
     

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     Frank S. Drescher, Sharad Chandrika, Ian D. Weir, Jeffrey T. Weintraub, Lewis Berman, Ronald Lee, Patricia D. Van Buskirk, Yun Wang, Adeshola Adewunmi, Jonathan M. Fine. (2011) Effectiveness and Acceptability of a Computerized Decision Support System Using Modified Wells Criteria for Evaluation of Suspected Pulmonary Embolism. Annals of Emergency Medicine 57:6, 613-621
     

793. 793

     Walter Li, Bolin Niu, Katherine Henderson, Veronika Northrup, Jeffery S. Pollak, Terence Trow, John Fahey, Robert I. White. (2011) Reproducibility of Oxygen Saturation Monitoring During Six-Minute Walk Test and Exercise Stress Test in Patients with Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations Associated With Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Pediatric Cardiology 32:5, 590-594
     

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     Faith Davis, Dora Il'yasova, Kristin Rankin, Bridget McCarthy, Darell D. Bigner. (2011) Medical Diagnostic Radiation Exposures and Risk of Gliomas. Radiation Research 175:6, 790-796
     

795. 795

     Torrey A. Laack, Kathryn M. Thompson, James M. Kofler, M. Fernanda Bellolio, Mark D. Sawyer, Nadia N. Issa Laack. (2011) Comparison of Trauma Mortality and Estimated Cancer Mortality From Computed Tomography During Initial Evaluation of Intermediate-Risk Trauma Patients. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 70:6, 1362-1365
     

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     Ane Labirua-Iturburu, Ernesto Trallero Araguás, Albert Selva O’Callaghan. (2011) Síndrome por anticuerpos antisintetasa. Medicina Clínica 137:2, 77-83
     

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     H. Robert-Ebadi, M. Righini. (2011) Diagnostic de l’embolie pulmonaire. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 28:6, 790-799
     

798. 798

     Graham Thompson, Erin deForest, Robin Eccles. (2011) Ensuring Diagnostic Accuracy in Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine 12:2, 121-132
     

799. 799

     E. Dougeni, K. Faulkner, G. Panayiotakis. (2011) A review of patient dose and optimisation methods in adult and paediatric CT scanning. European Journal of Radiology
     

800. 800

     N. Boujelbene, M. Ozsahin, K. Khanfir, D. Azria, R.O. Mirimanoff, A. Zouhair. (2011) Quoi de neuf dans le traitement des séminomes ?. Cancer/Radiothérapie 15:3, 208-220
     

801. 801

     Thomas Powles. (2011) Stage I Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor of the Testis: More Questions than Answers?. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 25:3, 517-527
     

802. 802

     Benjamin Pariente, Jacques Cosnes, Silvio Danese, William J Sandborn, Maïté Lewin, Joel G Fletcher, Yehuda Chowers, Geert DʼHaens, Brian G Feagan, Toshifumi Hibi, Daniel W Hommes, Jan E. Irvine, Michael A. Kamm, Edward V Loftus, Edouard Louis, Pierre Michetti, Pia Munkholm, Tom Oresland, Julian Panés, Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet, Walter Reinisch, Bruce E Sands, Juergen Schoelmerich, Stefan Schreiber, Herbert Tilg, Simon Travis, Gert van Assche, Maurizio Vecchi, Jean-Yves Mary, Jean-Frédéric Colombel, Marc Lémann. (2011) Development of the Crohnʼs disease digestive damage score, the Lémann score. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 17:6, 1415-1422
     

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     Xinhua Li, Da Zhang, Bob Liu. (2011) Automated Extraction of Radiation Dose Information From CT Dose Report Images. American Journal of Roentgenology 196:6, W781-W783
     

804. 804

     Avinash R. Kambadakone, Naueen A. Chaudhary, Gaurav S. Desai, Deanna D. Nguyen, Naveen M. Kulkarni, Dushyant V. Sahani. (2011) Low-Dose MDCT and CT Enterography of Patients With Crohn Disease: Feasibility of Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction. American Journal of Roentgenology 196:6, W743-W752
     

805. 805

     Carolyn L. Wang, Jennifer G. Schopp, Jonelle M. Petscavage, Angelisa M. Paladin, Michael L. Richardson, William H. Bush. (2011) Prospective Randomized Comparison of Standard Didactic Lecture Versus High-Fidelity Simulation for Radiology Resident Contrast Reaction Management Training. American Journal of Roentgenology 196:6, 1288-1295
     

806. 806

     Yumi Yanaga, Kazuo Awai, Takeshi Nakaura, Daisuke Utsunomiya, Yoshinori Funama, Shuji Date, Yasuyuki Yamashita. (2011) Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients Weighing 70 kg or Less: Initial Trial of Compact-Bolus Dynamic CT With Low-Dose Contrast Material at 80 kVp. American Journal of Roentgenology 196:6, 1324-1331
     

807. 807

     Hyun-Cheol Jang, Hyun-Ju Kim, Jae-Hwan Cho. (2011) Radiation dose Assesment according to the Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction Technique of Cardiac Computed Tomography(CT). The Journal of the Korea Contents Association 11:5, 252-259
     

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     Jung-Soo Han, Gui-Jung Kim. (2011) Material Auto-Transformation Plan using Steal House Method. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association 11:5, 25-31
     

809. 809

     Arnaud Perrier, Henri Bounameaux. Diagnosis of acute pulmonary thromboembolism. In: Pulmonary Circulation, 3rd edition. CRC Press, 2011:503-516.
     

810. 810

     B. Y. Huang, C. Zdanski, M. Castillo. (2011) Pediatric Sensorineural Hearing Loss, Part 1: Practical Aspects for Neuroradiologists. American Journal of Neuroradiology
     

811. 811

     M.K. Atalay, N.L. Walle, D.J. Grand, W.W. Mayo-Smith, J.J. Cronan, T.K. Egglin. (2011) Scan length optimization for pulmonary embolism at CT angiography: analysis based on the three-dimensional spatial distribution of 370 emboli in 100 patients. Clinical Radiology 66:5, 405-411
     

812. 812

     , Martijn J. A. Gondrie, Yolanda Graaf, Peter C. Jacobs, Ay L. Oen, Willem P. Th. M. Mali. (2011) The association of incidentally detected heart valve calcification with future cardiovascular events. European Radiology 21:5, 963-973
     

813. 813

     Giles W.L. Boland. (2011) Adrenal Imaging: From Addison to Algorithms. Radiologic Clinics of North America 49:3, 511-528
     

814. 814

     Caroline S. Andeweg, Leonike Knobben, Jan C. M. Hendriks, Robert P. Bleichrodt, Harry van Goor. (2011) How to Diagnose Acute Left-sided Colonic Diverticulitis. Annals of Surgery 253:5, 940-946
     

815. 815

     Jennifer R. Marin, Elizabeth R. Alpern. (2011) Abdominal Pain in Children. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 29:2, 401-428
     

816. 816

     Tin C. Ngo, Liam C. Macleod, Daniel I. Rosenstein, Jeffrey H. Reese, Rajesh Shinghal. (2011) Tracking Intraoperative Fluoroscopy Utilization Reduces Radiation Exposure During Ureteroscopy. Journal of Endourology 25:5, 763-767
     

817. 817

     Catherine Patocka, Joe Nemeth. (2011) Pulmonary Embolism in Pediatrics. The Journal of Emergency Medicine
     

818. 818

     Matthew A. Harris, Kevin K. Whitehead, Matthew J. Gillespie, Timothy Y. Liu, Michael T. Cosulich, David C. Shin, Elizabeth Goldmuntz, Paul M. Weinberg, Mark A. Fogel. (2011) Differential Branch Pulmonary Artery Regurgitant Fraction Is a Function of Differential Pulmonary Arterial Anatomy and Pulmonary Vascular Resistance. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 4:5, 506-513
     

819. 819

     Marko Bukur, Kenji Inaba, Galinos Barmparas, Christian Paquet, Charles Best, Lydia Lam, David Plurad, Demetrios Demetriades. (2011) Routine Follow-Up Imaging of Kidney Injuries May Not Be Justified. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 70:5, 1229-1233
     

820. 820

     Ryo Nakazato, Balaji K. Tamarappoo, Thomas W. Smith, Victor Y. Cheng, Damini Dey, Haim Shmilovich, Ariel Gutstein, Swaminatha Gurudevan, Sean W. Hayes, Louise E.J. Thomson, John D. Friedman, Daniel S. Berman. (2011) Assessment of left ventricular regional wall motion and ejection fraction with low-radiation dose helical dual-source CT: Comparison to two-dimensional echocardiography. Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 5:3, 149-157
     

821. 821

     Francis Zarb, Louise Rainford, Mark F. McEntee. (2011) Developing optimized CT scan protocols: Phantom measurements of image quality. Radiography 17:2, 109-114
     

822. 822

     Joel G. Fletcher, Jeff L. Fidler, David H. Bruining, James E. Huprich. (2011) New Concepts in Intestinal Imaging for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology 140:6, 1795-1806.e7
     

823. 823

     J. Kalkmann, T. Lauenstein, J. Stattaus. (2011) Ganzkörperdiffusionsbildgebung in der Onkologie. Der Onkologe 17:5, 377-383
     

824. 824

     Nova L. Panebianco, Katherine Jahnes, Angela M. Mills. (2011) Imaging and Laboratory Testing in Acute Abdominal Pain. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 29:2, 175-193
     

825. 825

     K. Ono, T. Yoshitake, T. Hasegawa, N. Ban, M. Kai. (2011) ESTIMATION OF THE NUMBER OF CT PROCEDURES BASED ON A NATIONWIDE SURVEY IN JAPAN. Health Physics 100:5, 491-496
     

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     Clemens Themba Kadalie, Reinhardt Sternitzky. (2011) Ausschluss stenosierende KHK mittels Kardio-CT. Clinical Research in Cardiology Supplements 6:S1, 25-31
     

827. 827

     Amitabh Chandra, Anupam B Jena, Jonathan S Skinner. (2011) The Pragmatist's Guide to Comparative Effectiveness Research. Journal of Economic Perspectives 25:2, 27-46
     

828. 828

     Marilyn J. Goske, Ellen Charkot, Tracy Herrmann, Susan D. John, Thalia T. Mills, Gregory Morrison, Susan N. Smith. (2011) Image Gently: Challenges for radiologic technologists when performing digital radiography in children. Pediatric Radiology 41:5, 611-619
     

829. 829

     Mert Gunay, Bulent Akdogan, Cemil Uygur, Haluk Özen. (2011) Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection for the Primary Treatment Recommendation in Clinical Stage I Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis: Contrary to European Guidelines. European Urology Supplements 10:3, e75-e80
     

830. 830

     Lei Xu, Lin Yang, Zhanming Fan, Wei Yu, Biao Lv, Zhaoqi Zhang. (2011) Diagnostic performance of 320-detector CT coronary angiography in patients with atrial fibrillation: preliminary results. European Radiology 21:5, 936-943
     

831. 831

     Richard L. Barger, Cheryl Culver-Schultz. (2011) Implementation of a 24-Hour Radiation Safety Call Center: One Institution's Initial Experience. Journal of the American College of Radiology 8:5, 362-365
     

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     Brunhild M. Halm, Adrian A. Franke. (2011) Diagnosis of an Intraventricular Hemorrhage by a Pediatric Emergency Medicine Attending Using Point-of-Care Ultrasound. Pediatric Emergency Care 27:5, 425-427
     

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     Gregory Morrison, Susan D. John, Marilyn J. Goske, Ellen Charkot, Tracy Herrmann, Susan N. Smith, John Culbertson, Kira Carbonneau. (2011) Pediatric digital radiography education for radiologic technologists: current state. Pediatric Radiology 41:5, 602-610
     

834. 834

     Edmund Kenneth Kerut, Filip To. (2011) Risk of Low-Level Ionizing Radiation from Medical Imaging Procedures. Echocardiography 28:5, 593-595
     

835. 835

     Wesley W. Choi, Stephen B. Williams, Xiangmei Gu, Stuart R. Lipsitz, Paul L. Nguyen, Jim C. Hu. (2011) Overuse of Imaging for Staging Low Risk Prostate Cancer. The Journal of Urology 185:5, 1645-1649
     

836. 836

     Aaron A. Goodarzi, Penny A. Jeggo. (2011) Irradiation induced foci (IRIF) as a biomarker for radiosensitivity. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis
     

837. 837

     Thomas C. Kwee, Erik M. Akkerman, Rob Fijnheer, Marie José Kersten, József Zsíros, Inge Ludwig, Marc B. Bierings, Malou A. Vermoolen, Maarten S. van Leeuwen, Jaap Stoker, Rutger A.J. Nievelstein. (2011) MRI for staging lymphoma: Whole-body or less?. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 33:5, 1144-1150
     

838. 838

     G. Fiorino, C. Bonifacio, L. Peyrin-Biroulet, F. Minuti, A. Repici, A. Spinelli, W. Fries, L. Balzarini, M. Montorsi, A. Malesci, S. Danese. (2011) Prospective comparison of computed tomography enterography and magnetic resonance enterography for assessment of disease activity and complications in ileocolonic Crohnʼs disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 17:5, 1073-1080
     

839. 839

     Mahmoud M. Al-Hawary, Ellen M. Zimmermann. (2011) Choosing the right cross-sectional imaging technique. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 17:5, 1089-1091
     

840. 840

     Marla B. K. Sammer, Barry L. Shulkin, Adam Alessio, Marguerite T. Parisi. (2011) Role of Limited Whole-Body PET/CT in Pediatric Lymphoma. American Journal of Roentgenology 196:5, 1047-1055
     

841. 841

     Shuai Leng, Thomas D. Atwell, Lifeng Yu, Jay Mandrekar, Bradley D. Lewis, David A. Woodrum, Cynthia H. McCollough. (2011) Radiation Dose Reduction for CT-Guided Renal Tumor Cryoablation. American Journal of Roentgenology 196:5, W586-W591
     

842. 842

     Yeong-Han Kang, Jong-Sam Park. (2011) Radiation dose and Lifetime Attributable Risk of Cancer Estimates in 64-slice Multidetector Computed Tomography. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association 11:4, 244-252
     

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     Jan Zakrzewski, Laurel N. Geraghty, Amy E. Rose, Paul J. Christos, Madhu Mazumdar, David Polsky, Richard Shapiro, Russell Berman, Farbod Darvishian, Eva Hernando, Anna Pavlick, Iman Osman. (2011) Clinical variables and primary tumor characteristics predictive of the development of melanoma brain metastases and post-brain metastases survival. Cancer 117:8, 1711-1720
     

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     Jason C. Smith, Daniel H. Jin, Greg E. Watkins, Theodore R. Miller, Jeffrey G. Karst, Udo E. Oyoyo. (2011) Ultra–low-dose Protocol for CT-guided Lung Biopsies. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 22:4, 431-436
     

845. 845

     P. Martingano, F. Stacul, M. F. Cavallaro, S. Cernic, P. Bregant, M. A. Cova. (2011) 64-Slice CT urography: optimisation of radiation dose. La radiologia medica 116:3, 417-431
     

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     Jun Deng, Zhe Chen, Kenneth B. Roberts, Ravinder Nath. (2011) Kilovoltage Imaging Doses in the Radiotherapy of Pediatric Cancer Patients. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics
     

847. 847

     James R. Duncan, Stephen Balter, Gary J. Becker, Jeffrey Brady, James A. Brink, Dorothy Bulas, Mythreyi B. Chatfield, Simon Choi, Bairbre L. Connolly, Robert G. Dixon, Joel E. Gray, Stephen T. Kee, Donald L. Miller, Donald W. Robinson, Mark J. Sands, David A. Schauer, Joseph R. Steele, Mandie Street, Raymond H. Thornton, Robert A. Wise. (2011) Optimizing Radiation Use during Fluoroscopic Procedures: Proceedings from a Multidisciplinary Consensus Panel. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 22:4, 425-429
     

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     T. Thomas Zacharia, Sangam G. Kanekar, Dan T. Nguyen, Kevin Moser. (2011) Optimization of patient dose and image quality with z-axis dose modulation for computed tomography (CT) head in acute head trauma and stroke. Emergency Radiology 18:2, 103-107
     

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     C.M. Heyer. (2011) Dosisreduzierte Multidetektorcomputertomographie (MDCT) in der Kinderradiologie. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 159:4, 343-349
     

850. 850

     Patrick B. Garvey, Jesse C. Selber, John E. Madewell, Luc Bidaut, Lei Feng, Peirong Yu. (2011) A Prospective Study of Preoperative Computed Tomographic Angiography for Head and Neck Reconstruction with Anterolateral Thigh Flaps. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 127:4, 1505-1514
     

851. 851

     A. M. Vaiserman, L. V. Mekhova, N. M. Koshel, V. P. Voitenko. (2011) Cancer incidence and mortality after low-dosage radiation exposure: Epidemiological aspects. Biophysics 56:2, 371-380
     

852. 852

     Kalpana M. Kanal, Monica S. Vavilala, Colin Raelson, Abhishek Mohan, Wendy Cohen, Jeffrey Jarvik, Frederick P. Rivara, Brent K. Stewart. (2011) Variation in Pediatric Head CT Imaging Protocols in Washington State. Journal of the American College of Radiology 8:4, 242-250
     

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     Louis de Weerd, James B. Mercer, Sven Weum. (2011) Dynamic Infrared Thermography. Clinics in Plastic Surgery 38:2, 277-292
     

854. 854

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      Francisco Wanderley Garcia de Paula-Silva, Min-Kai Wu, Mário Roberto Leonardo, Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva, Paul R. Wesselink. (2009) Accuracy of Periapical Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scans in Diagnosing Apical Periodontitis Using Histopathological Findings as a Gold Standard. Journal of Endodontics 35:7, 1009-1012
      

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      Pamela S. Douglas, Allen Taylor, Diane Bild, Robert Bonow, Philip Greenland, Michael Lauer, Frank Peacock, James Udelson. (2009) Outcomes Research in Cardiovascular Imaging. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 2:7, 897-907
      

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      Xiang Li, Ehsan Samei, David M. DeLong, Robert P. Jones, Ana Maria Gaca, Caroline L. Hollingsworth, Charles M. Maxfield, James G. Colsher, Donald P. Frush. (2009) Pediatric MDCT. Academic Radiology 16:7, 872-880
      

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      Alessandro Napoli, Carlo Catalano, Marco Francone, Vincenzo Sciacca, Iacopo Carbone, Cesare Greco, Michele Anzidei, Francesca Antonella Calabrese, Beatrice Cavallo Marincola, Miles A. Kirchin, Annarita Vestri, Marcello Arca, Luigi Iuliano, Roberto Passariello. (2009) Imaging coronary and extracoronary atherosclerosis: feasibility and impact of whole-body computed tomography angiography. European Radiology 19:7, 1704-1714
      

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      Anamaria R. Yeung, Jonathan G. Li, Wenyin Shi, Heather E. Newlin, Alexei Chvetsov, Chihray Liu, Jatinder R. Palta, Kenneth Olivier. (2009) Tumor Localization Using Cone-Beam CT Reduces Setup Margins in Conventionally Fractionated Radiotherapy for Lung Tumors. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 74:4, 1100-1107
      

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      Hyobin Seo, Kyoung Ho Lee, Hyuk Jung Kim, Kyuseok Kim, Sung-Bum Kang, So Yeon Kim, Young Hoon Kim. (2009) Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis With Sliding Slab Ray-Sum Interpretation of Low-Dose Unenhanced CT and Standard-Dose IV Contrast-Enhanced CT Scans. American Journal of Roentgenology 193:1, 96-105
      

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      Cynthia H. McCollough, Luís Guimarães, Joel G. Fletcher. (2009) In Defense of Body CT. American Journal of Roentgenology 193:1, 28-39
      

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      Jeffrey A. Kline, Raghid A. Zeitouni, Jackeline Hernandez-Nino, Alan E. Jones. (2009) Randomized Trial of Computerized Quantitative Pretest Probability in Low-Risk Chest Pain Patients: Effect on Safety and Resource Use. Annals of Emergency Medicine 53:6, 727-735.e1
      

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      Pamela S. Ganschow, Elizabeth A. Jacobs, Jennifer Mackinnon, Pamela Charney. (2009) Update in Women’s Health. Journal of General Internal Medicine 24:6, 765-770
      

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      Stephan Achenbach, Vasken Dilsizian, Christopher M. Kramer, William A. Zoghbi. (2009) The Year in Coronary Artery Disease. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 2:6, 774-786
      

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      Andre B. Bautista, Anthony Burgos, Barbara J. Nickel, John J. Yoon, Amish A. Tilara, Judith K. Amorosa. (2009) Do Clinicians Use the American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria in the Management of Their Patients?. American Journal of Roentgenology 192:6, 1581-1585
      

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      J Gu, B Bednarz, P F Caracappa, X G Xu. (2009) The development, validation and application of a multi-detector CT (MDCT) scanner model for assessing organ doses to the pregnant patient and the fetus using Monte Carlo simulations. Physics in Medicine and Biology 54:9, 2699-2717
      

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      Lori R. Holtz, Marguerite A. Neill, Phillip I. Tarr. (2009) Acute Bloody Diarrhea: A Medical Emergency for Patients of All Ages. Gastroenterology 136:6, 1887-1898
      

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      Deepak Bharkhada, Hengyong Yu, Shuping Ge, J. Jeffrey Carr, Ge Wang. (2009) Cardiac Computed Tomography Radiation Dose Reduction Using Interior Reconstruction Algorithm With the Aorta and Vertebra as Known Information. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 33:3, 338-347
      

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      Francisco Wanderley Garcia de Paula-Silva, Bassam Hassan, Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva, Mário Roberto Leonardo, Min-Kai Wu. (2009) Outcome of Root Canal Treatment in Dogs Determined by Periapical Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scans. Journal of Endodontics 35:5, 723-726
      

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      Brian D. Phillips, James V. Hennessey. (2009) Iodinated contrast prior to evaluation for thyrotoxicosis. Journal of Hospital Medicine 4:5, 285-288
      

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      Javier M. Romero, Maddy Artunduaga, N. Paola Forero, Josser Delgado, Kiran Sarfaraz, Joshua N. Goldstein, R Gilberto Gonzalez, Pamela W. Schaefer. (2009) Accuracy of CT angiography for the diagnosis of vascular abnormalities causing intraparenchymal hemorrhage in young patients. Emergency Radiology 16:3, 195-201
      

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      Randolph W. Evans. (2009) Diagnostic Testing for Migraine and Other Primary Headaches. Neurologic Clinics 27:2, 393-415
      

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      Ruth E. Wachtel, Franklin Dexter, Angella J. Dow. (2009) Growth Rates in Pediatric Diagnostic Imaging and Sedation. Anesthesia & Analgesia 108:5, 1616-1621
      

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      Stephen R. Baker, Yih-Hann H. Hsieh, Pierre D. Maldjian, Michael T. Scanlan. (2009) Inadvertent thyroid irradiation in protocol-driven trauma CT: a survey of hospital ERs. Emergency Radiology 16:3, 203-207
      

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      Matthew Freedman, Esther H. Chang, Qi Zhou, Kathleen F. Pirollo. (2009) Nanodelivery of MRI Contrast Agent Enhances Sensitivity of Detection of Lung Cancer Metastases. Academic Radiology 16:5, 627-637
      

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      William W. Orrison, Eric H. Hanson, Tony Alamo, David Watson, Mythri Sharma, Thomas G. Perkins, Richard D. Tandy. (2009) Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review and High-Field MRI Findings in 100 Unarmed Combatants Using a Literature-Based Checklist Approach. Journal of Neurotrauma 26:5, 689-701
      

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      Lodewijk Cobben, Ingrid Groot, Lucas Kingma, Emile Coerkamp, Julien Puylaert, Johan Blickman. (2009) A simple MRI protocol in patients with clinically suspected appendicitis: results in 138 patients and effect on outcome of appendectomy. European Radiology 19:5, 1175-1183
      

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      Frédéric Amant, Kristel Van Calsteren, Michael J. Halaska, Jos Beijnen, Lieven Lagae, Myriam Hanssens, Liesbeth Heyns, Lore Lannoo, Nelleke P. Ottevanger, Walter Vanden Bogaert, Laszlo Ungar, Ignace Vergote, Andreas du Bois. (2009) Gynecologic Cancers in Pregnancy. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 19:Suppl 1, S1-S12
      

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      Suhny Abbara, Armin Arbab-Zadeh, Tracy Q. Callister, Milind Y. Desai, Wilfred Mamuya, Louise Thomson, Wm. Guy Weigold. (2009) SCCT guidelines for performance of coronary computed tomographic angiography: A report of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography Guidelines Committee. Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 3:3, 190-204
      

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      Dorothy I. Bulas, Marilyn J. Goske, Kimberly E. Applegate, Beverly P. Wood. (2009) Image Gently: Why We Should Talk to Parents About CT in Children. American Journal of Roentgenology 192:5, 1176-1178
      

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      Carlos J. Sivit. (2009) Imaging Children with Abdominal Trauma. American Journal of Roentgenology 192:5, 1179-1189
      

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      Stephen B. Williams, David W. McDermott, Winston Dock, Eamonn Bahnson, Alexander M. Berry, Graeme S. Steele, Jerome P. Richie. (2009) Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection in Patients With High Risk Testicular Cancer. The Journal of Urology 181:5, 2097-2102
      

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      Carmin M. Kalorin, Andrew Zabinski, Ikenna Okpareke, Mark White, Barry A. Kogan. (2009) Pediatric Urinary Stone Disease—Does Age Matter?. The Journal of Urology 181:5, 2267-2271
      

1450. 1450

      S Sadetzki, L Mandelzweig. (2009) Childhood exposure to external ionising radiation and solid cancer risk. British Journal of Cancer 100:7, 1021-1025
      

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      N.V. Dias, L. Riva, K. Ivancev, T. Resch, B. Sonesson, M. Malina. (2009) Is There a Benefit of Frequent CT Follow-up After EVAR?. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 37:4, 425-430
      

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      Christopher R. Carpenter, Samuel M. Keim, Rawle A. Seupaul, Jesse M. Pines. (2009) Differentiating Low-Risk and No-Risk PE Patients: The PERC Score. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 36:3, 317-322
      

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      Gaël P. Hammer, Michael C. Seidenbusch, Karl Schneider, Dieter F. Regulla, Hajo Zeeb, Claudia Spix, Maria Blettner. (2009) A Cohort Study of Childhood Cancer Incidence after Postnatal Diagnostic X-Ray Exposure. Radiation Research 171:4, 504-512
      

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      Paul Schoenhagen, Hans Reiber. (2009) Focus on radiation exposure from cardiovascular imaging with computed tomography. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 25:4, 417-419
      

1455. 1455

      Kristin Salottolo, Raphael Bar-Or, Matthew Fleishman, Gen Maruyama, Denetta Sue Slone, Charles W. Mains, David Bar-Or. (2009) Current utilization and radiation dose from computed tomography in patients with trauma*. Critical Care Medicine 37:4, 1336-1340
      

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      Rochelle F. Andreotti, Susanna I. Lee, Garry Choy, Sandra O. DeJesus Allison, Genevieve L. Bennett, Douglas L. Brown, Phyllis Glanc, Mindy M. Horrow, Marcia C. Javitt, Anna S. Lev-Toaff, Ann E. Podrasky, Leslie M. Scoutt, Carolyn Zelop. (2009) ACR Appropriateness Criteria® on Acute Pelvic Pain in the Reproductive Age Group. Journal of the American College of Radiology 6:4, 235-241
      

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      Maurice Tubiana. (2009) Can we reduce the incidence of second primary malignancies occurring after radiotherapy? A critical review. Radiotherapy and Oncology 91:1, 4-15
      

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      N. Reed Dunnick. (2009) Ensuring Patient Safety: A Summary of the 2008 Intersociety Conference. Journal of the American College of Radiology 6:4, 230-234
      

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      Rabih A. Chaer, Anna Gushchin, Robert Rhee, Luke Marone, Jae S. Cho, Steven Leers, Michel S. Makaroun. (2009) Duplex ultrasound as the sole long-term surveillance method post-endovascular aneurysm repair: A safe alternative for stable aneurysms. Journal of Vascular Surgery 49:4, 845-849
      

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      William J. Casey, Roderick T. Chew, Alanna M. Rebecca, Anthony A. Smith, Joseph M. Collins, Barbara A. Pockaj. (2009) Advantages of Preoperative Computed Tomography in Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 123:4, 1148-1155
      

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      Kimberly A. Kasow, Jennifer Krueger, Deo Kumar Srivastava, Chenghong Li, Raymond Barfield, Wing Leung, Edwin M. Horwitz, Renee Madden, Paul Woodard, Ishtiaq Hussain, M. Beth McCarville, Rupert Handgretinger, Gregory A. Hale. (2009) Clinical Utility of Computed Tomography Screening of Chest, Abdomen, and Sinuses before Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: The St. Jude Experience. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 15:4, 490-495
      

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      Kurt R. Eeg, Antoine E. Khoury, Sarel Halachmi, Luis H.P. Braga, Walid A. Farhat, Darius J. Bägli, Joao L. Pippi Salle, Armando J. Lorenzo. (2009) Single Center Experience With Application of the ALARA Concept to Serial Imaging Studies After Blunt Renal Trauma in Children—Is Ultrasound Enough?. The Journal of Urology 181:4, 1834-1840
      

1463. 1463

      (2009) Emergency Ultrasound Guidelines. Annals of Emergency Medicine 53:4, 550-570
      

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      R. A. DOUMA, P. W. KAMPHUISEN, A. J. M. RIJNDERS, M. TEN WOLDE, H. R. BÜLLER. (2009) An alternative diagnostic strategy in young women with suspected pulmonary embolism. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 7:4, 725-727
      

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      Richard T. Griffey, Aaron Sodickson. (2009) Cumulative Radiation Exposure and Cancer Risk Estimates in Emergency Department Patients Undergoing Repeat or Multiple CT. American Journal of Roentgenology 192:4, 887-892
      

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      Wenjun Li, John Kornak, Tamara Harris, Joyce Keyak, Caixia Li, Ying Lu, Xiaoguang Cheng, Thomas Lang. (2009) Identify fracture-critical regions inside the proximal femur using statistical parametric mapping. Bone 44:4, 596-602
      

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      Iglehart , John K. . (2009) Health Insurers and Medical-Imaging Policy — A Work in Progress. New England Journal of Medicine 360:10, 1030-1037
      Full Text

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      Kasim Abul-Kasim, Angelica Overgaard, Pavel Maly, Acke Ohlin, Mikael Gunnarsson, Pia C. Sundgren. (2009) Low-dose helical computed tomography (CT) in the perioperative workup of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. European Radiology 19:3, 610-618
      

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      Leonard M. Freeman, Linda B. Haramati. (2009) V/Q scintigraphy: alive, well and equal to the challenge of CT angiography. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 36:3, 499-504
      

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      Judd E. Hollander, Anna Marie Chang, Frances S. Shofer, Christine M. McCusker, William G. Baxt, Harold I. Litt. (2009) Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography for Rapid Discharge of Low-Risk Patients With Potential Acute Coronary Syndromes. Annals of Emergency Medicine 53:3, 295-304
      

1471. 1471

      James H. Thrall. (2009) Radiation Exposure: Politics and Opinion vs Science and Pragmatism. Journal of the American College of Radiology 6:3, 133-134
      

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      T. G. Gleeson, J. Moriarty, C. P. Shortt, J. P. Gleeson, P. Fitzpatrick, B. Byrne, J. McHugh, M. O’Connell, P. O’Gorman, S. J. Eustace. (2009) Accuracy of whole-body low-dose multidetector CT (WBLDCT) versus skeletal survey in the detection of myelomatous lesions, and correlation of disease distribution with whole-body MRI (WBMRI). Skeletal Radiology 38:3, 225-236
      

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      Geoffrey G. Hallock. (2009) A Primer of Schematics to Facilitate the Design of the Preferred Muscle Perforator Flaps. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 123:3, 1107-1115
      

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      M. Brink, D.R. Kool, H.M. Dekker, J. Deunk, G.J. Jager, C. van Kuijk, M.J.R. Edwards, J.G. Blickman. (2009) Predictors of abnormal chest CT after blunt trauma: a critical appraisal of the literature. Clinical Radiology 64:3, 272-283
      

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      Mahadevappa Mahesh, James M. Hevezi. (2009) Slice Wars vs Dose Wars in Multiple-Row Detector CT. Journal of the American College of Radiology 6:3, 201-202
      

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      Douglas K Rex, David A Johnson, Joseph C Anderson, Phillip S Schoenfeld, Carol A Burke, John M Inadomi. (2009) American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines for Colorectal Cancer Screening 2008. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 104:3, 739-750
      

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      Roberto Iezzi, Raffaella Basilico, Daniela Giancristofaro, Danilo Pascali, Antonio Raffaele Cotroneo, Maria Luigia Storto. (2009) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound versus color duplex ultrasound imaging in the follow-up of patients after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Journal of Vascular Surgery 49:3, 552-560
      

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      Jeremiah L. Deneve, Timothy M. Pawlik, Steve Cunningham, Bryan Clary, Srinevas Reddy, Charles R. Scoggins, Robert C. G. Martin, Michael D’Angelica, Charles A. Staley, Michael A. Choti, William R. Jarnagin, Richard D. Schulick, David A. Kooby. (2009) Liver Cell Adenoma: A Multicenter Analysis of Risk Factors for Rupture and Malignancy. Annals of Surgical Oncology 16:3, 640-648
      

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      Michael L. Goris, Terry E. Robinson. (2009) Sampling density for the quantitative evaluation of air trapping. Pediatric Radiology 39:3, 221-225
      

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      Hassan Siddiki, Jeff Fidler. (2009) MR imaging of the small bowel in Crohn's disease. European Journal of Radiology 69:3, 409-417
      

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      Randolph W. Evans. (2009) Migraine: A Question and Answer Review. Medical Clinics of North America 93:2, 245-262
      

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      Rodney J. Hicks, Eddie W. F. Lau. (2009) PET/MRI: a different spin from under the rim. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 36:S1, 10-14
      

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      Dushyant V. Sahani, Dana J. Lin, Aradhana M. Venkatesan, Nisha Sainani, Mari Mino–Kenudson, William R. Brugge, Carlos Fernandez–Del–Castillo. (2009) Multidisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis and Management of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 7:3, 259-269
      

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      Hengyong Yu, Shiying Zhao, Eric A. Hoffman, Ge Wang. (2009) Ultra-low Dose Lung CT Perfusion Regularized by a Previous Scan. Academic Radiology 16:3, 363-373
      

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      David Lieberman, Glenn Eisen. (2009) Reply. Gastroenterology 136:3, 1122-1123
      

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      Wolfgang H. Cerwinka, Jing Qian, Kirk A. Easley, Hal C. Scherz, Andrew J. Kirsch. (2009) Appearance of Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Copolymer Implants on Computerized Tomography After Endoscopic Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children. The Journal of Urology 181:3, 1324-1329
      

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      D. Iuri, A. Candia, M. Bazzocchi. (2009) Evaluation of the lung in children with suspected pneumonia: usefulness of ultrasonography. La radiologia medica 114:2, 321-330
      

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      Frank C. Detterbeck, Amir H. Khandani. (2009) The Role of PET Imaging in Solitary Pulmonary Nodules. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 16:2, 81-88
      

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      Denis Tack, Pierre Alain Gevenois. (2009) Body MDCT at 140 kV. American Journal of Roentgenology 192:3, W139-W140
      

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      Erin Angel, Nazanin Yaghmai, Cecilia Matilda Jude, John J DeMarco, Christopher H Cagnon, Jonathan G Goldin, Andrew N Primak, Donna M Stevens, Dianna D Cody, Cynthia H McCollough, Michael F McNitt-Gray. (2009) Monte Carlo simulations to assess the effects of tube current modulation on breast dose for multidetector CT. Physics in Medicine and Biology 54:3, 497-512
      

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      Tatum V. Tarin, Geoffrey Sonn, Rajesh Shinghal. (2009) Estimating the Risk of Cancer Associated With Imaging Related Radiation During Surveillance for Stage I Testicular Cancer Using Computerized Tomography. The Journal of Urology 181:2, 627-633
      

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      Michael N. Ferrandino, Aditya Bagrodia, Sean A. Pierre, Charles D. Scales, Edward Rampersaud, Margaret S. Pearle, Glenn M. Preminger. (2009) Radiation Exposure in the Acute and Short-Term Management of Urolithiasis at 2 Academic Centers. The Journal of Urology 181:2, 668-673
      

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      Eric J. Hall. (2009) Radiation biology for pediatric radiologists. Pediatric Radiology 39:S1, 57-64
      

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      Francis X. Keeley, Mark Thornton. (2009) Radiation Safety: Implications for Urologists and Patients. The Journal of Urology 181:2, 443-444
      

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      Gregory H. Reaman. (2009) What, why, and when we image: considerations for diagnostic imaging and clinical research in the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatric Radiology 39:S1, 42-45
      

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      Free Full Text

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      Sravanthi Reddy. (2008) State of the art trends in imaging renal of colic. Emergency Radiology 15:4, 217-225
      

1612. 1612

      John B. Ludlow, Marija Ivanovic. (2008) Comparative dosimetry of dental CBCT devices and 64-slice CT for oral and maxillofacial radiology. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 106:1, 106-114
      

1613. 1613

      Michael J. Krier, Pankaj Jay Pasricha. (2008) Not Your Father's Colonoscopy: A High-tech Future for Screening and Surveillance of Colorectal Cancer. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 18:3, 607-617
      

1614. 1614

      Hansel J. Otero, Leelakrishna Nallamshetty, Frank J. Rybicki. (2008) Interdepartmental Conflict Management and Negotiation in Cardiovascular Imaging. Journal of the American College of Radiology 5:7, 834-841
      

1615. 1615

      Renate Schulze-Rath, Gaël P. Hammer, Maria Blettner. (2008) Are pre- or postnatal diagnostic X-rays a risk factor for childhood cancer? A systematic review. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 47:3, 301-312
      

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      Laurie E. Gaspar, Meisong Ding. (2008) A review of intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Current Oncology Reports 10:4, 294-299
      

1617. 1617

      Frank C. Detterbeck, Christopher J. Gibson. (2008) Turning Gray: The Natural History of Lung Cancer Over Time. Journal of Thoracic Oncology 3:7, 781-792
      

1618. 1618

      Paul D. Stein, H. Dirk Sostman, Henri Bounameaux, Harry R. Buller, Thomas L. Chenevert, James E. Dalen, Lawrence R. Goodman, Alexander Gottschalk, Russell D. Hull, Kenneth V. Leeper, Massimo Pistolesi, Gary E. Raskob, Philip S. Wells, Pamela K. Woodard. (2008) Challenges in the Diagnosis Acute Pulmonary Embolism. The American Journal of Medicine 121:7, 565-571
      

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      Osama G. Awad, John H. Lee, Mary Beth Fasano, Scott M. Graham. (2008) Sinonasal Outcomes After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Asthmatic Patients With Nasal Polyps: A Difference Between Aspirin-Tolerant and Aspirin-Induced Asthma?. The Laryngoscope 118:7, 1282-1286
      

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      L. L. Berland. (2008) Commentary on "Computed Tomography of the Body: Initial Clinical Trial with the EMI Prototype" and "Computed Tomography of the Body: Early Trends in Application and Accuracy of the Method". American Journal of Roentgenology 191:1, 16-18
      

1621. 1621

      Jing Wang, Tianfang Li, Zhengrong Liang, Lei Xing. (2008) Dose reduction for kilovotage cone-beam computed tomography in radiation therapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology 53:11, 2897-2909
      

1622. 1622

      R. L. Elstrom, J. P. Leonard, M. Coleman, R. K. J. Brown. (2008) Combined PET and low-dose, noncontrast CT scanning obviates the need for additional diagnostic contrast-enhanced CT scans in patients undergoing staging or restaging for lymphoma. Annals of Oncology 19:10, 1770-1773
      

1623. 1623

      Giles W.L. Boland. (2008) The CT Dose and Utilization Controversy: The Radiologist's Response. Journal of the American College of Radiology 5:6, 696-698
      

1624. 1624

      Nikhil Bharat Shah, Shari L Platt. (2008) ALARA: is there a cause for alarm? Reducing radiation risks from computed tomography scanning in children. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 20:3, 243-247
      

1625. 1625

      Jin Mo Goo, Hans-Ulrich Kauczor, Edwin J. R. van Beek. (2008) Innovation in Chest Radiology. Investigative Radiology 43:6, 339-342
      

1626. 1626

      Mark G. Shrime, Paul E. Johnson, Michael G. Stewart. (2008) In Reference to Cost-Effective Diagnosis of Ingested Foreign Bodies. The Laryngoscope 118:6, 1132-1133
      

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      David J. Mathison, Nadja Kadom, Steven E. Krug. (2008) Spinal Cord Injury in the Pediatric Patient. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine 9:2, 106-123
      

1628. 1628

      José A. Gonçalves Neto, Mohamed Elazzazzi, Ersan Altun, Richard C. Semelka. (2008) When Should Abdominal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Be Used?. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 6:6, 610-615
      

1629. 1629

      Bruce J. Hillman. (2008) Radiation Exposure and Imaging Utilization. Journal of the American College of Radiology 5:6, 689-690
      

1630. 1630

      Reuben Mezrich. (2008) Are CT Scans Carcinogenic?. Journal of the American College of Radiology 5:6, 691-693
      

1631. 1631

      Colin Martin, Richard A Falcone. (2008) Pediatric traumatic brain injury: an update of research to understand and improve outcomes. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 20:3, 294-299
      

1632. 1632

      Samuel Patz, Iga Muradian, Mirko I. Hrovat, Iulian C. Ruset, George Topulos, Silviu D. Covrig, Eric Frederick, Hiroto Hatabu, F.W. Hersman, James P. Butler. (2008) Human Pulmonary Imaging and Spectroscopy with Hyperpolarized 129Xe at 0.2T. Academic Radiology 15:6, 713-727
      

1633. 1633

      Clement L Ren. (2008) Assessment and monitoring of cystic fibrosis lung disease in infants and young children. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 2:3, 381-390
      

1634. 1634

      R. W. Katzberg. (2008) "Acute Reactions to Urographic Contrast Medium: Incidence, Clinical Characteristics, and Relationship to History of Hypersensitivity States"--A Commentary. American Journal of Roentgenology 190:6, 1431-1432
      

1635. 1635

      Harvey O. Coxson, Brendan Quiney, Don D. Sin, Li Xing, Annette M. McWilliams, John R. Mayo, Stephen Lam. (2008) Airway Wall Thickness Assessed Using Computed Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 177:11, 1201-1206
      

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      N. Taira, S. Ohsumi, D. Takabatake, F. Hara, S. Takashima, K. Aogi, S. Takashima, T. Inoue, S. Sugata, R. Nishimura. (2008) Contrast-enhanced CT Evaluation of Clinically and Mammographically Occult Multiple Breast Tumors in Women with Unilateral Early Breast Cancer. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 38:6, 419-425
      

1637. 1637

      Felix Umansky, Yigal Shoshan, Guy Rosenthal, Shifra Fraifeld, Sergey Spektor. (2008) Radiation-induced meningioma. Neurosurgical FOCUS 24:5, E7
      

1638. 1638

      J. A. KLINE, D. M. COURTNEY, C. KABRHEL, C. L. MOORE, H. A SMITHLINE, M. C. PLEWA, P. B. RICHMAN, B. J. O'NEIL, K. NORDENHOLZ. (2008) Prospective multicenter evaluation of the pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 6:5, 772-780
      

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      Yongbok Kim, Mark Johnson, Mark G. Trombetta, David S. Parda, Moyed Miften. (2008) Investigation of Interfraction Variations of MammoSite Balloon Applicator in High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy of Partial Breast Irradiation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 71:1, 305-313
      

1640. 1640

      Donald P. Frush. (2008) Pediatric abdominal CT angiography. Pediatric Radiology 38:S2, 259-266
      

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      Christopher Lee Sistrom. (2008) In Support of the ACR Appropriateness Criteria®. Journal of the American College of Radiology 5:5, 630-635
      

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      Bernard Levin, David A. Lieberman, Beth McFarland, Kimberly S. Andrews, Durado Brooks, John Bond, Chiranjeev Dash, Francis M. Giardiello, Seth Glick, David Johnson, C. Daniel Johnson, Theodore R. Levin, Perry J. Pickhardt, Douglas K. Rex, Robert A. Smith, Alan Thorson, Sidney J. Winawer. (2008) Screening and Surveillance for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer and Adenomatous Polyps, 2008: A Joint Guideline From the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology 134:5, 1570-1595
      

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      Sandra J. Horning. (2008) Follow-up of Adult Cancer Survivors: New Paradigms for Survivorship Care Planning. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 22:2, 201-210
      

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      Reshma Amin, Felix Ratjen. (2008) MRI: the next frontier for cystic fibrosis clinicians?. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 2:2, 179-182
      

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      , A. Torbicki, A. Perrier, S. Konstantinides, G. Agnelli, N. Galie, P. Pruszczyk, F. Bengel, A. J.B. Brady, D. Ferreira, U. Janssens, W. Klepetko, E. Mayer, M. Remy-Jardin, J.-P. Bassand, , A. Vahanian, J. Camm, R. De Caterina, V. Dean, K. Dickstein, G. Filippatos, C. Funck-Brentano, I. Hellemans, S. D. Kristensen, K. McGregor, U. Sechtem, S. Silber, M. Tendera, P. Widimsky, J. L. Zamorano, , J.-L. Zamorano, F. Andreotti, M. Ascherman, G. Athanassopoulos, J. De Sutter, D. Fitzmaurice, T. Forster, M. Heras, G. Jondeau, K. Kjeldsen, J. Knuuti, I. Lang, M. Lenzen, J. Lopez-Sendon, P. Nihoyannopoulos, L. Perez Isla, U. Schwehr, L. Torraca, J.-L. Vachiery. (2008) Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal 29:18, 2276-2315
      

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      Marilyn J. Goske, Kimberly E. Applegate, Jennifer Boylan, Penny F. Butler, Michael J. Callahan, Brian D. Coley, Shawn Farley, Donald P. Frush, Marta Hernanz-Schulman, Diego Jaramillo, Neil D. Johnson, Sue C. Kaste, Gregory Morrison, Keith J. Strauss, Nora Tuggle. (2008) The ‘Image Gently’ campaign: increasing CT radiation dose awareness through a national education and awareness program. Pediatric Radiology 38:3, 265-269
      

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      G. Pärtan, F. Kainberger, F. Frühwald. (2008) Überweisungsleitlinien in der bildgebenden Diagnostik. Der Radiologe 48:3, 268-271
      

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      Hatem Alkadhi. (2008) The revival of step-and-shoot computed tomography coronary angiography: Benefits and open questions. Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 2:2, 91-92
      

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      Yvette L Kasamon, Richard L Wahl. (2008) FDG PET and risk-adapted therapy in Hodgkinʼs and non-Hodgkinʼs lymphoma. Current Opinion in Oncology 20:2, 206-219
      

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      Pamela S. Douglas, Rita F. Redberg, Roger S. Blumenthal, Marietta Ambrose. (2008) Imaging for Coronary Risk Assessment: Ready for Prime Time?. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 1:2, 263-265
      

1651. 1651

      John R. Asplin. (2008) Evaluation of the Kidney Stone Patient. Seminars in Nephrology 28:2, 99-110
      

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      B. P. Wood. (2008) CT Scans and Radiation Exposure. AAP Grand Rounds 19:3, 28-29
      

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      Kurt J. G. Schmailzl. (2008) Cardiac Imaging 2008. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 158:5-6, 137-139
      

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      M. Prokop. (2008) Strahlendosis in der Computertomographie. Der Radiologe 48:3, 229-242
      

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      P. Taourel. (2008) Impact de la tomodensitométriesur le taux d’appendicectomie blanche et de perforationappendiculaire. Journal de Radiologie 89:3, 289-290
      

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      (2008) Computed Tomography and Radiation Exposure. New England Journal of Medicine 358:8, 850-853
      Free Full Text

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      Marilyn J. Goske, Kimberly E. Applegate, Jennifer Boylan, Priscilla F. Butler, Michael J. Callahan, Brian D. Coley, Shawn Farley, Donald P. Frush, Marta Hernanz-Schulman, Diego Jaramillo, Neil D. Johnson, Sue C. Kaste, Greg Morrison, Keith J. Strauss, Nora Tuggle. (2008) The Image Gently Campaign: Working Together to Change Practice. American Journal of Roentgenology 190:2, 273-274
      

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      (2008) CT Colonography versus Colonoscopy for the Detection of Advanced Neoplasia. New England Journal of Medicine 358:1, 88-90
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      Kurt Samson. (2008) Study Warns of Increased Radiation Risk from Excessive CT Scans. Neurology Today 8:2, 7-8
      

1660. 1660

      Mannudeep K. Kalra, Sarabjeet Singh, Michael A. Blake. (2008) CT of the Urinary Tract: Turning Attention to Radiation Dose. Radiologic Clinics of North America 46:1, 1-9
      

1661. 1661

      ELM Ho, BJJ Abdullah, AAL Tang, AJ Nordin, AR Nair, GCC Lim, H Samad-Cheung, KH Ng, S Ponnusamy, SF Abbas, SI Bux, S Arasaratnam, YF Abdul Aziz, S Venugopal, Z Musa, Z Abdul Manaf. (2008) College of Radiology, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia position on whole body screening CT scans in healthy asymptomatic individuals (2008). Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal 4:4,
      

1662. 1662

      Xiang Li, Ehsan Samei, W. Paul Segars, Gregory M. Sturgeon, James G. Colsher, Donald P. Frush. (2008) Patient-specific dose estimation for pediatric chest CT. Medical Physics 35:12, 5821
      

1663. 1663

      Drew A. Torigian, Geming Li, Abass Alavi. (2007) The Role of CT, MR Imaging, and Ultrasonography in Endocrinology. PET Clinics 2:3, 395-408
      

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