Original Article
Boceprevir for Untreated Chronic HCV Genotype 1 Infection
N Engl J Med 2011; 364:1195-1206March 31, 2011
Comments
open through April 6, 2011
- Abstract
Background
Peginterferon–ribavirin therapy is the current standard of care for chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV). The rate of sustained virologic response has been below 50% in cases of HCV genotype 1 infection. Boceprevir, a potent oral HCV-protease inhibitor, has been evaluated as an additional treatment in phase 1 and phase 2 studies.
Methods
We conducted a double-blind study in which previously untreated adults with HCV genotype 1 infection were randomly assigned to one of three groups. In all three groups, peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin were administered for 4 weeks (the lead-in period). Subsequently, group 1 (the control group) received placebo plus peginterferon–ribavirin for 44 weeks; group 2 received boceprevir plus peginterferon–ribavirin for 24 weeks, and those with a detectable HCV RNA level between weeks 8 and 24 received placebo plus peginterferon–ribavirin for an additional 20 weeks; and group 3 received boceprevir plus peginterferon–ribavirin for 44 weeks. Nonblack patients and black patients were enrolled and analyzed separately.
Results
A total of 938 nonblack and 159 black patients were treated. In the nonblack cohort, a sustained virologic response was achieved in 125 of the 311 patients (40%) in group 1, in 211 of the 316 patients (67%) in group 2 (P<0.001), and in 213 of the 311 patients (68%) in group 3 (P<0.001). In the black cohort, a sustained virologic response was achieved in 12 of the 52 patients (23%) in group 1, in 22 of the 52 patients (42%) in group 2 (P=0.04), and in 29 of the 55 patients (53%) in group 3 (P=0.004). In group 2, a total of 44% of patients received peginterferon–ribavirin for 28 weeks. Anemia led to dose reductions in 13% of controls and 21% of boceprevir recipients, with discontinuations in 1% and 2%, respectively.
Conclusions
The addition of boceprevir to standard therapy with peginterferon–ribavirin, as compared with standard therapy alone, significantly increased the rates of sustained virologic response in previously untreated adults with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. The rates were similar with 24 weeks and 44 weeks of boceprevir. (Funded by Schering-Plough [now Merck]; SPRINT-2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00705432.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Study Design.Table 1
Selected Baseline Characteristics of Patients Who Received at Least One Dose of Study Medication, According to Cohort and Treatment Group.Article Activity
- Article
Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects more than 170 million people worldwide.1,2 Rates of sustained virologic response associated with peginterferon–ribavirin therapy remain below 50% and are often less than 30% among patients who have HCV genotype 1 infection and certain baseline characteristics, such as advanced fibrosis, diabetes, coinfection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or African heritage.3-9 Recent efforts to improve the rate of sustained virologic response have focused on oral direct-acting antiviral agents.10-13
Boceprevir is a linear peptidomimetic ketoamide serine protease inhibitor that binds reversibly to the HCV nonstructural 3 (NS3) active site.14 Like other protease inhibitors, boceprevir must be given with peginterferon–ribavirin to minimize the emergence of viral resistance. 15,16 In the SPRINT-2 (Serine Protease Inhibitor Therapy 2) trial, we examined whether the addition of boceprevir to standard therapy could improve the rates of sustained virologic response in previously untreated patients infected with HCV genotype 1.
Methods
Study Design
A detailed description of the study methods is provided in the Supplementary Appendix (available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org). We conducted a phase 3, international, randomized, placebo-controlled study comparing the safety and efficacy of standard therapy with peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin (PegIntron and Rebetol, respectively; Merck) with the safety and efficacy of two treatment regimens in which boceprevir was added after a lead-in period of treatment with peginterferon–ribavirin alone (Figure 1Figure 1
Study Design.). Because of the marked difference in rates of sustained virologic response between blacks and nonblacks,7 self-identified blacks and nonblacks were enrolled separately into two cohorts.The sponsor, patients, and study personnel were unaware of the assignment to the boceprevir or placebo group; the use of peginterferon and ribavirin was open label. The trial was conducted in accordance with the principles of Good Clinical Practice and the study protocol (including the data analysis plan; available at NEJM.org); the study design was approved by the appropriate institutional review boards and regulatory agencies. Each participant provided written informed consent before undergoing any study-related procedure. The trial was designed, managed, and analyzed by the industry authors in conjunction with the academic authors under the oversight of an independent data review advisory board. The academic authors had full access to all the data. The core writing team consisted of the principal academic author and all the industry authors, who were also responsible for the decision to submit the manuscript for publication, before which the sponsor reviewed a draft. Each author vouches for the fidelity of the trial conduct to the protocol and the completeness and accuracy of the results and data analyses.
Enrolled patients in each cohort were randomly assigned, in a 1:1:1 ratio and by means of an interactive voice-response system, to one of the three treatment groups, after stratification on the basis of the baseline HCV RNA level (≤400,000 vs. >400,000 IU per milliliter) and HCV genotype 1 subtype (1a vs. 1b). Patients in whom HCV could not be subtyped were randomly assigned to a treatment group within their HCV RNA stratum.
Selection of Patients
Eligibility criteria were a history of no previous treatment for HCV infection, age of 18 years or older, weight of 40 to 125 kg, chronic infection with HCV genotype 1, and plasma HCV RNA level of 10,000 IU per milliliter or greater. Exclusion criteria were liver disease of other cause, decompensated cirrhosis, renal insufficiency, HIV or hepatitis B infection, pregnancy or current breast-feeding, and active cancer. Liver-biopsy specimens were assigned Metavir fibrosis scores and steatosis scores by a single academic author who is a pathologist and was unaware of the assignment to the boceprevir or placebo group. The HCV genotype 1 subtype was determined with the use of the Trugene assay (Bayer Diagnostics) for purposes of randomization and by sequencing of the nonstructural 5B (NS5B) region (Virco) for subsequent analyses.
Study Regimens
Peginterferon alfa-2b was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 1.5 μg per kilogram of body weight once weekly; and weight-based oral ribavirin was administered at a total dose of 600 to 1400 mg per day in divided doses, given in the morning and evening. Treatment with boceprevir consisted of oral administration at a dose of 800 mg three times daily (to be taken with food and at an interval of 7 to 9 hours between doses) in four capsules of 200 mg each. Placebo was matched to boceprevir.
All patients received peginterferon–ribavirin during the 4-week lead-in period (Figure 1). Patients randomly assigned to group 1 (the standard of care) received peginterferon–ribavirin treatment for 44 weeks after the lead-in period, as well as thrice-daily placebo beginning at week 5. Patients randomly assigned to group 2 (response-guided therapy) received peginterferon–ribavirin plus boceprevir for a total of 24 weeks after the lead-in period; if HCV RNA levels were undetectable from week 8 through week 24, treatment was considered complete, but if HCV RNA levels were detectable at any visit from week 8 up to but not including week 24, peginterferon–ribavirin was continued, and placebo was administered, at week 28 through week 48. Patients randomly assigned to group 3 (fixed-duration therapy) received peginterferon–ribavirin plus oral boceprevir for 44 weeks after the lead-in period.
In all three groups, the study treatment was discontinued for all patients with a detectable HCV RNA level at week 24, according to a standard futility rule. Boceprevir was given for 24 weeks in group 2 and 44 weeks in group 3. All patients were followed through week 72.
Viral breakthrough was defined as achievement of an undetectable HCV RNA level and subsequent occurrence of an HCV RNA level greater than 1000 IU per milliliter. Incomplete virologic response and rebound was defined as an increase of 1 log10 IU per milliliter in the HCV RNA level from the nadir, with an HCV RNA level greater than 1000 IU per milliliter (if both samples being compared were collected the same number of days after the last peginterferon injection). In cases in which the timing between the peginterferon injection and the HCV RNA sample collection was different for the two samples, an increase of 2 log10 IU per milliliter was required to meet this criterion. If a patient had virologic breakthrough or an incomplete virologic response and rebound while receiving therapy, boceprevir treatment could be discontinued, but peginterferon–ribavirin could be continued for up to 48 weeks with appropriate clinical follow-up.
Efficacy Assessment
Plasma HCV RNA levels were measured with the use of the TaqMan 2.0 assay (Roche Diagnostics), which has lower limits of quantification and detection of 25 and 9.3 IU per milliliter, respectively; the lower limit of detection was used for decision making at various points throughout the study. HCV RNA testing was performed at the screening visit, at baseline, every 2 weeks through week 12, and at weeks 16, 20, 24, 28, 34, 40, 48, 52, 60, and 72 (depending on the treatment duration). Patients in whom study therapy was stopped because of futility were considered to have had treatment failure.
Safety Assessment
Adverse events were graded by investigators according to a modified World Health Organization grading system. Non–life-threatening hematologic adverse events were managed by means of dose reduction or administration of hematopoietic growth factors (or both). Reduction of the ribavirin dose or administration of erythropoietin was recommended when the hemoglobin level dropped to less than 10 g per deciliter, but these decisions were made at the discretion of the investigators; erythropoietin was to be stopped if the hemoglobin level rebounded to 12 g per deciliter or greater.
Statistical Analysis
The trial was designed as a superiority study to detect differences in the rates of sustained virologic response with either of the two boceprevir regimens (group 2 or group 3) as compared with standard therapy alone (group 1). The primary analyses involved all patients who had received at least one dose of any study medication; key secondary efficacy analyses were conducted for the modified intention-to-treat population, consisting of patients who completed the lead-in period of treatment and received at least one dose of boceprevir or placebo. Rates of response were determined separately (per protocol) for the nonblack cohort and the black cohort.
The protocol-specified primary efficacy end point was a sustained virologic response, defined as undetectable HCV RNA levels for 24 weeks after the completion of therapy. If HCV RNA measurements for this time point or later were missing, the 12-week post-treatment measurement was used. Relapse was defined as the occurrence of an undetectable HCV RNA level at the end of treatment but a detectable HCV RNA level at some point during the follow-up period.
Within-cohort comparisons were performed with the use of the two-sided Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel chi-square test (after adjustment for baseline stratification factors). A step-down approach was applied to hypothesis testing. Group 3 was first compared with group 1. If the resultant P value was 0.05 or less, the superiority of fixed-duration therapy including boceprevir over standard therapy would be supported, and group 2 would then be compared with group 1. If this P value was also 0.05 or less, the superiority of response-guided therapy including boceprevir over standard therapy would likewise be established.
Secondary analyses were to be conducted only if the primary comparisons showed significant differences. Formal hypothesis testing comparing the two boceprevir groups was not specified in the protocol. A multivariate logistic-regression model that included baseline characteristics and treatment group was used to identify predictors of sustained virologic response. A stepwise procedure was used to identify independent covariates, with an alpha level of 0.05 as the threshold level for variables to be entered into, and retained in, the model.
Assuming a rate of sustained virologic response of 45% in group 1 of the nonblack cohort, we calculated that 310 subjects per group would need to be enrolled for the study to have a statistical power of 90% to detect an absolute increase of 13 percentage points in the rate of sustained virologic response in group 3 as compared with group 1, with the use of a two-sided chi-square test and an alpha level of 0.05. Assuming a rate of sustained virologic response of 50% in the black cohort overall, 50 patients per group, and the use of a two-sided 95% confidence interval, we estimated that the true rate of a sustained virologic response in the black population could be estimated, within ±14%, for each of the three treatment groups.
Safety analyses included all patients who had been randomly assigned to a study group and had received at least one dose of any study medication.
Results
Study Patients
A total of 1246 and 226 patients were screened for the nonblack cohort and the black cohort, respectively, of whom 940 nonblack patients and 159 black patients were randomly assigned to a treatment group from August 2008 through January 2009 (Figure S1 in the Supplementary Appendix). Two patients in the nonblack cohort did not receive any study drug and were not included in the analyses. All the other randomly assigned patients received at least 1 dose of study medication. Baseline characteristics are shown in Table 1Table 1
Selected Baseline Characteristics of Patients Who Received at Least One Dose of Study Medication, According to Cohort and Treatment Group..A total of 49 patients discontinued the peginterferon–ribavirin therapy during the lead-in period and did not receive boceprevir or placebo. Discontinuation for reasons of futility at week 24 occurred in 84 of 311 patients (27%), 24 of 316 patients (8%), and 28 of 311 patients (9%) in the nonblack cohort and in 24 of 52 patients (46%), 9 of 52 patients (17%), and 8 of 55 patients (15%) in the black cohort in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
Efficacy
Response rates were significantly higher among patients receiving a boceprevir-containing regimen than among controls (Table 2Table 2
Rates of Virologic Responses among Patients Who Received at Least One Dose of Any Study Medication, According to Cohort and Treatment Group.). Among nonblacks, the rate of a sustained virologic response was 40% with the standard of care and was significantly higher (P<0.001) in both boceprevir groups — 67% in group 2 and 68% in group 3 — for relative increases of 68% and 70%, respectively, over control rates. Among blacks, the rate of a sustained virologic response was 23% in group 1, 42% in group 2 (P=0.04, vs. group 1), and 53% in group 3 (P=0.004, vs. group 1). In a modified intention-to-treat analysis that included all nonblacks receiving at least one dose of boceprevir or placebo, the respective rates of sustained virologic response in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 42%, 70% (P<0.001, vs. group 1), and 71% (P<0.001, vs. group 1), the corresponding rates among blacks were 26%, 47% (P=0.04, vs. group 1), and 53% (P=0.01, vs. group 1). In the nonblack cohort, viral breakthrough occurred in 1 to 2% of patients in each treatment group, whereas rates of relapse were lower in the two boceprevir groups than in the standard-therapy group. The numbers of events in the smaller black cohort were too few to permit comparison between treatment groups.The 4-week lead-in period of peginterferon–ribavirin treatment allowed for the assessment of interferon responsiveness and its relationship to sustained virologic response. At week 4, 23% of nonblacks and 38% of blacks had a decrease of less than 1 log10 IU per milliliter in the HCV RNA level from baseline, which was associated with lower rates of sustained virologic response (Table 2) and higher rates of boceprevir-resistance–associated variants (genotypic mutations of the protease conferring reduced sensitivity to boceprevir) (Table 3Table 3
Common Clinical Adverse Events, Resistance-Associated HCV Variants, and Hematologic Abnormalities, According to Treatment Group.) than was a decrease of 1 log10 IU per milliliter or more in the HCV RNA level, regardless of the treatment group. However, whether the decrease in the HCV RNA level at week 4 was more or less than 1 log10 IU per milliliter, rates of sustained virologic response were consistently higher in the boceprevir groups than in the control group.The percentages of patients with undetectable HCV RNA levels at week 8 who had a sustained virologic response were high, irrespective of the treatment regimen, but this response at week 8 occurred approximately three times as often in the boceprevir groups as in the control group. At this time point, the patients had received boceprevir or placebo for 4 weeks and peginterferon–ribavirin for 8 weeks.
The rates of sustained virologic response among nonblacks were similar in group 2 (67%) and in group 3 (68%), whereas among blacks they were 42% and 53%, respectively. Among nonblack boceprevir recipients whose HCV RNA levels became undetectable by week 8 (60%) and those with undetectable HCV RNA levels through week 24 (47%), the rate of sustained virologic response was 97% in group 2 (which had received 24 weeks of boceprevir and a total of 28 weeks of therapy) and 96% in group 3 (which had received 44 weeks of boceprevir and a total of 48 weeks of therapy) (Table 2).
In group 2, a total of 22% of the patients with a detectable HCV RNA level between week 8 and week 24 received therapy for more than 28 weeks. Among patients in whom HCV RNA levels were still detectable at week 8, rates of sustained virologic response were 74% in group 2 (after receiving 24 weeks of boceprevir) as well as in group 3 (after receiving 44 weeks of boceprevir).
Predictors of sustained virologic response were identical in models for each cohort. Rates of sustained virologic response in patients with advanced fibrosis were lower than in those with mild fibrosis, although the numbers of patients with a Metavir fibrosis score of 3 or 4 (indicating bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis) were small, particularly in the black cohort (Table 4Table 4
Odds Ratios for a Sustained Virologic Response, According to Predictor Variables.). In an expanded model that included virologic responses during the treatment period, a decrease in the HCV RNA level by 1 log10 IU per milliliter or more at the end of the 4-week lead-in period was strongly predictive of a sustained virologic response (odds ratio vs. a decrease of <1 log10 IU per milliliter, 9.0; 95% confidence interval, 6.3 to 12.8; P<0.001). In general, subgroup analyses across a range of baseline factors favored group 2 and group 3 over group 1, with no consistent differences between groups 2 and 3 (Figure S2 in the Supplementary Appendix). For groups 1, 2, and 3 in the nonblack cohort, rates of sustained virologic response were 33%, 64%, and 59%, respectively, among patients with a hemoglobin level of 10 g per deciliter or higher during the treatment period, as compared with 60%, 72%, and 79%, respectively, among patients with a nadir hemoglobin level of less than 10 g per deciliter during the treatment period.Safety
Adverse events occurred in more than 98% of the study patients, with serious adverse events in 9%, 11%, and 12% of patients in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (Table S2 in the Supplementary Appendix). There were six deaths during the study: four patients in the control group died, as did two patients in the boceprevir groups. Two suicides (one in group 1 and one in group 2) were judged to have possibly been related to peginterferon. No other deaths were considered to be drug-related.
Fatigue, headache, and nausea were the most common clinical adverse events in all treatment groups (Table 3). Dysgeusia occurred more than twice as often in boceprevir recipients than in controls. Anemia was reported as an adverse event in 29% of controls and 49% of boceprevir recipients. Anemia was classified as grade 1 in 36% of controls, grade 2 in 17%, grade 3 in 2%, and grade 4 in 0%; the respective percentages among boceprevir recipients were 43%, 31%, 3%, and 1%. Four patients in group 1 discontinued the study owing to anemia, as compared with six patients in group 2 and seven patients in group 3. Overall, 13% of controls and 21% of boceprevir recipients required dose reductions because of anemia. Erythropoietin was administered in 24% of controls and 43% of boceprevir recipients. A total of 85% and 86% of patients in group 2 and group 3, respectively, had neutropenia of grade 1 to 4, as compared with 77% of those in the control group; 28% and 33% of patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively, had grade 1 to 4 thrombocytopenia, as compared with 13% of controls.
Discussion
SPRINT-2 compared two regimens of boceprevir added to peginterferon alfa-2b–ribavirin therapy (the standard of care) and the standard of care alone. Two distinct cohorts were enrolled on the basis of self-identified race (nonblack patients and black patients) to allow for an independent estimate of rates of response among black patients, a group historically underrepresented in HCV-treatment trials.
As compared with peginterferon alfa-2b–ribavirin therapy alone, the addition of boceprevir significantly increased the rate of a sustained virologic response among previously untreated black and nonblack patients infected with HCV genotype 1, including those with a decrease of less than 1 log10 IU per milliliter in the HCV RNA level at week 4. Among nonblack patients, the combination therapy with boceprevir was associated with a relative increase of approximately 70% in the rates of sustained virologic response over standard therapy. Although lower among black patients than among nonblack patients, the rates of sustained virologic response with the boceprevir regimens were nearly double those with the standard of care. Patients with an undetectable HCV RNA level at week 8 had a higher rate of sustained virologic response than patients with a detectable level at week 8, irrespective of treatment regimen. Given the relatively small numbers of patients with cirrhosis in the trial, further study is warranted to define optimal therapy in this population.
Our study evaluated a response-guided treatment strategy with individualized treatment duration on the basis of the HCV RNA level between weeks 8 and 24. Patients in whom the HCV RNA level became undetectable by week 8 and remained so up to week 24 were given boceprevir plus peginterferon–ribavirin for 24 weeks. The rates of sustained virologic response among both black and nonblack patients were significantly higher with response-guided therapy than with standard treatment. Regardless of the virologic response at week 4 or week 8, response-guided therapy that included 24 weeks of boceprevir administration resulted in overall rates of sustained virologic response that were similar to those after 44 weeks of triple therapy. Patients who had undetectable HCV RNA levels by week 8 had very high rates of sustained virologic response as compared with patients who had detectable levels between weeks 8 and 24. There were too few black patients in whom the HCV RNA level was detectable between weeks 8 and 24 to conclusively define the optimal treatment for this population.
This trial featured the use of peginterferon–ribavirin for 4 weeks (the lead-in period) before boceprevir was added. Theoretically, a lead-in phase would serve to lower HCV RNA levels before exposure to a protease inhibitor, thereby reducing the risk of viral breakthrough or resistance to the direct-acting antiviral agent, as noted in a phase 2 study in which boceprevir with lead-in therapy was compared with boceprevir without lead-in therapy.10 However, lead-in therapy has other benefits, such as allowing for assessment of the relationship between interferon responsiveness and subsequent sustained virologic response in patients receiving boceprevir. Patients with a poor response to interferon, defined as a reduction in the HCV RNA level of less than 1 log10 IU per milliliter after 4 weeks of peginterferon–ribavirin therapy, had sufficiently high rates of sustained virologic response, as compared with the control group, to dispel concern that the addition of a protease inhibitor to the treatment regimen would be equivalent to functional monotherapy. However, these patients were less likely than patients with a robust response to interferon to have a sustained virologic response after boceprevir was added.17-19 Thus, patients who have a poor response to interferon may need to be monitored closely to determine who may benefit from better therapies, once they are available. Conversely, in patients with undetectable HCV RNA levels after the lead-in period, boceprevir administration may not result in a higher rate of sustained virologic response than that achieved with the use of peginterferon and ribavirin alone. The lead-in period can further serve to test both compliance and tolerability before exposure to a class of drugs to which resistance can develop.15,16
The regimens that included boceprevir were associated with increased rates of anemia, and nearly twice as many boceprevir recipients as controls had a hemoglobin level of less than 9.5 g per deciliter or received erythropoietin (43% vs. 24%). Among patients receiving erythropoietin, the average duration of use was shortest in group 2. Neither the incidence of serious adverse events nor the frequency of discontinuation owing to an adverse event differed significantly between patients receiving boceprevir and those receiving standard therapy. The rate of a sustained virologic response was significantly greater with boceprevir plus peginterferon–ribavirin than with peginterferon–ribavirin alone among both black and nonblack patients.
The opinions expressed in this report represent the consensus of the coauthors and do not necessarily reflect the formal position of Merck or the other institutions listed as authors' affiliations.
Supported by Schering-Plough (now Merck).
Dr. Poordad reports receiving consulting fees from Merck, Vertex, Abbott, Gilead, Achillion, Genentech, and Tibotec; grant support from Merck; and payment for development of educational presentations from Merck. Dr. McCone reports receiving lecture fees and speaker's fees from Schering-Plough (now part of Merck). Dr. Bacon reports receiving consulting fees from Gilead, Three Rivers Pharmaceuticals, Valeant, Vertex, and Human Genome Sciences; grant support from Roche, Gilead, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Three Rivers Pharmaceuticals, Valeant, Vertex, Human Genome Sciences, Wyeth, and Romark Laboratories; and lecture or speaker's fees from Three Rivers Pharmaceuticals, Gilead, and Schering-Plough (now part of Merck); as well as having served on data and safety monitoring boards for Novartis, Isis, Vertex, and Gilead. Dr. Manns reports receiving consulting fees from Schering-Plough (now part of Merck), Roche, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead, Valeant, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Idenix, Tibotec, Vertex, GlaxoSmithKline, and Merck; grant support from Schering-Plough (now part of Merck), Roche, Gilead, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Bristol-Myers Squibb; and payment for development of educational presentations from Schering-Plough (now part of Merck), Roche, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, and Gilead. Dr. Sulkowski reports receiving consulting fees from Vertex, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Pharmasset, Abbott, Tibotec, Roche, and Gilead; fees for expert testimony from Abbott; and grant support from Vertex, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Tibotic, Gilead, Pharmasset, Zymogenetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Orasure, Achillion, and Roche. Dr. Jacobson reports receiving consulting fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Gilead, Schering-Plough (now part of Merck), Pfizer, Vertex, GlobeImmune, Human Genome Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharmasset, Zymogenetics, Tibotec, Abbott, Roche–Genentech, Anadys, Sanofi-Aventis, Achillion, GlaxoSmithKline, and Biolex; grant support from Schering-Plough (now part of Merck), Tibotec, Roche–Genentech, Pharmasset, Anadys, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Gilead, Vertex, GlobeImmune, Human Genome Sciences, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Zymogenetics; lecture or speaker's fees from Schering-Plough (now part of Merck), Gilead, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Roche–Genentech; and payment for development of educational presentations from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead, and Vertex. Dr. Reddy reports receiving consulting fees from Roche, Merck, Salix, Vertex, Tibotec, and Human Genome Sciences; grant support from Roche, Vertex, Tibotec, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Gilead; and payment for development of educational presentations from ViralEd. Dr. Goodman reports receiving consulting fees from Merck and Gilead Sciences; grant support from Schering-Plough (now part of Merck), GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, GlobeImmune, Gilead Sciences; and lecture or speaker's fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb. Ms. Boparai and Drs. DiNubile, Sniukiene, Brass, and Albrecht report being employees of Merck and owning stock or stock options in the company. Dr. Bronowicki reports receiving fees for board membership from Schering-Plough (now part of Merck), Roche, Gilead, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, and Bayer; consulting fees from Merck, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novartis; lecture or speaker's fees from Schering-Plough (now part of Merck), Roche, Bayer and Bristol-Myers Squibb; and reimbursement for travel expenses from Roche. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.
We thank all the patients, health care providers, and investigators involved in the study; Dr. Lisa Pedicone (of Merck) for her helpful advice and invaluable support; and Joann DiLullo, Bernard Akyena, Jill Williams, and Karyn Davis (of Merck) for their technical assistance in the preparation of the manuscript.
Source Information
From Cedars–Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.P.); Gastroenterology–Hepatology–Certified Endoscopy Centers, Alexandria, VA (J.M.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (B.R.B.); Azienda Ospedaliera Fatebenefratelli e Oftalmico, Milan (S.B.); Medical School of Hannover, Hannover, Germany (M.P.M.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.S.S.); Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (I.M.J.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.R.R.); Inova Fairfax Hospital and the Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Falls Church, VA (Z.D.G.); Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ (N.B., M.J.D., V.S., C.A.B., J.K.A.); and INSERM Unité 954, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Université Henri Poincaré–Nancy 1, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (J.P.B.).
Address reprint requests to: Dr. Poordad at Suite 1060W, Cedars–Sinai Medical Center, 8635 West Third St., Los Angeles, CA 90048, or at fred.poordad@cshs.org.
Additional SPRINT-2 (Serine Protease Inhibitor Therapy 2) investigators are listed in the Supplementary Appendix, available at NEJM.org.
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Sudeep Tanwar, Paul M Trembling, Geoffrey M Dusheiko. (2012) TMC435 for the treatment of chronic hepatitis
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Jean–Michel Pawlotsky. (2012) Is Hepatitis Virus Resistance to Antiviral Drugs a Threat?. Gastroenterology 142:6, 1369-1372
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Oliver Waidmann, Verena Bihrer, Bernd Kronenberger, Stefan Zeuzem, Albrecht Piiper, Nicole Forestier. (2012) Pretreatment serum microRNA-122 is not predictive for treatment response in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Digestive and Liver Disease 44:5, 438-441
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Jeremie Guedj, Harel Dahari, Ralf T. Pohl, Peter Ferenci, Alan S. Perelson. (2012) Understanding silibinin’s modes of action against HCV using viral kinetic modeling. Journal of Hepatology 56:5, 1019-1024
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Stephen E. Livingston, Lisa J. Townshend-Bulson, Dana L. Bruden, Brian J. McMahon, Chriss E. Homan, James E. Gove, Heike Deubner, Michael G. Bruce, Renee F. Robinson, David R. Gretch. (2012) Treatment eligibility in Alaska Native and American Indian persons with hepatitis C virus infection. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 71:0,
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Helen S Yee, Michael F Chang, Christine Pocha, Joseph Lim, David Ross, Timothy R Morgan, Alexander Monto. (2012) Update on the Management and Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Recommendations from the Department of Veterans Affairs Hepatitis C Resource Center Program and the National Hepatitis C Program Office. The American Journal of Gastroenterology
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Martin Lagging, Ann-Sofi Duberg, Rune WejstÅl, Ola Weiland, Magnus Lindh, Soo Aleman, Filip Josephson, . (2012) Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in adults and children: Updated Swedish consensus recommendations. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases1-20
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Karla J Helbig, Michael R Beard. (2012) The interferon signaling pathway genes as biomarkers of hepatitis C virus disease progression and response to treatment. Biomarkers in Medicine 6:2, 141-150
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Patrick Ingiliz, Jürgen K. Rockstroh. (2012) HIV-HCV co-infection facing HCV protease inhibitor licensing: implications for clinicians. Liver Internationaln/a-n/a
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David L. Thomas. (2012) Predicting the response to the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Clinical Liver Disease 1:2, 46-48
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Douglas L. Nguyen, Timothy R. Morgan. (2012) Management of adverse events during the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. Clinical Liver Disease 1:2, 54-57
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Jordan J. Feld. (2012) HCV infection on-treatment viral kinetics: Do they still have a role?. Clinical Liver Disease 1:2, 51-53
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Anna S. Lok. (2012) Issues in selecting HCV-infected candidates for anti-viral treatment. Clinical Liver Disease 1:2, 29-31
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Jean-Michel Pawlotsky. (2012) Drug resistance: Prevalence and clinical implications during the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. Clinical Liver Disease 1:2, 58-61
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Varun Saxena, Norah Terrault. (2012) Hepatitis C virus treatment and liver transplantation in the era of new antiviral therapies. Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation1
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Cara L. Mack, Regino P. Gonzalez-Peralta, Nitika Gupta, Daniel Leung, Michael R. Narkewicz, Eve A. Roberts, Philip Rosenthal, Kathleen B. Schwarz. (2012) North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Practice Guidelines. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition1
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Erik J. Groessl, Lin Liu, Samuel B. Ho, Fasiha Kanwal, Allen L. Gifford, Steven M. Asch. (2012) National patterns and predictors of liver biopsy use for management of hepatitis C. Journal of Hepatology
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M. Corouge, S. Pol. (2012) Nouveaux traitements de l’infection chronique par le virus de l’hépatite C. Réanimation
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S. Deuffic-Burban, Y. Yazdanpanah. (2012) It Is Time to Change the Paradigm for Hepatitis C Virus Testing. Clinical Infectious Diseases
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P. Ramachandran, A. Fraser, K. Agarwal, A. Austin, A. Brown, G. R. Foster, R. Fox, P. C. Hayes, C. Leen, P. R. Mills, D. J. Mutimer, S. D. Ryder, J. F. Dillon. (2012) UK consensus guidelines for the use of the protease inhibitors boceprevir and telaprevir in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C infected patients. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 35:6, 647-662
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Mihály Makara, Gábor Horváth, Judit Gervain, Alajos Pár, Ferenc Szalay, László Telegdy, István Tornai, Eszter Újhelyi, Béla Hunyady. (2012) Ajánlás a B-, a C- és a D-vírus hepatitisek diagnosztikájára és antivirális kezelésére. Orvosi Hetilap 153:10, 375-394
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Eva Poveda, Vincent Soriano. (2012) Drug resistance testing in hepatitis C therapy. Future Virology 7:3, 309-321
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Paul M Trembling, Sudeep Tanwar, Geoffrey M Dusheiko. (2012) Boceprevir: an oral protease inhibitor for the treatment of chronic HCV infection. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 10:3, 269-279
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Masao Omata, Tatsuo Kanda, Ming-Lung Yu, Osamu Yokosuka, Seng-Gee Lim, Wasim Jafri, Ryosuke Tateishi, Saeed S. Hamid, Wan-Long Chuang, Anuchit Chutaputti, Lai Wei, Jose Sollano, Shiv Kumar Sarin, Jia-Horng Kao, Geoffrey W. McCaughan. (2012) APASL consensus statements and management algorithms for hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology International
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Krzysztof Lacek, Koen Vercauteren, Katarzyna Grzyb, Mariarosaria Naddeo, Lieven Verhoye, Marek Patryk Słowikowski, Samira Fafi-Kremer, Arvind H. Patel, Thomas F. Baumert, Antonella Folgori, Geert Leroux-Roels, Riccardo Cortese, Philip Meuleman, Alfredo Nicosia. (2012) Novel human SR-BI antibodies prevent infection and dissemination of HCV in vitro and in humanized mice. Journal of Hepatology
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Peter M. George, Rekha Badiger, William Alazawi, Graham R. Foster, Jane A. Mitchell. (2012) Pharmacology and therapeutic potential of interferons. Pharmacology & Therapeutics
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Andrew H. Talal, Rositsa B. Dimova, Randy Seewald, Raymond H. Peterson, Marija Zeremski, David C. Perlman, Don C. Des Jarlais. (2012) Assessment of methadone clinic staff attitudes toward hepatitis C evaluation and treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
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Donald M. Jensen, Stanislas Pol. (2012) IL28B genetic polymorphism testing in the era of direct acting antivirals therapy for chronic hepatitis C: ten years too late?. Liver International 32, 74-78
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Paul Y. Kwo. (2012) Phase III results in Genotype 1 naïve patients: predictors of response with boceprevir and telaprevir combined with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Liver International 32, 39-43
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Michael P. Manns, Antoaneta A. Markova, Beatriz Calle Serrano, Markus Cornberg. (2012) Phase III results of Boceprevir in treatment naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1. Liver International 32, 27-31
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- Comments (1)
- Letters
Contrasting the relative role of boceprevir and telaprevir in hepatitis C
The clinical trials on HCV protease inhibitors that have already been completed have evaluated two agents (boceprevir and telaprevir), but the full reports of these studies have been published only for the former. The editorial by Jensen focuses only on boceprevir firstly because the two pivotal studies on this agent were published in the same issue of the journal, and secondly because of the unavailbility of the full reports on telaprevir. While the full publication of the studies on telaprevir is eagerly awaited, it can be worthwhile to mention that some information on the results with telaprevir has been made available (Pawlotsky JM. The results of phase III clinical trials with telaprevir and boceprevir presented at the liver meeting. 2011;140:746), so the debate on the relative role of these two agents has already started..