Original Article
Apixaban in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
N Engl J Med 2011; 364:806-817March 3, 2011DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1007432
- Abstract
Background
Vitamin K antagonists have been shown to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, many patients are not suitable candidates for or are unwilling to receive vitamin K antagonist therapy, and these patients have a high risk of stroke. Apixaban, a novel factor Xa inhibitor, may be an alternative treatment for such patients.
Methods
In a double-blind study, we randomly assigned 5599 patients with atrial fibrillation who were at increased risk for stroke and for whom vitamin K antagonist therapy was unsuitable to receive apixaban (at a dose of 5 mg twice daily) or aspirin (81 to 324 mg per day), to determine whether apixaban was superior. The mean follow up period was 1.1 years. The primary outcome was the occurrence of stroke or systemic embolism.
Results
Before enrollment, 40% of the patients had used a vitamin K antagonist. The data and safety monitoring board recommended early termination of the study because of a clear benefit in favor of apixaban. There were 51 primary outcome events (1.6% per year) among patients assigned to apixaban and 113 (3.7% per year) among those assigned to aspirin (hazard ratio with apixaban, 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32 to 0.62; P<0.001). The rates of death were 3.5% per year in the apixaban group and 4.4% per year in the aspirin group (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.02; P=0.07). There were 44 cases of major bleeding (1.4% per year) in the apixaban group and 39 (1.2% per year) in the aspirin group (hazard ratio with apixaban, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.75; P=0.57); there were 11 cases of intracranial bleeding with apixaban and 13 with aspirin. The risk of a first hospitalization for cardiovascular causes was reduced with apixaban as compared with aspirin (12.6% per year vs. 15.9% per year, P<0.001). The treatment effects were consistent among important subgroups.
Conclusions
In patients with atrial fibrillation for whom vitamin K antagonist therapy was unsuitable, apixaban reduced the risk of stroke or systemic embolism without significantly increasing the risk of major bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00496769.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Cumulative Hazard Rates for the Primary Efficacy and Safety Outcomes, According to Treatment Group.Figure 2
Relative Risks of the Primary Efficacy and Safety Outcomes, According to Subgroup.Article Activity
- Article
Atrial fibrillation is a common arrhythmia that increases the risk of stroke.1 Vitamin K antagonist therapy is more effective than aspirin for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, but its use is limited by a narrow window for a therapeutic benefit and by the need for lifelong coagulation monitoring owing to a marked variation in its effect both from one patient to another and within the individual patient.2 Maintaining the international normalized ratio (INR) in the therapeutic range is challenging and for many patients is achieved less than 60% of the time — a finding that counteracts the potential benefit of vitamin K antagonist therapy and increases its risks.3 Consequently, at least a third of patients with atrial fibrillation who are at risk for stroke are either not started on vitamin K antagonist therapy or discontinue the therapy once it is started.3-5
Aspirin reduces the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation by about 20% and is used in treating patients with atrial fibrillation for whom vitamin K antagonist therapy is unsuitable.6 The addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in patients for whom vitamin K antagonist therapy is unsuitable further reduces the risk of stroke by 28%, but the combination increases the risk of major hemorrhage.7 There is a need for better antithrombotic agents.
Apixaban is a direct and competitive inhibitor of factor Xa.8 It has about 50% bioavailability, and approximately 25% is excreted by the kidney. Apixaban, at a dose of 2.5 mg twice daily, has been shown to be effective and safe for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective orthopedic surgery.9,10 The AVERROES (Apixaban Versus Acetylsalicylic Acid [ASA] to Prevent Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Who Have Failed or Are Unsuitable for Vitamin K Antagonist Treatment) study was therefore designed to determine the efficacy and safety of apixaban, at a dose of 5 mg twice daily, as compared with aspirin, at a dose of 81 to 324 mg daily, for the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation for whom vitamin K antagonist therapy was considered unsuitable.
Methods
Study Design and Oversight
We conducted the study at 522 centers in 36 countries. Enrollment began on September 10, 2007, and was completed on December 23, 2009. The study was designed by the steering committee (see the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org), together with the sponsors, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer. The data were collected, validated, and analyzed at the Population Health Research Institute at Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, with on-site monitoring by the sponsors. All drafts of the manuscript were written by the first author, with the sponsors and all the other authors providing comments. All the authors vouch for the findings. There were no agreements between the authors and the sponsors that limited the authors' ability to publish the overall study results. The protocol was approved by the ethics committee at each participating site, and all patients provided written informed consent before enrollment.
The study protocol, which is available at NEJM.org, has been described in detail previously.11 Patients were eligible if they were 50 years of age or older and had atrial fibrillation documented in the 6 months before enrollment or by 12-lead electrocardiography on the day of screening. Patients also had to have at least one of the following risk factors for stroke: prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, an age of 75 years or older, arterial hypertension (receiving treatment), diabetes mellitus (receiving treatment), heart failure (New York Heart Association class 2 or higher at the time of enrollment), a left ventricular ejection fraction of 35% or less, or documented peripheral-artery disease. In addition, patients could not be receiving vitamin K antagonist therapy, either because it had already been demonstrated to be unsuitable for them or because it was expected to be unsuitable. The reasons that vitamin K antagonist therapy was unsuitable for the patient had to be documented on the study case-report forms.
The key exclusion criteria were the presence of conditions other than atrial fibrillation for which the patient required long-term anticoagulation, valvular disease requiring surgery, a serious bleeding event in the previous 6 months or a high risk of bleeding (e.g., active peptic ulcer disease, a platelet count of <100,000 per cubic millimeter or hemoglobin level of <10 g per deciliter, stroke within the previous 10 days, documented hemorrhagic tendencies, or blood dyscrasias), current alcohol or drug abuse or psychosocial issues, life expectancy of less than 1 year, severe renal insufficiency (a serum creatinine level of >2.5 mg per deciliter [221 μmol per liter] or a calculated creatinine clearance of <25 ml per minute), an alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase level greater than 2 times the upper limit of the normal range or a total bilirubin more than 1.5 times the upper limit of the normal range, and allergy to aspirin.
Patients were randomly assigned to receive apixaban at a dose of 5 mg twice daily or aspirin at a dose of 81 to 324 mg per day. Randomization was performed with the use of a 24-hour central, computerized, automated voice-response system. In keeping with the double-dummy design, patients who were assigned to receive apixaban also received an aspirin placebo, and those assigned to receive aspirin also received an apixaban placebo. A reduced dose of apixaban (2.5 mg twice daily) was used throughout the study for patients who met two of the following criteria: an age of 80 years or older, a body weight of 60 kg or less, or a serum creatinine level of 1.5 mg per deciliter (133 μmol per liter) or higher. The dose of aspirin was one to four 81-mg tablets daily, with the dose selected at the discretion of the local investigator. Investigators were encouraged to discontinue any nonstudy aspirin at the time of randomization. Patients taking a thienopyridine at baseline were not eligible for inclusion in the study, although these drugs could be prescribed during the study if an indication emerged.
Outcomes
The primary efficacy outcome was the occurrence of stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) or systemic embolism. Stroke was a clinical diagnosis that was made on the basis of typical symptoms lasting at least 24 hours. Brain imaging, which was available in the vast majority of patients, was not required but was recommended for the general diagnosis of stroke; however, it was required to differentiate ischemic from hemorrhagic events. The primary safety outcome was the occurrence of major bleeding, defined as clinically overt bleeding accompanied by one or more of the following: a decrease in the hemoglobin level of 2 g per deciliter or more over a 24-hour period, transfusion of 2 or more units of packed red cells, bleeding at a critical site (intracranial, intraspinal, intraocular, pericardial, intraarticular, intramuscular with compartment syndrome, or retroperitoneal), or fatal bleeding. Other outcomes of interest included the rates of myocardial infarction, death from vascular causes, and death from any cause, as well as of composites of major vascular events. All outcomes were adjudicated by a committee whose members were unaware of the treatment assignments. Cases of stroke and intracranial hemorrhage were adjudicated by neurologists.
Statistical Analysis
We estimated that with a total of 5600 patients enrolled and 226 primary outcome events, the study would have at least 90% power to detect a 35% relative reduction in events with apixaban as compared with aspirin, at a one-side alpha level of 0.025, assuming a rate of the primary outcome of 3.3% per year (i.e., 3.3 events per 100 person-years) among patients taking aspirin. An independent data and safety monitoring board monitored the study for safety. Formal interim analyses were planned when 50% and 75% of the primary efficacy events had accrued. Stopping rules were based on an analysis of the primary outcome for which modified Haybittle–Peto boundaries of 4 SD (log hazard ratio) were used in the first half of the study and 3 SD in the second half. If either of these thresholds was crossed, a confirmatory analysis was to be performed 3 months later, and if that analysis also crossed the specified boundary, the data and safety monitoring board could recommend that the trial be terminated. The CHADS2 scale was used to assess a patient's risk of stroke. The CHADS2 scale is a measure of the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Congestive heart failure, hypertension, an age of 75 years or older, and diabetes are each assigned 1 point, and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack is assigned 2 points; the score is calculated by summing all the points for a given patient, with a higher score indicating a greater risk of stroke. All primary efficacy and safety analyses were based on the intention-to-treat principle. Cox proportional-hazards modeling and log-rank testing were used for efficacy and safety analyses. Baseline data are reported as means ±SD for quantitative data and as percentages for proportions. Data on adverse events were compared with the use of chi-square tests.
Results
Patients
The baseline clinical characteristics were well balanced between the two study groups (Table 1Table 1
Baseline Characteristics of the Patients and Doses of Study Medication.). A total of 37% of the patients were from North America or Western Europe. In the 30 days before screening, three quarters of the patients had been taking aspirin and 15% had been taking a vitamin K antagonist. Of the 5599 patients enrolled, 2216 (40%) had previously received but discontinued vitamin K antagonist therapy; for 932 of these patients (42%), it was determined that the INR could not be maintained in the therapeutic range (Table 2Table 2
Reasons for Unsuitability of Vitamin K Antagonist (VKA) Therapy.). In the case of 2387 of the 5599 patients enrolled in the study (43%), the physician had determined that INR measurements could not be obtained or were unlikely to be obtained at the requested intervals. Vitamin K antagonist therapy was considered to be unsuitable for 1195 patients (21%) because the risk of stroke was only moderate, as assessed by a score of 1 on the CHADS2 scale. There were 2092 patients (37%) who did not want to take vitamin K antagonists; in the case of 815 patients (15%), this was the only reason that vitamin K antagonist therapy was unsuitable.Early Termination of Study
The data and safety monitoring committee reviewed the results of the first planned interim analysis of efficacy on February 19, 2010, at which time 104 events had occurred, and observed a treatment benefit in favor of apixaban for the primary outcome that exceeded 4 SD. The results of a confirmatory analysis were reviewed on May 28, 2010, at which time the P value was 0.000002 (z=4.76), and study termination was recommended. Events that occurred through May 28, 2010, were included in the primary analyses. The patients' final study visits were scheduled to occur between July 1 and August 15, 2010. The mean duration of follow-up through May 28, 2010, was 1.1 years.
Study Treatment
Most patients received apixaban or an apixaban placebo at a dose of 5 mg twice a day. A total of 6% of the patients in the apixaban group and 7% in the aspirin group received 2.5 mg twice a day, according to protocol. A daily dose of 81 mg of aspirin or aspirin placebo was used in the case of 65% of the patients in the apixaban group and 64% in the aspirin group. A total of 264 of the 2808 patients in the apixaban group (9%) and 246 of the 2791 in the aspirin group (9%) took nonstudy aspirin more than 50% of the time during the study. Clopidogrel was used at least once during the study in combination with aspirin or aspirin placebo by 38 patients in the apixaban group (1%) and 46 in the aspirin group (2%) and was used more than 50% of the time by 13 patients and 18 patients in the two groups, respectively.
Outcome Events
There were 51 primary outcome events (a rate of 1.6% per year) among patients assigned to apixaban and 113 (3.7% per year) among patients assigned to aspirin (hazard ratio with apixaban, 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32 to 0.62; P<0.001; z=4.76) (Table 3Table 3
Rates of Study Outcomes in the Two Treatment Groups. and Figure 1Figure 1Cumulative Hazard Rates for the Primary Efficacy and Safety Outcomes, According to Treatment Group.). The corresponding rates of ischemic stroke were 1.1% per year and 3.0% per year (hazard ratio with apixaban, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.55; P<0.001). There were six cases of hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral hemorrhage) among patients receiving apixaban and nine among those receiving aspirin. The rate of death was 3.5% per year in the apixaban group and 4.4% per year in the aspirin group (hazard ratio with apixaban, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.02; P=0.07). The rate of hospitalization for cardiovascular causes was lower in the apixaban group than in the aspirin group (12.6% per year vs. 15.9% per year; hazard ratio with apixaban, 0.79; 95% CI 0.69 to 0.91; P<0.001). In an analysis that included all events up to the final study visits, there were 56 primary outcome events (a rate of 1.6% per year) in the apixaban group and 126 (3.6% per year) in the aspirin group (hazard ratio with apixaban, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.60; P<0.001; z=5.12).Adverse Events
There were 44 major bleeding events (a rate of 1.4% per year) among patients taking apixaban and 39 (1.2% per year) among those taking aspirin (hazard ratio with apixaban,1.13; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.75; P=0.57) (Figure 1B). There were 188 and 153 minor bleeding events in the apixaban and aspirin groups, respectively (hazard ratio with apixaban, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.53; P=0.05). In an on-treatment analysis, which included only events that occurred in patients while they were receiving the study treatment (i.e., ≤2 days after permanent discontinuation of the study medication), there were 45 major bleeding events (1.4% per year) among patients in the apixaban group, as compared with 29 (0.9% per year) among patients in the aspirin group (hazard ratio, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.96 to 2.45; P=0.07). The composite rate of stroke, systemic embolism, myocardial infarction, death from vascular causes, or major bleeding was reduced with apixaban, as compared with aspirin (intention-to-treat analysis, 5.3% per year vs. 7.2% per year; hazard ratio 0.74; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.90; P=0.003; on-treatment analysis, 4.0% per year vs. 6.3% per year; hazard ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.80; P<0.001).
At 2 years, the rates of permanent discontinuation of the study medication were 17.9% per year in the apixaban group and 20.5% per year in the aspirin group; the risk of permanent discontinuation was 12% lower in the apixaban group than in the aspirin group (hazard ratio with apixaban, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.99; P=0.03). Significantly fewer patients in the apixaban group than in the aspirin group had a serious adverse event (22% vs. 27%, P<0.001), mostly owing to a reduced number of events related to vascular disorders of the central nervous system among patients taking apixaban. Liver-function tests were performed at every visit during the study. A total of 38 patients in the apixaban group (1%) and 44 in the aspirin group (2%) had aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase levels that were 3 or more times the upper limit of the normal range; 6 patients in the apixaban group and 10 in the aspirin group had aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase levels that were 3 or more times the upper limit of the normal range along with total bilirubin levels that were 2 or more times the upper limit of the normal range. For a list of serious adverse events and abnormal liver-function tests, see Table 1 in the Supplementary Appendix.
Subgroup Analyses
There were no significant interactions between the treatment effects and various characteristics of the patients (Figure 2Figure 2
Relative Risks of the Primary Efficacy and Safety Outcomes, According to Subgroup.). The benefit of apixaban was consistent in subgroups according to prior receipt or no prior receipt of vitamin K antagonists and in subgroups according to CHADS2 score. Among 764 patients who were at high risk because of a prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, there was a reduction in the rate of stroke or systemic embolism with apixaban as compared with aspirin (2.5% per year vs. 8.3% per year; absolute rate reduction, 5.8 percentage points per year).Discussion
In patients for whom vitamin K antagonist therapy was considered unsuitable, apixaban, as compared with aspirin, reduced the risk of stroke or systemic embolism by more than 50%, without a significant increase in the risk of major bleeding. Although the early termination of the trial is a potential limitation and could theoretically have inflated the estimate of benefit, the statistical threshold for stopping the trial was very high, and the boundary had to be exceeded on two consecutive formal reviews, thereby ensuring the robustness of the findings.
Patients were eligible for this study if their physicians considered vitamin K antagonist therapy to be unsuitable for them. Large administrative database surveys indicate that at least one third of patients who are considered to be ideal candidates for anticoagulation therapy are not receiving it.12-14 The difficulties of monitoring the INR in patients who are receiving vitamin K antagonist therapy are well documented and contribute to its underuse. The difficulty or anticipated difficulty of maintaining the INR in the therapeutic range was a major reason for the unsuitability of vitamin K antagonist therapy in this study. In a meta-analysis of surveys of warfarin use in the United States, the mean time that the INR was in the therapeutic range was 55%.3 More than one third of the patients in our study refused to take a vitamin K antagonist. A similar rate of refusal of vitamin K antagonist therapy was reported in the Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE) A (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00249873).7 The reluctance of patients to use a vitamin K antagonist is not surprising, given the inconvenience of INR monitoring, the lifestyle changes required, and the real and perceived difficulties associated with warfarin therapy. The 2006 American College of Cardiology–American Heart Association–European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation recommend that for patients with a CHADS2 score of 1, physicians choose either a vitamin K antagonist or aspirin.15 In the current study, apixaban was much more effective than aspirin for the prevention of stroke, with a risk of bleeding that was similar to that of aspirin, indicating that its ratio of benefit to risk may be better than that of vitamin K antagonists and that it could be useful in these moderate-risk patients.
Other antithrombotic agents have been compared with aspirin for the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation. In ACTIVE A, the addition of clopidogrel to aspirin reduced the risk of stroke by 28%,7 and in meta-analyses of randomized trials of vitamin K antagonist therapy as compared with aspirin, vitamin K antagonist therapy reduced the risk of stroke by 39%.6,16 These indirect comparisons suggest that apixaban is more effective than clopidogrel plus aspirin and at least as effective as warfarin. The latter hypothesis is being tested in the ongoing Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation randomized study (ARISTOTLE; NCT00412984).17
Neither the intention-to-treat analysis nor the on-treatment analysis showed a significant increase in the risk of major bleeding with apixaban as compared with aspirin, although the point estimate of the hazard ratio was higher in the on-treatment analysis. The on-treatment analysis may provide a more specific measure of the effect of therapy but does so at the risk of introducing potential bias. Hemorrhagic strokes and other intracranial bleeding (e.g., subdural bleeding) are perhaps the most feared and serious adverse effects of antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation.18 A meta-analysis showed that vitamin K antagonist therapy as compared with aspirin more than doubled the risk of intracranial bleeding,6 and in ACTIVE W (NCT00243178), vitamin K antagonist therapy as compared with clopidogrel plus aspirin more than doubled the risk of hemorrhagic stroke.19 In the current study, apixaban as compared with aspirin reduced the risk of ischemic stroke by more than 60% but did not appear to increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. This finding, together with the report of a much lower risk of hemorrhagic stroke with dabigatran as compared with warfarin,20 indicates that reduction of intracranial bleeding will be one of the most important benefits of the newer oral antithrombotic drugs over vitamin K antagonist therapy.
To evaluate the net benefit of apixaban, we used a composite outcome that included ischemic events and major bleeding. The rate of this outcome was significantly reduced with apixaban as compared with aspirin (5.3% per year vs. 7.2% per year, P=0.003). Both major ischemic and bleeding events increase the risk of death. In this study, the rate of death with apixaban as compared with aspirin was reduced by 1 percentage point per year (P=0.07). Among patients with atrial fibrillation, hospitalization for cardiovascular causes is strongly associated with increased mortality,21 directly reflects the well-being of patients, and has a major impact on health care costs. In our study, the rate of hospitalization for cardiovascular causes was significantly reduced with apixaban as compared with aspirin (12.6% per year vs. 15.9% per year, P<0.001). Apixaban was also associated with fewer serious adverse events and lower rates of discontinuation of medication, indicating that it had an acceptable side-effect profile as compared with aspirin. On the basis of the results of the intention-to-treat analysis, treating 1000 patients for 1 year with apixaban rather than with aspirin would prevent 21 strokes or systemic emboli, 9 deaths, and 33 hospitalizations for cardiovascular causes, at the cost of 2 major bleeding events.
In summary, among patients with atrial fibrillation who are at high risk for stroke and for whom vitamin K antagonist therapy is unsuitable, apixaban, as compared with aspirin, substantially reduced the risk of stroke, with no significant increase in the risk of major bleeding or intracranial bleeding. The net clinical benefit of apixaban in these patients was therefore substantial.
Supported by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer.
Dr. Connolly reports receiving payment for serving on the boards of Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi-Aventis, Portola, and Merck, consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi-Aventis, Portola, and Merck, grant support on behalf of his institution, McMaster University, from Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi-Aventis, Portola, and Bristol-Myers Squibb, and lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi-Aventis, and Portola; Dr. Eikelboom, receiving consulting fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi-Aventis, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, and Novartis and lecture fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi-Aventis, Eli Lilly, and AstraZeneca; Dr. Joyner, receiving honoraria from Hamilton Health Sciences as the cochair of the RELY adjudication committee; Dr. Diener, receiving payment for serving on the boards of Abbott, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, CoAxia, D-Pharm, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Medtronic, MindFrame, Neurobiological Technologies, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, and Solvay, consulting fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer Vital, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, CoAxia, D-Pharm, Fresenius, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Knoll, Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Medtronic, MindFrame, Neurobiological Technologies, Novartis, Novo-Nordisk, Paion, Parke-Davis, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, Sankyo, Schering-Plough, Servier, Solvay, Thrombogenics, Wyeth, and Yamaguchi, grant support on behalf of his institution, University Duisburg-Essen, from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Janssen-Cilag, and Sanofi-Aventis, lecture fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bayer Vital, Boehringer Ingelheim, CoAxia, D-Pharm, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharpe and Dohme, MindFrame, Neurobiological Technologies, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, Solvay, and Thrombogenics, payment from Boehringer Ingelheim and Sanofi-Aventis for manuscript preparation, and payment from Boehringer Ingelheim for developing educational presentations; Dr. Flaker, receiving payment for serving as a consultant on Bristol-Myers Squibb's advisory board; Dr. Avezum, receiving payment from Boehringer Ingelheim for giving lectures in the Satellite Symposium; Dr. Hohnloser, receiving consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, St. Jude Medical, Sanofi-Aventis, and Cardiome, and lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, St. Jude Medical, Sanofi-Aventis, and Cardiome; Dr. Talajic, receiving consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and Bristol-Myers Squibb, grant support on behalf of his institution, the Montreal Heart Institute, from Boehringer Ingelheim, and lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and Bristol-Myers Squibb; Dr. Budaj, receiving consulting fees from Sanofi-Aventis, Eli Lilly, Novartis, and AstraZeneca, grant support both for himself and on behalf of his institution, Grochowski Hospital, from Sanofi-Aventis, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and AstraZeneca, lecture fees from Sanofi-Aventis, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, and AstraZeneca, and reimbursement for travel, accommodations, or meeting expenses from Sanofi-Aventis, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, and AstraZeneca; Dr. Parkhomenko, receiving consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Bayer, Takeda, GlaxoSmithKline, Borschagovskiy, Servier, Sanofi-Aventis, Astellas, and Boehringer Ingelheim, lecture fees from Servier, Orion, GlaxoSmithKline, and Pfizer, and payment from Servier and Pfizer for developing educational presentations; Dr. Commerford, having testified as an expert witness on the importance of anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation, receiving consulting fees from UpToDate and reimbursement for committee meeting expenses on behalf of his institution, the Cardiac Clinic, from Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi-Aventis, and Bristol-Myers Squibb; Dr. Tan, receiving payment for serving on a regional advisory board for Bayer; Dr. Lewis, receiving consulting fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb; Dr. Lip, receiving consulting fees from Astellas, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Daiichi, Merck, Portola, Biotronic, Sanofi-Aventis, and AstraZeneca, grant support on behalf of his institution, City Hospital, from Bayer, lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Merck, and Sanofi-Aventis, and payment from Boehringer Ingelheim for developing educational presentations; Dr. Lawrence, being an employee of Bristol-Myers Squibb; and Dr. Yusuf, receiving consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi-Aventis, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Glaxo-SmithKline, and grant support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi-Aventis, Novartis, AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, and Bristol-Myers Squibb.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.
No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
This article (10.1056/NEJMoa1007432) was published on February 10, 2011, at NEJM.org.
Source Information
The affiliations of the authors are listed in the Appendix.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Connolly at Population Health Research Institute, 237 Barton St. E., Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada, or at stuart.connolly@phri.ca.
Appendix
The authors' affiliations are as follows: Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., J.E., G.L., R.A., S.Y.); University of Toronto, Toronto (C.J.); University Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); University of Texas, San Antonio (R.H.); Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center, Moscow (S.G.); University of Missouri, Columbia (G.F.); Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo (A.A.); Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany (S.H.H.); Estudios Clinícos Latinoamérica, Rosario, Argentina (R.D.); Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal (M.T.); FuWai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z.); St. John's Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India (P.P.); Postgraduate Medical School, Grochowski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (A.B.); Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic (P.J.); Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (P.C.); National Heart Center, Singapore, Singapore (R.S.T.); Clinical Research Centre, Sarawak, Malaysia (K.-H.S.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg Campus St.-Jan, Genk, Belgium (W.V.M.); City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); St. Paul's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (J.H.K.); Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile (F.L.-Z.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City (A.G.-H.); University of the Philippines College of Medicine, Manila (A.L.D.); Harapan Kita Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia (M.M.); HRB Clinical Research Facility, Galway, Ireland (M.O.); and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (J.L.).
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