Original Article
A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Fingolimod in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
N Engl J Med 2010; 362:387-401February 4, 2010
- Abstract
Background
Oral fingolimod, a sphingosine-1-phosphate–receptor modulator that prevents the egress of lymphocytes from lymph nodes, significantly improved relapse rates and end points measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as compared with either placebo or intramuscular interferon beta-1a, in phase 2 and 3 studies of multiple sclerosis.
Methods
In our 24-month, double-blind, randomized study, we enrolled patients who had relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis, were 18 to 55 years of age, had a score of 0 to 5.5 on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (which ranges from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater disability), and had had one or more relapses in the previous year or two or more in the previous 2 years. Patients received oral fingolimod at a dose of 0.5 mg or 1.25 mg daily or placebo. End points included the annualized relapse rate (the primary end point) and the time to disability progression (a secondary end point).
Results
A total of 1033 of the 1272 patients (81.2%) completed the study. The annualized relapse rate was 0.18 with 0.5 mg of fingolimod, 0.16 with 1.25 mg of fingolimod, and 0.40 with placebo (P<0.001 for either dose vs. placebo). Fingolimod at doses of 0.5 mg and 1.25 mg significantly reduced the risk of disability progression over the 24-month period (hazard ratio, 0.70 and 0.68, respectively; P=0.02 vs. placebo, for both comparisons). The cumulative probability of disability progression (confirmed after 3 months) was 17.7% with 0.5 mg of fingolimod, 16.6% with 1.25 mg of fingolimod, and 24.1% with placebo. Both fingolimod doses were superior to placebo with regard to MRI-related measures (number of new or enlarged lesions on T2 -weighted images, gadolinium-enhancing lesions, and brain-volume loss; P<0.001 for all comparisons at 24 months). Causes of study discontinuation and adverse events related to fingolimod included bradycardia and atrioventricular conduction block at the time of fingolimod initiation, macular edema, elevated liver-enzyme levels, and mild hypertension.
Conclusions
As compared with placebo, both doses of oral fingolimod improved the relapse rate, the risk of disability progression, and end points on MRI. These benefits will need to be weighed against possible long-term risks. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00289978.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Enrollment, Randomization, and Follow-up of Study Patients.Figure 2
Study End Points, According to Study Group.Article Activity
- Article
Fingolimod (FTY720) is an oral sphingosine-1-phosphate–receptor modulator1 that is currently being evaluated for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. There is evidence that fingolimod acts by preventing lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes.2,3 This leads to a reduced infiltration of potentially autoaggressive lymphocytes into the central nervous system.4,5 Preclinical findings also suggest that fingolimod may promote neuroprotective and reparative processes within the central nervous system through modulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors expressed on neural cells.6-12
A 6-month, phase 2, placebo-controlled study13 and its open-label extension study14 showed sustained suppression, for up to 5 years, of both relapse and inflammatory activity in patients receiving fingolimod. Furthermore, in a recently completed, 12-month, phase 3 study involving patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (TRANSFORMS [Trial Assessing Injectable Interferon vs. FTY720 Oral in RRMS]; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00340834), reported elsewhere in this issue of the Journal, fingolimod reduced the relapse rate and disease activity as measured with the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as compared with a once-weekly, intramuscular injection of interferon beta-1a at a dose of 30 μg.15
In our phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, called FREEDOMS (FTY720 Research Evaluating Effects of Daily Oral therapy in Multiple Sclerosis), we investigated the effects of daily fingolimod treatment for 24 months on the relapse rate, disability progression, and MRI measures of inflammation, burden of disease, and tissue destruction in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis.
Methods
Study Oversight
Steering-committee members (listed in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org) collaborated with the sponsor, Novartis Pharma, to develop the protocol and monitor the ongoing study. Data were collected by the investigators and analyzed by the sponsor. All the authors had access to the data, participated in the data analysis and interpretation, and wrote the manuscript. All authors vouch for the accuracy and completeness of the data and the statistical analysis. All authors participated in the writing of the manuscript and approved the final manuscript before submitting it for publication.
Patients
Key eligibility criteria were an age of 18 to 55 years; a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, according to the revised McDonald criteria16; a relapsing–remitting course17; one or more documented relapses in the previous year or two or more in the previous 2 years; and a score of 0 to 5.5 on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS; which ranges from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater disability).18 Key exclusion criteria were relapse or corticosteroid treatment within 30 days before randomization, active infection, macular edema, diabetes mellitus, immune suppression (drug- or disease-induced), or clinically significant systemic disease. Interferon-beta or glatiramer acetate therapy had to have been stopped 3 or more months before randomization.
The study was conducted in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice19 and the Declaration of Helsinki.20 The protocol was approved by each site's institutional review board; patients gave written informed consent before any study-related procedures were performed.
Study Design and Randomization
Patients were randomly assigned, in a 1:1:1 ratio, to receive oral fingolimod capsules in a dose of 0.5 mg or 1.25 mg or matching placebo, once daily for 24 months. Randomization was performed centrally, with the use of a validated system and stratification according to site, with a block size of six within each site.
To ensure that all assessments remained unbiased regarding the study-group assignments (i.e., unaffected by awareness of them), an independent, specially trained and certified21 examining neurologist determined all the EDSS scores; this examining neurologist or a trained technician administered the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC; comprising the average of the scores on the timed 25-foot walk, the 9-hole peg test, and the paced auditory serial-addition test with a 3-second interstimulus interval, with each converted to a z score [with the combined study population at baseline as the reference population], with higher scores representing improvement).22 Another independent physician monitored patients for 6 or more hours after administration of the first dose of the study drug. MRI scans were analyzed at a central MRI evaluation center by radiologists who were unaware of the study-group assignments, and an independent data and safety monitoring board evaluated the safety and overall benefit–risk profiles.
Study Procedures and End Points
Clinical assessments were performed at screening and at randomization (baseline), and study visits, including safety assessments, were scheduled at 2 weeks and 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 months after randomization. The EDSS score was determined every 3 months, and the MSFC z score every 6 months. Standardized MRI scans were obtained at the screening visit and at 6, 12, and 24 months and were analyzed centrally at the Multiple Sclerosis–MRI Evaluation Center at the University Hospital in Basel, Switzerland.
The primary end point was the annualized relapse rate, defined as the number of confirmed relapses per year. Relapses were verified by the examining neurologist within 7 days after the onset of symptoms. To constitute a confirmed relapse, the symptoms must have been accompanied by an increase of at least half a point in the EDSS score, of one point in each of two EDSS functional-system scores, or of two points in one EDSS functional-system score (excluding scores for the bowel–bladder or cerebral functional systems).
The key secondary end point was the time to confirmed disability progression, defined as an increase of one point in the EDSS score (or half a point if the baseline EDSS score was equal to 5.5), confirmed after 3 months, with an absence of relapse at the time of assessment and with all EDSS scores measured during that time meeting the criteria for disability progression.
Other secondary end points included the time to a first relapse, time to disability progression (confirmed after 6 months), changes in the EDSS score and MSFC z score23 between baseline and 24 months, number of gadolinium-enhancing lesions, proportion of patients free from gadolinium-enhancing lesions, number of new or enlarged lesions on T2-weighted MRI scans, proportion of patients free from new or enlarged lesions on T2-weighted scans, volumes of hyperintense lesions on T2-weighted scans and hypointense lesions on T1-weighted scans, change in brain volume between baseline and 24 months, and safety and tolerability measures. Specifications of the adverse-event monitoring procedure, as defined in the study protocol, were the same as those in TRANSFORMS and are detailed in the Supplementary Appendix, which also provides other methodologic details.
Statistical Analysis
For the primary end point, on the basis of data from a phase 2 study of fingolimod,13,24 the expected annualized relapse rate was 0.7 for the group receiving placebo and 0.42 for the group receiving 1.25 mg of fingolimod, with a common standard deviation of 1.06. We calculated that a sample of 1250 patients would provide 95% statistical power to detect a relative reduction of 40% or more in the annualized relapse rate with fingolimod as compared with placebo, after 24 months. With this sample size, using a log-rank test and a two-sided α level of 0.05 (assuming a study-discontinuation rate of 25%13), we calculated that the study would have a statistical power of more than 90% to detect an absolute difference between the two groups of 12% in the proportion of patients with disability progression (confirmed after 3 months) at month 24, which was expected to be approximately 30% in the placebo group.
Both the intention-to-treat population and the safety population included all patients who had undergone randomization. The study tested two null hypotheses: that there were no differences in the annualized relapse rate between the group receiving fingolimod at a dose of 1.25 mg and the group receiving placebo or between the group receiving fingolimod at a dose of 0.5 mg and the group receiving placebo. The aggregate annualized relapse rate was estimated by means of a negative binomial regression model with adjustment for study group, country, number of relapses within 2 years before baseline, and EDSS score at baseline. The time to relapse or progression was estimated with the use of the Kaplan–Meier method.25 The times to disability progression (confirmed after 3 or 6 months) were compared in the main analysis by means of the log-rank test and in the supportive analysis by means of a Cox proportional-hazards model with adjustment for study group, country, baseline EDSS score, and age. To control for a type I statistical error, a prospectively planned, hierarchical testing procedure was used to compare fingolimod with placebo regarding the primary and key secondary end points, in the following order: the annualized relapse rate, first in association with 1.25 mg of fingolimod and next in association with 0.5 mg of fingolimod, and then the time to disability progression (confirmed after 3 months), first with 1.25 mg of fingolimod and next with 0.5 mg of fingolimod. Each test was performed with a significance level of 0.05. However, the next test was performed only when the preceding test was statistically significant. Missing data were not imputed.
Safety analyses were summarized by means of descriptive statistics; inferential significance testing was not performed. Statistical details for other end points are provided in the Supplementary Appendix.
Results
Study Population
From January 2006 through August 2007, a total of 1272 patients were randomly assigned to a study group (Figure 1Figure 1
Enrollment, Randomization, and Follow-up of Study Patients.) at 138 centers in 22 countries (see the Supplementary Appendix for a list of the centers and principal investigators). Baseline characteristics were similar across the three study groups (Table 1Table 1
Baseline Characteristics of the Patients, According to Study Group.). In total, 1033 patients (81.2%) completed the 24-month study, with 945 (74.3%) still receiving the assigned study drug. The study drug was discontinued in proportionately fewer patients in the group receiving 0.5 mg of fingolimod (18.8%) than in the group receiving 1.25 mg of fingolimod (30.5%) or in the placebo group (27.5%). Reasons for study-drug discontinuation are listed in Figure 1.Efficacy
All clinical and MRI-related efficacy end points significantly favored both doses of fingolimod over placebo, and there were no significant differences in efficacy between the two fingolimod doses (Table 2Table 2
Clinical and MRI End Points, According to Study Group.).Relapse
The aggregate annualized relapse rate (the primary end point) was lower with fingolimod at a dose of 0.5 mg (0.18) and fingolimod at a dose of 1.25 mg (0.16) than with placebo (0.40), representing relative reductions of 54% and 60%, respectively, in the annualized relapse rate (Table 2). As compared with placebo, both doses of fingolimod reduced the annualized relapse rate among patients who had not previously received disease-modifying treatment as well as among those who had been treated previously (P<0.01 for all comparisons). In the fingolimod groups as compared with the placebo group, the time to a first relapse was longer (Figure 2AFigure 2
Study End Points, According to Study Group.), the risk of relapse was reduced, and proportionately more patients remained free of relapse during the 24-month period (Table 2).Disability
The time to disability progression, with confirmation either after 3 months (the key secondary end point) or after 6 months, was longer with both fingolimod doses than with placebo (Figure 2B and Table 2). Fingolimod reduced the risk of disability progression, confirmed after 3 months, over the 24-month study period (hazard ratios, 0.68 for the 1.25-mg dose and 0.70 for the 0.5-mg dose). The cumulative probability of disability progression (confirmed after 3 months) was 17.7% for 0.5 mg of fingolimod, 16.6% for 1.25 mg of fingolimod, and 24.1% for placebo. Regarding disability progression that was confirmed after 6 months, the risk was also reduced with fingolimod over the 24-month study period (hazard ratio, 0.60 with the 1.25-mg dose and 0.63 for the 0.5-mg dose), and the cumulative probability of progression was 12.5% for 0.5 mg of fingolimod, 11.5% for 1.25 mg of fingolimod, and 19.0% for placebo. During the study period, the EDSS scores and MSFC z scores remained stable or improved slightly in the fingolimod groups and worsened in the placebo group (Table 2).
MRI-Related End Points
Patients in either fingolimod group had significantly fewer gadolinium-enhancing lesions than those in the placebo group at 6, 12, and 24 months, as well as fewer new or enlarged lesions on T2-weighted MRI scans at 24 months (Table 2). Proportionately more patients in the fingolimod groups than in the placebo group were also free from gadolinium-enhancing or new or enlarging lesions at these time points (Table 2 and Figure 2C). The median volume of lesions on T2-weighted scans decreased between baseline and month 24 with fingolimod but increased with placebo.
During the 24-month study period, changes in the volume of hypointense lesions on T1-weighted scans favored both doses of fingolimod over placebo (Table 2). In addition, reductions in brain volume were smaller with fingolimod.
Adverse Events
Similar proportions of patients (93 to 94%) in the three study groups were reported to have adverse events (Table 3Table 3
Adverse Events in the Safety Population, According to Study Group.); the events were mild to moderate in severity in 82% of patients receiving 0.5 mg of fingolimod, 77% of those receiving 1.25 mg of fingolimod, and 77% of those receiving placebo. Adverse events that led to discontinuation of the study medication (including abnormal laboratory-test results) were more common with fingolimod at a dose of 1.25 mg (occurring in 14.2% of patients) than with fingolimod at a dose of 0.5 mg (occurring in 7.5%) or with placebo (occurring in 7.7%). Serious adverse events were reported for 10.1% of patients receiving 0.5 mg of fingolimod, 11.9% of those receiving 1.25 mg of fingolimod, and 13.4% of those receiving placebo. The most common serious adverse events, each reported for eight patients, were bradycardia, multiple sclerosis relapse, and basal-cell carcinoma. All other serious adverse events occurred in four or fewer patients (<1%) in any study group. The seven episodes of bradycardia in the two fingolimod groups (four in the 0.5-mg group and three in the 1.25-mg group) were reported during the monitoring period after administration of the first dose. Six of these events were asymptomatic; the patients continued to receive fingolimod and the episodes were reported as serious adverse events because the protocol-defined discharge criteria for the first-dose monitoring period were not met.Three deaths occurred during the study, two with placebo and one with 1.25 mg of fingolimod. The causes of death in the placebo group were pulmonary embolism and a traffic accident, and the cause in the fingolimod group was suicide.
Infections
The overall incidence of infection was similar in the fingolimod and placebo groups (69 to 72%); serious infections occurred in 1.6 to 2.6% of patients. Urinary tract infection was the only serious infection reported in more than one patient (reported in two patients in the group receiving 0.5 mg of fingolimod). Herpesvirus infections were reported in similar proportions of patients across the three study groups (Table 3). Of these infections, herpes zoster was reported in seven patients receiving 0.5 mg of fingolimod, three receiving 1.25 mg of fingolimod, and four receiving placebo. Two cases of herpesvirus infection were classified as serious adverse events: one case of genital herpes (in a patient receiving 1.25 mg of fingolimod) and one case of herpes simplex labialis (in a patient receiving 0.5 mg of fingolimod).
Lower respiratory tract infections (including bronchitis and pneumonia) were more common with fingolimod than with placebo (occurring in 41 patients [9.6%] receiving 0.5 mg of fingolimod and 49 patients [11.4%] receiving 1.25 mg of fingolimod vs. 25 patients [6.0%] receiving placebo).
Cardiovascular Events
Transient, dose-related decreases in the heart rate occurred after the first dose of fingolimod was administered, a finding that is consistent with previous clinical experience.13,15,24,27 Heart-rate decreases started 2 hours after receipt of the first dose, reaching the nadir after 4 to 5 hours, with attenuation beginning at 6 hours. The maximal reduction in the mean resting pulse rate, as compared with the baseline value, was 8 beats per minute 5 hours after the first dose of 0.5 mg of fingolimod and 10 beats per minute 4 hours after the first dose of 1.25 mg of fingolimod. Bradycardia (including the seven cases classified as serious adverse events) was reported in 9 patients receiving 0.5 mg of fingolimod, 14 receiving 1.25 mg of fingolimod, and 3 receiving placebo (Table 3). The majority of these events in the fingolimod groups occurred during the monitoring period after the first dose was administered (in 8 and 12 patients receiving 0.5 mg and 1.25 mg of fingolimod, respectively). Of these, six events were symptomatic (characterized by dizziness, chest discomfort, or palpitations) and all resolved with 24 hours; two patients received treatment for bradycardia.
First- and second-degree atrioventricular block was infrequently reported as an adverse event (Table 3). However, electrocardiography performed on day 1 revealed first-degree atrioventricular block in 20 patients receiving 0.5 mg of fingolimod, in 37 receiving 1.25 mg of fingolimod, and in 6 receiving placebo. Second-degree atrioventricular block (also known as Mobitz I periodicity) was identified on electrocardiography on day 1 in one patient receiving 0.5 mg of fingolimod and in four patients receiving 1.25 mg of fingolimod. Second-degree atrioventricular block was symptomatic in one patient (in the 1.25-mg group), who had shortness of breath and palpitations (Table 3). No clinically notable effect on heart rate or atrioventricular conduction was seen with continued use of fingolimod.
Starting during month 2, the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures obtained while the patient was seated increased from the baseline values; at month 24, they had increased by 1.9 and 0.7 mm Hg, respectively, with 0.5 mg of fingolimod and by 3.6 and 2.1 mm Hg, respectively, with 1.25 mg of fingolimod and had decreased by 0.4 and 0.5 mm Hg, respectively, in the placebo group.
Ophthalmic Events
Macular edema was diagnosed in seven patients, all of whom were receiving 1.25 mg of fingolimod. Three of these events were reported as serious adverse events (Table 3). Five of these seven cases of macular edema occurred within 3 months after the start of therapy. Six cases resolved within 1 to 6 months after treatment was discontinued. Mean visual acuity and central foveal thickness remained stable in all patients throughout the study.
Neoplasms
Malignant neoplasms were reported in 4 patients receiving 0.5 mg of fingolimod, 4 receiving 1.25 mg of fingolimod, and 10 receiving placebo (Table 3). All 11 skin cancers (basal-cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, or Bowen's disease) that occurred (3 cases with 1.25-mg fingolimod, 4 with 0.5-mg fingolimod, and 4 with placebo) were removed successfully.
Laboratory Abnormalities
At 1 month, peripheral-blood lymphocyte counts were reduced from the baseline counts by an average of 73% with 0.5 mg of fingolimod and 76% with 1.25 mg of fingolimod, remaining stable thereafter (see the Supplementary Appendix). These were not reported as adverse events by the investigators, who remained unaware of the actual values unless they dropped to less than 0.2×109 per liter. Increases in the alanine aminotransferase level to three times the upper limit of the normal range or more were more frequent in the fingolimod groups (reported in 8.5% of patients in the 0.5-mg group and 12.5% in the 1.25-mg group) than in the placebo group (1.7%) and occurred predominantly in men. One patient receiving 0.5 mg of fingolimod had an increase in the alanine aminotransferase level to more than 10 times the upper limit of the normal range. Elevated liver-enzyme levels returned to normal in all patients, even in the few who continued the study treatment. In all three groups, bilirubin levels remained stable, with no clinically relevant changes during the study.
Discussion
This 2-year study showed that as compared with placebo, both doses of fingolimod tested reduced the annualized relapse rate. Disability progression was also significantly reduced in patients receiving fingolimod as compared with those receiving placebo. These clinical findings are supported by the results regarding the MRI end points and are in line with the results of a 6-month, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study13 and a 1-year, phase 3 study comparing fingolimod with an active drug (intramuscular interferon beta-1a) (TRANSFORMS).15
The 30% reduction in the rate of reduction of brain volume in this study — detected as early as 6 months after initiation of the study drug and also seen over a 12-month period in TRANSFORMS15 — is an interesting corollary to the clinical findings. It remains to be established whether this effect is due to the reduction in inflammatory activity or reflects direct interactions between the drug and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors on neural cells,6,7,10 as suggested by studies in animals and by in vitro observations.6-12
This study also provides important 2-year, placebo-controlled information about the safety of fingolimod. As medications used to treat multiple sclerosis become increasingly potent, attention to safety findings is paramount. Possible concerns include infections, cardiovascular effects, macular edema, and elevated liver-enzyme levels. The safety profile warrants further longer-term assessment.
As expected on the basis of its mechanism of action, fingolimod treatment led to a reduction in circulating lymphocytes of approximately 70% in the present study. The overall incidence of infection was similar across the three study groups, with the exception of lower respiratory tract infections, which were more common with fingolimod than with placebo. Although similar proportions of patients in the three groups had herpesvirus infections, reactivation of latent herpes remains a potential risk with immunomodulatory therapy; two fatal herpes infections occurred in TRANSFORMS with the 1.25-mg dose of fingolimod.15
Cardiovascular effects of fingolimod included slowing of the heart rate and atrioventricular conduction block at the time of the first dose. These effects appear to be dose-dependent and specifically related to the binding of the drug to sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors in cardiac tissue.28 Interactions with sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors in smooth muscle may account for the mild increase in blood pressure seen during long-term treatment. The long-term relevance of this finding is unclear.
Fingolimod was infrequently associated with macular edema, which resolved with discontinuation of the drug. The frequency of this complication and possible implications during long-term use are not known.
Elevations in liver-enzyme levels were common findings in this study and in earlier studies.13,24 These elevated values resolved after fingolimod was discontinued.13,15,24
Our findings do not suggest an increased risk of cancer with the use of fingolimod. However, further long-term observation is necessary, since the risk of cancer is potentially increased by the use of any immunomodulatory agent.
In conclusion, oral fingolimod as compared with placebo had superior efficacy in this 24-month study involving patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Rates of relapse, progression of clinical disability, and MRI evidence of inflammatory lesion activity and tissue destruction were all significantly reduced with the use of fingolimod. The two doses of fingolimod had similar efficacy, and adverse events may be less frequent with the 0.5-mg dose than with the 1.25-mg dose. Thorough observation and long-term follow-up are necessary for a more informed assessment of the benefits and risks of this new treatment option for relapsing multiple sclerosis.
Supported by Novartis Pharma.
Dr. Kappos reports receiving consulting or advisory fees from Accorda, Actelion, Allergan, Allozyne, Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Biogen-Dompé, Boehringer Ingelheim, Genmab, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinova, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Santhera, Teva Pharmaceuticals, UCB Pharma, and Wyeth; lecture fees from Biogen Idec, Helvea, GlaxoSmithKline, Mediservice, and Merck Serono; and grant support from Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, CSL Behring, the European Community Research Fund, Genmab, Genzyme, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinova, Merck Serono, Novartis, Novartis Foundation, the Rubato Foundation, Roche, Santhera, Sanofi Aventis, and UCB Pharma; Dr. Radue, receiving consulting or advisory fees from Actelion, Biogen Idec, Novartis, and Merck Serono and lecture fees from Actelion and Merck Serono; Dr. O'Connor, receiving consulting or advisory fees and grant support from Novartis; Dr. Polman, receiving consulting or lecture fees from Actelion, Antisense Therapeutics, Biogen Idec, Bayer Schering, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Teva, and UCB Pharma and grant support from Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Serono, Novartis, Teva, and UCB Pharma; Dr. Hohlfeld, receiving consulting, advisory, or lecture fees from Bayer, Biogen Idec, Novartis, Sanofi Aventis, and Teva and grant support from Novartis; Dr. Calabresi, receiving consulting fees from Biogen Idec, Genetech, Merck Serono, Novartis, Teva, and Vertex; lecture fees from Novartis; and grant support from Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Genetech, Merck Serono, Teva, and Vertex; Dr. Selmaj, receiving advisory fees from Biogen Idec, Genzyme, Ono Pharma, and Novartis and lecture fees from Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, and Genzyme; and Drs Agoropoulou, Leyk, Zhang-Auderson and Burtin report being employees of Novartis Pharma. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Financial and other disclosures provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.
This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0909494) was published on January 20, 2010, at NEJM.org.
We thank the patients who participated in the study; the study-site personnel; members of the Novartis clinical team (Dejun Tang, Karine Baudou, Nadia Tenenbaum, William Collins, Ana de Vera, Stacy Wu, Göril Karlsson, Shreeram Aradhye, and Gordon Francis); and Hashem Salloukh of Novartis Pharma and Tom Potter, Kate Holmes, and Rowena Hughes of Oxford PharmaGenesis for editorial assistance with a previous version of this article.
Source Information
From the Departments of Neurology and Biomedicine (L.K.) and the Medical Image Analysis Center (E.-W.R.), University Hospital, University of Basel; and Novartis Pharma (C.A., M.L., L.Z.-A., P.B.) — both in Basel, Switzerland; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (P.O.); Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam (C.P.); Institut für Klinische Neuroimmunologie, Munich, Germany (R.H.); Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore (P.C.); and the Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (K.S.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Kappos at the Departments of Neurology and Biomedicine, University Hospital, Petersgraben 4, CH 4031, Basel, Switzerland, or at lkappos@uhbs.ch.
Members of the FTY720 Research Evaluating Effects of Daily Oral Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis (FREEDOMS) study group are listed in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.
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