Original Article
Severe Respiratory Disease Concurrent with the Circulation of H1N1 Influenza
N Engl J Med 2009; 361:674-679August 13, 2009
- Abstract
Background
In the spring of 2009, an outbreak of severe pneumonia was reported in conjunction with the concurrent isolation of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV), widely known as swine flu, in Mexico. Influenza A (H1N1) subtype viruses have rarely predominated since the 1957 pandemic. The analysis of epidemic pneumonia in the absence of routine diagnostic tests can provide information about risk factors for severe disease from this virus and prospects for its control.
Methods
From March 24 to April 29, 2009, a total of 2155 cases of severe pneumonia, involving 821 hospitalizations and 100 deaths, were reported to the Mexican Ministry of Health. During this period, of the 8817 nasopharyngeal specimens that were submitted to the National Epidemiological Reference Laboratory, 2582 were positive for S-OIV. We compared the age distribution of patients who were reported to have severe pneumonia with that during recent influenza epidemics to document an age shift in rates of death and illness.
Results
During the study period, 87% of deaths and 71% of cases of severe pneumonia involved patients between the ages of 5 and 59 years, as compared with average rates of 17% and 32%, respectively, in that age group during the referent periods. Features of this epidemic were similar to those of past influenza pandemics in that circulation of the new influenza virus was associated with an off-season wave of disease affecting a younger population.
Conclusions
During the early phase of this influenza pandemic, there was a sudden increase in the rate of severe pneumonia and a shift in the age distribution of patients with such illness, which was reminiscent of past pandemics and suggested relative protection for persons who were exposed to H1N1 strains during childhood before the 1957 pandemic. If resources or vaccine supplies are limited, these findings suggest a rationale for focusing prevention efforts on younger populations.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Time Series of Confirmed Cases of Influenza in the Federal District and in All of Mexico, According to Month (January 2005–April 2009).Figure 2
Percentage Distribution of Deaths from Severe Pneumonia during the 2009 Study Period, as Compared with Influenza Seasons from 2006 through 2008, in Mexico, According to Age Group.Article Activity
- Article
In early April 2009, a sharp increase in reports of patients requiring hospitalization for pneumonia and an unusual series of deaths were reported to the Mexican Ministry of Health. The National Epidemiological Surveillance System (SINAVE), a nationwide interagency system led by the Directorate General of Epidemiology,1 noted a particular increase among adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years and an increase in cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza. Typically, in Mexico, seasonal influenza is observed from October through March,2 with an appreciable increase in the rate of death among the elderly,3 similar to the pattern observed in other temperate climates, such as the United States.4,5 The concurrent finding of a swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV)6 from infected children in the United States7 prompted a rapid response from the Mexican public health emergency system.
From March 24 through April 29, 2009, there were reports of 2155 cases of severe pneumonia, including 100 deaths, to the SINAVE system in response to requests for data on patients who had required hospitalization for severe pneumonia. During this period, of the 8817 nasopharyngeal specimens that were submitted to the National Epidemiological Reference Laboratory, 3664 (42%) tested positive for influenza subtype A; of these specimens, 2582 (70%) were confirmed as S-OIV by reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assay.
In this article, we evaluate the reported case series of severe pneumonia and compare the age patterns with respect to morbidity and mortality with patterns from recent influenza epidemics in Mexico. Crucial epidemiologic factors, such as the age pattern of morbidity and mortality during the 2009 epidemic, are inferred because of the limited availability of diagnostic tests and data. Given the relatively rapid global spread of this newly described pathogen,8 early identification of groups at risk for severe pneumonia can aid in prioritizing the use of vaccines and antiviral drugs in the face of limited supplies.
Methods
Epidemiologic Surveillance
The SINAVE was established in September 1995 to harmonize surveillance procedures nationally. SINAVE receives weekly reports of 117 notifiable conditions from 19,715 of 20,472 (96%) public and private primary care clinics and hospitals in Mexico. Since 2006, surveillance of influenza-like illness with testing for influenza virus has been conducted in sentinel units in all 32 states, increasing from 380 sentinel units in 2006 to 520 in 2008. Influenza-like illness is defined as fever, cough, and headache, accompanied by one or more of the following signs or symptoms: rhinorrhea, coryza, arthralgia, myalgia, prostration, odynophagia, chest pain, abdominal pain, and nasal congestion. Nasopharyngeal swabs are taken from a proportion of patients and processed with the use of an immunofluorescence assay for influenza. Positive specimens are then sent to the National Epidemiological Reference Laboratory for PCR testing. The proportion of specimens that are confirmed as positive typically ranges from 7.5 to 9.0% during influenza season.
On April 14 and April 15, 2009, the Mexican Ministry of Health received notification from several cities of cases of severe pneumonia affecting mostly young persons, coupled with an increase in the number of cases and outbreaks of seasonal influenza observed since February. Responding to this situation, on April 17, the Ministry of Health issued an epidemiologic alert and requested that medical institutions in all Mexican states intensify notification regarding patients requiring hospitalization for pneumonia through an Internet-based platform. Individual case records were reported online to the SINAVE, including the date of the onset of symptoms, the date of hospitalization, the institution reporting the case, and the patient's age, sex, and state of residence. Since influenza season normally ends in March, few of the original samples from patients during this period had undergone laboratory testing to diagnose influenza.
Study Period
Without knowing when the index case of S-OIV infection occurred, we defined the study period as the interval from the date of the onset of symptoms in the patient with the earliest suspected case of atypical pneumonia (March 24) to April 29, when selective reporting of severe pneumonia ceased. We reviewed the records of 2155 patients with severe pneumonia in the database. Of these records, 821 (38%) indicated a date of hospitalization for pneumonia, and 100 (5%) involved deaths of patients. Although the SINAVE system captured only a portion of all hospitalizations for pneumonia, it provided the best data currently available on the rate of increase in severe pneumonia during this period.
From national registries we obtained data on age-specific cases of pneumonia and influenza and corresponding deaths during the peak of seasonal influenza periods from 2005 through 2008.9 Since there may be underreporting in the SINAVE and we do not expect systematic reporting bias according to age, we compared the proportion of patients in each age group between the study period and the previous periods of seasonal influenza.
Results
The time series of laboratory-confirmed influenza for the Federal District and all of Mexico from 2005 through April 2009 is shown in Figure 1Figure 1
Time Series of Confirmed Cases of Influenza in the Federal District and in All of Mexico, According to Month (January 2005–April 2009).. Peak epidemic periods that were used as a baseline occurred in November and December, January through March, and November through February during three preceding influenza seasons (2005 through 2008). The influenza season in the Federal District coincided with the rest of the country for the greater part of that period.The percentage age distributions for mortality (Figure 2Figure 2
Percentage Distribution of Deaths from Severe Pneumonia during the 2009 Study Period, as Compared with Influenza Seasons from 2006 through 2008, in Mexico, According to Age Group.) and morbidity (Figure 3Figure 3
Percentage Distribution of Illness from Severe Pneumonia during the 2009 Study Period, as Compared with Influenza Seasons from 2005 through 2008, in Mexico, According to Age Group.) for all patients with severe pneumonia during the 2009 outbreak show a marked shift to persons between the ages of 5 and 59 years, as compared with distributions observed during previous periods of epidemic influenza. Similar results were observed for the data restricted to the Federal District.The reported shift in the proportion of young adults who died from pneumonia is readily observed in the data for the study period, as compared with previous influenza seasons (Figure 2). Percentage increases in death were seen in subgroups of patients between the ages of 5 and 59 years, representing 87% of deaths from severe pneumonia during the study, as compared with 17% on average during previous epidemic periods. Percentage increases ranged from a factor of 1.2 to a factor of 11.7, with percentage decreases in the subgroup of patients under 4 years of age (0.3) and in subgroups of patients 60 years of age or older (0 to 0.3) (Table 1Table 1
Proportion of Mortality from Severe Pneumonia According to Age Group during the 2009 Study Period, as Compared with Influenza Seasons from 2006 through 2008, in Mexico.). Shifts in morbidity were pronounced, with 71% of cases of severe pneumonia occurring in patients between the ages of 5 and 59 years, as compared with an average of 32% of cases in that age group during the referent periods (Figure 3).Discussion
These data show a sudden increase in the rate of severe pneumonia and a shift in the age distribution of patients with such illness, which were concurrent with person-to-person circulation of S-OIV infection in Mexico. Although the epidemiologic, clinical, and virologic characteristics of this outbreak are evolving, this wave of pneumonia is reminiscent of the initial phase of pandemics from the last century.10 These factors include the documentation of a novel pathogenic influenza virus and a shift in the ages of patients who become ill or die.11 Early waves of respiratory illness in young adults were observed before the 1918 influenza pandemic in New York,12 Copenhagen,13 the United Kingdom,14 and Geneva,15 as well as among members of the U.S. military.16 The apparent population effect of S-OIV infection has several signature features17 of previous pandemics, including atypical timing and age shifts in disease severity.
Case ascertainment for the specific diagnosis of S-OIV infection has been limited, given the lack of commercially available tests for this virus and the scarcity of reagents in the setting of an evolving global epidemic. We address this challenge through analyses of data before, during, and after the initial acceleration of reporting activities, as well as through stratification according to region. We have also compared the data with those obtained during periods of seasonal epidemic influenza. Given variable underreporting, we have based our comparisons on proportionate distributions. Unless there are systemic biases in reporting according to age group, this approach provides a reasonable approach for comparison.
Although many cases of severe pneumonia have not yet been confirmed as S-OIV infection through laboratory diagnoses, given the limited availability of specific assays for the new pathogen, the proportional increase in incidence among younger adults and the high proportion of patients with confirmed S-OIV infection (44%) lead us to believe that a large proportion of the reported cases are probably associated with this novel pathogen. A similar study that was performed in Denmark during the 1918 outbreak indicated that during a wave of atypical pneumonia, there was an increase by a factor of 20 in incidence, as compared with that in preceding years, which implied that influenza was the putative agent.13
Influenza A (H1N1) viruses were in circulation from 1918 through 1957, and genetically similar isolates, most likely representing a laboratory escape, reemerged in 1977 to periodically cocirculate with A (H3N2) subtypes. In 1976, a limited number of swine-influenza cases set off a massive vaccine campaign to control a potential pandemic, which fortunately never occurred. However, unlike the situation in 1976, epidemiologic evidence from this outbreak indicates that there were continuous chains of person-to-person transmission for several viral generations. Since the discovery of influenza viruses, the past two influenza pandemics have been characterized by novel subtypes. Although humans have previously been exposed to the influenza A (H1N1) subtype, this novel virus has made a host-species jump with sustained human-to-human transmission.
In 1918, patients who were documented with illness during the early waves of severe pneumonia in Denmark and among members of the U.S. military were less likely to be ill in the later wave of the pandemic,13,16 which suggests the possibility of natural infection with a less virulent but antigenically similar virus in the general population. It is unclear whether this circulating virus would have a similar effect if it recirculated after the initial wave. Likewise, childhood exposure to influenza A (H1N1) viruses in persons who were born before 1957, when these viruses circulated widely, may have conferred some level of protection.
Of note, during the study period, there was proportionately lower morbidity among persons who were 60 years of age or older, the age group in which all persons were born before the 1957 pandemic. With an annual influenza incidence of 15 to 20%, most of these persons would have been first exposed to influenza A (H1N1) strains, which disappeared from circulation after the 1957 A (H2N2) influenza pandemic. Francis described the concept of “original antigenic sin,” in which the immune response is greatest to antigens to which first exposure occurred in childhood.18 According to this concept, persons born before 1957 who were exposed in childhood to influenza A (H1N1) viruses might be better protected against this viral subtype than those who were first exposed to other influenza A subtypes, H2N2 and H3N2, at a later date. Age shifts in mortality to younger populations during pandemics have been described from the reemergence of a subtype.19 Although persons who were born after 1977 may have been first exposed to an influenza A (H1N1) subtype virus, such strains rarely predominate. In this data series, persons who were 60 years of age or older were proportionately less likely to have severe pneumonia, a consideration for future strategies for vaccine allocation.20
An early wave of influenza in northern England during the 1951 influenza season was documented with even higher mortality than that of the 1918 pandemic, but the situation never evolved into a pandemic.21 Similarly, the public health community acted swiftly to develop a vaccine in response to human cases of swine influenza in 1976, and a pandemic did not occur.22 During the early phase of this epidemic, the rapid identification of persons who are likely to have severe disease, as compared with those who are likely to have mild disease, can guide epidemic or pandemic response strategies. Our outline of the age-stratification profile of risk provides a possible foundation for control strategies on the basis of the biologic plausibility of partial protection from earlier exposure. Further studies are under way in Mexico to elucidate other potential risk factors for severity of S-OIV infection to guide targeted control efforts.
Supported by the Ministry of Health of Mexico, the Mexican National Institute of Public Health, and the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health.
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0904023) was published on June 29, 2009, at NEJM.org.
We thank the staff members of the Directorate General of Epidemiology, in particular those working with the SINAVE system; the staff at the National Epidemiological Reference Laboratory; and colleagues at the National Institute of Public Health (particularly Juan Eugenio Hernández and Lina Sofia Palacio) for their assistance in facilitating real-time access to the data analyzed herein as it was being generated.
Source Information
From the Division of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.C., M.A.M.); the Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe (G.C.); the National Institute of Public Health, Center for Evaluation Research and Surveys, Cuernavaca, Mexico (S.M.B., M.A.C.); the University of California, Berkeley (S.M.B.); and the Mexican Ministry of Health, Mexico City (H.L.-G., C.A.-A., M.H.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Bertozzi at Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Av. Universidad 655, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico, or at sbertozzi@correo.insp.mx.
- References
References
1
Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (SINAVE). Mexico City: Mexico Ministry of Health. (Available at http://www.dgepi.salud.gob.mx/sinave/index.htm.)
2
Viboud C ,Alonso WJ ,Simonsen L . Influenza in tropical regions. PLoS Med 2006;3:e89-e89
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Chowell G, Viboud C, Wang X, Miller M. Evaluating vaccination strategies against pandemic influenza in Mexico. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
4
Serfling RE . Methods for current statistical analysis of excess pneumonia-influenza deaths. Public Health Rep 1963;78:494-506
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Reichert TA ,Simonsen L ,Sharma A ,Pardo SA ,Fedson DS ,Miller M . Influenza and the winter increase in mortality in the United States, 1959-1999. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160:492-502
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
A/Texas/04/2009(H1N1) gene sequence. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2009. (Accessed July 20, 2009, at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/229299531?report=genbank.)
7
Swine influenza A (H1N1) infection in two children -- Southern California, March-April 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009;58:400-402
Medline8
Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR): influenza A(H1N1). Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009. (Accessed July 20, 2009, at http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/en/index.html.)
9
Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud [National System of Health Care Information]. Mexico City: General Directorate of Health Care Information. (Accessed July 20, 2009, at http://sinais.salud.gob.mx/.)
10
Simonsen L, Olson DR, Viboud C, Taylor RJ, Miller MA, Reichert T. Pandemic influenza and mortality: past evidence and projection for the future. In: Knobler SL, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon SM, eds. The threat of pandemic influenza: are we ready? Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005:89-114.
11
Simonsen L ,Clarke MJ ,Schonberger LB ,Arden NH ,Cox NJ ,Fukuda K . Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution. J Infect Dis 1998;178:53-60
Web of Science | Medline12
Olson DR ,Simonsen L ,Edelson PJ ,Morse S . Epidemiological evidence of an early wave of the 1918 influenza pandemic in New York City. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:11059-11063
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Andreasen V ,Viboud C ,Simonsen L . Epidemiologic characterization of the 1918 influenza pandemic summer wave in Copenhagen: implications for pandemic control strategies. J Infect Dis 2008;197:270-278
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Chowell G ,Bettencourt LM ,Johnson N ,Alonso WJ ,Viboud C . The 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in England and Wales: spatial patterns in transmissibility and mortality impact. Proc Biol Sci 2008;275:501-509
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Chowell G ,Ammon CE ,Hengartner NW ,Hyman JM . Estimation of the reproductive number of the Spanish flu epidemic in Geneva, Switzerland. Vaccine 2006;24:6747-6750
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Barry JM ,Viboud C ,Simonsen L . Cross-protection between successive waves of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic: epidemiological evidence from US Army camps and from Britain. J Infect Dis 2008;198:1427-1434
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Miller MA ,Viboud C ,Balinska M ,Simonsen L . The signature features of influenza pandemics -- implications for policy. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2595-2598
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline18
Francis JT . On the doctrine of original antigenic sin. Proc Am Philos Soc 1960;104:572-57819
Simonsen L ,Reichert TA ,Miller MA . The virtues of antigenic sin: consequences of pandemic recycling on influenza-associated mortality. In: Options for the control of influenza V. International Congress Series 2004;1263:791-794
CrossRef20
Miller MA ,Viboud C ,Olson DR ,Grais RF ,Rabaa MA ,Simonsen L . Prioritization of influenza pandemic vaccination to minimize years of life lost. J Infect Dis 2008;198:305-311
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Viboud C ,Tam T ,Fleming D ,Miller MA ,Simonsen L . 1951 Influenza epidemic, England and Wales, Canada, and the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:661-668
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Neustadt R, Fineberg H. The epidemic that never was: policy-making and the swine flu affair. New York: Vintage Books, 1983.
- Citing Articles (155)
Citing Articles
1
Sadhana S. Kode, Shailesh D. Pawar, Babasaheb V. Tandale, Saurabh S. Parkhi, Tanaji D. Barde, Akhilesh C. Mishra. (2012) Low Level of Cross-Reactive Antibodies to Pandemic Influenza (H1N1) 2009 Virus in Humans in Pre-Pandemic Period in Maharashtra, India. Indian Journal of Virology 23:1, 36-38
CrossRef2
A. Nicolini, L. Ferrera, F. Rao, R. Senarega, M. Ferrari-Bravo. (2012) Chest radiological findings of influenza A H1N1 pneumonia. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia 18:3, 120-127
CrossRef3
A. Nicolini, L. Ferrera, F. Rao, R. Senarega, M. Ferrari-Bravo. (2012) Chest radiological findings of influenza A H1N1 pneumonia. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia (English Edition) 18:3, 120-127
CrossRef4
Mark L. Metersky, Robert G. Masterton, Hartmut Lode, Thomas M. File, Timothy Babinchak. (2012) Epidemiology, microbiology, and treatment considerations for bacterial pneumonia complicating influenza. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 16:5, e321-e331
CrossRef5
Bárbara Borgatta, Marcos Pérez, Loreto Vidaur, Leonardo Lorente, Lorenzo Socías, Juan Carlos Pozo, José Garnacho-Montero, Jordi Rello. (2012) Elevation of creatine kinase is associated with worse outcomes in 2009 pH1N1 influenza A infection. Intensive Care Medicine
CrossRef6
M. Delgado-Rodriguez, J. Castilla, P. Godoy, V. Martin, N. Soldevila, J. Alonso, J. Astray, M. Baricot, R. Canton, A. Castro, F. Gonzalez-Candelas, J. M. Mayoral, J. M. Quintana, T. Pumarola, S. Tamames, M. Saez, A. Dominguez, , E. Azor, J. Carrillo, R. Moyano, J. A. Navarro, M. Vazquez, F. Zafra, M. A. Bueno, M. L. Gomez, M. Mariscal, B. Martinez, J. P. Quesada, M. Sillero, M. Carnero, J. Fernandez-Crehuet, J. del Diego Salas, V. Fuentes, V. Gallardo, E. Perez, R. Lopez, J. R. Maldonado, A. Morillo, J. M. Navarro, M. Perez, S. Ona, M. J. Perez, M. C. Ubago, M. Zarzuela, J. Blanquer, M. Morales, D. Carriedo, F. Diez, I. Fernandez, S. Fernandez, M. P. Sanz, J. J. Castrodeza, A. Perez, R. Ortiz de Lejarazu, J. Ortiz, A. Pueyo, J. L. Viejo, P. Redondo, A. Molina, A. Agusti, A. Torres, A. Trilla, A. Vilella, F. Barbe, L. Blanch, G. Navarro, X. Bonfill, J. Lopez-Contreras, V. Pomar, M. T. Puig, E. Borras, A. Martinez, N. Torner, C. Bravo, F. Moraga, F. Calafell, J. Cayla, C. Tortajada, I. Garcia, J. Ruiz, J. J. Garcia, O. Garin, J. Gea, J. P. Horcajada, N. Hayes, A. Rosell, C. Alvarez, M. Enriquez, F. Pozo, F. Baquero, J. C. Galan, A. Robustillo, M. Valdeon, E. Cordoba, F. Dominguez, J. Garcia, R. Genova, E. Gil, S. Jimenez, M. A. Lopaz, J. Lopez, F. Martin, M. L. Martinez, M. Ordobas, E. Rodriguez, S. Sanchez, C. Valdes, J. R. Pano, M. Romero, A. Martinez, L. Martinez, M. Ruiz, P. Fanlo, F. Gil, V. Martinez-Artola, M. E. Ursua, M. Sota, M. T. Virto, J. Gamboa, F. Perez-Afonso, U. Aguirre, A. Caspelastegui, P. P. Espana, S. Garcia, J. M. Antonana, I. Astigarraga, J. I. Pijoan, I. Pocheville, M. Santiago, J. I. Villate, J. Aristegui, A. Escobar, M. I. Garrote, A. Bilbao, C. Garaizar, G. Cilla, J. Korta, E. Perez Trallero, C. Sarasqueta, F. Esteban, C. Salado, J. L. Lobo, J. Alustizac. (2012) Prognosis of hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in Spain: influence of neuraminidase inhibitors. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
CrossRef7
Chiara Agrati, Cristiana Gioia, Concetta Castilletti, Daniele Lapa, Giulia Berno, Vincenzo Puro, Fabrizio Carletti, Eleonora Cimini, Carla Nisii, Flora Castellino, Federico Martini, Maria Rosaria Capobianchi. (2012) Cellular and humoral immune responses to pandemic influenza vaccine in healthy and in HIV-infected persons. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses120322210209007
CrossRef8
Chompunuch Boonarkart, Ratapum Champunot, Mongkol Uiprasertkul, Charatdao Bunthi, Sumalee Kiatboobsri, Mana Rochanawutanon, Suchat Porncharoenpong, Ornpreya Suptawiwat, Prasert Auewarakul. (2012) Case report: Increased viral receptor expression associated with high viral load and severe pneumonia in a young patient infected with 2009 H1N1 influenza a with no pre-existing conditions. Journal of Medical Virology 84:3, 380-385
CrossRef9
W. Ma, Q. Liu, B. Bawa, C. Qiao, W. Qi, H. Shen, Y. Chen, J. Ma, X. Li, R. J. Webby, A. Garcia-Sastre, J. A. Richt. (2012) The NA and M genes of the 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 virus functionally cooperate to facilitate efficient replication and transmissibility in pigs. Journal of General Virology
CrossRef10
D. M. Weinberger, L. Simonsen, R. Jordan, C. Steiner, M. Miller, C. Viboud. (2012) Impact of the 2009 Influenza Pandemic on Pneumococcal Pneumonia Hospitalizations in the United States. Journal of Infectious Diseases 205:3, 458-465
CrossRef11
R. B. Couch, R. L. Atmar, L. M. Franco, J. M. Quarles, D. Nino, J. M. Wells, N. Arden, S. Cheung, J. W. Belmont. (2012) Prior Infections With Seasonal Influenza A/H1N1 Virus Reduced the Illness Severity and Epidemic Intensity of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza in Healthy Adults. Clinical Infectious Diseases 54:3, 311-317
CrossRef12
Isabelle Meunier, Carissa Embury-Hyatt, Shane Stebner, Michael Gray, Nathalie Bastien, Yan Li, Francis Plummer, Gary P. Kobinger, Veronika von Messling. (2012) Virulence differences of closely related pandemic 2009 H1N1 isolates correlate with increased inflammatory responses in ferrets. Virology 422:1, 125-131
CrossRef13
Xiaoyan Song, Roberta L. DeBiasi, Joseph M. Campos, Daniel B. Fagbuyi, Brian R. Jacobs, Nalini Singh. (2012) Comparison of pandemic and seasonal influenza A infections in pediatric patients: were they different?. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6:1, 25-27
CrossRef14
William A. Blumentals, Alan Nevitt, Michael M. Peng, Stephen Toovey. (2012) Body mass index and the incidence of influenza-associated pneumonia in a UK primary care cohort. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6:1, 28-36
CrossRef15
Hendrik Poeck, Jürgen Ruland. (2012) From virus to inflammation: Mechanisms of RIG-I-induced IL-1β production. European Journal of Cell Biology 91:1, 59-64
CrossRef16
Anastasia Antonopoulou, Fotini Baziaka, Thomas Tsaganos, Maria Raftogiannis, Pantelis Koutoukas, Aikaterini Spyridaki, Maria Mouktaroudi, Antigone Kotsaki, Athina Savva, Marianna Georgitsi, Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis. (2012) Role of tumor necrosis factor gene single nucleotide polymorphisms in the natural course of 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus infection. International Journal of Infectious Diseases
CrossRef17
Roy F. Chemaly, Karen J. Vigil, Mustafa Saad, Diana Vilar-Compte, Patricia Cornejo-Juarez, Carolina Perez-Jimenez, Sawsan Mubarak, Mohammed Salhab, Ying Jiang, Bruno Granwehr, Javier A. Adachi, Issam I. Raad. (2012) A multicenter study of pandemic influenza a (H1N1) infection in patients with solid tumors in 3 countries. Cancern/a-n/a
CrossRef18
Toshio Katsunuma, Takehiko Matsui, Tsutomu Iwata, Mitsuhiko Nambu, Naomi Kondo. (2012) Hospitalizations Associated with Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in Asthmatic Children in Japan. Allergology International 61:1, 75-82
CrossRef19
S. Khurana, N. Verma, K. R. Talaat, R. A. Karron, H. Golding. (2011) Immune Response Following H1N1pdm09 Vaccination: Differences in Antibody Repertoire and Avidity in Young Adults and Elderly Populations Stratified by Age and Gender. Journal of Infectious Diseases
CrossRef20
Sunmi Lee, Michael Golinski, Gerardo Chowell. (2011) Modeling Optimal Age-Specific Vaccination Strategies Against Pandemic Influenza. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
CrossRef21
V. Charu, G. Chowell, L. S. Palacio Mejia, S. Echevarria-Zuno, V. H. Borja-Aburto, L. Simonsen, M. A. Miller, C. Viboud. (2011) Mortality Burden of the A/H1N1 Pandemic in Mexico: A Comparison of Deaths and Years of Life Lost to Seasonal Influenza. Clinical Infectious Diseases 53:10, 985-993
CrossRef22
Junling Ma, Jonathan Dushoff, David J.D. Earn. (2011) Age-specific mortality risk from pandemic influenza. Journal of Theoretical Biology 288, 29-34
CrossRef23
Rodolfo M. Pascual, Stephen P. Peters. (2011) Asthma. Medical Clinics of North America 95:6, 1115-1124
CrossRef24
Arianne B. van Gageldonk-Lafeber, Mariëtte Hooiveld, Adam Meijer, Gé A. Donker, Marie-José Veldman-Ariesen, Wim van der Hoek, Marianne A. B. van der Sande. (2011) The relative clinical impact of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the community compared to seasonal influenza in the Netherlands was most marked among 5-14 year olds. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5:6, e513-e520
CrossRef25
Guido Bertolini, Carlotta Rossi, Daniele Crespi, Stefano Finazzi, Marco Morandotti, Sandra Rossi, Mario Peta, Martin Langer, Daniele Poole. (2011) Is influenza A(H1N1) pneumonia more severe than other community-acquired pneumonias? Results of the GiViTI survey of 155 Italian ICUs. Intensive Care Medicine 37:11, 1746-1755
CrossRef26
M. Woodhead, F. Blasi, S. Ewig, J. Garau, G. Huchon, M. Ieven, A. Ortqvist, T. Schaberg, A. Torres, G. van der Heijden, R. Read, T. J. M. Verheij, . (2011) Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections - Full version. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 17, E1-E59
CrossRef27
Joaquín Zúñiga, Martha Torres, Javier Romo, Diana Torres, Luis Jiménez, Gustavo Ramírez, Alfredo Cruz, Enrique Espinosa, Teresa Herrera, Ivette Buendía, Alejandra Ramírez-Venegas, Yolanda González, Karen Bobadilla, Fernando Hernández, Jorge García, Francisco Quiñones-Falconi, Eduardo Sada, María E. Manjarrez, Carlos Cabello, Simón Kawa, Albert Zlotnik, Annie Pardo, Moisés Selman. (2011) Inflammatory profiles in severe pneumonia associated with the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus isolated in Mexico City. Autoimmunity 44:7, 562-570
CrossRef28
M. Woodhead, F. Blasi, S. Ewig, J. Garau, G. Huchon, M. Ieven, A. Ortqvist, T. Schaberg, A. Torres, G. van der Heijden, R. Read, T. J. M. Verheij, . (2011) Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections - Summary. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 17, 1-24
CrossRef29
Shiou-Chih Hsu, Chih-Peng Chang, Chao-Yuan Tsai, Shih-Hung Hsieh, Betty A. Wu-Hsieh, Yu-Shu Lo, Jinn-Moon Yang. (2011) Steric recognition of TCR contact residues is required to map mutant epitopes by immunoinformatical programmes. Immunologyno-no
CrossRef30
Chenggang Li, Penghui Yang, Yang Sun, Taisheng Li, Chen Wang, Zhong Wang, Zhen Zou, Yiwu Yan, Wei Wang, Chen Wang, Zhongwei Chen, Li Xing, Chong Tang, Xiangwu Ju, Feng Guo, Jiejie Deng, Yan Zhao, Peng Yang, Jun Tang, Huanling Wang, Zhongpeng Zhao, Zhinan Yin, Bin Cao, Xiliang Wang, Chengyu Jiang. (2011) IL-17 response mediates acute lung injury induced by the 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus. Cell Research
CrossRef31
X. WANG, X. W. CHENG, H. W. MA, J. F. HE, X. XIE, S. S. FANG, C. L. WU, X. LU, S. J. MEI, Y. LI, J. Q. CHENG. (2011) Influenza surveillance in Shenzhen, the largest migratory metropolitan city of China, 2006–2009. Epidemiology and Infection 139:10, 1551-1559
CrossRef32
Jung Sook Yeom, Ji Sook Park, Ji-Hyun Seo, Eun Sil Park, Jae-Young Lim, Chan-Hoo Park, Hyang-Ok Woo, Hee-Shang Youn, Jae Min Cho. (2011) Factors associated with hypoxemia in children infected with pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus. Pediatrics International 53:5, 622-625
CrossRef33
S. Reyes, B. Montull, R. Martínez, J. Córdoba, J.M. Molina, V. Martí, A. Martínez, P. Ramírez, R. Menéndez. (2011) Risk factors of A/H1N1 etiology in pneumonia and its impact on mortality. Respiratory Medicine 105:9, 1404-1411
CrossRef34
Joel G. Breman, Kenneth Bridbord, Linda E. Kupfer, Roger I. Glass. (2011) Global Health: The Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health: Vision and Mission, Programs, and Accomplishments. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 25:3, 511-536
CrossRef35
Michelle L. Frieling, Angela Williams, Turki Al Shareef, Gunjeet Kala, Jun Chuan Teh, Valerie Langlois, Upton D. Allen, Diane Hebert, Lisa A. Robinson. (2011) Novel influenza (H1N1) infection in pediatric renal transplant recipients: A single center experience. Pediatric Transplantationno-no
CrossRef36
Neven Papic, Ana Pangercic, Martina Vargovic, Bruno Barsic, Adriana Vince, Ilija Kuzman. (2011) Liver involvement during influenza infection: perspective on the 2009 influenza pandemic. Influenza and Other Respiratory Virusesno-no
CrossRef37
M. Giannella, M. Alonso, D. Garcia de Viedma, P. Lopez Roa, P. Catalán, B. Padilla, P. Muñoz, E. Bouza. (2011) Prolonged viral shedding in pandemic influenza A(H1N1): clinical significance and viral load analysis in hospitalized patients. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 17:8, 1160-1165
CrossRef38
G. Theocharis, E. K. Vouloumanou, S. G. Barbas, T. Spiropoulos, P. I. Rafailidis, M. E. Falagas. (2011) Comparison of characteristics of outpatients with 2009 H1N1 pandemic and seasonal influenza. International Journal of Clinical Practice 65:8, 871-878
CrossRef39
W. Poeppl, M. Hell, H. Herkner, B. Stoiser, G. Fritsche, N. Schurz-Bamieh, G. Poeppl, R. Gattringer, N. Jones, M. Maass, A. Egle, H. Burgmann. (2011) Clinical aspects of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in Austria. Infection 39:4, 341-352
CrossRef40
Satoshi Fukuyama, Yoshihiro Kawaoka. (2011) The pathogenesis of influenza virus infections: the contributions of virus and host factors. Current Opinion in Immunology 23:4, 481-486
CrossRef41
Enric Esplugues, Samuel Huber, Nicola Gagliani, Anja E. Hauser, Terrence Town, Yisong Y. Wan, William O’Connor, Anthony Rongvaux, Nico Van Rooijen, Ann M. Haberman, Yoichiro Iwakura, Vijay K. Kuchroo, Jay K. Kolls, Jeffrey A. Bluestone, Kevan C. Herold, Richard A. Flavell. (2011) Control of TH17 cells occurs in the small intestine. Nature 475:7357, 514-518
CrossRef42
Neslihan Saglanmak, Viggo Andreasen, Lone Simonsen, Kåre Mølbak, Mark A. Miller, Cécile Viboud. (2011) Gradual changes in the age distribution of excess deaths in the years following the 1918 influenza pandemic in Copenhagen: Using epidemiological evidence to detect antigenic drift. Vaccine 29, B42-B48
CrossRef43
Brian J. Minnema, Mehul Patel, Coleman Rotstein, Tony Mazzulli, Susy Hota, Edward H. Cole, Eberhard L. Renner, Heather J. Ross, Lianne G. Singer, Shahid Husain. (2011) Comparison of Hospitalized Solid Organ Transplant Recipients and Nonimmunocompromised Patients With Pandemic H1N1 Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Transplantation 92:2, 230-234
CrossRef44
Rodica Gilca, Gaston De Serres, Nicole Boulianne, Najwa Ouhoummane, Jesse Papenburg, Monique Douville-Fradet, Élise Fortin, Marc Dionne, Guy Boivin, Danuta M. Skowronski. (2011) Risk factors for hospitalization and severe outcomes of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza in Quebec, Canada. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5:4, 247-255
CrossRef45
Lone Simonsen, Cécile Viboud, Gerardo Chowell, Viggo Andreasen, Donald R. Olson, Vikash Parekh, Kåre Mølbak, Mark A. Miller. (2011) The need for interdisciplinary studies of historic pandemics. Vaccine 29, B1-B5
CrossRef46
Andrés Antón, Tomás Pumarola. (2011) Influenza in immunocompromised patients: considerations for therapy. Future Virology 6:7, 855-868
CrossRef47
M. Vilà de Muga, N. Torre Monmany, S. Asensio Carretero, F.J. Travería Casanovas, A. Martínez Mejías, M.T. Coll Sibina, C. Luaces Cubells. (2011) Características clínicas de la gripe A H1N1 2009: estudio multicéntrico. Anales de Pediatría 75:1, 6-12
CrossRef48
Rachel D. Schwartz, Brett R. Bayles. (2011) US university response to H1N1: A study of access to online preparedness and response information. American Journal of Infection Control
CrossRef49
CH Rasul, MA Bakar, AA Mamun, MS Siraz, RU Zaman. (2011) Burden and outcome of human influenza in a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 4:6, 478-481
CrossRef50
Su Young Kim, Jeung Sook Kim, Chan Sup Park. (2011) Various computed tomography findings of 2009 H1N1 influenza in 17 patients with relatively mild illness. Japanese Journal of Radiology 29:5, 301-306
CrossRef51
Koji Takayama, Jin Kuramochi, Takeshi Oinuma, Hiromi Kaneko, Satoshi Kurasawa, Makito Yasui, Kaori Okayasu, Hiroshi Ono, Naohiko Inase. (2011) Clinical features of the 2009 swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) outbreak in Japan. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 17:3, 401-406
CrossRef52
Kang-Yi Lien, Lien-Yu Hung, Tze-Bin Huang, Yi-Che Tsai, Huan-Yao Lei, Gwo-Bin Lee. (2011) Rapid detection of influenza A virus infection utilizing an immunomagnetic bead-based microfluidic system. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 26:9, 3900-3907
CrossRef53
S. Briand, A. Mounts, M. Chamberland. (2011) Challenges of global surveillance during an influenza pandemic. Public Health 125:5, 247-256
CrossRef54
J. Jabot, B. A. Gaüzère, D. Drouet, B. Bouchet, A. Roussiaux, D. Vandroux. (2011) Des formes graves de grippe A(H1N1)v 2009 dans l’hémisphère Sud en 2010 : un avertissement pour l’hémisphère Nord ?. Réanimation 20:3, 255-256
CrossRef55
Gabriele Neumann, Yoshihiro Kawaoka. (2011) The first influenza pandemic of the new millennium. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5:3, 157-166
CrossRef56
M. Lemaitre, M. Leruez-Ville, X. N. De Lamballerie, N. Salez, P. Garrone, A.-C. Fluckiger, D. Klatzmann, F. Carrat. (2011) Seasonal H1N1 2007 influenza virus infection is associated with elevated pre-exposure antibody titers to the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 17:5, 732-737
CrossRef57
Azher M. Merchant, Evie G. Marcolini, Michael E. Winters. (2011) Treating Critical Illness Caused by the 2009 H1N1 Influenza A Virus. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 40:5, 522-527
CrossRef58
Paula Garland, Hugues de Lavallade, Takuya Sekine, Katja Hoschler, Shiranee Sriskandan, Parind Patel, Stephen Brett, Kate Stringaris, Eva Loucaides, Katherine Howe, David Marin, Ed Kanfer, Nichola Cooper, Donald Macdonald, Amin Rahemtulla, Mark Atkins, Akila Danga, Dragana Milojkovic, Ian Gabriel, Ahmad Khoder, Abdullah Alsuliman, Jane Apperley, Katayoun Rezvani. (2011) Humoral and Cellular Immunity to Primary H1N1 Infection in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies following Stem Cell Transplantation. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 17:5, 632-639
CrossRef59
M. Lagrange-Xélot, B. Kuli, M. -C. Jaffar, E. Chirpaz, M. -P. Moiton. (2011) Épidémie de grippe A(H1N1)2009 à La Réunion: expérience de la consultation ambulatoire dédiée, juillet–septembre 2009. Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique 104:2, 142-146
CrossRef60
B. -A. Gaüzère, F. Bussienne, B. Bouchet, J. Jabot, A. Roussiaux, D. Drouet, S. Djourhi, B. Leauté, D. Belcour, G. Bossard, S. Champion, M. -C. Jaffar-Bandjee, O. Belmonte, P. Vilain, E. Brottet, L. Hoang, D. Vandroux. (2011) Formes graves d’infection par le virus A(H1N1)v2009 à La Réunion en 2009 et en 2010. Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique 104:2, 97-104
CrossRef61
Nicolás Nin, Luis Soto, Javier Hurtado, José A. Lorente, María Buroni, Francisco Arancibia, Sebastian Ugarte, Homero Bagnulo, Pablo Cardinal, Guillermo Bugedo, Estrella Echevarría, Alberto Deicas, Carlos Ortega, Fernando Frutos-Vivar, Andrés Esteban. (2011) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus infection with respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Journal of Critical Care 26:2, 186-192
CrossRef62
Luis Espinosa-Aguilar, Jaime S. Green, Graeme N. Forrest, Edward D. Ball, Richard T. Maziarz, Lynne Strasfeld, Randy Allison Taplitz. (2011) Novel H1N1 Influenza in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients: Two Centers’ Experiences. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 17:4, 566-573
CrossRef63
S. Giambenedetto, L. Zileri Dal Verme, M. Sali, S. Farina, V. Cristo, S. Manzara, A. Luca, G. Pignataro, M. Prosperi, A. Franco, N. Gentiloni Silveri, G. Delogu, R. Cauda, M. Fabbiani, G. Fadda. (2011) Clinical presentation, microbiological features and correlates of disease severity of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 30:4, 541-549
CrossRef64
Sarah M. Gainer, Samir J. Patel, Harish Seethamraju, Linda W. Moore, Richard J. Knight, A. Osama Gaber. (2011) Increased mortality of solid organ transplant recipients with H1N1 infection: a single center experience. Clinical Transplantationno-no
CrossRef65
Robert P. Dickson, David L. Hotchkin, Wayne J. E. Lamm, Carl Hinkson, David J. Pierson, Robb W. Glenny, Lewis Rubinson. (2011) A porcine model for initial surge mechanical ventilator assessment and evaluation of two limited-function ventilators*. Critical Care Medicine 39:3, 527-532
CrossRef66
Andreu Comas-García, Christian A. García-Sepúlveda, José J. Méndez-de Lira, Saray Aranda-Romo, Alba E. Hernández-Salinas, Daniel E. Noyola. (2011) Mortality attributable to pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5:2, 76-82
CrossRef67
O. Sharomi, C. N. Podder, A. B. Gumel, S. M. Mahmud, E. Rubinstein. (2011) Modelling the Transmission Dynamics and Control of the Novel 2009 Swine Influenza (H1N1) Pandemic. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 73:3, 515-548
CrossRef68
D A Bastos, C A Rodrigues, P Patah, E G Kallas, V Rocha, Y Novis. (2011) Pandemic influenza A H1N1/09 virus infection in hematopoietic SCT recipient. Bone Marrow Transplantation 46:3, 467-468
CrossRef69
F. J. O Brien, S. D. Jairam, C. A. Traynor, C. M. Kennedy, M. Power, M. D. Denton, C. Magee, P. J. Conlon. (2011) Pandemic H1N1 (2009) and renal failure: the experience of the Irish national tertiary referral centre. Irish Journal of Medical Science 180:1, 135-138
CrossRef70
Jan A. Wiegand, Christian Torgersen, Stefan Bloechlinger, Jukka Takala, Martin W. Dünser. (2011) Influenza A(H1N1) infection and severe cardiac dysfunction in adults: A case series. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 123:3-4, 120-123
CrossRef71
Tacettin Örnek, Funda Demirtaş Yalçın, Selami Ekin, Şaban Yalçın, Mücahit Yemişen. (2011) Pneumonia in patients with novel influenza A (H1N1) virus in Southeastern Turkey. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 123:3-4, 106-111
CrossRef72
Ana Clara Monsalvo, Juan P Batalle, M Florencia Lopez, Jens C Krause, Jennifer Klemenc, Johanna Zea Hernandez, Bernardo Maskin, Jimena Bugna, Carlos Rubinstein, Leandro Aguilar, Liliana Dalurzo, Romina Libster, Vilma Savy, Elsa Baumeister, Liliana Aguilar, Graciela Cabral, Julia Font, Liliana Solari, Kevin P Weller, Joyce Johnson, Marcela Echavarria, Kathryn M Edwards, James D Chappell, James E Crowe, John V Williams, Guillermina A Melendi, Fernando P Polack. (2011) Severe pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza disease due to pathogenic immune complexes. Nature Medicine 17:2, 195-199
CrossRef73
Clare Ramsey, Anand Kumar. (2011) H1N1: viral pneumonia as a cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Current Opinion in Critical Care 17:1, 64-71
CrossRef74
Ignacio MARTIN-LOECHES, Alejandro RODRIGUEZ, Juan BONASTRE, Rafael ZARAGOZA, Rafael SIERRA, Asunción MARQUES, Jose JULIÁ-NARVAEZ, Emili DIAZ, Jordi RELLO, . (2011) Severe pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection: Report on the first deaths in Spain. Respirology 16:1, 78-85
CrossRef75
Michael S. Firstenberg, Erik Abel, Danielle Blais, Juan Crestanello, Julie E. Mangino. (2011) Postvaccination Influenza 2009 H1N1 Respiratory Failure Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2011, 1-2
CrossRef76
Diego López Mendoza, Marcos I. Restrepo. (2011) Severe pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A infection: Are we ready to move on?. Respirology 16:1, 1-2
CrossRef77
Carlos Castillo-Chavez, Xiaohong Wang, Griselle Torres-Garcia, Doria Thompson, Omar Saucedo, Olivia Prosper. (2011) Modeling control strategies for concurrent epidemics of seasonal and pandemic H1N1 influenza. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 8:1, 141-170
CrossRef78
Fernando G Ríos, Elisa Estenssoro, Fernando Villarejo, Ricardo Valentini, Liliana Aguilar, Daniel Pezzola, Pascual Valdez, Miguel Blasco, Cristina Orlandi, Javier Alvarez, Fernando Saldarini, Alejandro Gómez, Pablo E Gómez, Martin Deheza, Alan Zazu, Mónica Quinteros, Ariel Chena, Javier Osatnik, Damian Violi, Maria Gonzalez, Guillermo Chiappero. (2011) Lung Function and Organ Dysfunctions in 178 Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation During The 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic. Critical Care 15:4, R201
CrossRef79
M. AJELLI, S. MERLER, A. PUGLIESE, C. RIZZO. (2011) Model predictions and evaluation of possible control strategies for the 2009 A/H1N1v influenza pandemic in Italy. Epidemiology and Infection 139:01, 68-79
CrossRef80
So-Yun Nah, Ji Taek Hong, Jae Hyoung Im, Jung Hwan Lee, Areum Durey, Mijeong Kim, Hye-Jin Lee, Shin-Ku Park, Moon-Hyun Chung, Ji Hyeon Baek, Jin-Soo Lee. (2011) Variations in Number of Hospitalized Patients with Cardiopulmonary Diseases Associated with 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital - Comparison with Seasonal Influenza. Infection and Chemotherapy 43:5, 390
CrossRef81
Marco Ciapetti, Giovanni Cianchi, Giovanni Zagli, Cesare Greco, Andrea Pasquini, Rosario Spina, Stefano Batacchi, Manuela Bonizzoli, Massimo Bonacchi, Chiara Lazzeri, Pasquale Bernardo, Adriano Peris. (2011) Feasibility of inter-hospital transportation using extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support of patients affected by severe swine-flu(H1N1)-related ARDS. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 19:1, 32
CrossRef82
Hans-Joachim Burkardt. (2011) Pandemic H1N1 2009 (‘swine flu’): diagnostic and other challenges. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 11:1, 35-40
CrossRef83
Carlos Castillo-Chavez, Maytee Cruz-Aponte, Marco Herrera-Valdez. (2011) Multiple outbreaks for the same pandemic: Local transportation and social distancing explain the different "waves" of A-H1N1pdm cases observed in México during 2009. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 8:1, 21-48
CrossRef84
Xiao-Wen Cheng, Juan Lu, Chun-Li Wu, Li-Na Yi, Xu Xie, Xiang-Dong Shi, Shi-Song Fang, Hong Zan, Hsiang-fu Kung, Ming-Liang He. (2011) Three fatal cases of pandemic 2009 influenza A virus infection in Shenzhen are associated with cytokine storm. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 175:1, 185-187
CrossRef85
Fuqiang Cui, Huiming Luo, Lei Zhou, Dapeng Yin, Canjun Zheng, Dingming Wang, Jian Gong, Gang Fang, Jianfeng He, Jeffrey McFarland, Hongjie Yu. (2011) Transmission of Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in a Train in China. Journal of Epidemiology 21:4, 271-277
CrossRef86
Eunha Shim. (2011) Prioritization of delayed vaccination for pandemic influenza. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 8:1, 95-112
CrossRef87
Toshihiko Mori, Mayuko Morii, Kojiro Terada, Yoshimasa Wada, Yuki Kuroiwa, Tomoyuki Hotsubo, Shigeto Fuse, Seiko Nishioka, Takeshi Nishioka, Hiroyuki Tsutsumi. (2011) Clinical characteristics and computed tomography findings in children with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viral pneumonia. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 43:1, 47-54
CrossRef88
(2011) Critical care services and the H1N1 (2009) influenza epidemic in Australia and New Zealand in 2010: the impact of the second winter epidemic. Critical Care 15:3, R143
CrossRef89
Gernot Beutel, Olaf Wiesner, Matthias Eder, Carsten Hafer, Andrea S Schneider, Jan T Kielstein, Christian Kühn, Albert Heim, Tina Ganzenmüller, Hans-Heinrich Kreipe, Axel Haverich, Andreas Tecklenburg, Arnold Ganser, Tobias Welte, Marius M Hoeper. (2011) Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome as a major contributor to death in patients with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection. Critical Care 15:2, R80
CrossRef90
Dragan Mikic, Darko Nozic, Miroslav Kojic, Svetlana Popovic, Dejan Hristovic, Radmila Rajic-Dimitrijevic, Petar Curcic, Milomir Milanovic, Rade Glavatovic, Vesna Begovic-Kupresanin, Milic Veljovic, Dragan Djordjevic, Nada Kuljic-Kapulica, Radovan Cekanac, Dara Stefanovic. (2011) Clinical manifestations, therapy and outcome of pandemic influenza a (H1N1) 2009 in hospitalized patients. Vojnosanitetski pregled 68:3, 248-256
CrossRef91
J.A. Stockman. (2011) Severe Respiratory Disease Concurrent with the Circulation of H1N1 Influenza. Yearbook of Pediatrics 2011, 506-508
CrossRef92
Yae-Jean Kim. (2011) Did the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Caused more Severe Infection than Seasonal Influenza during 2009 to 2010 Season?. Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease 21:4, 247
CrossRef93
Carmelina Calitri, Clara Gabiano, Silvia Garazzino, Michele Pinon, Marisa Zoppo, Margherita Cuozzo, Carlo Scolfaro, Pier-Angelo Tovo. (2010) Clinical features of hospitalised children with 2009 H1N1 influenza virus infection. European Journal of Pediatrics 169:12, 1511-1515
CrossRef94
Xiaofan Ding, Lifang Jiang, Changwen Ke, Zhan Yang, Chunliang Lei, Kaiyuan Cao, Jun Xu, Lin Xu, Xingfen Yang, Yonghui Zhang, Ping Huang, Weijun Huang, Xun Zhu, Zhenjian He, Liping Liu, Jun Li, Jie Yuan, Jueheng Wu, Xiaoping Tang, Mengfeng Li. (2010) Amino acid sequence analysis and identification of mutations under positive selection in hemagglutinin of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) isolates. Virus Genes 41:3, 329-340
CrossRef95
Ji-Young Min, Grace L Chen, Celia Santos, Elaine W Lamirande, Yumiko Matsuoka, Kanta Subbarao. (2010) Classical swine H1N1 influenza viruses confer cross protection from swine-origin 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection in mice and ferrets. Virology 408:1, 128-133
CrossRef96
A. L. GREER, A. TUITE, D. N. FISMAN. (2010) Age, influenza pandemics and disease dynamics. Epidemiology and Infection 138:11, 1542-1549
CrossRef97
M. E. Falagas, N. V. Cholevas, A. M. Kapaskelis, E. K. Vouloumanou, A. Michalopoulos, P. I. Rafailidis. (2010) Epidemiological aspects of 2009 H1N1 influenza: the accumulating experience from the Northern Hemisphere. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 29:11, 1327-1347
CrossRef98
Andre Varella. (2010) Report of the international forum on pandemic influenza 2010. Vaccine 28:48, 7579-7582
CrossRef99
Kin-Wang To, Sing Lee, Tat-On Chan, Shui-Shan Lee. (2010) Exploring determinants of acceptance of the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccination in nurses. American Journal of Infection Control 38:8, 623-630
CrossRef100
Diamantino R. Salgado, Julian Arias Ortiz, Raphaël Favory, Jacques Creteur, Jean-Louis Vincent, Daniel Backer. (2010) Microcirculatory abnormalities in patients with severe influenza A (H1N1) infection. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie 57:10, 940-946
CrossRef101
Matthew J. Memoli. (2010) pH1N1 influenza A: Timing is everything*. Critical Care Medicine 38:10, 2081-2082
CrossRef102
Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez, Odile Launay. (2010) Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in pregnant women: impact of early diagnosis and antiviral treatment. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 8:9, 981-984
CrossRef103
S. Vernadakis, M. Adamzik, M. Heuer, G. Antoch, H. Baba, M. Fiedler, J. Buer, A. Paul, G.M. Kaiser. (2010) Hemikolektomie bei Kolonischämie. Der Chirurg 81:9, 841-845
CrossRef104
Anne Gatewood Hoen, David L. Buckeridge, Emily H. Chan, Clark C. Freifeld, Mikaela Keller, Katia Charland, Christl A. Donnelly, John S. Brownstein. (2010) Characteristics of US public schools with reported cases of novel influenza A (H1N1). International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14, e6-e8
CrossRef105
M. Raftogiannis, A. Antonopoulou, F. Baziaka, A. Spyridaki, P. Koutoukas, T. Tsaganos, A. Savva, A. Pistiki, M. Georgitsi, E. J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis. (2010) Indication for a role of regulatory T cells for the advent of influenza A (H1N1)-related pneumonia. Clinical & Experimental Immunology 161:3, 576-583
CrossRef106
Barbara Donner, Viswanathan Niranjan, Gerhard Hoffmann. (2010) Safety of Oseltamivir in Pregnancy. Drug Safety 33:8, 631-642
CrossRef107
Jin Soo Shin, Seon Do Hwang, Hyun Soo Kim, Sung Whan Cho, Sang Heui Seo. (2010) Protection of Ferrets from Infection by Swine-Origin 2009 A (H1N1) Influenza Virus by the Inactivated Vaccine. Viral Immunology 23:4, 395-402
CrossRef108
Nausherwan K. Burki. (2010) A Role for Extracorporeal Treatment in Severe Influenza?. Southern Medical Journal 103:8, 727-728
CrossRef109
Koji Wada, Hiroshi Nishiura, Akihiko Kawana. (2010) An epidemiological analysis of severe cases of the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in Japan. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4:4, 179-186
CrossRef110
Ahmet Sert, Abdullah Yazar, Dursun Odabas, Hüseyin Bilgin. (2010) An unusual cause of fever in a neonate: Influenza A (H1N1) virus pneumonia. Pediatric Pulmonology 45:7, 734-736
CrossRef111
Sunmi Lee, Gerardo Chowell, Carlos Castillo-Chávez. (2010) Optimal control for pandemic influenza: The role of limited antiviral treatment and isolation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 265:2, 136-150
CrossRef112
Hiroshi Nishiura. (2010) Travel and Age of Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection. Journal of Travel Medicine 17:4, 269-270
CrossRef113
Mireia Cantero Caballero, Ángel Touma Fernández, M. Jesús Granda Martín, Ana Castuera Gil, Paul Zegarra Salas, Carmen Cuenca Carvajal, Juan Carlos Cano Ballesteros, Susana Granado De La Orden, María Ferrer Civeira, Pilar Catalán Alonso, Cristina Pérez Sanz, Ángel Aguaron De La Cruz, Carlos Merello Godino, Juan Andueza Lillo, Paz Rodríguez Pérez, Luis Audibert Mena. (2010) Demanda de atención hospitalaria por gripe A/H1N1: evaluación de los primeros 1.000 casos atendidos. Medicina Clínica 135:1, 1-7
CrossRef114
T. Ganzenmueller, J. Kluba, B. Hilfrich, W. Puppe, W. Verhagen, A. Heim, T. Schulz, C. Henke-Gendo. (2010) Comparison of the performance of direct fluorescent antibody staining, a point-of-care rapid antigen test and virus isolation with that of RT-PCR for the detection of novel 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus in respiratory specimens. Journal of Medical Microbiology 59:6, 713-717
CrossRef115
Thomas Henzler, Mathias Meyer, Armin Kalenka, Markus Alb, Gerald Schmid-Bindert, Sönke Bartling, Joseph U. Schoepf, Stefan O. Schoenberg, Christian Fink. (2010) Image Findings of Patients with H1N1 Virus Pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Failure. Academic Radiology 17:6, 681-685
CrossRef116
Hiroshi Nishiura. (2010) The virulence of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009: an epidemiological perspective on the case–fatality ratio. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 4:3, 329-338
CrossRef117
Tianjia Guan, Maosheng Yao. (2010) Use of carbon nanotube filter in removing bioaerosols. Journal of Aerosol Science 41:6, 611-620
CrossRef118
Thomas Rowe, Alberto J. León, Corey J. Crevar, Donald M. Carter, Luoling Xu, Longsi Ran, Yuan Fang, Cheryl M. Cameron, Mark J. Cameron, David Banner, Derek C.K. Ng, Ran Ran, Heather K. Weirback, Clayton A. Wiley, David J. Kelvin, Ted M. Ross. (2010) Modeling host responses in ferrets during A/California/07/2009 influenza infection. Virology 401:2, 257-265
CrossRef119
Kalyan Das, James M Aramini, Li-Chung Ma, Robert M Krug, Eddy Arnold. (2010) Structures of influenza A proteins and insights into antiviral drug targets. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 17:5, 530-538
CrossRef120
Julian W Tang, Nandini Shetty, Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam. (2010) Features of the new pandemic influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus: virology, epidemiology, clinical and public health aspects. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 16:3, 235-241
CrossRef121
Sven Meyer, Corina Ilchmann, Matti Adam, Edgar Sattinger, Dimitrios Siamkouris, Umeswaran Arunagirinathan, Tobias Deuse, Florian M. Wagner, Hermann Reichenspurner, Angelika Costard-Jaeckle. (2010) Asymptomatic infection with novel influenza A/H1N1 virus in a heart transplant recipient. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 29:5, 585-586
CrossRef122
R. Xu, D. C. Ekiert, J. C. Krause, R. Hai, J. E. Crowe, I. A. Wilson. (2010) Structural Basis of Preexisting Immunity to the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus. Science 328:5976, 357-360
CrossRef123
Lena M. Napolitano, Pauline K. Park, Krishnan Raghavendran, Robert H. Bartlett. (2010) Nonventilatory strategies for patients with life-threatening 2009 H1N1 influenza and severe respiratory failure. Critical Care Medicine 38, e74-e90
CrossRef124
Peter Wark. (2010) Viral and bacterial interactions in pneumonia. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 4:2, 221-228
CrossRef125
Gregory D. Koblentz. (2010) Biosecurity Reconsidered: Calibrating Biological Threats and Responses. International Security 34:4, 96-132
CrossRef126
László Bidiga, László Asztalos, Zoltán Fülep, Béla Fülesdi, Gábor Méhes. (2010) Az új influenzavírus- (H1N1-) fertőzés okozta fatális kimenetelű tüdőgyulladás. Orvosi Hetilap 151:14, 576-579
CrossRef127
Michael B. Rothberg, Sarah D. Haessler. (2010) Complications of seasonal and pandemic influenza. Critical Care Medicine 38, e91-e97
CrossRef128
C.-J. Wei, J. C. Boyington, K. Dai, K. V. Houser, M. B. Pearce, W.-P. Kong, Z.-y. Yang, T. M. Tumpey, G. J. Nabel. (2010) Cross-Neutralization of 1918 and 2009 Influenza Viruses: Role of Glycans in Viral Evolution and Vaccine Design. Science Translational Medicine 2:24, 24ra21-24ra21
CrossRef129
Andrew R. Lai, Kevin Keet, Celina M. Yong, Janet V. Diaz. (2010) Severe H1N1-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Case Series. The American Journal of Medicine 123:3, 282-285.e2
CrossRef130
Kwun M Fong, YoungSoo Shim, Sung Hak Park. (2010) 14th Congress of the APSR and 3rd Joint Congress of the APSR/ACCP. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 4:1, 21-23
CrossRef131
Poramate Pitak-Arnnop, Stefan Schubert, Kittipong Dhanuthai, Kraison Sappayatosok, Ute Bauer, Pichit Ngamwannagul, Uwe Gerd Liebert, Alexander Hemprich. (2010) Swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus and dental practice: a critical review. Clinical Oral Investigations 14:1, 11-17
CrossRef132
Libster, Romina, Bugna, Jimena, Coviello, Silvina, Hijano, Diego R., Dunaiewsky, Mariana, Reynoso, Natalia, Cavalieri, Maria L., Guglielmo, Maria C., Areso, M. Soledad, Gilligan, Tomas, Santucho, Fernanda, Cabral, Graciela, Gregorio, Gabriela L., Moreno, Rina, Lutz, Maria I., Panigasi, Alicia L., Saligari, Liliana, Caballero, Mauricio T., Egües Almeida, Rodrigo M., Gutierrez Meyer, Maria E., Neder, Maria D., Davenport, Maria C., Del Valle, Maria P., Santidrian, Valeria S., Mosca, Guillermina, Garcia Domínguez, Mercedes, Alvarez, Liliana, Landa, Patricia, Pota, Ana, Boloñati, Norma, Dalamon, Ricardo, Sanchez Mercol, Victoria I., Espinoza, Marco, Peuchot, Juan Carlos, Karolinski, Ariel, Bruno, Miriam, Borsa, Ana, Ferrero, Fernando, Bonina, Angel, Ramonet, Margarita, Albano, Lidia C., Luedicke, Nora, Alterman, Elias, Savy, Vilma, Baumeister, Elsa, Chappell, James D., Edwards, Kathryn M., Melendi, Guillermina A., Polack, Fernando P., . (2010) Pediatric Hospitalizations Associated with 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) in Argentina. New England Journal of Medicine 362:1, 45-55
Full Text133
Giuseppe Gristina, Giuseppe Nardi, Daniela Orazi, Francesco Nicola Lauria, Maria Beatrice Valli, Eleonora Lalle, Stefano Menzo, Luigi Riccioni, Maria Pia Camporiondo. (2010) Prone Positioning and Intravenous Zanamivir may Represent Effective Alternatives for Patients with Severe ARDS Virus A (H1N1) Related Pneumonia in Hospitals with no Access to ECMO. Critical Care Research and Practice 2010, 1-5
CrossRef134
Aran Lee, Yu Seun Kim, Myoung Soo Kim, Dong Jin Joo, Byung Mo Lee, Hyun Jung Kim, Soon Il Kim. (2010) Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Infection in Renal Transplant Recipients. The Journal of the Korean Society for Transplantation 24:4, 256
CrossRef135
María Luisa De Souza-Galvao, Miguel Ángel Martínez-García, Francisco Sanz, José Blanquer. (2010) Hot topics en infecciones respiratorias. Archivos de Bronconeumología 46, 8-12
CrossRef136
Kelvin K.W. To, Kwok-Hung Chan, Iris W.S. Li, Tak-Yin Tsang, Herman Tse, Jasper F.W. Chan, Ivan F.N. Hung, Sik-To Lai, Chi-Wai Leung, Yat-Wah Kwan, Yu-Lung Lau, Tak-Keung Ng, Vincent C.C. Cheng, Joseph S.M. Peiris, Kwok-Yung Yuen. (2010) Viral load in patients infected with pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus. Journal of Medical Virology 82:1, 1-7
CrossRef137
T. Kamigaki, H. Oshitani. (2010) Influenza pandemic preparedness and severity assessment of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in South-east Asia. Public Health 124:1, 5-9
CrossRef138
Tae Jin Yun, Gu Jin Kwon, Mi Kyeong Oh, Sung Koo Woo, Seung Hoon Park, Seung Hong Choi, Hyun Ju Lee, Jin Mo Goo, Jae-Joon Yim, Jong Sung Kim, Chang Min Park. (2010) Radiological and Clinical Characteristics of a Military Outbreak of Pandemic H1N1 2009 Influenza Virus Infection. Korean Journal of Radiology 11:4, 417
CrossRef139
Francisco Sanz Herrero, Nuria Marina Malanda, Beatriz Montull Veiga, María Pilar Sanjuán López. (2010) Nuevos retos en la neumonía comunitaria. Archivos de Bronconeumología 46, 22-26
CrossRef140
Hideki Ozawa, Satomi Asai, Guilan Jin, Yuya Hasunuma, Chiharu Tanaka, Takayuki Ikeda, Moritsugu Kimura, Akihiro Ueda, Tomohiro Yamashita, Hayato Miyachi. (2010) Severe Pneumonia Caused by a Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in an Asymptomatic Emphysematous Smoker. Internal Medicine 49:15, 1667-1670
CrossRef141
Marcos I. Restrepo, Marcela Mazo, Antonio Anzueto. (2010) Gripe A (H1N1). Experiencia de Estados Unidos. Archivos de Bronconeumología 46, 13-18
CrossRef142
J. Rush Pierce, Susan M. Kellie, Theresa A. West, J. Matthew Richardson, Devon A. Neale, Ona G. Montgomery, Stephanie C. McClure, Todd E. Bell. (2009) Top Ten List of Long-Term Care Facility Preparations for the Upcoming Influenza Season. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 57:12, 2318-2323
CrossRef143
Santiago Echevarría-Zuno, Juan Manuel Mejía-Aranguré, Alvaro J Mar-Obeso, Concepción Grajales-Muñiz, Eduardo Robles-Pérez, Margot González-León, Manuel Carlos Ortega-Alvarez, Cesar Gonzalez-Bonilla, Ramón Alberto Rascón-Pacheco, Víctor Hugo Borja-Aburto. (2009) Infection and death from influenza A H1N1 virus in Mexico: a retrospective analysis. The Lancet 374:9707, 2072-2079
CrossRef144
Rishi Raj, Mario Cerdan, Andresfelipe Yepeshurtado, Robert Kimbrough, Kenneth Nugent. (2009) Novel Swine-Origin (S-OIV) H1N1 Influenza A Pneumonia in a Lung Transplant Patient: A Case Report and Review of the Literature on Performance Characteristics of Rapid Screening Tests for the S-OIV. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 338:6, 506-508
CrossRef145
Dimple DʼSilva, Saliya Hewagama, Richard Doherty, Tony M. Korman, Jim Buttery. (2009) MELTING MUSCLES. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 28:12, 1138-1139
CrossRef146
Fisman, David N., , Savage, Rachel, Gubbay, Jonathan, Achonu, Camille, Akwar, Holy, Farrell, David J., Crowcroft, Natasha S., , Jackson, Phil, . (2009) Older Age and a Reduced Likelihood of 2009 H1N1 Virus Infection. New England Journal of Medicine 361:20, 2000-2001
Full Text147
The ANZIC Influenza Investigators. (2009) Critical Care Services and 2009 H1N1 Influenza in Australia and New Zealand. New England Journal of Medicine 361:20, 1925-1934
Full Text148
Israel Grijalva-Otero, Juan Osvaldo Talavera, Fortino Solorzano-Santos, Guillermo Vazquez-Rosales, Svetlana Vladislavovna-Doubova, Ricardo Pérez-Cuevas, Guadalupe Miranda-Novales, Carmen García-Peña, Claudia Espinel-Bermúdez, Javier Torres, Jorge Escobedo de la Peña. (2009) Critical Analysis of Deaths Due to Atypical Pneumonia during the Onset of the Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Epidemic. Archives of Medical Research 40:8, 662-668
CrossRef149
M. Patel, A. Dennis, C. Flutter, S. Thornton, O. D’Mello, N. Sherwood. (2009) Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza: experience from the critical care unit. Anaesthesia 64:11, 1241-1245
CrossRef150
Mauricio Rodríguez-Álvarez, Ana María Velasco-Velasco, Nelson J. Álvarez-Anell, María Eugenia Jiménez-Corona, Samuel Ponce de León-Rosales. (2009) Identification of Seasonal Vaccine Hemagglutinin Subtype 1 (H1) Epitopes in Mexican Isolates of the New Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Virus. Archives of Medical Research 40:8, 687-692
CrossRef151
Josep Vaqué Rafart. (2009) Gripe por el virus influenza A (H1N1) 2009: baja virulencia, pero claras características pandémicas. Medicina Clínica 133:14, 542-544
CrossRef152
Josep Vaqué Rafart, Julita Gil Cuesta, María Brotons Agulló. (2009) Principales características de la pandemia por el nuevo virus influenza A (H1N1). Medicina Clínica 133:13, 513-521
CrossRef153
F. Trémolières. (2009) Les antiviraux de la grippe servent-ils à quelque chose ?. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 39:9, 667-673
CrossRef154
Ki Hwan Kim, Hye Jin Park, Dong Soo Kim. (2009) Clinical Characteristic of Respiratory Tract Infections in Children during Pandemic Influenza (H1N1 2009) in Korea. Infection and Chemotherapy 42:2, 76
CrossRef155
Choong Wook Lee, Joon Beom Seo, Jae-Woo Song, Hyun Joo Lee, Jin Seong Lee, Mi Young Kim, Eun Jin Chae, Jin Woo Song, Won Young Kim. (2009) Pulmonary Complication of Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Infection: Imaging Features in Two Patients. Korean Journal of Radiology 10:6, 531
CrossRef
