Original Article
Brief Report
An Autoinflammatory Disease Due to Homozygous Deletion of the IL1RN Locus
N Engl J Med 2009; 360:2438-2444June 4, 2009
- Abstract
We describe a patient with an autoinflammatory disease in which the main clinical features are pustular rash, marked osteopenia, lytic bone lesions, respiratory insufficiency, and thrombosis. Genetic studies revealed a 175-kb homozygous deletion at chromosome 2q13, which encompasses several interleukin-1 family members, including the gene encoding the interleukin-1–receptor antagonist (IL1RN). Mononuclear cells, obtained from the patient and cultured, produced large amounts of inflammatory cytokines, with increasing amounts secreted after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. A similar increase was not observed in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from a patient with neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disorder (NOMID). Treatment with anakinra completely resolved the symptoms and lesions.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Clinical Phenotype of Our Patient with the Homozygous Deletion at the IL1RN Locus.Figure 2
Genetic and Gene-Expression Characteristics of Our Patient with a Deletion at the IL1RN Locus and a Patient with Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease (NOMID).Article Activity
- Article
In most autoinflammatory disorders, systemic and local inflammation appear spontaneously at a young age.1 In one such disorder, neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disorder (NOMID), there is a rash at birth and eventual development of inflammatory arthropathy, meningitis, hearing loss, and signs of systemic inflammation.2,3 This disease is caused by mutations in NLRP3, which encodes cryopyrin, a protein that mediates the activation of caspase 1 and proteolytic conversion of pro–interleukin-1β to functional interleukin-1β.4-6 Mononuclear cells in NOMID produce high levels of interleukin-1β, which appear in the serum.6 Treatment with the recombinant interleukin-1–receptor antagonist anakinra alleviates the symptoms and signs of NOMID.7
In this report, we describe an autoinflammatory syndrome caused by a deletion in the interleukin-1 family gene cluster including the interleukin-1–receptor antagonist. Clinical features, gene-expression analysis, and the pattern of cytokine production by peripheral-blood mononuclear cells distinguish this syndrome from NOMID. Treatment with anakinra resulted in complete resolution of all symptoms.
Case Report
The affected male infant was born at 33 weeks' gestation after an uncomplicated pregnancy and remained in the hospital for 5 days because of apnea. The parents have the same grandmother and are half first cousins. There was no family history of autoimmunity or inflammatory, skin, or bone disorders. An erythematous macular rash with central pustules appeared in the infant's groin, at approximately 10 days of age, and subsequently spread over his body (Figure 1AFigure 1
Clinical Phenotype of Our Patient with the Homozygous Deletion at the IL1RN Locus.). Because of the rash and continued apneic episodes, he was readmitted to the hospital at 15 days of age. Fever was not noted before or after admission to the hospital. Bacterial cultures of blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid specimens were negative, but culture of the pustular lesions was positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Ultrasonography of the pelvis showed bilateral hip effusions, which were aspirated, but no organisms were cultured. Chest radiography showed diffuse osteopenia and abnormalities of the ribs, with flaring anteriorly near the costochondral junction (Figure 1B). A skeletal survey showed corner fractures of the distal right femur and the proximal right tibia. Because of mild hypoxemia, computed tomography (CT) of the chest was performed, revealing localized ground-glass opacities and areas of atelectasis. Results of laboratory studies included leukocytosis, monocytosis, anemia, thrombocytosis, and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein level (Figure 1C).Because of concerns about the MRSA infection and possible osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, a 4-week course of vancomycin and meropenem was given. Nevertheless, the elevated inflammatory markers, pustular rash, and respiratory distress continued. CT was performed again, showing new bone lesions in the proximal femurs and both humeri. A repeat skeletal survey on day 24 showed increased osteopenia, an increased number of lytic lesions in the ribs and proximal left femur, and new lesions of the distal left ulna and radius. On day 29, swelling of the right leg developed, and ultrasonography showed thrombosis of the right common femoral and right external iliac veins. Shortly thereafter, swelling of the left arm developed, and ultrasonography revealed a large thrombus of the left basilic, axillary, and subclavian veins in association with a peripherally inserted central catheter. Laboratory studies to rule out a hypercoagulable state (including prothrombin and factor V Leiden sequence analyses; tests of protein S activity, protein C activity, and antithrombin III activity; and measurement of lupus anticoagulant and antiphospholipid antibody levels) were negative, and heparin was started. A skin-biopsy specimen from the left side of the chest showed subcorneal pustules with infundibulofolliculitis (Figure 1D). Bone-biopsy specimens from the left femur contained fragments of reactive woven bone with scalloped edges, scattered osteoclasts, and increased numbers of neutrophils (Figure 1D). No evidence of cancer or Langerhans'-cell histiocytosis was found. Cultures of bone-tissue samples for anaerobes, aerobes, acid-fast bacilli, and fungi were all negative.
Worsening respiratory distress developed in association with progression of ground glass opacities on chest CT. An open lung biopsy showed alveoli filled with macrophages and some neutrophils. Because of the worsening clinical picture and similarities of this case to NOMID, anakinra was administered on day 49 (5 mg per kilogram of body weight, administered subcutaneously, daily). There was a rapid and sustained resolution of skin lesions and respiratory distress. Inflammatory markers returned to normal, and remained normal for over 6 months. After 2 months of anakinra therapy, bone mineral density increased and periosteal reactions were noted, indicating bone healing (Figure 1E and 1F). After 6 months of therapy, the bone mineral density increased from 0.185 to 0.265 g per square centimeter. The patient is currently growing and developing normally: he is 18 months of age, weighs 9.3 kg (3rd percentile), and is 77 cm tall (18th percentile). He remains asymptomatic, while receiving anakinra daily, at a dose of 2.5 mg per kilogram. (Nine similar cases are reported in this issue of the Journal by Aksentijevich et al.8)
Methods
Cell Isolation and Analysis
Mononuclear cells were isolated with the use of Ficoll-Paque (Amersham) and cultured in medium with or without lipopolysaccharide (10 μg per milliliter, Sigma) for 4 or 24 hours. Supernatants were analyzed for interleukin-8, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin-12 p70 with the use of a BD Cytometric Bead Array human inflammation kit (BD Biosciences) or by an interleukin-1β enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (eBioscience). Peripheral-blood mononuclear cells, either stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or not stimulated, were stained with antibodies against CD14 and analyzed with the use of a flow cytometer (FACSCalibur, BD Biosciences).9
DNA Isolation and RNA Synthesis
Genomic DNA was isolated by means of a genomic DNA purification system (Wizard SV, Promega). Total RNA was obtained with the use of the Trizol reagent (Invitrogen), according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Analysis of Copy-Number Variation
Genomewide analysis of copy-number variation was performed with the use of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array (Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0, Affymetrix). Copy-number analysis was performed by means of a genotyping console (Genotyping Console version 2.0, Affymetrix) and a reference model (GenomeWideSNP_6.hapmap270.422 data set). A total of 1.8 million probes are included on the array. All samples had contrast quality scores of more than 0.4. For the analysis, we selected the following standard settings: median absolute pairwise difference, more than 0.4; minimum number of markers, 5; and minimum genomic size of the segment, 100 kb.
Gene-Expression Analysis
Purified RNA (in aliquots of approximately 100 ng) was amplified by means of a two-cycle complementary-DNA synthesis kit, and complementary RNA was synthesized, labeled, fragmented, and hybridized to a hybridization array (GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array, Affymetrix). The hybridization arrays were washed and stained (with the GeneChip Hybridization Wash and Stain Kit, Affymetrix) and scanned. The image data were analyzed (with GeneChip Operating Software, Affymetrix) and normalized with the use of Robust Multichip Analysis to determine the signal intensity ratios. Hierarchical clustering was conducted with the use of Genesis software (version 1.7.2).10
Results
The unusual features and severity of the disease in this infant, who was born to consanguineous parents, prompted us to perform genomewide analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We found a 175-kb deletion at chromosome 2q13 that encompasses six interleukin-1 family members: IL1RN, IL1F5, IL1F6, IL1F8, IL1F9, and IL1F10 (Figure 2AFigure 2
Genetic and Gene-Expression Characteristics of Our Patient with a Deletion at the IL1RN Locus and a Patient with Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease (NOMID).). The parents were heterozygous for this deletion and were healthy (Figure 2A).To differentiate our patient's disease from NOMID, we compared global gene-expression profiles of mononuclear cells isolated from him, a control subject, and a patient with NOMID due to a mutation in NLRP3 (Phe525Leu). Since baseline gene expression varied considerably among these three subjects, we normalized the data to the overall mean log2 signal intensity for all conditions. Hierarchical clustering was conducted with the use of any probe set that exhibited a minimum difference by a factor of 16 among the three subjects. We found that the transcriptomes from unstimulated mononuclear cells from our patient with the deletion and the patient with NOMID were similar, but both differed from the control subject's transcriptome (Figure 2B). After lipopolysaccharide stimulation of mononuclear cells, the transcriptome of mononuclear cells from the our patient was more similar to that of the control than that of the patient with NOMID. The transcription of genes encoding interleukin-1β, interleukin-1α, interleukin-8, and interleukin-6 increased in cells from our patient with the deletion and the control but not in those from the patient with NOMID.
To confirm the results of the microarray experiments, we measured the amounts of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, and TNF-α in the supernatants from unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mononuclear cells. Elevated amounts of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 and TNF-α were found in unstimulated cells from the patient with NOMID and our patient (Figure 2C). After lipopolysaccharide stimulation, these cytokines increased markedly in the supernatants from cultured cells from the control and our patient but not in cells from the patient with NOMID.
Previous investigations showed that monocytes from patients with NOMID undergo apoptosis in response to lipopolysaccharide.11 We tested whether lipopolysaccharide stimulation also caused the death of monocytes from our patient with the deletion. Figure 2D shows dramatic loss of monocytes after lipopolysaccharide stimulation of mononuclear cells from the patient with NOMID, whereas no such loss was found in cultures of cells from controls (data not shown) and our patient.
Since both parents of our patient carried the deletion, we tested whether haploinsufficiency of the gene cluster on chromosome 2q13 increased the production of interleukin-1β. Interleukin-1β levels were measured in supernatants from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mononuclear cells from the patient, both parents, a control, and a patient with NOMID. Cultures of unstimulated mononuclear cells from both parents and the control produced no interleukin-1β, whereas cultures of mononuclear cells from the patient with NOMID and our patient with the deletion showed elevated levels of interleukin-1β (Figure 2E). After lipopolysaccharide stimulation, mononuclear cells from the control, mother, father, and our patient markedly up-regulated interleukin-1β, with the highest levels after 24 hours, whereas the cells from the patient with NOMID failed to up-regulate interleukin-1β beyond the levels before stimulation.
Discussion
We describe an autoinflammatory disease due to a homozygous deletion of the interleukin-1 locus encompassing IL1RN and five other interleukin-1 family members. This disease shares some clinical features with NOMID — signs of systemic inflammation and rash, from birth — but it has a more severe clinical course and clinical features that are not observed in NOMID. These include severe osteopenia, lytic bone lesions, respiratory involvement, and thrombotic episodes. Whether the premature birth of the affected child was related to the inflammatory condition is unknown, but there is a suggestion that interleukin-1 may have a role in premature birth.12
Treatment with anakinra rapidly resolved all signs of the disease, including the severe osteopenia and bone lesions. The rapid healing of bone lesions in response to anakinra confirms the importance of interleukin-1 in osteoclast activation and bone loss.13 Lytic bone lesions do not develop in patients with NOMID, despite increased interleukin-1β production. We found that the production of inflammatory proteins by mononuclear cells in response to lipopolysaccharide was less in patients with NOMID than in our patient with the deletion; this difference could account for the milder NOMID phenotype. In this regard, the tendency of monocytes in patients with NOMID to undergo apoptosis in response to inflammatory stimuli may limit the amount of interleukin-1β and other inflammatory cytokines the monocytes can produce.
Several cytokines are not produced because of deletion of several genes within chromosome 2q13, and the absence of the interleukin-1–receptor antagonist probably accounts for many of the clinical and pathologic manifestations of our patient. Arteritis, arthritis, and skin inflammation develop in mice deficient in interleukin-1–receptor antagonist.14-16 Contributions by the other interleukin-1 family members may also be involved. Interleukin-1F5 and interleukin-1F10 have 40% amino acid sequence homology to interleukin-1–receptor antagonist and may have similar regulatory roles.17,18 The function of the other interleukin-1 family members is unclear, but interleukin-1F6, interleukin-1F8, and interleukin-1F9 also have similarities in amino acid sequence to interleukin-1β and can activate nuclear factor-κB.17-20 Inflammatory skin disease develops in transgenic mice expressing interleukin-1F6 in basal keratinocytes, and the skin lesions are worse in offspring of a cross between these animals and interleukin-1F5–deficient mice.21 The skin in this animal model has intracorneal and intraepithelial pustules, reminiscent of the lesions in our patient, suggesting that the loss of interleukin-1F5 contributes to his rash. The consequences of the loss of interleukin-1F6, interleukin-1F8, and interleukin-1F9 are unclear, although we have not observed any increased susceptibility to infection or other immune problems in our patient after anakinra therapy.
In summary, we describe an autoinflammatory disease due to a homozygous deletion in chromosome 2q13 that encompasses six interleukin-1 family members, including the interleukin-1–receptor antagonist. Although other interleukin-1 family members may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease, we hypothesize that the deficiency of interleukin-1–receptor antagonist is the primary cause.
Supported by grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (RO1AI078713 and U19AI062627), the Research and Education Foundation of the American College of Rheumatology, and the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin Foundation.
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
We thank Drs. Jack Routes, Calvin Williams, William Grossman, and Talal Chatila for the careful review of a previous draft of this manuscript and Dr. Patti-Marie Young and the physicians at the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin for the outstanding clinical care of this patient.
Source Information
From the Departments of Pediatrics (S.R., S.J., R.G., R.L., U.B., M.J.H., J.V.) and Pathology (M.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin and the Children's Research Institute, Milwaukee.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Verbsky at the Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Children's Research Institute, 9000 W. Wisconsin Ave., Suite C465, Milwaukee, WI 53201, or at jverbsky@mcw.edu.
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