Original Article
Denosumab for Prevention of Fractures in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis
N Engl J Med 2009; 361:756-765August 20, 2009
- Abstract
Background
Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody to the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) that blocks its binding to RANK, inhibiting the development and activity of osteoclasts, decreasing bone resorption, and increasing bone density. Given its unique actions, denosumab may be useful in the treatment of osteoporosis.
Methods
We enrolled 7868 women between the ages of 60 and 90 years who had a bone mineral density T score of less than −2.5 but not less than −4.0 at the lumbar spine or total hip. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 60 mg of denosumab or placebo subcutaneously every 6 months for 36 months. The primary end point was new vertebral fracture. Secondary end points included nonvertebral and hip fractures.
Results
As compared with placebo, denosumab reduced the risk of new radiographic vertebral fracture, with a cumulative incidence of 2.3% in the denosumab group, versus 7.2% in the placebo group (risk ratio, 0.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26 to 0.41; P<0.001) — a relative decrease of 68%. Denosumab reduced the risk of hip fracture, with a cumulative incidence of 0.7% in the denosumab group, versus 1.2% in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.97; P=0.04) — a relative decrease of 40%. Denosumab also reduced the risk of nonvertebral fracture, with a cumulative incidence of 6.5% in the denosumab group, versus 8.0% in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) — a relative decrease of 20%. There was no increase in the risk of cancer, infection, cardiovascular disease, delayed fracture healing, or hypocalcemia, and there were no cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw and no adverse reactions to the injection of denosumab.
Conclusions
Denosumab given subcutaneously twice yearly for 36 months was associated with a reduction in the risk of vertebral, nonvertebral, and hip fractures in women with osteoporosis. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00089791.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Incidence of New Vertebral, Nonvertebral, and Hip Fractures.Figure 2
Percent Changes in Bone Mineral Density and Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover.Article Activity
- Article
Fractures are a major cause of disability and health care costs.1,2 The use of denosumab is a novel approach to fracture prevention. It is a fully human monoclonal antibody against the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), a cytokine that is essential for the formation, function, and survival of osteoclasts.3 By binding RANKL, denosumab prevents the interaction of RANKL with its receptor, RANK, on osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors and reversibly inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. 4
In previous trials, the subcutaneous administration of 60 mg of denosumab every 6 months reduced bone turnover and increased bone mineral density. 5-8 We tested the effect of denosumab on the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
Methods
Study Design
Our study, called Fracture Reduction Evaluation of Denosumab in Osteoporosis Every 6 Months (FREEDOM), was an international, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous injections of either 60 mg of denosumab or placebo at study sites every 6 months for 36 months. Randomization was stratified according to 5-year age groups.
Subjects
Women between the ages of 60 and 90 years with a bone mineral density T score of less than −2.5 at the lumbar spine or total hip were eligible for inclusion. Women were excluded if they had conditions that influence bone metabolism or had taken oral bisphosphonates for more than 3 years. If they had taken bisphosphonates for less than 3 years, they were eligible after 12 months without treatment. Women were also excluded if they had used intravenous bisphosphonates, fluoride, or strontium for osteoporosis within the past 5 years; or parathyroid hormone or its derivatives, corticosteroids, systemic hormone-replacement therapy, selective estrogen-receptor modulators, or tibolone, calcitonin, or calcitriol within 6 weeks before study enrollment.
Although consensus conferences have not specified a permissible risk of fracture for placebo-controlled trials,9,10 women were excluded if they had a bone mineral density T score of less than −4.0 at the lumbar spine or total hip or any severe (or more than two moderate) prevalent vertebral fractures. As part of the consent process, potential subjects were informed about alternative treatments for osteoporosis. All women received daily supplements containing at least 1000 mg of calcium. Women were excluded if they had a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of less than 12 ng per milliliter. Subjects with a baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 12 to 20 ng per milliliter were given at least 800 IU of vitamin D daily, and those with a baseline level above 20 ng per milliliter were given at least 400 IU daily. If total hip bone mineral density decreased by more than 7% during a 12-month period or by 10% or more during the study or if the T score dropped below −4.0, the subject was again counseled by the local study clinician about using alternative treatments in lieu of continuing to participate in the study. The trial and consent process were approved by the institutional review boards and ethics committees overseeing the study sites in the United States and other countries; 139 of 142 boards that reviewed the protocol approved it.
Assessments of Efficacy
Lateral spine radiographs were taken annually and assessed for new vertebral fractures by a semiquantitative grading scale11 at the central imaging center (Synarc). A prevalent fracture was defined as a vertebral body with a semiquantitative grade of 1 or more. A new vertebral fracture was defined as an increase of at least 1 grade in a vertebral body that was normal at baseline. Secondary end points were the time to the first nonvertebral fracture and the time to the first hip fracture. Fractures of the skull, face, mandible, metacarpals, fingers, or toes were excluded because they are not associated with decreased bone mineral density; pathologic fractures and those that were associated with severe trauma (defined as a fall from a height higher than a stool, chair, or first rung of a ladder or severe trauma other than a fall) were also excluded.12 Clinical fractures were confirmed by diagnostic imaging or a radiologist's report.
Bone mineral density as evaluated on dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was measured at baseline and then annually at the hip and after 36 months at the lumbar spine. Bone mineral density of both sites was measured at baseline and at 1, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months in 441 subjects. Concentrations of two markers of bone turnover were measured in 160 subjects from fasting serum samples collected before the injection on day 1, at 1 month after the baseline injection, and before injections at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. Bone-turnover marker serum C-telopeptide of type I collagen was evaluated with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Nordic Bioscience Diagnostics A/S), and intact serum procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) was evaluated with the use of radioimmunoassay (Orion Diagnostica Oy).
Adverse Events
Physicians at study sites reported adverse events that were coded as preferred terms in the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) system. All deaths and serious adverse events that were possibly related to cardiovascular disease were adjudicated by a committee of cardiologists using predefined criteria. A committee of experts reviewed reported events that met a broad range of MedDRA terms that might represent osteonecrosis of the jaw, defined as an area of exposed bone in the maxillofacial region that does not heal within 8 weeks after diagnosis.13 Study investigators clinically assessed the healing of nonvertebral fractures within 6 months after their occurrence. A positive result on hypocalcemia testing was defined as an albumin-adjusted calcium level of less than 8.0 mg per deciliter (2.0 mmol per liter) in fasting specimens drawn just before injection of the study drug. Denosumab-specific antibodies were also assessed in those samples.
Study Oversight
A steering committee, consisting of a majority of investigators who were not employed by study sponsor Amgen, planned the analyses for the manuscript before the unblinding of data, and one member wrote the first draft of the manuscript. The committee members approved the manuscript for publication and vouch for the completeness and accuracy of the data. Analyses were performed by the sponsor and confirmed by an analyst at the San Francisco Coordinating Center. The authors received all analyses that they requested. The sponsor designed the protocol with advice from external investigators and was responsible for the management and quality control of data collected by the clinical sites. A data and safety monitoring committee reviewed unblinded data at least twice yearly.
Statistical Analysis
The study had a power of more than 99% to detect a 45% reduction in the incidence of new vertebral fractures and to detect a 40% reduction in the risk of any nonvertebral fracture and a power of 91% to detect a 40% reduction in the risk of hip fracture. These estimates were based on the assumption that the annual fracture rate in the placebo group over a 36-month period would be 4.0% for vertebral fractures, 3.3% for nonvertebral fractures, and 1.0% for hip fractures.
Analyses of efficacy were based on the intention-to-treat principle. To adjust for multiplicity and maintain the overall significance level at 0.05, the primary end point of new vertebral fracture was required to achieve significance before the next end points in the sequence (nonvertebral fracture and hip fracture) could be tested. Analyses regarding vertebral fractures included all subjects who had at least one follow-up radiograph.
The effect of treatment on the risk of new vertebral fracture was analyzed with the use of a logistic-regression model with adjustment for age strata. An age-stratified Cox proportional-hazards model was used to compare the two study groups for the secondary end points. Score tests were used to calculate P values in each model.14,15 Subjects who were lost to follow-up or withdrew before having a fracture event had their last known fracture status carried forward. Radiographically defined vertebral fractures were analyzed by cumulative incidence and secondary end points by time-to-event analysis with the use of Kaplan–Meier methods. The absolute risk reduction between study groups was computed as the difference in incidence at 36 months for the primary end point and the difference in the Kaplan–Meier estimates at 36 months for the secondary end points with the use of a weighted average across the age strata. Analyses of changes in bone mineral density included all subjects who had at least one follow-up measurement at or before the time point under consideration. Missing values were imputed by carrying forward the last observation.
Safety analyses included all subjects who received at least one dose of a study drug. Analyses of adverse and serious adverse events of cancer, infection, specific cardiovascular events, and potential adverse effects of potent antiresorptive therapies (including osteonecrosis of the jaw, delayed fracture healing, femoral-shaft fracture, hypocalcemia, and atrial fibrillation) were specified in advance. Preferred terms similar to eczema were combined as eczema, and erysipelas was included with cellulitis. To adjust for multiple comparisons for numerous reports of adverse events, we specified in advance to report MedDRA preferred terms of adverse events that occurred in at least 2% of subjects in either study group with a P value of 0.05 or less and serious adverse events that occurred in at least 0.1% of subjects in either group with a P value of 0.01 or less.
Results
Subjects
A total of 7868 women were enrolled in the study, 3933 in the denosumab group and 3935 in the placebo group. Of these subjects, 60 (31 in the denosumab group and 29 in the placebo group) were excluded from all analyses because the participation of their study center was halted owing to issues related to study procedures and the reliability of data. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two study groups (Table 1Table 1
Baseline Characteristics of the Subjects.). The mean bone mineral density T scores were −2.8 at the lumbar spine, −1.9 at the total hip, and −2.2 at the femoral neck. About 24% of women had a vertebral fracture at baseline. Of 7868 subjects, 6478 (82%) completed 36 months of study and 5979 (76%) received all injections.Fractures, Bone Density, and Markers of Bone Turnover
The calculations of percentages of new and multiple new vertebral fractures were based on the number of subjects who underwent spinal radiography at baseline and during at least one visit after baseline. The 36-month incidence of new radiographic vertebral fracture was 2.3% (86 of 3702 subjects) in the denosumab group and 7.2% (264 of 3691 subjects) in the placebo group, representing a 68% reduction in relative risk (P<0.001) (Table 2Table 2
Effect of Denosumab on the Risk of Fracture at 36 Months.). The reduction in risk was similar during each year of the trial (Figure 1AFigure 1Incidence of New Vertebral, Nonvertebral, and Hip Fractures.). There were similar reductions in clinically diagnosed vertebral fractures (69%) and multiple new vertebral fractures (61%, P<0.001 for both comparisons) (Table 2).The calculations of cumulative incidences of nonvertebral, hip, and new clinical vertebral fractures were based on Kaplan–Meier estimates of a 36-month cumulative incidence in 3902 subjects in the denosumab group and 3906 in the placebo group. Denosumab reduced the risk of nonvertebral fracture, with a cumulative incidence of 6.5% in the denosumab group, as compared with 8.0% in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) — a 20% relative reduction (Table 2 and Figure 1B). Denosumab also decreased the risk of hip fracture, with a cumulative incidence of 0.7% in the denosumab group, versus 1.2% in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.97; P=0.04) — a 40% relative reduction (Table 2 and Figure 1C).
After 36 months, denosumab was associated with a relative increase in bone mineral density of 9.2% (95% CI, 8.2 to 10.1) at the lumbar spine and 6.0% (95% CI, 5.2 to 6.7) at the total hip, as compared with placebo (Figure 2Figure 2
Percent Changes in Bone Mineral Density and Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover.). As compared with placebo, denosumab decreased serum C-telopeptide levels by 86% at 1 month, by 72% before treatment was administered at 6 months, and by 72% at 36 months. Levels of PINP, a marker of bone formation, were 18%, 50%, and 76% below those in the placebo group at the same time points.Adverse Events
There were no significant differences between subjects who received denosumab and those who received placebo in the total incidence of adverse events, serious adverse events, or discontinuation of study treatment because of adverse events (Table 3Table 3
Adverse Events.). Similarly, there were no significant differences in the overall incidence of cancer, cardiovascular events, or either adverse or serious adverse events of infection. Four cases of opportunistic infections were reported in the denosumab group and three in the placebo group. Seventy subjects (1.8%) died in the denosumab group and 90 (2.3%) in the placebo group (P=0.08).No cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw occurred in either group. Delayed fracture healing was reported for two subjects in the denosumab group and four subjects in the placebo group, and one case of nonunion of a humerus fracture was reported in the placebo group. There were no fractures of the femoral shaft in the denosumab group and three such fractures in the placebo group (0.1%). There were no reports of hypocalcemia in the denosumab group and three events (0.1%) in the placebo group. Decreases in serum calcium to levels below 8.0 mg per deciliter occurred in four subjects in the denosumab group and five in the placebo group. Local reactions after injection of a study drug occurred in 33 subjects (0.8%) in the denosumab group and 26 subjects (0.7%) in the placebo group. Neutralizing antibodies to denosumab did not develop in any of the subjects.
Eczema was reported in 3.0% of subjects in the denosumab group and 1.7% in the placebo group (P<0.001). Falls that were not associated with a fracture were reported in 4.5% of subjects in the denosumab group and 5.7% in the placebo group (P=0.02). Flatulence was reported more frequently in the denosumab group (2.2%) than in the placebo group (1.4%, P=0.008). Twelve subjects (0.3%) in the denosumab group reported serious adverse events of cellulitis, as compared with one subject (<0.1%) in the placebo group (P=0.002). There were no significant differences in the overall incidence of adverse events of cellulitis, with 47 (1.2%) in the denosumab group and 36 (0.9%) in the placebo group.
Discussion
In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, the subcutaneous administration of 60 mg of denosumab every 6 months for 36 months significantly reduced the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures and the risk of hip fracture. The reduction in the risk of vertebral fracture was similar in the first and subsequent years and for both clinically diagnosed and multiple vertebral fractures.
Denosumab prevents the interaction of RANKL with RANK, its receptor, on osteoclasts and their precursors, thereby blocking the formation, function, and survival of osteoclasts.3 In contrast, bisphosphonates chemically bind to calcium hydroxyapatite in bone; they decrease bone resorption by blocking the function and survival, but not the formation, of osteoclasts.16
The magnitude of the risk reduction of vertebral fracture with denosumab was similar to that reported for intravenously administered zoledronic acid and appears to be greater than reductions reported for oral osteoporosis agents.17-20 For nonvertebral fractures, the risk reduction with denosumab was similar to those reported for alendronate, risedronate, and zoledronic acid.17,20,21 However, comparisons of efficacy are limited because there has been no head-to-head trial comparing rates of fracture reduction associated with denosumab and bisphosphonates. In addition, trials have included various subgroups of nonvertebral fractures,22-24 and study populations have varied. At least 50% of patients stop bisphosphonate treatment within 1 year after receiving a prescription for an oral agent.25 Twice-yearly subcutaneous injections might improve adherence.
During 36 months of treatment, denosumab increased bone mineral density at the lumbar spine by about 9% and at the total hip by about 6%. A separate 12-month trial showed that denosumab increased bone mineral density significantly more than alendronate at the total hip and spine.26
Denosumab reduced bone resorption by a median of 86% at 1 month, which is greater than the reductions seen with other antiresorptive drugs.21,27 In retrospective analyses from trials of antiresorptive drugs, the magnitude of the decrease in bone-turnover markers was shown to be associated with the reduction in fracture risk.28 Whether this finding also applies to denosumab requires further study. Impaired fracture healing and osteonecrosis of the jaw have been reported with bisphosphonate therapy in postmarketing case reports, raising concern that these conditions may be caused by decreased bone resorption. No significant adverse effects on fracture healing and no cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw occurred in our study. There have also been reports of cases of unusual fractures of the femoral shaft associated with long-term administration of alendronate. No fractures of the femoral shaft occurred in the denosumab group during 36 months of study. Patients in the trial are continuing to receive denosumab, to assess the potential effects of long-term treatment, including fractures, fracture healing, infections, and cancer.
RANKL and RANK are members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that are expressed by a variety of lymphoid cells.29 It has been theorized that the inhibition of RANKL might increase the risk of cancer or infection.30 In this trial, there was no significant difference in the incidence of cancer or in the overall incidence of infection, serious adverse events of infection, or opportunistic infection during 36 months of treatment; longer follow-up is under way. An increased incidence of hospitalization for cellulitis was observed in subjects who were treated with denosumab; however, there was no significant difference in the overall incidence of cellulitis between the two groups.
Before a new treatment for osteoporosis can be approved, the Food and Drug Administration and the European Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use have required that placebo-controlled trials be conducted for 3 years in subjects with osteoporosis. Some observers have raised concern about the enrollment of subjects with osteoporosis in placebo-controlled trials, although there is no consensus about an allowable risk for inclusion.9,10 To reduce the risk for control subjects, trials involving subjects at reduced risk for osteoporosis might be considered. However, the effects of treatment on the risk of nonvertebral fracture in women with a bone mineral density T score above −2.5 may be weaker and not applicable to women with osteoporosis.18,19,31 In addition, although shorter trials have been considered,10 the results may be misleading because treatments may have greater efficacy for vertebral fracture in the first year than in subsequent years.32-35
In conclusion, denosumab offers an alternative approach to the treatment of osteoporosis by decreasing bone resorption and increasing bone mineral density through the inhibition of RANKL. Denosumab was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of vertebral, hip, and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
Supported by Amgen.
Dr. Cummings reports receiving consulting fees from Amgen, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Organon, and Pfizer, lecture fees from Novartis and Eli Lilly, and grant support from Amgen and Eli Lilly; Dr. McClung, receiving consulting fees or participating on paid advisory boards for Amgen, Eli Lilly, Merck, and Novartis and receiving lecture fees from Eli Lilly, Novartis, Merck, and Sanofi-Aventis and grant support from Amgen, GlaxoSmithKline, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Procter & Gamble, Roche, AstraZeneca, Nordic Bioscience, Radius, and Sanofi-Aventis; Dr. Siris, receiving consulting fees from the Alliance for Better Bone Health and lecture fees from Eli Lilly, Novartis, and the Alliance for Better Bone Health, participating on paid advisory boards for Eli Lilly, Novartis, and Amgen, and being the immediate past president of the National Osteoporosis Foundation; Dr. Eastell, receiving consulting fees from or participating on paid advisory boards for Amgen, Novartis, Procter & Gamble, Servier, Ono, and GlaxoSmithKline and receiving lecture fees from Eli Lilly and grant support from AstraZeneca, Procter & Gamble, and Novartis; Dr. Reid, receiving consulting fees from or participating on paid advisory boards for Amgen, Merck, and Novartis and receiving lecture fees from Novartis, Merck, and Amgen and grant support from Amgen, Novartis, Merck, and Procter & Gamble; Dr. Kutilek, receiving consulting fees from or participating on paid advisory boards for Amgen and Zentiva, receiving lecture fees from and providing expert opinions and consultations for Zentiva, Servier, and Amgen, and participating as a clinical trial investigator for Amgen, Servier, and Novartis; Dr. Adami, receiving consulting fees from or participating on paid advisory boards for Servier, Novartis, Amgen, Roche, and Eli Lilly and receiving lecture fees from Novartis, Amgen, Roche, and Servier; Dr. Zanchetta, receiving consulting fees from and participating on paid advisory boards for Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Amgen and Servier; and Dr. Christiansen, receiving consulting fees from Amgen. Dr. San Martin, Dr. Zoog, Mr. Austin, Ms. Wang, Dr. Libanati, and Dr. Siddhanti report being employed by and having an equity interest in Amgen. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to the article was reported.
This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0809493) was published on August 11, 2009, and was updated on November 4, 2009, at NEJM.org.
This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0809493) was published on August 11, 2009, at NEJM.org.
We thank Lisa Palermo of the San Francisco Coordinating Center for reanalysis of the data presented in the manuscript.
Source Information
From the San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (S.R.C.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (J.S.M., H.B.Z., M.A., A.W., C.L., S.S.); Oregon Osteoporosis Center, Portland (M.R.M.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (E.S.S.); University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom (R.E.); University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (I.R.R.); Université de Lyon and INSERM Research Unit 831, Lyon, France (P.D.); the Center for Clinical and Basic Research, Pardubice, Czech Republic (S.K.); University of Verona, Verona, Italy (S.A.); Instituto de Investigaciones Metabolicas and University of Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina (J.Z.); and the Center for Clinical and Basic Research, Ballerup, Denmark (C.C.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Cummings at 185 Berry St. Lobby 4, Suite 5700, San Francisco, CA 94107, or at hglicklandes@sfcc-cpmc.net.
Investigators for the Fracture Reduction Evaluation of Denosumab in Osteoporosis Every 6 Months (FREEDOM) trial are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
Investigators for the FREEDOM trial are as follows. Steering Committee: S. Cummings (chair), C. Christiansen, P. Delmas, R. Eastell, M. McClung, I. Reid, E. Siris. Study Investigators: United States: K. Aqua, E. Lee, E. Boling, M. Bolognese, F. Burch, S. Cohen, D. Fiske, C. Petit, M. Pierson, K. Garrison, E. Gallup, H. Geisberg, D. Hassman, D. Helfrich, K. Krohn, E. Cuevas, W. Larson, J. Seiler, S. Lederman, M. Lewiecki, D. MacCarter, M. McClung, P. Miller, A. Moffett, Jr., C. Recknor, J. Simon, R. Trapp, G. Woodson III, H. Bone, T. Murtaugh, J. Ruckle, R. Wasnich, C. Gallagher, G. Dhillon, R. Feldman, G. Pennington, P. Saxe, C. Goldberg, K. Rogers, M. Keller, M. Swor, A. Rosen, M. Stjernholm; Canada: J. Adachi, J. Brown, R. Faraawi, D. Kendler, R. Kremer, W. Olszynski, C.K. Yuen, R. McKendry, J. Boudreau; Argentina: Z. Man, J. Zanchetta, C. Mautalen; Brazil: L. de Gregorio, S. Eis, S. Radominski, N. da Silva, L. Griz, J. Provenza, C. Zerbini; Mexico: P. García-Hernández, M. Araujo-Arias, E. Rios Rodriguez Bueno, A. Fuentes-Cantu, E. Cortes Perez, J. Balderas-Acata, H. Avila-Armengol, M. de la Peña-Rodríguez; Australia: G. Nicholson, P. Ebeling, P. Sambrook, M. Hooper, J. Prins, A. Russell; New Zealand: I. Reid, N. Gilchrist; Austria: E. Preisinger, H. Resch, A. Fahrleitner-Pammer, J. Huber, S. Kudlacek; Belgium: J.-Y. Reginster, J.-M. Kaufman, S. Boonen, J.-J. Body, J.-P. Devogelaer; Denmark: C. Stubbe Teglbjærg, R. Bente Juel, P. Alexandersen, H.C. Hoeck, J.-E. Beck Jensen; Finland: M. Välimäki, J. Salmi; France: P. Delmas, P. Fardellone, G. Weryha, C.-L. Benhamou, Y. Maugars, C. Roux; Germany: H.-D. Stahl, U. Blome-Henning, B. Lochman, U. Kopsch, A. Roitenberg; Italy: S. Adami, M. Brandi, S. Minisola, G. Bianchi, L. Sinigaglia, B. Frediani, R. Marcolongo, C. Fiore, R. Nuti, G. Realdi; the Netherlands: B. Dijkmans, R. Laan, G. Bruyn, A. Deijl, E. Meesters, W. Lems, A. Verhage, V. van de Walle; Norway: J. Halse, A. Hoiseth, U. Syversen, J. Stakkestad; Spain: J. Farrerons Minguella, E. Martín Mola, M. Muñoz Torres, J. Quesada Gómez, F. Hawkins, J. Román, J. Álvaro-Gracia, J. Del Pino, S. Palacios; Sweden: Ö. Ljunggren, G. Toss, G. Samsioe, D. Mellström, J. Löfgren, O. Törring; Switzerland: K. Lippuner, M.-A. Krieg, D. Uebelhart; United Kingdom: R. Eastell, H. Thomas, H. Shaw, H. Donnachie, I. Pavel-Knox, J. Robinson, N. Kola, R. Sarmiento, R. Pawa, N. Savani; Czech Republic: I. Kucerova, V. Kuba, V. Vyskocil, S. Kutilek, P. Novosad, J. Slesinger, E. Dokoupilova, J. Doubravsky, J. Gorgol, K. Pavelka; Estonia: I. Valter, K. Maasalu, I. Kull; Greece: C. Phenekos, G. Lyritis, A. Dimitriadis; Hungary: B. Spengler, A. Insperger, T. Balázs, P. Lakatos, K. Takács, I. Szombati, K. Tarján, Z. Valkusz, O. Torma, K. Seregely; Latvia: I. Kaze, A. Lejnieks, A. Medne; Lithuania: M. Tamulaitiene, D. Velickiene, S. Stonkus; Malta: M. Brincat; Poland: J. Walecki, M. Bykowska, A. Sidorowicz-Bialynicka, J. Szechinski, M. Korkosz, J. Supronik, M. Koziara, E. Czerwinski, A. Milewicz, S. Jeka, G. Kania, P. Gidzinski, A. Sawicki, W. Tlustochowicz, E. Franek, K. Hoszowski, W. Pluskiewicz, W. Porawska, W. Zgliczynski; Slovak Republic: Z. Killinger, P. Masaryk, Z. Kmecova, S. Tomkova, V. Spustova, B. Steno; Romania: E. Zbranca, C. Codreanu; Bulgaria: V. Hristov, T. Russev, A.-M. Ivanova, R. Velev, M. Mitkov, D. Troev; Serbia: S. Brankovic, A. Dimic, N. Pilipovic. Cardiovascular End-Points Adjudication Committee: M. Hlatky, N. Goldschlager, D. Herrington, C. Ryan. Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Adjudication Committee: C. Migliorati, S. Ruggiero, M. Schubert.
- References
References
1
Cummings SR ,Melton LJ . Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 2002;359:1761-1767
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Johnell O ,Kanis JA . An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int 2006;17:1726-1733
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Boyle WJ ,Simonet WS ,Lacey DL . Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature 2003;423:337-342
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Delmas PD . Clinical potential of RANKL inhibition for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases. J Clin Densitom 2008;11:325-338
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Bone HG ,Bolognese MA ,Yuen CK , et al. Effects of denosumab on bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2149-2157
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Lewiecki EM ,Miller PD ,McClung MR , et al. Two-year treatment with denosumab (AMG 162) in a randomized phase 2 study of postmenopausal women with low BMD. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22:1832-1841
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline7
McClung MR ,Lewiecki EM ,Cohen SB , et al. Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N Engl J Med 2006;354:821-831
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline8
Miller PD ,Bolognese MA ,Lewiecki EM , et al. Effect of denosumab on bone density and turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone mass after long-term continued, discontinued, and restarting of therapy: a randomized blinded phase 2 clinical trial. Bone 2008;43:222-229
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Capron A ,Donaldson S ,Raisz LG ,Swift S . Osteoporosis panel summary. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:1160-1162
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Silverman SL ,Cummings SR ,Watts NB . Recommendations for the clinical evaluation of agents for treatment of osteoporosis: consensus of an expert panel representing the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR), the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD), and the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF). J Bone Miner Res 2008;23:159-165
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Genant HK ,Wu CY ,van Kuijk C ,Nevitt MC . Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique. J Bone Miner Res 1993;8:1137-1148
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Stone KL ,Seeley DG ,Lui LY , et al. BMD at multiple sites and risk of fracture of multiple types: long-term results from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:1947-1954
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Khosla S ,Burr D ,Cauley J , et al. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22:1479-1491
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Agresti A. Categorical data analysis New York: John Wiley, 2002.
15
Kalbfleisch JD, Prentice RL. The statistical analysis of failure time data New York: John Wiley, 1980.
16
Russell RG ,Watts NB ,Ebetino FH ,Rogers MJ . Mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates: similarities and differences and their potential influences of clinical efficacy. Osteoporos Int 2008;19:733-759
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Black DM ,Cummings SR ,Karpf DB , et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Lancet 1996;348:1535-1541
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Chesnut CH III ,Skag A ,Christiansen C , et al. Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19:1241-1249
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Cummings SR ,Black DM ,Thompson DE , et al. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA 1998;280:2077-2082
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Wells G ,Cranney A ,Peterson J , et al. Risedronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;1:CD004523-CD004523
Medline21
Black DM ,Delmas PD ,Eastell R , et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1809-1822
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline22
Harris ST ,Watts NB ,Genant HK , et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;282:1344-1352
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Neer RM ,Arnaud CD ,Zanchetta JR , et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1434-1441
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline24
Reginster J ,Minne HW ,Sorensen OH , et al. Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2000;11:83-91
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Siris ES ,Harris ST ,Rosen CJ , et al. Adherence to bisphosphonate therapy and fracture rates in osteoporotic women: relationship to vertebral and nonvertebral fractures from 2 US claims databases. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81:1013-1022
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Brown JP ,Prince RL ,Deal C , et al. Comparison of the effect of denosumab and alendronate on BMD and biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: a randomized, blinded, phase 3 trial. J Bone Miner Res 2009;24:153-161
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
Sebba AI ,Bonnick SL ,Kagan R , et al. Response to therapy with once-weekly alendronate 70 mg compared to once-weekly risedronate 35 mg in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:2031-2041[Erratum, Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:325.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
Bouxsein ML ,Delmas PD . Considerations for development of surrogate endpoints for antifracture efficacy of new treatments in osteoporosis: a perspective. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23:1155-1167
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Martin TJ . Paracrine regulation of osteoclast formation and activity: milestones in discovery. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2004;4:243-253
Medline30
Whyte MP . The long and the short of bone therapy. N Engl J Med 2006;354:860-863[Erratum, N Engl J Med 2006;355:638.]
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline31
McClung MR ,Geusens P ,Miller PD , et al. Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. N Engl J Med 2001;344:333-340
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline32
Harrington JT ,Ste-Marie LG ,Brandi ML , et al. Risedronate rapidly reduces the risk for nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 2004;74:129-135
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline33
Harris ST ,Watts NB ,Jackson RD , et al. Four-year study of intermittent cyclic etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: three years of blinded therapy followed by one year of open therapy. Am J Med 1993;95:557-567
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline34
Maricic M ,Adachi JD ,Sarkar S ,Wu W ,Wong M ,Harper KD . Early effects of raloxifene on clinical vertebral fractures at 12 months in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1140-1143
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline35
Mueller PS ,Montori VM ,Bassler D ,Koenig BA ,Guyatt GH . Ethical issues in stopping randomized trials early because of apparent benefit. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:878-881
Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (258)
Citing Articles
1
G. Mazziotti, J. Bilezikian, E. Canalis, D. Cocchi, A. Giustina. (2012) New understanding and treatments for osteoporosis. Endocrine 41:1, 58-69
CrossRef2
Seymour Katz, Stuart Weinerman. (2012) The elderly inflammatory bowel disease patient and osteoporosis. Aging Health 8:1, 31-42
CrossRef3
J.-J. Body, P. Bergmann, S. Boonen, J.-P. Devogelaer, E. Gielen, S. Goemaere, J.-M. Kaufman, S. Rozenberg, J.-Y. Reginster. (2012) Extraskeletal benefits and risks of calcium, vitamin D and anti-osteoporosis medications. Osteoporosis International 23:S1, 1-23
CrossRef4
Christine Hamann, Stephan Kirschner, Klaus-Peter Günther, Lorenz C. Hofbauer. (2012) Bone, sweet bone—osteoporotic fractures in diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Endocrinology
CrossRef5
Joop P. van den Bergh, Tineke A. van Geel, Piet P. Geusens. (2012) Osteoporosis, frailty and fracture: implications for case finding and therapy. Nature Reviews Rheumatology
CrossRef6
S. Silverman, C. Christiansen. (2012) Individualizing osteoporosis therapy. Osteoporosis International
CrossRef7
R. Wustrack, E. Seeman, C. Bucci-Rechtweg, S. Burch, L. Palermo, D. M. Black. (2012) Predictors of new and severe vertebral fractures: results from the HORIZON Pivotal Fracture Trial. Osteoporosis International 23:1, 53-58
CrossRef8
J. A. Kanis, J.-Y. Reginster, J.-M. Kaufman, J.-D. Ringe, J. D. Adachi, M. Hiligsmann, R. Rizzoli, C. Cooper. (2012) A reappraisal of generic bisphosphonates in osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International 23:1, 213-221
CrossRef9
Wolfgang Böcker, Tamara Radic, Veronika Schönitzer, Florian Haasters, Wolf Mutschler, Matthias Schieker. (2012) Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the porcine extracellular domain of Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand (sRANKL). Gene 492:1, 296-304
CrossRef10
Jameela Banu, Erika Varela, Gabriel Fernandes. (2012) Alternative therapies for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Nutrition Reviews 70:1, 22-40
CrossRef11
Simon J. Vanlint, Karin Ried. (2012) Efficacy and tolerability of calcium, vitamin D and a plant-based omega-3 oil for osteopenia: A pilot RCT. Maturitas 71:1, 44-48
CrossRef12
E M Lewiecki, J P Bilezikian. (2012) Denosumab for the Treatment of Osteoporosis and Cancer-Related Conditions. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 91:1, 123-133
CrossRef13
, N. Freemantle, S. Satram-Hoang, E.-T. Tang, P. Kaur, D. Macarios, S. Siddhanti, J. Borenstein, D. L. Kendler. (2012) Final results of the DAPS (Denosumab Adherence Preference Satisfaction) study: a 24-month, randomized, crossover comparison with alendronate in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International 23:1, 317-326
CrossRef14
N. B. Watts, C. Roux, J. F. Modlin, J. P. Brown, A. Daniels, S. Jackson, S. Smith, D. J. Zack, L. Zhou, A. Grauer, S. Ferrari. (2012) Infections in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with denosumab or placebo: coincidence or causal association?. Osteoporosis International 23:1, 327-337
CrossRef15
Michael R McClung, Steven Boonen, Ove Törring, Christian Roux, René Rizzoli, Henry G Bone, Claude-Laurent Benhamou, Willem F Lems, Salvatore Minisola, Johan Halse, Hans C Hoeck, Richard Eastell, Andrea Wang, Suresh Siddhanti, Steven R Cummings. (2012) Effect of denosumab treatment on the risk of fractures in subgroups of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 27:1, 211-218
CrossRef16
Ryan C. Outman, Jeffrey R. Curtis, Julie L. Locher, Jeroan J. Allison, Kenneth G. Saag, Meredith L. Kilgore. (2012) Improving osteoporosis care in high-risk home health patients through a high-intensity intervention. Contemporary Clinical Trials 33:1, 206-212
CrossRef17
E. Michael Lewiecki, John P. Bilezikian, Lawrence G. Jankowski, Eugene V. McCloskey, Paul D. Miller, Sarah L. Morgan, Eric S. Orwoll, John T. Potts. (2012) Proceedings of the 2011 Santa Fe Bone Symposium. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 15:1, 1-20
CrossRef18
Sophie A. Jamal, Celeste J. Hamilton. (2011) Nitric Oxide Donors for the Treatment of Osteoporosis. Current Osteoporosis Reports
CrossRef19
Jean-Jacques Body. (2011) Denosumab for the management of bone disease in patients with solid tumors. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy1-16
CrossRef20
Jennifer Berglund. (2011) Orthopaedics: Structural support. Nature 480:7377, S56-S57
CrossRef21
Celeste J. Hamilton, Sophie A. Jamal, Earl R. Bogoch. 2011. Osteoporosis and Metabolic Disorders. , 35-55.
CrossRef22
Roland Baron. (2011) Osteoporosis in 2011: Osteoporosis therapy—dawn of the post-bisphosphonate era. Nature Reviews Endocrinology
CrossRef23
E. Tsourdi, T. D. Rachner, M. Rauner, C. Hamann, L. C. Hofbauer. (2011) Denosumab for bone diseases: translating bone biology into targeted therapy. European Journal of Endocrinology 165:6, 833-840
CrossRef24
Mads Nybo, Simone Rørdam Preil, Henning Friis Juhl, Malene Olesen, Knud Yderstraede, Jeppe Gram, Jan Erik Henriksen, Lars Melholt Rasmussen. (2011) Rosiglitazone Decreases Plasma Levels of Osteoprotegerin in a Randomized Clinical Trial with Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 109:6, 481-485
CrossRef25
Zhanna E. Belaya. (2011) Should we really compare absolute risk reduction in different trials on osteoporosis: comment on the article by Ringe JD and Doherty JG. Rheumatology International 31:12, 1669-1671
CrossRef26
Deborah T. Gold, Rob Horne, Cheryl D. Coon, Mark A. Price, Jeff Borenstein, Sepideh F. Varon, Sacha Satram-Hoang, David Macarios. (2011) Development, Reliability, and Validity of a New Preference and Satisfaction Questionnaire. Value in Health 14:8, 1109-1116
CrossRef27
J. Compston. (2011) Pathophysiology of atypical femoral fractures and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Osteoporosis International 22:12, 2951-2961
CrossRef28
Liviawati Sutjandra, Rachelle D. Rodriguez, Sameer Doshi, Mark Ma, Mark C. Peterson, Graham R. Jang, Andrew T. Chow, Juan José Pérez-Ruixo. (2011) Population Pharmacokinetic Meta-Analysis of Denosumab in Healthy Subjects and Postmenopausal Women with Osteopenia or Osteoporosis. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 50:12, 793-807
CrossRef29
P. Orcel, T. Funck-Brentano. (2011) Medical management following an osteoporotic fracture. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research 97:8, 860-869
CrossRef30
P. Orcel, T. Funck-Brentano. (2011) Prise en charge médicale après fracture ostéoporotique. Revue de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique 97:8, 834-844
CrossRef31
Matthew R Smith, Fred Saad, Blair Egerdie, Paul Sieber, Teuvo LJ Tammela, Benjamin Z Leder, Chunlei Ke, Carsten Goessl. (2011) Denosumab and changes in bone turnover markers during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26:12, 2827-2833
CrossRef32
Laurent Maïmoun, Charles Fattal, Charles Sultan. (2011) Bone remodeling and calcium homeostasis in patients with spinal cord injury: a review. Metabolism 60:12, 1655-1663
CrossRef33
Rita Wickham. (2011) Osteoporosis Related to Disease or Therapy in Patients With Cancer. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing 15:6, E90-E104
CrossRef34
M. Gosch, T. Roth, C. Kammerlander, B. Joosten-Gstrein, U. Benvenuti-Falger, M. Blauth, M. Lechleitner. (2011) Treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal hip fracture patients after geriatric rehabilitation. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 44:6, 381-386
CrossRef35
Jameel Iqbal, Li Sun, Jeffrey I. Mechanick, Mone Zaidi. (2011) Anti-Cancer Actions of Denosumab. Current Osteoporosis Reports 9:4, 173-176
CrossRef36
Robert R. Recker. (2011) Early postmenopausal bone loss and what to do about it. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1240:1, E26-E30
CrossRef37
M. Manara. (2011) Le terapie farmacologiche nelle fratture da fragilità. Archivio di Ortopedia e Reumatologia 122:3-4, 20-21
CrossRef38
Ian R. Reid, Jillian Cornish. (2011) Epidemiology and pathogenesis of osteonecrosis of the jaw. Nature Reviews Rheumatology
CrossRef39
Robin K. Dore. (2011) Data from Extension Trials: Denosumab and Zoledronic Acid. Current Osteoporosis Reports
CrossRef40
E. Douni, V. Rinotas, E. Makrinou, J. Zwerina, J. M. Penninger, E. Eliopoulos, G. Schett, G. Kollias. (2011) A RANKL G278R mutation causing osteopetrosis identifies a functional amino acid essential for trimer assembly in RANKL and TNF. Human Molecular Genetics
CrossRef41
Graham Scotland, Norman Waugh, Pamela Royle, Paul McNamee, Rob Henderson, Rosemary Hollick. (2011) Denosumab for the Prevention of Osteoporotic Fractures in Post-Menopausal Women. PharmacoEconomics 29:11, 951-961
CrossRef42
Stephen J Wallis, Gordon A Campbell. (2011) Preventing falls and fractures in long-term care. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 21:04, 346-360
CrossRef43
Lluis Pérez Edo, Alberto Alonso Ruiz, Daniel Roig Vilaseca, Alberto García Vadillo, Nuria Guañabens Gay, Pilar Peris, Antonio Torrijos Eslava, Chesús Beltrán Audera, Jordi Fiter Aresté, Luis Arboleya Rodríguez, Jenaro Graña Gil, Jordi Carbonell Abelló, Joan Miquel Nolla, Susana Holgado Pérez, Esteban Salas Heredia, Jaime Zubieta Tabernero, Javier Del Pino Montes, Josep Blanch i. Rubió, Manuel Caamaño Freire, Manuel Rodríguez Pérez, Santos Castañeda, Dacia Cerdá, Carmen Gómez Vaquero, Javier Calvo Catalá, Manel Ciria, Estíbaliz Loza. (2011) 2011 Up-Date of the Consensus Statement of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology on Osteoporosis. Reumatolog ía Cl ínica (English Edition) 7:6, 357-379
CrossRef44
Huaiping Yuan, Rohit Gupte, Sami Zelkha, Salomon Amar. (2011) Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand antagonists inhibit tissue inflammation and bone loss in experimental periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38:11, 1029-1036
CrossRef45
Kerri Durnell Schuiling, Kristi Robinia, Rachel Nye. (2011) Osteoporosis Update. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 56:6, 615-627
CrossRef46
K Henriksen, DJ Leeming, C Christiansen, MA Karsdal. (2011) Use of bone turnover markers in clinical osteoporosis assessment in women: current issues and future options. Women's Health 7:6, 689-698
CrossRef47
Peyman Hadji. (2011) Clinical considerations for the use of antiresorptive agents in the treatment of metastatic bone disease. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 80:2, 301-313
CrossRef48
Lluís Pérez Edo, Alberto Alonso Ruiz, Daniel Roig Vilaseca, Alberto García Vadillo, Nuria Guañabens Gay, Pilar Peris, Antonio Torrijos Eslava, Chesús Beltrán Audera, Jordi Fiter Aresté, Luis Arboleya Rodríguez, Jenaro Graña Gil, Jordi Carbonell Abelló, Joan Miquel Nolla, Susana Holgado Pérez, Esteban Salas Heredia, Jaime Zubieta Tabernero, Javier Del Pino Montes, Josep Blanch i Rubió, Manuel Caamaño Freire, Manuel Rodríguez Pérez, Santos Castañeda, Dacia Cerdá, Carmen Gómez Vaquero, Javier Calvo Catalá, Manel Ciria, Estíbaliz Loza. (2011) Actualización 2011 del consenso Sociedad Española de Reumatología de osteoporosis. Reumatología Clínica 7:6, 357-379
CrossRef49
Jacques P Brown, David W Dempster, Beiying Ding, Ricardo Dent-Acosta, Javier San Martin, Andreas Grauer, Rachel B Wagman, Jose Zanchetta. (2011) Bone remodeling in postmenopausal women who discontinued denosumab treatment: Off-treatment biopsy study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26:11, 2737-2744
CrossRef50
Barbara J. Messinger-Rapport, John E. Morley, David R. Thomas, Julie K. Gammack. (2011) Clinical Update on Nursing Home Medicine: 2011. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 12:9, 615-626.e6
CrossRef51
Yuji Kumagai, Tomoko Hasunuma, Desmond Padhi. (2011) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of denosumab administered subcutaneously to postmenopausal Japanese women. Bone 49:5, 1101-1107
CrossRef52
Marie-Paule Lecart, Jean-Yves Reginster. (2011) Current options for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 12:16, 2533-2552
CrossRef53
Mary Barna Bridgeman, Rolee Pathak. (2011) Denosumab for the Reduction of Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Review. Clinical Therapeutics 33:11, 1547-1559
CrossRef54
Rik Lories. (2011) The balance of tissue repair and remodeling in chronic arthritis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 7:12, 700-707
CrossRef55
Pasi Pulkkinen, Claus - C. Glüer, Timo Jämsä. (2011) Investigation of differences between hip fracture types: A worthy strategy for improved risk assessment and fracture prevention. Bone 49:4, 600-604
CrossRef56
Mickaël Rousière. (2011) De l’importance de prendre en charge l’ostéoporose. La Presse Médicale 40:10, 900-909
CrossRef57
Yuuki Imai, Alexander Kouzmenko, Shigeaki Kato. (2011) Targeting Fas/FasL signaling, a new strategy for maintaining bone health. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 15:10, 1143-1145
CrossRef58
Camilla von Keyserlingk, Robert Hopkins, Athanasios Anastasilakis, Konstantinos Toulis, Ron Goeree, Jean-Eric Tarride, Feng Xie. (2011) Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Denosumab in Postmenopausal Women with Low Bone Mineral Density and Osteoporosis: A Meta-Analysis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 41:2, 178-186
CrossRef59
T. Luhmann, O. Germershaus, J. Groll, L. Meinel. (2011) Bone targeting for the treatment of osteoporosis. Journal of Controlled Release
CrossRef60
Mickaël Hiligsmann, Jean-Yves Reginster. (2011) Cost Effectiveness of Denosumab Compared with Oral Bisphosphonates in the Treatment of Post-Menopausal Osteoporotic Women in Belgium. PharmacoEconomics 29:10, 895-911
CrossRef61
Dawn C Mackey, Dennis M Black, Douglas C Bauer, Eugene V McCloskey, Richard Eastell, Peter Mesenbrink, John R Thompson, Steven R Cummings. (2011) Effects of antiresorptive treatment on nonvertebral fracture outcomes. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26:10, 2411-2418
CrossRef62
M.-A. Quemerais-Durieu, V. Kerlan, O. Chabre. (2011) Innovations thérapeutiques dans l’ostéoporose (anticorps antisclérostine et denosumab). Annales d'Endocrinologie 72, S15-S22
CrossRef63
Thomas Funck-Brentano, Emmanuel Biver, Florence Chopin, Beatrice Bouvard, Guillaume Coiffier, Jean-Claude Souberbielle, Patrick Garnero, Christian Roux. (2011) Clinical Utility of Serum Bone Turnover Markers in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Therapy Monitoring: A Systematic Review. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 41:2, 157-169
CrossRef64
&NA;. (2011) Denosumab: a guide to its use in treating or preventing bone disease in various patient populations. Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 27:10, 6-10
CrossRef65
Hou-Feng Zheng, Timothy D. Spector, J. Brent Richards. (2011) Insights into the genetics of osteoporosis from recent genome-wide association studies. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 13,
CrossRef66
E. Michael Lewiecki. (2011) New targets for intervention in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 7:11, 631-638
CrossRef67
T. Nakamura, T. Matsumoto, T. Sugimoto, M. Shiraki. (2011) Dose–response study of denosumab on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in Japanese postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International
CrossRef68
Jian Sheng Chen, Philip N. Sambrook. (2011) Antiresorptive therapies for osteoporosis: a clinical overview. Nature Reviews Endocrinology
CrossRef69
Emmet E. McGrath. (2011) OPG/RANKL/RANK Pathway as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Journal of Thoracic Oncology 6:9, 1468-1473
CrossRef70
René Rizzoli, Jean-Yves Reginster. (2011) Adverse drug reactions to osteoporosis treatments. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 4:5, 593-604
CrossRef71
Jordi Fiter Aresté. (2011) Presente y futuro de los anticuerpos monoclonales en el tratamiento de la osteoporosis. Reumatología Clínica 7, 8-12
CrossRef72
Flaminia Coluzzi, Ilenia Mandatori, Consalvo Mattia. (2011) Emerging therapies in metastatic bone pain. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 16:3, 441-458
CrossRef73
T. Todenhöfer, C. Schwentner, D. Schilling, G. Gakis, A. Stenzl. (2011) Behandlung von ossären Metastasen und therapieinduzierter Osteoporose beim Prostatakarzinom. Der Urologe 50:9, 1055-1063
CrossRef74
Amy H. Warriner, Nivedita M. Patkar, Huifeng Yun, Elizabeth Delzell. (2011) Minor, Major, Low-Trauma, and High-Trauma Fractures: What Are the Subsequent Fracture Risks and How Do They Vary?. Current Osteoporosis Reports 9:3, 122-128
CrossRef75
Anke Heidewig Hautmann, Sharon Elad, Anita Lawitschka, Hildegard Greinix, Hartmut Bertz, Joerg Halter, Maura Faraci, Lorenz Christian Hofbauer, Stephanie Lee, Daniel Wolff, Ernst Holler. (2011) Metabolic bone diseases in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Report from the Consensus Conference on Clinical Practice in chronic graft-versus-host disease. Transplant International 24:9, 867-879
CrossRef76
S. Bobo Tanner. (2011) Choosing a Treatment for Patients at the Time a Fracture is Presented. Current Osteoporosis Reports 9:3, 156-159
CrossRef77
Willem F. Lems, Hennie G. Raterman, Joop P. W. Bergh, Hans W. J. Bijlsma, Niek K. Valk, M. Carola Zillikens, Piet Geusens. (2011) Osteopenia: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge. Current Osteoporosis Reports 9:3, 167-172
CrossRef78
Ove Törring. (2011) Denosumab for treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Clinical Investigation 1:9, 1329-1340
CrossRef79
José A. Riancho, Jesús Delgado-Calle. (2011) Mecanismos de interacción osteoblasto-osteoclasto. Reumatología Clínica 7, 1-4
CrossRef80
Glen M. Blake, Musib Siddique, Michelle L. Frost, Amelia E.B. Moore, Ignac Fogelman. (2011) Radionuclide studies of bone metabolism: Do bone uptake and bone plasma clearance provide equivalent measurements of bone turnover?. Bone 49:3, 537-542
CrossRef81
Steven A. Narod. (2011) Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 8:11, 669-676
CrossRef82
Andrew J. Laster, S. Bobo Tanner. (2011) Duration of Treatment in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: How Long to Treat and What are the Consequences of Cessation of Treatment?. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 37:3, 323-336
CrossRef83
René Rizzoli, Jean-Yves Reginster, Steven Boonen, Gérard Bréart, Adolfo Diez-Perez, Dieter Felsenberg, Jean-Marc Kaufman, John A. Kanis, Cyrus Cooper. (2011) Adverse Reactions and Drug–Drug Interactions in the Management of Women with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Calcified Tissue International 89:2, 91-104
CrossRef84
Robin K. Dore. (2011) The RANKL Pathway and Denosumab. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 37:3, 433-452
CrossRef85
Roger H Jay, Sarah L Marrinan. (2011) Osteoporosis treatment and the older patient. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 21:03, 233-245
CrossRef86
Marit D. Moen, Susan J. Keam. (2011) Spotlight on Denosumab in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis†. BioDrugs 25:4, 261-264
CrossRef87
Paul J. Kostenuik, Susan Y. Smith, Jacquelin Jolette, Joseph Schroeder, Ian Pyrah, Michael S. Ominsky. (2011) Decreased bone remodeling and porosity are associated with improved bone strength in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys treated with denosumab, a fully human RANKL antibody. Bone 49:2, 151-161
CrossRef88
Péter Lakatos. (2011) Az osteoporosis gyógyszeres kezelése – 2011. Orvosi Hetilap 152:33, 1320-1326
CrossRef89
Robert R. Recker, Laura Armas. (2011) The Effect of Antiresorptives on Bone Quality. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 469:8, 2207-2214
CrossRef90
Piero Dalerba. (2011) Blood-cell banking for workers at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. The Lancet 378:9790, 485
CrossRef91
Sophie A Jamal, Celeste J Hamilton. (2011) Topical treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: a specific focus on nitroglycerin ointment. International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 6:4, 379-381
CrossRef92
Jean-Pierre Devogelaer, Yves Boutsen, Damien Gruson, Daniel Manicourt. (2011) Is There a Place for Bone Turnover Markers in the Assessment of Osteoporosis and its Treatment?. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 37:3, 365-386
CrossRef93
Michael S. Ominsky, Brian Stouch, Joseph Schroeder, Ian Pyrah, Marina Stolina, Susan Y. Smith, Paul J. Kostenuik. (2011) Denosumab, a fully human RANKL antibody, reduced bone turnover markers and increased trabecular and cortical bone mass, density, and strength in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. Bone 49:2, 162-173
CrossRef94
Sophie A Jamal, Östen Ljunggren, Catherine Stehman-Breen, Steven Ron Cummings, Michael R McClung, Stefan Goemaere, Peter R Ebeling, Edward Franek, Yu-ching Yang, Ogo I Egbuna, Steven Boonen, Paul D Miller. (2011) Effects of denosumab on fracture and bone mineral density by level of kidney function. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26:8, 1829-1835
CrossRef95
S. Silverman, H. N. Viswanathan, Y.-C. Yang, A. Wang, S. Boonen, S. Ragi-Eis, P. Fardellone, N. Gilchrist, P. Lips, M. Nevitt, S. Palacios Gil-Antuñano, K. Pavelka, D. Revicki, J. Simon, D. Macarios, E. S. Siris. (2011) Impact of clinical fractures on health-related quality of life is dependent on time of assessment since fracture: results from the FREEDOM trial. Osteoporosis International
CrossRef96
Weinstein, Robert S., . (2011) Glucocorticoid-Induced Bone Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 365:1, 62-70
Full Text97
Kelly R. Ragucci, Sarah P. Shrader. (2011) Osteoporosis Treatment: An Evidence-Based Approach. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 37:7, 17-22
CrossRef98
U. Lange, U. Müller-Ladner, J. Pfeilschifter. (2011) Osteoporose. Der Internist 52:7, 843-854
CrossRef99
Iraj Nabipour, Peter R Ebeling, Markus J Seibel. (2011) Osteoporosis in older men. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 6:4, 629-645
CrossRef100
Tahir Masud, Neil Binkley, Steven Boonen, Marian T. Hannan. (2011) Official Positions for FRAX® Clinical Regarding Falls and Frailty: Can Falls and Frailty be Used in FRAX®?. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 14:3, 194-204
CrossRef101
Cathleen Colón-Emeric, Mary Beth O'Connell, Elizabeth Haney. (2011) Osteoporosis Piece of Multi-Morbidity Puzzle in Geriatric Care. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine 78:4, 515-526
CrossRef102
Reiko Hanada, Toshikatsu Hanada, Verena Sigl, Daniel Schramek, Josef M. Penninger. (2011) RANKL/RANK—beyond bones. Journal of Molecular Medicine 89:7, 647-656
CrossRef103
Athanasios D. Anastasilakis, Stergios A. Polyzos, Chrysostomos D. Anastasilakis, Konstantinos A. Toulis, Polyzois Makras. (2011) Denosumab and bisphosphonates: Rivals or potential “partners”? A “hybrid” molecule hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses 77:1, 109-111
CrossRef104
Cristina Alonso-Bouzon, Gustavo Duque. (2011) Osteoporosis senil: una actualización. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología 46:4, 223-229
CrossRef105
Glen M. Blake, Michelle L. Frost, Amelia E.B. Moore, Musib Siddique, Ignac Fogelman. (2011) The Assessment of Regional Skeletal Metabolism: Studies of Osteoporosis Treatments Using Quantitative Radionuclide Imaging. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 14:3, 263-271
CrossRef106
Paul D. Miller. (2011) The kidney and bisphosphonates. Bone 49:1, 77-81
CrossRef107
Peggy M. Cawthon. (2011) Gender Differences in Osteoporosis and Fractures. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 469:7, 1900-1905
CrossRef108
N. E. Lane. (2011) Osteoporosis: yesterday, today and tomorrow. Rheumatology 50:7, 1181-1183
CrossRef109
Erik Fink Eriksen. (2011) Treatment of osteopenia. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
CrossRef110
Domagoj Vucic, Vishva M. Dixit, Ingrid E. Wertz. (2011) Ubiquitylation in apoptosis: a post-translational modification at the edge of life and death. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 12:7, 439-452
CrossRef111
Michele Zini. (2011) Osteoporosi. La Rivista Italiana della Medicina di Laboratorio - Italian Journal of Laboratory Medicine 7:2, 100-105
CrossRef112
D. W. Sturdee, A. Pines. (2011) Updated IMS recommendations on postmenopausal hormone therapy and preventive strategies for midlife health. Climacteric 14:3, 302-320
CrossRef113
I. R. Reid, M. J. Bolland, A. Avenell, A. Grey. (2011) Cardiovascular effects of calcium supplementation. Osteoporosis International 22:6, 1649-1658
CrossRef114
Richard Eastell, Shinichi Nagase, Michiyo Ohyama, Maria Small, James Sawyer, Steven Boonen, Tim Spector, Tomohiro Kuwayama, Steve Deacon. (2011) Safety and efficacy of the cathepsin K inhibitor ONO-5334 in postmenopausal osteoporosis: The OCEAN study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26:6, 1303-1312
CrossRef115
Jeffrey R. Curtis, Jasvinder A. Singh. (2011) Use of Biologics in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current and Emerging Paradigms of Care. Clinical Therapeutics 33:6, 679-707
CrossRef116
Eline A. Dubois, Robert Rissmann, Adam F. Cohen. (2011) Denosumab. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 71:6, 804-806
CrossRef117
Manuel Sosa, Esther González-Padilla. (2011) Promising developments in osteoporosis treatment. International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 6:3, 325-332
CrossRef118
Jeanne M. Wilton. (2011) Denosumab. Nursing for Women's Health 15:3, 249-252
CrossRef119
Erin Hommel, Adline Ghazi, Heidi White. (2011) Minimal Trauma Fractures: Lifting the Specter of Misconduct by Identifying Risk Factors and Planning for Prevention. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association
CrossRef120
(2011) Managing osteoporosis in primary care: Highlights from Osteoporosis Canada guidelines. Canadian Pharmacists Journal 144:sp1, S5-S9.e1
CrossRef121
Larry J. Suva, Brooke E. Brander, Issam Makhoul. (2011) Cancer: Update on bone-modifying agents in metastatic breast cancer. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 7:7, 380-381
CrossRef122
Judith A. Paice, Betty Ferrell. (2011) The management of cancer pain. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 61:3, 157-182
CrossRef123
Terri M Wensel, Maryam M Iranikhah, Teresa W Wilborn. (2011) Effects of Denosumab on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Women. Pharmacotherapy 31:5, 510-523
CrossRef124
Daniel Schramek, Verena Sigl, Josef M. Penninger. (2011) RANKL and RANK in sex hormone-induced breast cancer and breast cancer metastasis. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 22:5, 188-194
CrossRef125
Daniel Schramek, Josef M Penninger. (2011) The many roles of RANKL-RANK signaling in bone, breast and cancer. IBMS BoneKEy 8:5, 237-256
CrossRef126
Tobias Johannes de Villiers. (2011) Selective estrogen receptor modulators in the treatment of osteoporosis: a review of the clinical evidence. Clinical Investigation 1:5, 719-724
CrossRef127
Bernard Cortet. (2011) Osteoporosis medications and renal failure. Joint Bone Spine 78:3, 228-229
CrossRef128
Michelle L Frost, Musib Siddique, Glen M Blake, Amelia EB Moore, Paul J Schleyer, Joel T Dunn, Edward J Somer, Paul K Marsden, Richard Eastell, Ignac Fogelman. (2011) Differential effects of teriparatide on regional bone formation using 18F-fluoride positron emission tomography. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26:5, 1002-1011
CrossRef129
Ensrud, Kristine E., Schousboe, John T., . (2011) Vertebral Fractures. New England Journal of Medicine 364:17, 1634-1642
Full Text130
Roland Baron, Serge Ferrari, R. Graham G. Russell. (2011) Denosumab and bisphosphonates: Different mechanisms of action and effects. Bone 48:4, 677-692
CrossRef131
Lone Jørgensen, John-Bjarne Hansen, Jan Brox, Ellisiv Mathiesen, Anders Vik, Bjarne K. Jacobsen. (2011) Serum osteoprotegerin levels are related to height loss: The Tromsø Study. European Journal of Epidemiology 26:4, 305-312
CrossRef132
Linda Brewer, David Williams, Alan Moore. (2011) Current and future treatment options in osteoporosis. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 67:4, 321-331
CrossRef133
Michael S. Edwards, Dominic A. Solimando, J. Aubrey Waddell. (2011) Cancer Chemotherapy Update - Eribulin Mesylate and Denosumab. Hospital Pharmacy 46:4, 247-253
CrossRef134
Tilman D Rachner, Sundeep Khosla, Lorenz C Hofbauer. (2011) Osteoporosis: now and the future. The Lancet 377:9773, 1276-1287
CrossRef135
E. Michael Lewiecki. (2011) Safety of Long-Term Bisphosphonate Therapy for the Management of Osteoporosis. Drugs 71:6, 791-814
CrossRef136
J. Albers, J. Schulze, F. T. Beil, M. Gebauer, A. Baranowsky, J. Keller, R. P. Marshall, K. Wintges, F. W. Friedrich, M. Priemel, A. F. Schilling, J. M. Rueger, K. Cornils, B. Fehse, T. Streichert, G. Sauter, F. Jakob, K. L. Insogna, B. Pober, K.-P. Knobeloch, U. Francke, M. Amling, T. Schinke. (2011) Control of bone formation by the serpentine receptor Frizzled-9. The Journal of Cell Biology 192:6, 1057-1072
CrossRef137
Edward L. Korn, Boris Freidlin. (2011) Inefficacy Interim Monitoring Procedures in Randomized Clinical Trials: The Need to Report. The American Journal of Bioethics 11:3, 2-10
CrossRef138
D. L. Kendler, S. Palacios, D. A. Cox, J. Stock, J. Alam, S. A. Dowsett, J. Zanchetta. (2011) Arzoxifene versus raloxifene: effect on bone and safety parameters in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International
CrossRef139
Cesar E. Bogado, Maria Belen Zanchetta, Juan A. Boailchuk, Fabio E. Massari, Jose R. Zanchetta. (2011) Denosumab: What’s New?. Current Osteoporosis Reports 9:1, 12-19
CrossRef140
B. Jönsson, O. Ström, J. A. Eisman, A. Papaioannou, E. S. Siris, A. Tosteson, J. A. Kanis. (2011) Cost-effectiveness of Denosumab for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International 22:3, 967-982
CrossRef141
Pooneh Salari Sharif, Mohammad Abdollahi, Bagher Larijani. (2011) Current, new and future treatments of osteoporosis. Rheumatology International 31:3, 289-300
CrossRef142
Jean-Baptiste Lattouf, Hicham Fadlallah, Fred Saad. (2011) Androgen Deprivation and Bone. Current Osteoporosis Reports 9:1, 20-24
CrossRef143
Evangelos Terpos, Meletios A. Dimopoulos. (2011) Interaction between the skeletal and immune systems in cancer: mechanisms and clinical implications. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 60:3, 305-317
CrossRef144
Ioannis Charopoulos, Steve Orme, Peter V Giannoudis. (2011) The role and efficacy of denosumab in the treatment of osteoporosis: an update. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 10:2, 205-217
CrossRef145
Richard Eastell, Claus Christiansen, Andreas Grauer, Stepan Kutilek, Cesar Libanati, Michael R McClung, Ian R Reid, Heinrich Resch, Ethel Siris, Daniel Uebelhart, Andrea Wang, Georges Weryha, Steve R Cummings. (2011) Effects of denosumab on bone turnover markers in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26:3, 530-537
CrossRef146
Anne Marie Whelan, Lalitha Raman-Wilms. (2011) Denosumab: A new injectable treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Canadian Pharmacists Journal 144:2, 72-78
CrossRef147
F. Borgström, O. Ström, M. Kleman, E. McCloskey, H. Johansson, A. Odén, J. A. Kanis. (2011) Cost-effectiveness of bazedoxifene incorporating the FRAX® algorithm in a European perspective. Osteoporosis International 22:3, 955-965
CrossRef148
Jennifer M Grossman. (2011) Osteoporosis prevention. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 23:2, 203-210
CrossRef149
Daniele Santini, Giuseppe Perrone, Ilaria Roato, Laura Godio, Francesco Pantano, Donatella Grasso, Antonio Russo, Bruno Vincenzi, Maria Elisabetta Fratto, Roberto Sabbatini, Chiara Della Pepa, Camillo Porta, Alessandro Del Conte, Gaia Schiavon, Alfredo Berruti, Rosa Maria Tomasino, Mauro Papotti, Nicola Papapietro, Andrea Onetti Muda, Vincenzo Denaro, Giuseppe Tonini. (2011) Expression pattern of receptor activator of NFκB (RANK) in a series of primary solid tumors and related bone metastases. Journal of Cellular Physiology 226:3, 780-784
CrossRef150
Barbara C. Silva, John P. Bilezikian. (2011) New Approaches to the Treatment of Osteoporosis. Annual Review of Medicine 62:1, 307-322
CrossRef151
Robert A. Adler. (2011) Management of osteoporosis in men on androgen deprivation therapy. Maturitas 68:2, 143-147
CrossRef152
Jason W. Ashley, Erin M. McCoy, Daniel A. Clements, Zhenqi Shi, Taosheng Chen, Xu Feng. (2011) Development of Cell-Based High-Throughput Assays for the Identification of Inhibitors of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Signaling. ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies 9:1, 40-49
CrossRef153
David RP Guay. (2011) Denosumab: a novel biological therapy for osteoporosis. Aging Health 7:1, 13-43
CrossRef154
S. Ferrari-Lacraz, S. Ferrari. (2011) Do RANKL inhibitors (denosumab) affect inflammation and immunity?. Osteoporosis International 22:2, 435-446
CrossRef155
Masanobu Kawai, Ulrike I. Mödder, Sundeep Khosla, Clifford J. Rosen. (2011) Emerging therapeutic opportunities for skeletal restoration. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 10:2, 141-156
CrossRef156
Tilman Todenhoefer, Georgios Gakis, David Schilling, Gerhard Feil, Christian Schwentner, Arnulf Stenzl. (2011) Diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer-related bone disease. Clinical Investigation 1:2, 265-283
CrossRef157
, S. Vasikaran, R. Eastell, O. Bruyère, A. J. Foldes, P. Garnero, A. Griesmacher, M. McClung, H. A. Morris, S. Silverman, T. Trenti, D. A. Wahl, C. Cooper, J. A. Kanis. (2011) Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards. Osteoporosis International 22:2, 391-420
CrossRef158
Marit D. Moen, Susan J. Keam. (2011) Denosumab. Drugs & Aging 28:1, 63-82
CrossRef159
Unni Syversen, Johan Halse, Jürgen Geisler, Erik Eriksen. (2011) Denosumab for behandling av postmenopausal osteoporose. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening 131:19, 1893-1896
CrossRef160
Johan Halse. (2011) Blåreseptordningen disfavoriserer osteoporosepasienter. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening 131:9-10, 933-933
CrossRef161
Amy H. Warriner, Nivedita M. Patkar, Jeffrey R. Curtis, Elizabeth Delzell, Lisa Gary, Meredith Kilgore, Ken Saag. (2011) Which fractures are most attributable to osteoporosis?. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64:1, 46-53
CrossRef162
Raja A. Sayegh. (2011) Screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis after 70 years of age. Menopause 18:1, 15-16
CrossRef163
Kazuya Hirata, Takahisa Sugita. (2011) Involvements of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in osteoclastogenesis. Inflammation and Regeneration 31:5, 425-430
CrossRef164
Lorenz C Hofbauer, Tilman D Rachner, Christine Hamann. (2011) From bone to breast and back - the bone cytokine RANKL and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research 13:3, 107
CrossRef165
Athanassios Kyrgidis, Thrasivoulos-George Tzellos, Konstantinos Toulis, Konstantinos Antoniades. (2011) The Facial Skeleton in Patients with Osteoporosis: A Field for Disease Signs and Treatment Complications. Journal of Osteoporosis 2011, 1-11
CrossRef166
Alicia K. Morgans, Matthew R. Smith. (2011) RANKL-Targeted Therapies: The Next Frontier in the Treatment of Male Osteoporosis. Journal of Osteoporosis 2011, 1-6
CrossRef167
Jennifer M. Belavic. (2011) Denosumab (Prolia). The Nurse Practitioner 36:1, 11-12
CrossRef168
Joanne Bronson, Murali Dhar, William Ewing, Nils Lonberg. 2011. To Market, To Market—2010. , 433-502.
CrossRef169
Jean-Yves Reginster. (2011) Antifracture Efficacy of Currently Available Therapies for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Drugs 71:1, 65-78
CrossRef170
Luis Pérez Edo. (2011) La inhibición del RANKL en el tratamiento de la osteoporosis: denosumab. Seminarios de la Fundación Española de Reumatología 12:1, 27-30
CrossRef171
Ashwini P. Gore, Soon Ho Kwon, Antine E. Stenbit. (2011) A Roadmap to the Brittle Bones of Cystic Fibrosis. Journal of Osteoporosis 2011, 1-10
CrossRef172
Robert B Hopkins, Ron Goeree, Eleanor Pullenayegum, Jonathan D Adachi, Alexandra Papaioannou, Feng Xie, Lehana Thabane. (2011) The relative efficacy of nine osteoporosis medications for reducing the rate of fractures in post-menopausal women. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 12:1, 209
CrossRef173
J. Christopher Gallagher, Jeffrey P. Levine. (2011) Preventing osteoporosis in symptomatic postmenopausal women. Menopause 18:1, 109-118
CrossRef174
E. Michael Lewiecki, John P. Bilezikian, Sundeep Khosla, Robert Marcus, Michael R. McClung, Paul D. Miller, Nelson B. Watts, Michael Maricic. (2011) Osteoporosis Update From the 2010 Santa Fe Bone Symposium. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 14:1, 1-21
CrossRef175
Yoshiya Tanaka. (2011) Denosumab for the treatment of joint and bone diseases. Inflammation and Regeneration 31:4, 344-348
CrossRef176
Fernando Gianfrancesco, Domenico Rendina, Marco Di Stefano, Alessandra Mingione, Teresa Esposito, Daniela Merlotti, Salvatore Gallone, Sara Magliocca, Alice Goode, Daniela Formicola, Giovanna Morello, Robert Layfield, Annalisa Frattini, Gianpaolo De Filippo, Ranuccio Nuti, Mark Searle, Pasquale Strazzullo, Giancarlo Isaia, Giuseppe Mossetti, Luigi Gennari. (2011) A non-synonymous TNFRSF11A variation increases NFkB activity and the severity of Paget's disease. Journal of Bone and Mineral Researchn/a-n/a
CrossRef177
F. Patrick Ross. 2011. Osteoclasts. , 335-347.
CrossRef178
Andrew J. Burghardt, Roland Krug, Sharmila Majumdar. 2011. High-Resolution Imaging Techniques for Bone Quality Assessment. , 891-925.
CrossRef179
T. P. Ip, J. Leung, A. W. C. Kung. (2010) Management of osteoporosis in patients hospitalized for hip fractures. Osteoporosis International 21:S4, 605-614
CrossRef180
Michael P. Hall, Colin Gegg, Kenneth Walker, Christopher Spahr, Robert Ortiz, Vimal Patel, Steven Yu, Liana Zhang, Hsieng Lu, Binodh DeSilva, Jean W. Lee. (2010) Ligand-Binding Mass Spectrometry to Study Biotransformation of Fusion Protein Drugs and Guide Immunoassay Development: Strategic Approach and Application to Peptibodies Targeting the Thrombopoietin Receptor. The AAPS Journal 12:4, 576-585
CrossRef181
, Hans Peter Dimai, Peter Pietschmann, Heinrich Resch, Elisabeth Preisinger, Astrid Fahrleitner-Pammer, Harald Dobnig, Klaus Klaushofer. (2010) Österreichischer Leitfaden zur medikamentösen Therapie der postmenopausalen Osteoporose: Addendum 2010. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 160:21-22, 586-589
CrossRef182
E. Michael Lewiecki. (2010) Clinical use of denosumab for the treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Current Medical Research and Opinion 26:12, 2807-2812
CrossRef183
Reiko Hanada, Toshikatsu Hanada, Josef M. Penninger. (2010) Physiology and pathophysiology of the RANKL/RANK system. Biological Chemistry 391:12, 1365-1370
CrossRef184
Jameel Iqbal, Li Sun, Mone Zaidi. (2010) Denosumab for the Treatment of Osteoporosis. Current Osteoporosis Reports 8:4, 163-167
CrossRef185
Michael Pfeifer, Helmut W. Minne. (2010) Musculoskeletal rehabilitation after hip fracture: a review. Archives of Osteoporosis 5:1-2, 49-59
CrossRef186
S. J. Gallacher, T. Dixon. (2010) Impact of Treatments for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis (Bisphosphonates, Parathyroid Hormone, Strontium Ranelate, and Denosumab) on Bone Quality: A Systematic Review. Calcified Tissue International 87:6, 469-484
CrossRef187
Emese Kiss, Zénó Kuluncsics, Zoltán Kiss, Gyula Poór. (2010) Biotechnológiai fejlesztések a monoklonálisantitest-terápiában: a RANK-ligand-gátló antitest. Orvosi Hetilap 151:52, 2137-2144
CrossRef188
Victoria J. Muir, Lesley J. Scott. (2010) Denosumab. BioDrugs 24:6, 379-386
CrossRef189
Theresa A. Guise, Adam Brufsky, Robert E. Coleman. (2010) Understanding and Optimizing Bone Health in Breast Cancer. Current Medical Research and Opinion 26:s3, 3-20
CrossRef190
Erik Fink Eriksen. (2010) Cellular mechanisms of bone remodeling. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 11:4, 219-227
CrossRef191
Zeina Habib, Pauline Camacho. (2010) Primary hyperparathyroidism: an update. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 17:6, 554-560
CrossRef192
Alessandra Quercioli, Giorgio Luciano Viviani, Franco Dallegri, François Mach, Fabrizio Montecucco. (2010) Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand/Osteoprotegerin Pathway Is a Promising Target to Reduce Atherosclerotic Plaque Calcification. Critical Pathways in Cardiology: A Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 9:4, 227-230
CrossRef193
Gulay Karaguzel, Michael F. Holick. (2010) Diagnosis and treatment of osteopenia. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 11:4, 237-251
CrossRef194
H. M. Ta, G. T. T. Nguyen, H. M. Jin, J. Choi, H. Park, N. Kim, H.-Y. Hwang, K. K. Kim. (2010) Structure-based development of a receptor activator of nuclear factor- B ligand (RANKL) inhibitor peptide and molecular basis for osteopetrosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:47, 20281-20286
CrossRef195
Daniel Schramek, Andreas Leibbrandt, Verena Sigl, Lukas Kenner, John A. Pospisilik, Heather J. Lee, Reiko Hanada, Purna A. Joshi, Antonios Aliprantis, Laurie Glimcher, Manolis Pasparakis, Rama Khokha, Christopher J. Ormandy, Martin Widschwendter, Georg Schett, Josef M. Penninger. (2010) Osteoclast differentiation factor RANKL controls development of progestin-driven mammary cancer. Nature 468:7320, 98-102
CrossRef196
Tomifumi Onishi, Naoki Hayashi, Richard L. Theriault, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, Naoto T. Ueno. (2010) Future directions of bone-targeted therapy for metastatic breast cancer. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 7:11, 641-651
CrossRef197
P. D. Miller, R. J. Derman. (2010) What is the best balance of benefits and risks among anti-resorptive therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis?. Osteoporosis International 21:11, 1793-1802
CrossRef198
K. Toulis, A. Anastasilakis. (2010) Increased risk of serious infections in women with osteopenia or osteoporosis treated with denosumab. Osteoporosis International 21:11, 1963-1964
CrossRef199
Aaron J. Weiss, Azi Lipshtat, Jeffrey I. Mechanick. (2010) A systems approach to bone pathophysiology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1211:1, 9-24
CrossRef200
(2010) Bone fractures after menopause. Human Reproduction Update 16:6, 761-773
CrossRef201
Wen-Feng Li, Shu-Xun Hou, Bin Yu, Dan Jin, Claude Férec, Jian-Min Chen. (2010) Genetics of osteoporosis: perspectives for personalized medicine. Personalized Medicine 7:6, 655-668
CrossRef202
J.-J. Body, P. Bergmann, S. Boonen, Y. Boutsen, J.-P. Devogelaer, S. Goemaere, J.-M. Kaufman, S. Rozenberg, J.-Y. Reginster. (2010) Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a consensus document by the Belgian Bone Club. Osteoporosis International 21:10, 1657-1680
CrossRef203
J. Resnick, N. Gupta, J. Wagner, G. Costa, R. J. Cruz Jr., L. Martin, D. A. Koritsky, S. Perera, L. Matarese, K. Eid, B. Schuster, M. Roberts, S. Greenspan, K. Abu-Elmagd. (2010) Skeletal Integrity and Visceral Transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation 10:10, 2331-2340
CrossRef204
Ronald C. Hamdy, Sanford Baim, Susan B. Broy, E. Michael Lewiecki, Sarah L. Morgan, S. Bobo Tanner, Howard F. Williamson. (2010) Algorithm for the Management of Osteoporosis. Southern Medical Journal 103:10, 1009-1017
CrossRef205
Ian R Reid, Paul D Miller, Jacques P Brown, David L Kendler, Astrid Fahrleitner-Pammer, Ivo Valter, Katre Maasalu, Michael A Bolognese, Grattan Woodson, Henry Bone, Beiying Ding, Rachel B Wagman, Javier San Martin, Michael S Ominsky, David W Dempster. (2010) Effects of denosumab on bone histomorphometry: The FREEDOM and STAND studies. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25:10, 2256-2265
CrossRef206
Zoltán Szekanecz, Sándor Szántó, Zoltán Szabó, Andrea Váncsa, Szilvia Szamosi, Nóra Bodnár, Gabriella Szücs. (2010) Biologics — beyond the joints. Autoimmunity Reviews 9:12, 820-824
CrossRef207
Masanori Koide, Saya Kinugawa, Naoyuki Takahashi, Nobuyuki Udagawa. (2010) Osteoclastic bone resorption induced by innate immune responses. Periodontology 2000 54:1, 235-246
CrossRef208
Stein, C. Michael, Ray, Wayne A., . (2010) The Ethics of Placebo in Studies with Fracture End Points in Osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine 363:14, 1367-1370
Full Text209
Rosen, Clifford J., Khosla, Sundeep, . (2010) Placebo-Controlled Trials in Osteoporosis — Proceeding with Caution. New England Journal of Medicine 363:14, 1365-1367
Full Text210
Marcy B. Bolster. (2010) Osteoporosis and Bone Health in Patients with Lung Disease. Clinics in Chest Medicine 31:3, 555-563
CrossRef211
David M. Reid. (2010) Update on the Use of Zoledronic Acid in the Management of Osteoporosis. Current Osteoporosis Reports 8:3, 145-150
CrossRef212
Eduardo Maldonado-Gonzales, Peter Pietschmann. (2010) An antibody against RANKL for the treatment of osteoporosis, inflammatory and malignant bone diseases. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 160:17-18, 458-463
CrossRef213
Maria P Yavropoulou, Socrates E Papapoulos. (2010) Targeting the Wnt signaling pathway for the development of novel therapies for osteoporosis. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 5:5, 711-722
CrossRef214
Ernesto Canalis. (2010) New Treatment Modalities in Osteoporosis. Endocrine Practice 16:5, 855-863
CrossRef215
Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh, Anuja Shah, Uyen Duong, Rulin C Hechter, Ramanath Dukkipati, Csaba P Kovesdy. (2010) Kidney bone disease and mortality in CKD: revisiting the role of vitamin D, calcimimetics, alkaline phosphatase, and minerals. Kidney International 78, S10-S21
CrossRef216
René Rizzoli, Uma Yasothan, Peter Kirkpatrick. (2010) Denosumab. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 9:8, 591-592
CrossRef217
Ego Seeman, Pierre D Delmas, David A Hanley, Deborah Sellmeyer, Angela M Cheung, Elizabeth Shane, Ann Kearns, Thierry Thomas, Steven K Boyd, Stephanie Boutroy, Cesar Bogado, Sharmila Majumdar, Michelle Fan, Cesar Libanati, Jose Zanchetta. (2010) Microarchitectural deterioration of cortical and trabecular bone: Differing effects of denosumab and alendronate. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25:8, 1886-1894
CrossRef218
C. J. Edwards, E. Williams. (2010) The role of interleukin-6 in rheumatoid arthritis-associated osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International 21:8, 1287-1293
CrossRef219
Taeko Ishii, Junichi Kikuta, Atsuko Kubo, Masaru Ishii. (2010) Control of osteoclast precursor migration: A novel point of control for osteoclastogenesis and bone homeostasis. IBMS BoneKEy 7:8, 279-286
CrossRef220
Mickaël Hiligsmann, Jean-Yves Reginster. (2010) Potential cost-effectiveness of denosumab for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Bone 47:1, 34-40
CrossRef221
J. Øyen, C. G. Gjesdal, C. Brudvik, L. M. Hove, E. M. Apalset, H. C. Gulseth, G. Haugeberg. (2010) Low-energy distal radius fractures in middle-aged and elderly men and women—the burden of osteoporosis and fracture risk. Osteoporosis International 21:7, 1257-1267
CrossRef222
H.K. Genant, K. Engelke, D.A. Hanley, J.P. Brown, M. Omizo, H.G. Bone, A.J. Kivitz, T. Fuerst, H. Wang, M. Austin, C. Libanati. (2010) Denosumab improves density and strength parameters as measured by QCT of the radius in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. Bone 47:1, 131-139
CrossRef223
José A. Riancho. (2010) Genetics of Osteoporosis: Half-Full or Half-Empty?. Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism 8:2, 49-50
CrossRef224
Joanne E. Mortimer, Sumanta Kumar Pal. (2010) Safety Considerations for Use of Bone-Targeted Agents in Patients With Cancer. Seminars in Oncology 37, S66-S72
CrossRef225
J. Braun, J. Pfeilschifter. (2010) Leitliniengerechte Diagnostik und Therapie der Osteoporose 2010. Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 69:4, 327-339
CrossRef226
E. Michael Lewiecki. (2010) Treatment of osteoporosis with denosumab. Maturitas 66:2, 182-186
CrossRef227
Jean-Baptiste Lattouf, Fred Saad. (2010) Bone complications of androgen deprivation therapy: screening, prevention, and treatment. Current Opinion in Urology 20:3, 247-252
CrossRef228
Robert M. Plenge, Soumya Raychaudhuri. (2010) Leveraging Human Genetics to Develop Future Therapeutic Strategies in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 36:2, 259-270
CrossRef229
María Jesús Moro-Álvarez, Manuel Díaz-Curiel. (2010) Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la osteoporosis en mayores de 75 años. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología 45:3, 141-149
CrossRef230
Sarah G. Hymowitz, Ingrid E. Wertz. (2010) A20: from ubiquitin editing to tumour suppression. Nature Reviews Cancer 10:5, 332-341
CrossRef231
Sophie Roux. (2010) New treatment targets in osteoporosis. Joint Bone Spine 77:3, 222-228
CrossRef232
Sougata Karmakar, Jonathan Kay, Ellen M. Gravallese. (2010) Bone Damage in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Mechanistic Insights and Approaches to Prevention. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 36:2, 385-404
CrossRef233
Olivier Peyruchaud. (2010) Bone therapeutics: Malignancy – meeting report from the IBMS Davos Workshop: Bone Biology & Therapeutics. IBMS BoneKEy 7:5, 193-196
CrossRef234
Florence Tremollieres, Claude Ribot. (2010) Bone mineral density and prediction of non-osteoporotic disease. Maturitas 65:4, 348-351
CrossRef235
Jan L. Shifren, Isaac Schiff. (2010) Role of Hormone Therapy in the Management of Menopause. Obstetrics & Gynecology 115:4, 839-855
CrossRef236
Serge Rozenberg. (2010) New therapeutic targets and agents for osteoporosis. Maturitas 65:4, 299-300
CrossRef237
J. Chris Gallagher, A.J. Sai. (2010) Molecular biology of bone remodeling: Implications for new therapeutic targets for osteoporosis. Maturitas 65:4, 301-307
CrossRef238
Satish K. S. Kumar, Amita Gorur, Christoph Schaudinn, Charles F. Shuler, J. William Costerton, Parish P. Sedghizadeh. (2010) The Role of Microbial Biofilms in Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Associated with Bisphosphonate Therapy. Current Osteoporosis Reports 8:1, 40-48
CrossRef239
Mark S Nanes. (2010) Preventing metastases to bone: Denosumab or bisphosphonates?. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25:3, 437-439
CrossRef240
Saby George, Andrew Brenner, John Sarantopoulos, Ronald M. Bukowski. (2010) RANK Ligand: Effects of Inhibition. Current Oncology Reports 12:2, 80-86
CrossRef241
Wen-Feng Li, Shu-Xun Hou, Bin Yu, Meng-Meng Li, Claude Férec, Jian-Min Chen. (2010) Genetics of osteoporosis: accelerating pace in gene identification and validation. Human Genetics 127:3, 249-285
CrossRef242
Larissa A. Korde, Julie R. Gralow. (2010) Bone Disease in Breast Cancer: The Era of New Targeted Therapies. Current Breast Cancer Reports 2:1, 25-31
CrossRef243
József Tímár. (2010) A csontáttétképződés molekuláris alapjai és célzott terápiája. Magyar Onkológia 54:1, 59-64
CrossRef244
John E. Morley. (2010) Hip Fractures. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 11:2, 81-83
CrossRef245
&NA;. (2010) Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Menopause 17:1, 25-54
CrossRef246
José Luis Pérez-Castrillón, Florentino Pinacho, Daniel De Luis, María Lopez-Menendez, Antonio Dueñas Laita. (2010) Odanacatib, a New Drug for the Treatment of Osteoporosis: Review of the Results in Postmenopausal Women. Journal of Osteoporosis 2010, 1-5
CrossRef247
April AN Rose, Peter M Siegel. (2010) Emerging therapeutic targets in breast cancer bone metastasis. Future Oncology 6:1, 55-74
CrossRef248
James J. Mason, Bart O. Williams. (2010) SOST and DKK: Antagonists of LRP Family Signaling as Targets for Treating Bone Disease. Journal of Osteoporosis 2010, 1-9
CrossRef249
E. Michael Lewiecki, John P. Bilezikian, Andrew J. Laster, Paul D. Miller, Robert R. Recker, R. Graham G. Russell, Michael P. Whyte. (2010) 2009 Santa Fe Bone Symposium. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 13:1, 1-9
CrossRef250
P. Orcel, T. Funck-Brentano. 2010. Prise en charge médicale après fracture ostéoporotique. , 304-319.
CrossRef251
Peter R. Ebeling. (2009) Metabolic bone diseases: Translational research—preventing fractures with denosumab. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 5:12, 660-661
CrossRef252
Piet Geusens. (2009) Strategies for treatment to prevent fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology 23:6, 727-740
CrossRef253
Sakae Tanaka. (2009) Osteoclasts: Meeting report from the 31st Annual Meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. IBMS BoneKEy 6:12, 485-489
CrossRef254
(2009) Denosumab, Osteoporosis, and Prevention of Fractures. New England Journal of Medicine 361:22, 2188-2191
Full Text255
Reiko Hanada, Andreas Leibbrandt, Toshikatsu Hanada, Shiho Kitaoka, Tomoyuki Furuyashiki, Hiroaki Fujihara, Jean Trichereau, Magdalena Paolino, Fatimunnisa Qadri, Ralph Plehm, Steffen Klaere, Vukoslav Komnenovic, Hiromitsu Mimata, Hironobu Yoshimatsu, Naoyuki Takahashi, Arndt von Haeseler, Michael Bader, Sara Sebnem Kilic, Yoichi Ueta, Christian Pifl, Shuh Narumiya, Josef M. Penninger. (2009) Central control of fever and female body temperature by RANKL/RANK. Nature 462:7272, 505-509
CrossRef256
(2009) Making the paper: Josef Penninger. Nature 462:7272, 388-388
CrossRef257
Serge Ferrari, Ego Seeman, Hong-Wen Deng, David G Little, Toshio Matsumoto. (2009) Clinical and basic research papers – September 2009. IBMS BoneKEy 6:9, 307-310
CrossRef258
Khosla, Sundeep, . (2009) Increasing Options for the Treatment of Osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine 361:8, 818-820
Full Text
- Letters
