Original Article
Routine Early Angioplasty after Fibrinolysis for Acute Myocardial Infarction
N Engl J Med 2009; 360:2705-2718June 25, 2009
- Abstract
Background
Patients with a myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation who present to hospitals that do not have the capability of performing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) often cannot undergo timely primary PCI and therefore receive fibrinolysis. The role and optimal timing of routine PCI after fibrinolysis have not been established.
Methods
We randomly assigned 1059 high-risk patients who had a myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation and who were receiving fibrinolytic therapy at centers that did not have the capability of performing PCI to either standard treatment (including rescue PCI, if required, or delayed angiography) or a strategy of immediate transfer to another hospital and PCI within 6 hours after fibrinolysis. All patients received aspirin, tenecteplase, and heparin or enoxaparin; concomitant clopidogrel was recommended. The primary end point was the composite of death, reinfarction, recurrent ischemia, new or worsening congestive heart failure, or cardiogenic shock within 30 days.
Results
Cardiac catheterization was performed in 88.7% of the patients assigned to standard treatment a median of 32.5 hours after randomization and in 98.5% of the patients assigned to routine early PCI a median of 2.8 hours after randomization. At 30 days, the primary end point occurred in 11.0% of the patients who were assigned to routine early PCI and in 17.2% of the patients assigned to standard treatment (relative risk with early PCI, 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.47 to 0.87; P=0.004). There were no significant differences between the groups in the incidence of major bleeding.
Conclusions
Among high-risk patients who had a myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation and who were treated with fibrinolysis, transfer for PCI within 6 hours after fibrinolysis was associated with significantly fewer ischemic complications than was standard treatment. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00164190.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Time from Randomization to Cardiac Catheterization in the Two Treatment Groups.Figure 2
Kaplan–Meier Curves for the Primary End Point at 30 Days.Article Activity
- Article
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is an effective treatment for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation when it can be performed rapidly.1 However, primary PCI is performed at less than 25% of acute care hospitals in the United States. 2,3 Many patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation present to hospitals that do not have the capability of performing PCI and therefore cannot undergo PCI within the timelines recommended in the guidelines4; instead, they receive fibrinolysis as the initial reperfusion therapy. Although the proportion of such patients has decreased in recent years, 27.6% of the patients in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction received fibrinolytic therapy in 2006.5
The advisability of transferring such patients to a PCI center immediately after fibrinolysis for routine early PCI remains unclear. Initial studies of this issue did not show a clinical benefit of routine early PCI after fibrinolysis.6,7 More recent studies, performed in the era of coronary stenting and contemporary pharmacotherapy, have been more encouraging but have not been adequately powered to definitively establish the safety and efficacy of this approach.8-11 We therefore performed a large, randomized trial to compare a strategy of routine transfer and PCI within 6 hours after fibrinolysis with a standard strategy of transfer and PCI only in cases in which fibrinolytic therapy has failed.
Methods
Study Design
The details of the trial design have been published previously.12,13 The Trial of Routine Angioplasty and Stenting after Fibrinolysis to Enhance Reperfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (TRANSFER-AMI) was a randomized, nonblinded trial performed at 52 sites in three provinces (Ontario, Manitoba, and Quebec) in Canada. The protocol was designed by the authors and approved by the local institutional research ethics committees at all participating hospitals. Data collection, site management, and data analysis were carried out at the Canadian Heart Research Centre.
The study was sponsored by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Roche Canada, and Abbott Vascular Canada; the sponsors had no involvement in the study design, data analysis, or manuscript preparation. The authors vouch for the accuracy and completeness of the data and the analyses.
Study Population
Patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation who presented within 12 hours after the onset of symptoms to participating centers that did not have the capability of performing PCI and who were treated with tenecteplase were screened for eligibility. Participants were eligible for inclusion in the study either if they had ST-segment elevation of 2 mm or more in two anterior leads or if they had ST-segment elevation of 1 mm or more in two inferior leads and at least one of the following high-risk characteristics: systolic blood pressure of less than 100 mm Hg, heart rate of more than 100 bpm, Killip class II or III, ST-segment depression of 2 mm or more in the anterior leads, or ST-segment elevation of 1 mm or more in right-sided lead V4 (V4R), which is indicative of right ventricular involvement. Key exclusion criteria included cardiogenic shock before randomization, PCI within the previous month, previous coronary-artery bypass surgery, and the availability of primary PCI with an anticipated door-to-balloon time of less than 60 minutes. All participants provided written informed consent.
Interventions
All patients received tenecteplase, aspirin, and unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin in the emergency department. The protocol was amended in April 2005 to strongly recommend concomitant treatment with clopidogrel at the time of fibrinolysis (at an initial dose of either 300 mg for participants 75 years of age or younger or 75 mg for participants older than 75 years of age). Patients older than 75 years of age did not receive enoxaparin.
Patients were randomly assigned to either the group that received routine early PCI (hereinafter termed the early-PCI group) or the group that received standard treatment. Randomization was performed by the coordinating center (or in the case of Manitoba, by a physician delegated by the coordinating center) and was stratified according to the referring site and the patient's age (older than 75 years of age vs. 75 years of age or younger). Patients who were assigned to the early-PCI group were then transferred urgently to a PCI center with the goal of performing coronary angiography and PCI of the infarct-related artery within 6 hours after fibrinolysis. PCI was performed when persistent occlusion or substantial stenosis of the infarct-related artery (either stenosis of 70% or more of the diameter of the artery or stenosis of 50 to 70% with thrombus, ulceration, or spontaneous dissection) was present.
Among patients assigned to the standard-treatment group, 12-lead electrocardiography was repeated 60 to 90 minutes after randomization; patients with persistent ST-segment elevation (i.e., a decrease in ST-segment elevation of less than 50%) and chest pain or with hemodynamic instability were transferred to another hospital for rescue PCI. All other patients in the standard-treatment group remained at their presenting hospital for at least 24 hours. It was recommended that patients undergo cardiac catheterization within 2 weeks after randomization, an approach that is consistent with the standards of practice at participating sites.
Stents were implanted during PCI whenever technically possible, and the use of Multi-Link Vision and Multi-Link Mini Vision cobalt chromium bare-metal stents, provided free of charge by Abbott Vascular Canada, was encouraged. The protocol allowed for the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists during PCI and for 12 hours (if abciximab was the agent used) or 18 hours (if eptifibatide was used) after PCI at the discretion of the interventional cardiologist.
End Points
The primary end point of the study was the combined incidence of death, reinfarction, recurrent ischemia, new or worsening heart failure, or cardiogenic shock at 30 days. Secondary end points included death or reinfarction at 6 months and the incidence of bleeding complications, classified with the use of both the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) and the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) severity scales.14,15
During the first 18 hours after enrollment, reinfarction was diagnosed on the basis of recurrent ST-segment elevation and recurrent chest pain lasting at least 30 minutes. After 18 hours, the diagnosis of reinfarction required that there be an elevation in the MB fraction of creatine kinase to higher than the upper limit of the normal range (more than three times the upper limit of normal after PCI and more than five times the upper limit of normal after coronary-artery bypass surgery) or new Q waves. Recurrent ischemia was defined as chest pain lasting 5 minutes or longer associated with ST-segment or T-wave changes. New or worsening heart failure was defined as heart failure that required treatment 6 hours or more after enrollment and either pulmonary edema on a chest radiograph, rales, or a pulmonary-capillary wedge pressure greater than 18 mm Hg. A diagnosis of cardiogenic shock was made when the systolic blood pressure remained at less than 90 mm Hg without inotropic support or when inotropic support was required to maintain systolic blood pressure above 90 mm Hg and there was clinical evidence of hypoperfusion. All nonfatal components of the primary end point were adjudicated by a clinical events committee whose members were unaware of treatment-group assignments.
Statistical Analysis
Assuming an event rate for the primary end point of 21% with the standard-treatment strategy and a 5% loss to follow-up, we estimated that a sample size of 1200 patients would be needed for the study to have 80% power to show a relative risk reduction of 30% with the early-PCI strategy, at an alpha level of 0.05. However, in November 2007, the steering committee decided to stop enrollment at the end of December 2007 owing to slowing enrollment, lack of additional funding, and loss to follow-up that was lower than anticipated.
An interim safety analysis was performed by the data safety and monitoring committee on data from the first 536 patients, and the committee identified no safety concerns. No interim efficacy analysis was performed.
All comparisons between the two treatment groups are based on the intention-to-treat principle. All statistical tests were performed at a significance level of 0.05 (two-sided) and have not been adjusted for multiple testing. Categorical variables are summarized with the use of absolute frequencies and percentages, and numerical variables with the use of medians and interquartile ranges. Between-group comparisons of the baseline characteristics and of the pretreatment evaluations were made to assess the similarity of the two treatment groups. Categorical variables were compared with the use of the Pearson chi-square test (Fisher's exact test was applied if the number of observations per cell was fewer than five). After assessment of normality with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, nonparametric tests (Wilcoxon rank-sum tests) were performed for the comparison of numerical variables between the two treatment groups.
Between-group comparisons of the cumulative event rate at 30 days for the primary combined end point and its components were performed with the Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. The time to the primary combined end point was analyzed with the use of the Kaplan–Meier method. The cumulative rates of death and of death or reinfarction at 6 months were compared between the treatment groups with the use of the chi-square test. The time to these end points was analyzed with the use of the Kaplan–Meier method. The incidence of bleeding complications during the index hospitalization, as assessed according to the TIMI and GUSTO classifications of bleeding severity, was compared with the use of the Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact test.
Results
Patients
From July 10, 2004, through December 27, 2007, 1059 patients were randomly assigned to the standard-treatment group (522 patients) or the early-PCI group (537 patients). Baseline characteristics were well balanced between the two groups except that there was a higher prevalence of previous stroke or transient ischemic attack in the early-PCI group than in the standard-treatment group and a higher prevalence of previous congestive heart failure in the standard-treatment group than in the early-PCI group (Table 1Table 1
Baseline Characteristics of the Two Groups.).Procedures
Cardiac catheterization was performed in 88.7% of the patients in the standard-treatment group at a median of 32.5 hours after randomization and in 98.5% of the patients in the early-PCI group at a median of 2.8 hours after randomization (Table 2Table 2
Interventions Used in the Two Groups. and Figure 1Figure 1Time from Randomization to Cardiac Catheterization in the Two Treatment Groups.). PCI was performed in 67.4% of the patients in the standard-treatment group at a median of 21.9 hours after randomization and in 84.9% of the patients in the early-PCI group at a median of 3.2 hours after randomization.Urgent catheterization was performed within 12 hours after fibrinolysis in 182 (34.9%) of the patients in the standard-treatment group (Figure 1). The indications for urgent catheterization among these patients included reinfarction (20 patients), cardiogenic shock (7), new or worsening heart failure (2), recurrent ischemia (3), and persistent chest pain, ST-segment elevation, or both (131). In the case of the remaining 19 patients, the indication for urgent catheterization was not documented.
Stents were implanted in 98.3% of the patients who underwent PCI, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists were administered in 82.5%. Aside from a higher rate of clopidogrel use in the early-PCI group, the use of evidence-based medical therapy was similar between the treatment groups.
Efficacy Outcomes
A follow-up evaluation at 30 days was completed for all patients in the standard-treatment group and all but one patient in the early-PCI group (99.9% overall). The clinical end points are shown in Table 3Table 3
Clinical End Points.. The primary end point occurred in 11.0% of the patients in the early-PCI group and in 17.2% of the patients in the standard-treatment group (relative risk with early PCI, 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47 to 0.87; P=0.004) (Figure 2Figure 2Kaplan–Meier Curves for the Primary End Point at 30 Days.). There were also significantly lower rates in the early-PCI group than in the standard-treatment group of recurrent ischemia (0.2% vs. 2.1%) and new or worsening congestive heart failure (3.0% vs. 5.6%). Fewer episodes of reinfarction were seen with routine early PCI than with standard treatment (3.4% vs. 5.7%), but this trend was not significant. Information on death and reinfarction at 6 months was available for 1039 patients (98.1%). At 6 months, the rates of reinfarction and of death or reinfarction did not differ significantly between the two groups (Table 3 and Figure 3Figure 3
Kaplan–Meier Curves for Death or Reinfarction and for Reinfarction Only at 6 Months.).Adverse Events
Complications requiring treatment developed during transfer in 3.0% of the patients in the standard-treatment group who were transferred to a PCI facility and in 2.4% of the patients in the early-PCI group (all of whom were transferred to a PCI facility). The most common complication was hypotension. The only death that occurred during transfer was of a patient in the standard-treatment group who was being transferred for rescue PCI.
There were more mild bleeding events, as assessed according to the GUSTO criteria, with the early-PCI strategy than with the standard-treatment strategy (13.0% vs. 9.0%, P=0.04) but there were no significant differences in the rates of major or minor bleeding as assessed according to the TIMI criteria, moderate or severe bleeding as assessed according to the GUSTO criteria, transfusions, or intracranial hemorrhage. There were more deaths and episodes of cardiogenic shock at 30 days and more deaths at 6 months with the early-PCI strategy than with the standard-treatment strategy; however, the rates did not differ significantly.
Discussion
In this trial, we compared a strategy of prompt interhospital transfer for early PCI after fibrinolysis with a standard strategy of transfer for PCI only in cases in which fibrinolytic therapy has failed among 1059 patients presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction who could not undergo timely primary PCI. The primary end point, a composite of death, reinfarction, recurrent ischemia, congestive heart failure, or cardiogenic shock at 30 days, occurred significantly less frequently with early PCI than with standard therapy. No significant differences in the rates of major bleeding or transfusion were seen.
Trials of early PCI after fibrinolysis that were performed in the time before stents were used did not show a clinical benefit of this strategy and showed higher rates of major bleeding complications.16 In one trial, there was a trend to higher mortality with early PCI.6 One explanation that was proposed for the lack of benefit was that there is a risk of reocclusion after standard balloon angioplasty.17 The implantation of coronary stents and the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists and thienopyridines reduce the incidence of reocclusion after successful PCI.18-20 It is also possible that higher rates of bleeding episodes with early PCI may have offset any benefit achieved with this intervention. Bleeding rates after PCI have been reduced with the use of smaller sheaths, earlier removal of sheaths, radial access, the administration of lower doses of anticoagulants, and the elimination of postprocedural heparin infusions.21 The use of highly fibrin-specific fibrinolytic agents such as tenecteplase is associated with lower rates of noncerebral bleeding.22 Furthermore, the rates of emergency coronary-artery bypass surgery after PCI have dropped dramatically since the use of coronary stents has become routine.23 All these advances have made PCI safer and more effective when performed early after fibrinolysis.
Trials performed after widespread use of stents became routine have shown encouraging results for PCI performed early after fibrinolysis.8-10,24-26 Our results are consistent with those of smaller trials and meta-analyses of trials in which contemporary PCI techniques and pharmacotherapy were used.8-10,16,24-28 Our findings are similar to those seen in the recent Combined Abciximab Reteplase Stent Study in Acute Myocardial Infarction trial (CARESS-in-AMI; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00220571), in which a half-dose of reteplase combined with abciximab was used as the initial reperfusion therapy.26 The results of that trial, together with those of our study, suggest that, in order to be effective, such strategies would probably require adequate antiplatelet therapy with either glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists combined with reduced-dose fibrinolysis or clopidogrel combined with full-dose fibrinolysis and the liberal use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists during PCI.
The strategy of PCI performed a few hours after fibrinolysis — which was evaluated in our trial — should be distinguished from the strategy of PCI performed immediately after fibrinolysis, an approach that has been termed facilitated PCI.29 Clinical trials of facilitated PCI have shown increased rates of bleeding and no clinical benefit with that strategy as compared with primary PCI alone.30,31 Although the reasons for these disappointing findings remain speculative, it is possible that the time between fibrinolysis and PCI (median, 90 to 104 minutes) was too short in these trials, with the result that persistent fibrinolytic activity led to increased bleeding complications. The lack of adequate antiplatelet therapy in these trials may have also conferred a predisposition to thrombotic complications. Fibrinolysis is followed by increased platelet activation and aggregation, and stent implantation early after fibrinolysis without adequate antiplatelet therapy may be associated with increased rates of acute stent thrombosis.32 However, if the delay between fibrinolysis and PCI is too long, patients are exposed to the risk of reinfarction and recurrent ischemia while they await PCI, and patients in whom reperfusion after fibrinolysis is not successful may not be able to undergo rescue PCI quickly enough to salvage myocardium. Therefore, the goal in our trial was to perform catheterization and PCI within 6 hours after fibrinolysis; the actual median interval from lysis to balloon inflation in our study was 3.9 hours (interquartile range, 3.1 to 4.9).
Our trial enrolled patients only at centers that did not perform PCI; these patients could not undergo timely primary PCI and were therefore treated with fibrinolysis. The strategy of fibrinolysis followed by routine early PCI was not directly compared with the strategy of primary PCI in this trial. Current guidelines recommend primary PCI for patients who can undergo coronary intervention within 90 minutes after presentation.4
This trial was not powered to detect differences in mortality. There were six more deaths in the early-PCI group than in the standard-treatment group at 30 days, and seven more in the early-PCI group than in the standard-treatment group at 6 months, but the rates did not differ significantly. However, since five of the patients in the early-PCI group who died were in Killip class IV before randomization (despite the fact that cardiogenic shock was an exclusion criterion), this difference may have been due to a chance occurrence that there were more patients with cardiogenic shock before enrollment in the early-PCI group than there were in the standard-treatment group. A recent meta-analysis of contemporary trials (not including TRANSFER-AMI) has shown that there are significantly lower mortality and reinfarction rates with routine early PCI after fibrinolysis than with a more conservative ischemia-guided approach.27
Our trial was also underpowered to detect differences in the other individual components of the primary end point. It could be argued that a reduction in the rate of recurrent ischemia alone does not necessarily justify the strategy of routine early PCI after successful fibrinolysis, since presumably a patient can be transferred for elective or urgent PCI if ischemia recurs. The benefit of routine early PCI with respect to new or worsening heart failure must be considered to be of uncertain significance, since new or worsening heart failure is only one of several secondary end points evaluated. The trend toward a reduction in the rate of reinfarction with routine early PCI was not significant.
An alternative to the approach used in this trial would be a strategy of prompt transfer to a PCI center after fibrinolysis, followed by the selective use of PCI for only those patients with failed reperfusion or subsequent ischemic complications. This strategy, which might be designated “transfer and wait,” was not studied in our trial. In our trial, nearly a third of the patients in the standard-therapy group underwent urgent catheterization within 12 hours after fibrinolysis, suggesting that a substantial number of patients for whom a transfer-and-wait strategy would be adopted (at least patients with a similar risk profile to that of our trial population) would require intervention.
In conclusion, among patients presenting with a myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation who could not undergo timely primary PCI, we compared a strategy of prompt interhospital transfer for early PCI after fibrinolysis with a standard strategy of transfer for PCI only when fibrinolysis fails. The primary end point, a composite of death, reinfarction, recurrent ischemia, congestive heart failure, or cardiogenic shock at 30 days, occurred significantly less frequently with the early-PCI strategy than with standard therapy.
Supported by a grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and an unrestricted research grant from Roche, Canada. Coronary stents were provided free of charge by Abbott Vascular Canada.
Dr. Cantor reports receiving consulting fees from Sanofi-Aventis and speaking fees from Sanofi-Aventis and Roche Canada; Dr. Fitchett, receiving consulting fees and speaking fees from Sanofi-Aventis; Dr. Borgundvaag, receiving consulting fees and speaking fees from Roche Canada; Dr. Ducas, receiving consulting fees and speaking fees from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Servier, and Sanofi-Aventis; Dr. Cohen, receiving consulting fees from Abbott Vascular and Medtronic, speaking fees from Abbott Vascular and Eli Lilly, and grant support from Abbott Vascular; Dr. Morrison, acting as current cochair of the advanced life support task force for the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation and as past chair of the advanced life support committee of the American Heart Association; Dr. Langer, receiving consulting fees and grant support from Sanofi-Aventis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Roche Canada, and speaking fees from Sanofi-Aventis and Bristol-Myers Squibb; Dr. Dzavik, receiving consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Sanofi-Aventis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cordis, and Johnson & Johnson, speaking fees from AstraZeneca, Cordis, and Johnson & Johnson, and grant support from Cordis and Johnson & Johnson, and serving as the current president of the Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology; Dr. Mehta, receiving consulting fees from Sanofi-Aventis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, and Abbott Vascular and grant support from Sanofi-Aventis and GlaxoSmithKline; and Dr. Goodman, receiving consulting fees from Sanofi-Aventis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Roche Canada, speaking fees from Sanofi-Aventis and Bristol-Myers Squibb, and grant support from Roche Canada, Sanofi-Aventis, and Bristol-Myers Squibb. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Source Information
From Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (W.J.C.); the University of Toronto (W.J.C., D.F., B.B., E.A.C., L.J.M., A.L., V.D., B.S., S.G.G.), Terrence Donnelly Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, St. Michael's Hospital (D.F., A.L., S.G.G.), Canadian Heart Research Centre (D.F., A.L., A.C., S.G.G.), Mount Sinai Hospital (B.B.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (E.A.C., L.J.M., B.S.), and University Health Network (V.D.) — all in Toronto; Saint Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (J.D.); Halton Healthcare Services, Oakville, ON (M.H.); McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, ON (S.R.M.); and Trillium Health Centre, Mississauga, ON (C.L.) — all in Canada.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Cantor at the Southlake Regional Health Centre, 596 Davis Dr., Newmarket, ON L3Y 2P9, Canada, or at cantorw@rogers.com.
The Trial of Routine Angioplasty and Stenting after Fibrinolysis to Enhance Reperfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (TRANSFER-AMI) investigators are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
The following investigators participated in the TRANSFER-AMI Trial: Trial Organization: Steering Committee: W. Cantor (principal investigator), S. Goodman (study chair), D. Fitchett, A. Langer, B. Borgundvaag, M. Heffernan, J. Ducas, E. Cohen, V. Dzavik, S. Mehta, C. Lazzam, L. Morrison, B. Schwartz; Data Safety Monitoring Committee: E.M. Ohman (chair), P. Berger, C. Buller, K. Pieper; Clinical Events Committee: D. Fitchett (chair), T. Charron, S. Jolly, S. Goodman, W. Cantor; Trial Hotline Pager Coverage: A. Bagnall, B. Borgundvaag, J. Burstein, W. Cantor, T. Charron, N. Fam, D. Fitchett, A. Georgescu, L. Goldman, S. Goodman, J. Graham, Q. Hassan, M. Heffernan, S. Kassam, H.H. Kim, M. Prabhakar, T. Sheth, J. Syed, A. Uxa, R. Vijayaraghavan, J. Wawrzyniak, H. Wijeysundera, A. Yan. Coordinating Center: Canadian Heart Research Centre: M. Tan, G. Obispo, G. Escobilla, S. Francis, J. Wawrzyniak, A. Georgescu, Q. Hussan, D. Camara, P. Singh, A. Gebru, M. Oh, D. Minott, C. Spindler, M. Datoo, O. Kornilova, M. Dinulos. Sponsors: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Roche, Canada, Abbott Vascular Canada. Participating Sites: PCI Sites: St. Michael's Hospital: S. Goodman, W. Cantor, B. Zile, J. Wawrzyniak, A. Fry; Trillium Health Centre: C. Lazzam, A. Carter; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre: E. Cohen, L. Balleza, E. Hsu; Saint Boniface Hospital: J. Ducas, S.L. Aceves, A. Muno; Toronto General Hospital: V. Dzavik, A. Patel, D. Atchison; Southlake Regional Health Centre: S. Miner, K. Robbins; Rouge Valley Centenary: S.A. Kassam, B. Hart, B. Bozek; St. Mary's General Hospital: H.H. Kim, I. Janzen; Hamilton Health Sciences: S.R. Mehta, S. Brons; London Health Sciences Centre: K. Sridhar, T. Oke; Hôpital de Mont Laurier: E. Schampaert, C. Mercure. Referring Sites: Credit Valley Hospital: P. Pageau, M. Maingi, R. Durdos; St. Joseph's Health Centre: R. Choi, M. Duic, C. Vardy, D. Wilkinson, A. Buss; North York General Hospital: B.J. Lubelsky, L. Sommer, J. Coldwell; Rouge Valley Ajax Pickering Hospital: J. Burstein, S. Dhingra, D. Hancock, C. Harrison, T. Eyman; Scarborough General Hospital: J.M. Cherry, G. Vertes, G. Pape, B. Ross, M. Tam; Royal Victoria Hospital: B. Burke, S. Snow; Scarborough Grace Hospital: W.H.P. Kong, J. Butchey, D. Hutton; William Osler Health Centre Etobicoke: A. Lee, D. Borts, M. Coons; Lakeridge Health Centre Oshawa: R. Bhargava, R. Vandersluis, T. Novak, J. Easton, J. Bouwmeister, L. Lafrance; William Osler Health Centre Brampton: A. Lee, D. Borts, M. Kajil; Oakville Trafalgar Memorial Hospital: M. Heffernan, L. Martin, R. Franks; Rouge Valley Scarborough Centenary: S.A. Kassam, F. Moss, B. Hart, B. Bozak; St. Catharines General Hospital: S. Pallie, A. Sharma, S. Krekorian; Toronto East General Hospital: C. Lefkowitz, J. Tyberg, E. Klakowitz, N. Walters, M. Thornley; Grace General Hospital: J. Ducas, A. Munoz, S.L. Aceves; Bluewater Health Sarnia General: N. Ali, L. Robichaud; Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre: W. Palatnick, A. Munoz, S.L. Aceves; Seven Oaks General Hospital: R. de Faria, A. Munoz, S.L. Aceves; Victoria General Hospital: J. Ducas, A. Munoz, S.L. Aceves; Ross Memorial Hospital: N. Krishnan, C. McBride; Norfolk General Hospital: D. Kennedy, M. Robinson; Huntsville District Memorial Hospital: M. Mensour, S. Tumber; Mount Sinai Hospital: B. Borgundvaag, A. Barolet, M. Loftus; Stratford General Hospital: M. Mann, Y. Balmain, J. Gardiner; Peterborough Regional Health Centre: N.K. Greene, N. Turney; West Haldimand General Hospital: S. Chiu, K.J. Marshall; Owen Sound Grey Bruce Health Services: G. Kumar, M. Peart; Stevenson Memorial Hospital: J. Hirst, L. Johnston; Selkirk General Hospital: J. Ducas, G. Manca, A. Munoz, S.L. Aceves; Concordia General Hospital: G. Torossi, A. Munoz, S.L. Aceves; Grand River Hospital: R. Fowlis, I. Janzen; South Muskoka Memorial Hospital: A. Shearing, D. Lorbetsky; York Central Hospital: E. Gangbar, N. Ahluwalia; Greater Niagara General Hospital: G. Zimakas, D. Zaniol; Headwaters Health Care Centre: J. McKinnon, L. Miller; Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux d'Antoine-Labelle-Mt Laurier: E. Belley, J. Vincent.
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- Citing Articles (107)
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Ramon B van Loon, Gerrit Veen, Leo HB Baur, Otto Kamp, Jean GF Bronzwaer, Jos WR Twisk, Freek WA Verheugt, Albert C van Rossum. (2012) Improved clinical outcome after invasive management of patients with recent myocardial infarction and proven myocardial viability: primary results of a randomized controlled trial (VIAMI-trial). Trials 13:1, 1
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Glenn N. Levine, Eric R. Bates, James C. Blankenship, Steven R. Bailey, John A. Bittl, Bojan Cercek, Charles E. Chambers, Stephen G. Ellis, Robert A. Guyton, Steven M. Hollenberg, Umesh N. Khot, Richard A. Lange, Laura Mauri, Roxana Mehran, Issam D. Moussa, Debabrata Mukherjee, Brahmajee K. Nallamothu, Henry H. Ting. (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Executive Summary. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:24, 2550-2583
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Thomas Cuisset, Mathieu Pankert, Jacques Quilici. (2011) Synergy between pharmacological and mechanical reperfusion in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 12:12, 860-867
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K. Huber. (2011) Optimizing reperfusion therapy in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction by a pharmaco-invasive treatment approach in a well-organized network. European Heart Journal
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Andrew G.C. Sutton. (2011) Fármacos antiguos e intervención tardía. ¿Podemos mejorar mientras continúa la lucha por el uso universal de la intervención coronaria percutánea?. Revista Española de Cardiología 64:11, 955-958
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Andrew G.C. Sutton. (2011) Old Drugs and Late Intervention – Can We Improve as the Struggle for Universal Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Continues?. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) 64:11, 955-958
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Andrew Czarnecki, Robert C. Welsh, Raymond T. Yan, J. Paul DeYoung, Richard Gallo, Barry Rose, Francois R. Grondin, Jan M. Kornder, Graham C. Wong, Keith A.A. Fox, Joel M. Gore, Shaun G. Goodman, Andrew T. Yan. (2011) Reperfusion Strategies and Outcomes of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients in Canada: Observations From the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) and the Canadian Registry of Acute Coronary Events (CANRACE). Canadian Journal of Cardiology
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D. M. Larson, S. Duval, S. W. Sharkey, R. F. Garberich, J. D. Madison, P. J. Stokman, T. G. Dirks, R. K. Westin, J. L. Harris, T. D. Henry. (2011) Safety and efficacy of a pharmaco-invasive reperfusion strategy in rural ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients with expected delays due to long-distance transfers. European Heart Journal
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Giuseppe De Luca. (2011) Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa Inhibitors. Cardiovascular Therapeuticsno-no
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Kyle J. Muus, Alana D. Knudson, Marilyn G. Klug, Joshua Wynne. (2011) In-Hospital Mortality Among Rural Medicare Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Influence of Demographics, Transfer, and Health Factors. The Journal of Rural Health 27:4, 394-400
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Elizabeth Barnett Pathak, Colin J. Forsyth, Gabriella Anic, Jean Paul Tanner, Meg M. Comins, Joel A. Strom. (2011) Transfer Travel Times for Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention From Low-Volume and Non–Percutaneous Coronary Intervention–Capable Hospitals to High-Volume Centers in Florida. Annals of Emergency Medicine 58:3, 257-266
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Albert W. Chan, Shahrukh N. Bakar, Robert I. Brown, Robin Kuritzky, Akbar Lalani, Wendy Gordon, Carol G. Laberge, Gerald J. Simkus. (2011) In-Hospital Outcomes of a Regional ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Acute Transfer and Repatriation Program. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 27:5, 664.e1-664.e8
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C. B. Granger. (2011) Who should have a routine early invasive approach after fibrinolytic therapy?. European Heart Journal 32:16, 1961-1963
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A. T. Yan, R. T. Yan, W. J. Cantor, B. Borgundvaag, E. A. Cohen, D. H. Fitchett, V. Dzavik, J. Ducas, M. Tan, A. Casanova, S. G. Goodman, . (2011) Relationship between risk stratification at admission and treatment effects of early invasive management following fibrinolysis: insights from the Trial of Routine ANgioplasty and Stenting After Fibrinolysis to Enhance Reperfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (TRANSFER-AMI). European Heart Journal 32:16, 1994-2002
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Seth W. Glickman, Melissa A. Greiner, Li Lin, Lesley H. Curtis, Charles B. Cairns, Christopher B. Granger, Eric D. Peterson. (2011) Assessment of Temporal Trends in Mortality With Implementation of a Statewide ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) Regionalization Program. Annals of Emergency Medicine
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Julien Rosencher, Vanina Bongard, Karim Tazarourte, Louis Soulat, Dominique Savary, Meyer Elbaz, Darko Miljkovic, Yves Cottin, Yves Lambert, Ph. Gabriel Steg, Jacques Puel, Sandrine Charpentier. (2011) A simple nomogram for early prediction of myocardial reperfusion after pre-hospital thrombolysis. EuroIntervention 7:2, 248-255
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Bruce R. Brodie. (2011) Facilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions 4:6, 615-617
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Darren L Walters, Carol Cunningham. (2011) Managing acute coronary syndromes in the prehospital and emergency setting: New guidelines from the Australian Resuscitation Council and New Zealand Resuscitation Council. Emergency Medicine Australasia 23:3, 240-243
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(2011) Acute Coronary Syndromes: Reperfusion Strategy. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2011. Emergency Medicine Australasia 23:3, 312-316
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Ali E. Denktas, H. Vernon Anderson, James McCarthy, Richard W. Smalling. (2011) Total Ischemic Time. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions 4:6, 599-604
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Jean-Louis Bonnet, Guillaume Bonnet. (2011) Prise en charge de l’infarctus du myocarde : que reste t-il de la thrombolyse intraveineuse ?. La Presse Médicale 40:6, 611-614
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Paul W. Armstrong, Cynthia M. Westerhout, Frans Van de Werf, Robert M. Califf, Robert C. Welsh, Robert G. Wilcox, Jeffrey A. Bakal. (2011) Refining clinical trial composite outcomes: An application to the Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic–3 (ASSENT-3) trial. American Heart Journal 161:5, 848-854
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Neil Swanson, Anthony Gershlick. 2011. Primary and Rescue PCI in Acute Myocardial Infarction. , 242-261.
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S. P. D'Souza, M. A. Mamas, D. G. Fraser, F. Fath-Ordoubadi. (2011) Routine early coronary angioplasty versus ischaemia-guided angioplasty after thrombolysis in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. European Heart Journal 32:8, 972-982
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P. L. Sanchez, F. Fernandez-Aviles. (2011) Routine early coronary angioplasty after thrombolysis in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: lysis is not the final step. European Heart Journal 32:8, 927-930
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Suzanne J. Baron, Robert P. Giugliano. (2011) Effectiveness and Safety of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention After Fibrinolytic Therapy for ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction. The American Journal of Cardiology 107:7, 1001-1009
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Philippe Kolh, William Wijns. (2011) Joint ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 12:4, 264-267
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Dennis T. Ko, Clare L. Atzema, Linda R. Donovan, Michelle M. Graham, Thao Huynh, Derek Y. So, Julie Wang, Harindra C. Wijeysundera, Jack V. Tu. (2011) Rescue percutaneous coronary interventions for failed fibrinolytic therapy in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: A population-based study. American Heart Journal 161:4, 764-770.e1
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Timothy D. Henry. (2011) Is it time to “Rescue” Rescue PCI?. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 77:5, 605-607
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Edward L. Korn, Boris Freidlin. (2011) Inefficacy Interim Monitoring Procedures in Randomized Clinical Trials: The Need to Report. The American Journal of Bioethics 11:3, 2-10
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Periklis Davlouros, Georgios Almpanis, Ioanna Xanthopoulou, Eleni Mavronasiou, George Hahalis, Dimitrios Alexopoulos. (2011) Long term outcome of routine early versus late transfer for coronary angiography following presumably successful thrombolysis for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. International Journal of Cardiology 147:2, 292-293
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Vijayalakshmi Kunadian, C. Michael Gibson. (2010) Thrombolytics and Myocardial Infarction. Cardiovascular Therapeuticsno-no
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