Original Article
Irbesartan in Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction
N Engl J Med 2008; 359:2456-2467December 4, 2008
- Abstract
Background
Approximately 50% of patients with heart failure have a left ventricular ejection fraction of at least 45%, but no therapies have been shown to improve the outcome of these patients. Therefore, we studied the effects of irbesartan in patients with this syndrome.
Methods
We enrolled 4128 patients who were at least 60 years of age and had New York Heart Association class II, III, or IV heart failure and an ejection fraction of at least 45% and randomly assigned them to receive 300 mg of irbesartan or placebo per day. The primary composite outcome was death from any cause or hospitalization for a cardiovascular cause (heart failure, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, arrhythmia, or stroke). Secondary outcomes included death from heart failure or hospitalization for heart failure, death from any cause and from cardiovascular causes, and quality of life.
Results
During a mean follow-up of 49.5 months, the primary outcome occurred in 742 patients in the irbesartan group and 763 in the placebo group. Primary event rates in the irbesartan and placebo groups were 100.4 and 105.4 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86 to 1.05; P=0.35). Overall rates of death were 52.6 and 52.3 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.14; P=0.98). Rates of hospitalization for cardiovascular causes that contributed to the primary outcome were 70.6 and 74.3 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.08; P=0.44). There were no significant differences in the other prespecified outcomes.
Conclusions
Irbesartan did not improve the outcomes of patients with heart failure and a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00095238.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Kaplan–Meier Curves for the Primary Outcome.Figure 2
Primary Outcome According to Prespecified Subgroups.Article Activity
- Article
Approximately half of patients with a diagnosis of heart failure have a normal or near-normal left ventricular ejection fraction.1-5 Such patients differ from those with heart failure and a low left ventricular ejection fraction in a number of important ways: they tend to be older and female, and their condition is more likely to be associated with hypertension than with ischemia. The rates of death and illness among these patients are high and have not declined, as they have in patients with heart failure and a low left ventricular ejection fraction.6
Unfortunately, no pharmacologic therapy has been shown to be effective in improving outcomes in patients with heart failure with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. However, because the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system is involved in many of the processes associated with this syndrome (including hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, and vascular dysfunction),7,8 inhibitors of this system have been of particular interest as a therapeutic intervention for these patients.9,10 Although information about neurohormone levels in this syndrome is limited, available data indicate that plasma renin activity is increased in patients with heart failure and a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, as compared with control subjects, although levels are lower than in patients who have heart failure with a low left ventricular ejection fraction.7 Furthermore, blockade of the renin–angiotensin system has had favorable effects in patients with a low left ventricular ejection fraction. It has also improved outcomes in patients after myocardial infarction, in those with hypertension, and in those with other high-risk vascular disease — populations that are thought to be at risk for heart failure with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.
Accordingly, we conducted the Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Study (I-PRESERVE) to evaluate the effect of the angiotensin-receptor blocker irbesartan on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with heart failure and a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.
Methods
Patients
We enrolled patients from centers in 25 countries. All patients were at least 60 years of age and had heart failure symptoms and a left ventricular ejection fraction of at least 45%.11,12 In addition, we required patients to have been hospitalized for heart failure during the previous 6 months and have current New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II, III, or IV symptoms with corroborative evidence; if they had not been hospitalized, they were required to have ongoing class III or IV symptoms with corroborative evidence. Such evidence could include findings of pulmonary congestion on radiography, left ventricular hypertrophy or left atrial enlargement on echocardiography, or left ventricular hypertrophy or left bundle-branch block on electrocardiography. Treatment with an angiotensin-converting–enzyme (ACE) inhibitor was permitted only when such therapy was considered essential for an indication other than uncomplicated hypertension.
Exclusion criteria included previous intolerance to an angiotensin-receptor blocker; an alternative probable cause of the patient's symptoms (e.g., significant pulmonary disease); any previous left ventricular ejection fraction below 40%; a history of acute coronary syndrome, coronary revascularization, or stroke within the previous 3 months; substantial valvular abnormalities; hypertrophic or restrictive cardiomyopathy; pericardial disease; cor pulmonale or other cause of isolated right heart failure; a systolic blood pressure of less than 100 mm Hg or more than 160 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure of more than 95 mm Hg despite antihypertensive therapy; other systemic disease limiting life expectancy to less than 3 years; substantial laboratory abnormalities (such as a hemoglobin level of less than 11 g per deciliter, a creatinine level of more than 2.5 mg per deciliter [221 μmol per liter], or liver-function abnormalities); or characteristics that might interfere with compliance with the study protocol.
Study Procedures
The trial was approved by the ethics committee at each participating center; all patients provided written informed consent. Eligible patients were treated with single-blind placebo for 1 to 2 weeks before randomization; those who successfully completed this run-in phase and whose condition remained clinically stable were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive irbesartan or matching placebo. The randomization schedule was implemented with the use of an interactive voice-response system. The randomization block size was two and was stratified according to site. Patients were also stratified according to their use of an ACE inhibitor at randomization. Therefore, for each site, separate blocks of two were designated for patients who were taking an ACE inhibitor and for those who were not taking an ACE inhibitor. Randomization of patients who were taking an ACE inhibitor at baseline was capped at 33% at each site.
Patients were started on 75 mg of irbesartan or placebo once daily. The dose was doubled to 150 mg after 1 to 2 weeks and was doubled again to 300 mg after an additional 1 to 2 weeks, according to a forced-titration protocol as tolerated. In addition to the titration visits, patients were seen 8 weeks, 14 weeks, and 6 months after randomization and every 4 months thereafter. The score on the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure scale13 and the plasma level of N-terminal pro-B–type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were recorded at randomization, at 6 and 14 months, and at the final study visit. Serum creatinine and potassium were measured before randomization and at weeks 2 and 8, at month 6, and annually thereafter and, along with NT-proBNP, were analyzed in a central laboratory (Esoterix Belgium).
The executive committee designed and oversaw the trial in collaboration with representatives of the study sponsors (Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis), with assistance from an international steering committee. The sponsors or a contract research organization collected the trial data, which were then analyzed at the Statistical Data Analysis Center at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, independently of the sponsors and according to a predefined statistical analysis plan. All investigators and committee members who were involved in the conduct of the study (except for members of the data and safety monitoring board) were unaware of study-group assignments. The manuscript was prepared and submitted for publication by members of the executive committee, who had unrestricted access to the study data and who vouch for the accuracy and completeness of the reported analyses.
Study Outcomes and Definitions
The primary outcome, which was analyzed as the time from randomization to the first event, was a composite of death from any cause or hospitalization for a protocol-specified cardiovascular cause. Reasons for such hospitalizations included worsening heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina, ventricular or atrial dysrhythmia, or myocardial infarction or stroke that occurred during any hospitalization. The secondary outcomes were the components of the primary outcome (death from any cause and hospitalization for cardiovascular causes), a composite heart failure outcome (death due to worsening heart failure or sudden death or hospitalization due to worsening heart failure), a change in the total score on the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure scale at 6 months, a change in the plasma level of NT-proBNP at 6 months, a composite vascular-event outcome (death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke), and death from cardiovascular causes. Deaths and hospitalizations were adjudicated by members of an independent end-point committee who were unaware of study-group assignments and used prespecified criteria.
Statistical Analysis
We originally anticipated an annual event rate of 18% for the primary outcome in the placebo group. A sample size of 3600 patients was planned to provide 1440 primary events, yielding a statistical power of 90% to detect a 14.5% reduction in risk with irbesartan, corresponding to a reduction in hazard of 15.75%, with a two-sided alpha of 0.05, assuming a recruitment period of 2 years and a minimum follow-up period of 2 years. A blinded review of event rates in 2004 indicated that outcomes had accumulated at a slower-than-anticipated rate. Consequently, to achieve the target number of events for the same decrease in the hazard in a reasonable time period, the sample size was increased to 4100 patients.
Data from all patients who underwent randomization were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. The analyses of the primary outcome and other composites of death or hospitalization were performed with the use of Kaplan–Meier estimates, with the log-rank test for the comparison of the study groups, and a supportive Cox proportional-hazards model to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Consistency of effects was assessed for eight prespecified subgroups, according to age (<65, 65 to 75, and >75 years), sex, ejection fraction (≤59% or >59%), the use or nonuse of ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers, the presence or absence of diabetes, hospitalization for heart failure within the previous 6 months, and geographic region (Europe, North America, or all other countries). Interactions were evaluated by fitting an interaction term between treatment and each of the eight covariates and then assessing significance with the use of a Wald test. The score on the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure scale and the log-transformed plasma level of NT-proBNP were studied by analysis of covariance, with the baseline value as a covariate. All analyses included the use of ACE inhibitors as a term in the model. To control for the global type I error, the study outcomes were examined in a prespecified sequence as described previously. If at any step superiority was not demonstrated at the 0.05 level, no conclusion would be drawn for subsequent outcomes. All P values are two-sided and were not adjusted for multiple testing.
The protocol specified that the data and safety monitoring board should conduct a single interim efficacy analysis for mortality from any cause after 50% of the total expected deaths had occurred. For this analysis, the Pocock approach was applied for harm and the O'Brien–Fleming approach was applied for benefit.
Results
Patients
From June 2002 through April 2005, a total of 4563 patients were formally screened and 4128 underwent randomization at 293 sites in 25 countries in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, South Africa, and Australia. Of those patients, 2067 were assigned to receive irbesartan and 2061 to receive placebo. The common study termination date was set for April 17, 2008, when it was estimated that at least 1440 events of the primary outcome would have occurred. The mean follow-up time was 49.5 months, and the trial included 16,798 patient-years of follow-up.
The study groups did not differ significantly in baseline characteristics (Table 1Table 1
Baseline Characteristics of the Patients.). The mean age was 72 years, and 60% of the patients were women. The primary cause of heart failure was hypertension in 64% of the patients and ischemic heart disease in 25%, and hypertension was present in 88% overall. Atrial fibrillation was present in 29% and diabetes mellitus in 27%. Forty-one percent of the patients were obese, which was defined as a body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of more than 30. At baseline, the median level of NT-ProBNP was 339 pg per milliliter (interquartile range, 133 to 964). Baseline medications included diuretics (83%, including 52% who were taking a loop diuretic), beta-blockers (59%), calcium-channel blockers (40%), spironolactone (15%), and ACE inhibitors (25%).Study-Drug Administration and Follow-up
At the end of the titration phase, 84% of the patients in the irbesartan group and 88% of those in the placebo group had reached the 300-mg dose (mean doses, 275 mg and 284 mg, respectively). The proportion of patients reaching the target dose did not differ according to the use of an ACE inhibitor. During the study, the proportion of patients receiving an ACE inhibitor rose from 25% in the two groups at baseline to 39% in the irbesartan group and 40% in the placebo group, the use of spironolactone rose from 15% in the two groups at baseline to 28% in the irbesartan group and 29% in the placebo group, and the use of beta-blockers rose from 59% in the irbesartan group and 58% in the placebo group to 73% in the two groups.
Between baseline and 6 months, blood pressure declined by a mean (±SD) of 3.8±18.0 mm Hg systolic and 2.1±10.5 mm Hg diastolic in the irbesartan group and by a mean of 0.2±17.6 mm Hg systolic and 0.2±10.4 mm Hg diastolic in the placebo group; the decreases in the two groups persisted for the duration of the trial. Among the surviving patients, the discontinuation rates in the irbesartan group and in the placebo group, respectively, were 13% and 12% at 1 year, 21% and 20% at 2 years, and 34% and 33% at the end of the trial.
At the end of the study, vital-status data were not available for 29 patients (1%) in the irbesartan group and 44 patients (2%) in the placebo group. If contact could not be made at end of study, data for these patients were censored from the analysis at the date they were last known to be alive.
Primary Outcome
The primary composite outcome occurred in 742 patients (36%) in the irbesartan group and in 763 patients (37%) in the placebo group. There were 100.4 end-point events per 1000 patient-years in the irbesartan group and 105.4 events per 1000 patient-years in the placebo group. The hazard ratio for the primary outcome in the irbesartan group, as compared with the placebo group, was 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86 to 1.05; P=0.35) (Figure 1Figure 1
Kaplan–Meier Curves for the Primary Outcome. and Table 2Table 2
Primary Outcome with Component Events.). The neutral effect of treatment was consistent across all prespecified subgroups (Figure 2Figure 2Primary Outcome According to Prespecified Subgroups.).Secondary Outcomes
Rates of death from any cause were 52.6 and 52.3 per 1000 patient-years in the irbesartan group and the placebo group, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.14; P=0.98) (Table 3Table 3
Secondary Outcomes.). The rates for protocol-specified hospitalization were 70.6 and 74.3, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.08; P=0.44). There were also no significant differences between the study groups for any of the other prespecified secondary outcomes or for hospital admissions for specific cardiovascular indications or for any cause (Table 3). After 6 months, scores on the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure scale improved in both groups, but the difference in the magnitude of change between the two groups was not significant. There was also no significant difference between the groups in the change in the level of NT-proBNP after 6 months.Adverse Events
During the course of the study, 16% of patients in the irbesartan group and 14% of patients in the placebo group discontinued a study drug because of an adverse event (P=0.07) (Table 4Table 4
Drug Discontinuations and Adverse Events.). At baseline, the mean levels of serum creatinine were 1.00±0.34 mg per deciliter (88.4±30.1 μmol per liter) in the irbesartan group and 1.00±0.32 mg per deciliter (88.4±28.3 μmol per liter) in the placebo group. At the final visit, the mean levels of serum creatinine were 1.02±0.46 mg per deciliter (90.2±40.7 μmol per liter) in the irbesartan group and 0.98±0.34 mg per deciliter (86.6±30.1 μmol per liter) in the placebo group (P=0.11). During the course of the study, a doubling of the serum creatinine level occurred in at least one measurement in 6% of patients in the irbesartan group and in 4% of patients in the placebo group (P<0.001). A serum potassium level of more than 6.0 mmol per liter occurred at least once in 3% of patients in the irbesartan group and in 2% of patients in the placebo group (P=0.01). However, the differences in the rates of serious adverse events due to hypotension, renal dysfunction, and hyperkalemia between the two groups were not significant (Table 4).Discussion
Treatment with irbesartan did not reduce the risk of death or hospitalization for cardiovascular causes among patients who had heart failure with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, nor did it improve any of the secondary clinical outcomes, including disease-specific quality of life. These findings are in contrast to the benefits seen with inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, including angiotensin-receptor blockers, in patients with heart failure with a low left ventricular ejection fraction.14-17 However, these findings are concordant with the results of two other studies involving patients who had heart failure with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, the Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM)–Preserved trial (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00634712)17,18 and the Perindopril in Elderly People with Chronic Heart Failure (PEP-CHF) trial.19
The reasons for the lack of benefit are uncertain, but several explanations warrant consideration. One possibility is that many of the patients may not have had heart failure, since the diagnosis of heart failure with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction is often not straightforward and can be mimicked by other conditions.20 We believe that this is unlikely, since 44% of the patients had been hospitalized for heart failure within 6 months, and the remainder had at least NYHA class III symptoms and evidence of structural heart disease. The baseline NT-proBNP values in our trial were generally consistent with values used to diagnose heart failure with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in the outpatient setting.21-24 However, the most compelling evidence that we enrolled a population with heart failure is the high rate at which patients had subsequent hospitalizations for heart failure. These hospitalizations occurred at rates approximately 4 to 8 times the rates observed in trials involving patients with hypertension and diabetes and those at high vascular risk.25-28
A second consideration is whether the 300-mg target dose of irbesartan, although the highest approved dose, was suboptimal for efficacy in this disease. However, this dose reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by a mean of 3.8/2.1 mm Hg. Furthermore, the same dose of irbesartan reduced the onset of heart failure by 28% in the Irbesartan in Diabetic Nephropathy Trial.29 On the basis of our study, we cannot assess whether a higher dose would have been beneficial.
Several other factors may have adversely affected the power of the trial. One factor was the high rate of study-drug discontinuation, which reached 34% by the end of the study, a proportion that was similar to that of other heart-failure trials of this duration. A second factor was the high rate of concomitant use of ACE inhibitors, which were taken at some time during the trial by 39% of patients in the irbesartan group and 40% of those in the placebo group, and spironolactone, which was taken by 28% of patients in the irbesartan group and 29% of those in the placebo group. In addition, 73% of patients in the two groups received a beta-blocker during the study. The treatment of a large proportion of patients with multiple inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system might have left little room for further benefit from the addition of an angiotensin-receptor blocker.
The patients in our study closely resembled those with this syndrome in the community, and as expected their characteristics differed from those of patients who had heart failure with a low left ventricular ejection fraction.12 In patients with a preserved ejection fraction, the pathophysiologic substrate of a dilated remodeled heart and clinically manifested atherosclerotic disease are either less evident or absent. Furthermore, in spite of the preponderance of patients with a history of hypertension, only a minority of patients had electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy. Thus, important targets for renin–angiotensin blockade may have been absent in this population. Two previous large trials, PEP-CHF and CHARM-Preserved,18,19 have also evaluated inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin system in patients with heart failure and a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (predominantly in patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 50% or more), and neither showed an overall beneficial effect of such drugs.
In these patients, heart failure may be related to a variety of factors, including impairment of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction from myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis or altered myocyte calcium handling,30-32 abnormal ventricular–vascular coupling related to decreased vascular compliance,33 impaired renal handling of salt and fluid, and other as-yet-poorly-characterized abnormalities. Although data from experimental models suggest that inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system may affect these abnormalities,34 it is unclear which of these potential mechanisms are primarily responsible for the clinical syndrome of heart failure with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Although ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers have not proved to be beneficial in heart failure with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, aldosterone antagonists may have more success, since aldosterone plays a major role in stimulating myocardial collagen formation and in inhibiting the turnover of extracellular matrix.35,36 This possibility is being tested in the ongoing Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) trial (NCT00094302) being conducted by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
In conclusion, we evaluated the effect of irbesartan versus placebo in patients who had heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. No significant benefit of irbesartan was shown for a variety of cardiovascular outcomes, including death from any cause and hospitalization for cardiovascular causes.
Supported by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis.
Dr. Massie reports receiving grant support from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi-Aventis, and Merck, consulting fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi-Aventis, Merck, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Momentum Research, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Scios–Johnson & Johnson, Corthera, and Niles Therapeutics, and lecture fees from Merck; Dr. Carson, receiving consulting fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi-Aventis, and Merck and lecture fees from AstraZeneca and Novartis; Dr. McMurray, receiving support from Bristol-Myers Squibb (to Glasgow University) for his work on this trial; Dr. Komajda, receiving consulting fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Servier and lecture fees from Servier, Sanofi-Aventis, and AstraZeneca; Dr. McKelvie, receiving consulting fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis and lecture fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi-Aventis, Pfizer, Merck, and AstraZeneca; Dr. Zile, receiving consulting fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis; Ms. Anderson, being employed by the Statistical Data Analysis Center at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, which conducted statistical analysis for this trial, supported by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis; Drs. Donovan and Ptaszynska, being employees of and having an equity interest in Bristol-Myers Squibb; and Dr. Staiger, being an employee of and having an equity interest in Sanofi-Aventis. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0805450) was published at www.nejm.org on November 11, 2008.
We thank clinical scientists Jean-Michel Bocquet and Magalie Thuault for their care in handling the logistics of the trial.
Source Information
From the University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (B.M.M.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.M.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris (M.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.M.); Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (M.R.Z.); University of Wisconsin, Madison (S.A., E.I.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (M.D., A.P.); and Sanofi-Aventis, Bridgewater, NJ (C.S.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Massie at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 111C, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121, or at barry.massie@va.gov.
Committee members and investigators in the Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Study (I-PRESERVE) are listed in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org.
- References
References
1
Hogg K ,Swedberg K ,McMurray J . Heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:317-327
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Lenzen MJ ,Scholte op Reimer WJ ,Boersma E , et al. Differences between patients with a preserved and a depressed left ventricular function: a report from the EuroHeart Failure Survey. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1214-1220
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Vasan RS ,Benjamin EJ ,Levy D . Prevalence, clinical features and prognosis of diastolic heart failure: an epidemiologic perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1565-1574
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Owan TE ,Redfield MM . Epidemiology of diastolic heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2005;47:320-332
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Owan TE ,Hodge DO ,Herges RM ,Jacobsen SJ ,Roger VL ,Redfield MM . Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2006;355:251-259
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline6
Bhatia RS ,Tu JV ,Lee DS , et al. Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. N Engl J Med 2006;355:260-269
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline7
Hogg K ,McMurray J . Neurohumoral pathways in heart failure with preserved systolic function. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2005;47:357-366
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Wright JW ,Mizutani S ,Harding JW . Pathways involved in the transition from hypertension to hypertrophy to heart failure: treatment strategies. Heart Fail Rev 2008;13:367-375
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Little WC ,Brucks S . Therapy for diastolic heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2005;47:380-388
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Desai A . Current understanding of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Curr Opin Cardiol 2007;22:578-585
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Carson P ,Massie BM ,McKelvie R , et al. The Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic Function (I-PRESERVE) trial: rationale and design. J Card Fail 2005;11:576-585
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
McMurray JJ ,Carson PE ,Komajda M , et al. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: clinical characteristics of 4133 patients enrolled in the I-PRESERVE trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2008;10:149-156
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Rector TS ,Kubo SH ,Cohn JN . Validity of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire as a measure of therapeutic response to enalapril or placebo. Am J Cardiol 1993;71:1106-1107
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
The SOLVD Investigators
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline15
Cohn JN ,Tognoni G . A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1667-1675
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline16
Pitt B ,Zannad F ,Remme WJ , et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 1999;341:709-717
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline17
Pfeffer MA ,Swedberg K ,Granger CB , et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet 2003;362:759-766
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Yusuf S ,Pfeffer MA ,Swedberg K , et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet 2003;362:777-781
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Cleland JG ,Tendera M ,Adamus J ,Freemantle N ,Polonski L ,Taylor J . The Perindopril in Elderly People with Chronic Heart Failure (PEP-CHF) study. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2338-2345
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Caruana L ,Petrie MC ,Davie AP ,McMurray JJ . Do patients with suspected heart failure and preserved left ventricular systolic function suffer from “diastolic heart failure” or from misdiagnosis? A prospective descriptive study. BMJ 2000;321:215-218
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Paulus WJ ,Tschope C ,Sanderson JE , et al. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2539-2550
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Grewal J ,McKelvie RS ,Persson H , et al. Usefulness of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide to predict cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol 2008;102:733-737
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Galasko GI ,Lahiri A ,Barnes SC ,Collinson P ,Senior R . What is the normal range for N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide? How well does this normal range screen for cardiovascular disease? Eur Heart J 2005;26:2269-2276
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Abhayaratna WP ,Marwick TH ,Becker NG ,Jeffery IM ,McGill DA ,Smith WT . Population-based detection of systolic and diastolic dysfunction with amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. Am Heart J 2006;152:941-948
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Dahlof B ,Devereux RB ,Kjeldsen SE , et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:995-1003
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Einhorn PT ,Davis BR ,Massie BM , et al. The Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) Heart Failure Validation Study: diagnosis and prognosis. Am Heart J 2007;153:42-53
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
Yusuf S ,Diener HC ,Sacco RL , et al. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1225-1237
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline28
Arnold JM ,Yusuf S ,Young J , et al. Prevention of heart failure in patients in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study. Circulation 2003;107:1284-1290
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Berl T ,Hunsicker LG ,Lewis JB , et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in the Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial of patients with type 2 diabetes and overt nephropathy. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:542-549
Web of Science | Medline30
Zile MR ,Brutsaert DL . New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: Part I: diagnosis, prognosis, and measurements of diastolic function. Circulation 2002;105:1387-1393
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline31
Zile MR ,Brutsaert DL . New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: Part II: causal mechanisms and treatment. Circulation 2002;105:1503-1508
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline32
Borlaug BA ,Kass DA . Mechanisms of diastolic dysfunction in heart failure. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2006;16:273-279
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline33
Kass DA ,Bronzwaer JG ,Paulus WJ . What mechanisms underlie diastolic dysfunction in heart failure? Circ Res 2004;94:1533-1542
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline34
Berk BC, Fujiwara K, Lehoux S. ECM remodeling in hypertensive heart disease. J Clin Invest 2007:568-75.
35
Weber KT . Aldosterone in congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1689-1697
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline36
Mottram PM ,Haluska B ,Leano R ,Cowley D ,Stowasser M ,Marwick TH . Effect of aldosterone antagonism on myocardial dysfunction in hypertensive patients with diastolic heart failure. Circulation 2004;110:558-565
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (169)
Citing Articles
1
, Aneta Aleksova, Serge Masson, Aldo P. Maggioni, Donata Lucci, Renato Urso, Lidia Staszewsky, Stefano Ciaffoni, Giuseppe Cacciatore, Gianfranco Misuraca, Michele Gulizia, Lucio Mos, Gianni Proietti, Calogero Minneci, Roberto Latini, Gianfranco Sinagra. (2012) Effects of Candesartan on Left Ventricular Function, Aldosterone and BNP in Chronic Heart Failure. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy
CrossRef2
V. M. Conraads, M. Metra, O. Kamp, G. W. De Keulenaer, B. Pieske, J. Zamorano, P. E. Vardas, M. Bohm, L. Dei Cas. (2012) Effects of the long-term administration of nebivolol on the clinical symptoms, exercise capacity, and left ventricular function of patients with diastolic dysfunction: results of the ELANDD study. European Journal of Heart Failure 14:2, 219-225
CrossRef3
Christine C. Welles, Ivy A. Ku, Damon M. Kwan, Mary A. Whooley, Nelson B. Schiller, Mintu P. Turakhia. (2012) Left Atrial Function Predicts Heart Failure Hospitalization in Subjects With Preserved Ejection Fraction and Coronary Heart Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 59:7, 673-680
CrossRef4
James B. Strait, Edward G. Lakatta. (2012) Aging-Associated Cardiovascular Changes and Their Relationship to Heart Failure. Heart Failure Clinics 8:1, 143-164
CrossRef5
Hiroshi Ito, Katsuhisa Ishii, Hajime Kihara, Noriaki Kasayuki, Fumiaki Nakamura, Kenei Shimada, Shota Fukuda, Katsuomi Iwakura, Junichi Yoshikawa. (2012) Adding thiazide to a renin–angiotensin blocker improves left ventricular relaxation and improves heart failure in patients with hypertension. Hypertension Research 35:1, 93-99
CrossRef6
Manuel Anguita, Juan C. Castillo, Martín Ruiz, Francisco Castillo, Manuel Jiménez-Navarro, Marisa Crespo, Luis Alonso-Pulpón, Eduardo de Teresa, Alfonso Castro-Beiras, Eulalia Roig, Remei Artigas, Antonio Zapata, Ignacio López de Ullibarri, Javier Muñiz. (2012) Differences in Outcome of Heart Failure With Preserved or Depressed Systolic Function in Patients Older Than 70 Years Who Receive Beta Blockers. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) 65:1, 22-28
CrossRef7
M. Volpe. (2012) Should all patients at high cardiovascular risk receive renin-angiotensin system blockers?. QJM 105:1, 11-27
CrossRef8
Manuel Anguita, Juan C. Castillo, Martín Ruiz, Francisco Castillo, Manuel Jiménez-Navarro, Marisa Crespo, Luis Alonso-Pulpón, Eduardo de Teresa, Alfonso Castro-Beiras, Eulalia Roig, Remei Artigas, Antonio Zapata, Ignacio López de Ullibarri, Javier Muñiz. (2012) Diferencias en el pronóstico de la insuficiencia cardiaca con función sistólica conservada o deprimida en pacientes mayores de 70 años que toman bloqueadores beta. Revista Española de Cardiología 65:1, 22-28
CrossRef9
Shmuel Schwartzenberg, Margaret M. Redfield, Aaron M. From, Paul Sorajja, Rick A. Nishimura, Barry A. Borlaug. (2012) Effects of Vasodilation in Heart Failure With Preserved or Reduced Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 59:5, 442-451
CrossRef10
Scott D. Solomon. (2012) Vasodilators Across the Heart Failure Spectrum. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 59:5, 452-454
CrossRef11
Arthur Mark Richards. (2011) Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for heart failure. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 12:18, 2801-2815
CrossRef12
Racheed J. Ghanami, Hamza Rana, Timothy E. Craven, John Hoyle, Matthew S. Edwards, Kimberley J. Hansen. (2011) Diastolic function predicts survival after renal revascularization. Journal of Vascular Surgery 54:6, 1720-1726.e1
CrossRef13
Akshay S. Desai, Eldrin F. Lewis, Rebecca Li, Scott D. Solomon, Susan F. Assmann, Robin Boineau, Nadine Clausell, Rafael Diaz, Jerome L. Fleg, Ivan Gordeev, Sonja McKinlay, Eileen O'Meara, Tamaz Shaburishvili, Bertram Pitt, Marc A. Pfeffer. (2011) Rationale and design of the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist Trial: A randomized, controlled study of spironolactone in patients with symptomatic heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. American Heart Journal 162:6, 966-972.e10
CrossRef14
Smita I. Negi, Euy-Myoung Jeong, Irfan Shukrullah, Mihai Raicu, Samuel C. Dudley Jr. (2011) Association of Low Plasma Adiponectin With Early Diastolic Dysfunction. Congestive Heart Failureno-no
CrossRef15
Yan Zhang, Gregg C. Fonarow, Paul W. Sanders, Firoozeh Farahmand, Richard M. Allman, Inmaculada B. Aban, Thomas E. Love, Raynald Levesque, Meredith L. Kilgore, Ali Ahmed. (2011) A Propensity-Matched Study of the Comparative Effectiveness of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Versus Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Heart Failure Patients Age ≥65 Years. The American Journal of Cardiology 108:10, 1443-1448
CrossRef16
José M. Lobos Bejarano, Isabel Rodríguez-Miñón Otero. (2011) Irbesartán no reduce los episodios cardiovasculares ni la mortalidad en pacientes con fibrilación auricular. FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria 18:9, 598
CrossRef17
M. Albaghdadi, M. Gheorghiade, B. Pitt. (2011) Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism: therapeutic potential in acute heart failure syndromes. European Heart Journal 32:21, 2626-2633
CrossRef18
Yan Zhang, Meredith L. Kilgore, Tarun Arora, Marjan Mujib, O. James Ekundayo, Inmaculada B. Aban, Margaret A. Feller, Ravi V. Desai, Thomas E. Love, Richard M. Allman, Gregg C. Fonarow, Ali Ahmed. (2011) Design and rationale of studies of neurohormonal blockade and outcomes in diastolic heart failure using OPTIMIZE-HF registry linked to Medicare data. International Journal of Cardiology
CrossRef19
Boris Kurscheid, Lhoussaine Belkoura, Berthold Hoge. (2011) Air-Stable and Catalytically Active Phosphinous Acid Transition-Metal Complexes. Organometallics111014083507000
CrossRef20
F Yalçin, H Yalçin, N Küçükler, T P Abraham. (2011) Quantitative left ventricular contractility analysis under stress: a new practical approach in follow-up of hypertensive patients. Journal of Human Hypertension 25:10, 578-584
CrossRef21
Frank Edelmann, Götz Gelbrich, Hans-Dirk Düngen, Stefan Fröhling, Rolf Wachter, Raoul Stahrenberg, Lutz Binder, Agnieszka Töpper, Diana Jahandar Lashki, Silja Schwarz, Christoph Herrmann-Lingen, Markus Löffler, Gerd Hasenfuss, Martin Halle, Burkert Pieske. (2011) Exercise Training Improves Exercise Capacity and Diastolic Function in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:17, 1780-1791
CrossRef22
Taslima Bhuiyan, Mathew S. Maurer. (2011) Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Persistent Diagnosis, Therapeutic Enigma. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 5:5, 440-449
CrossRef23
Dalane W. Kitzman. (2011) Exercise Training in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:17, 1792-1794
CrossRef24
D. Burkhoff. (2011) Mortality in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: an unacceptably high rate. European Heart Journal
CrossRef25
J. J. V. McMurray. (2011) CONSENSUS to EMPHASIS: the overwhelming evidence which makes blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system the cornerstone of therapy for systolic heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure 13:9, 929-936
CrossRef26
A. Mark Richards. (2011) Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Addition to N-Terminal Pro–B-Type Natriuretic Peptide for Risk Stratification in the Ambulant Elderly. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:14, 1507-1508
CrossRef27
Robert Petrella, Paul Michailidis. (2011) Retrospective Analysis of Real-World Efficacy of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Versus Other Classes of Antihypertensive Agents in Blood Pressure Management. Clinical Therapeutics 33:9, 1190-1203
CrossRef28
Sujit Rajagopalan, Anjuman Arora, Nusrat Shafiq, Srinivas Reddy S, Promila Pandhi, Niti Mittal, Samir Malhotra. (2011) Pharmacotherapy of heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF) - a systematic review. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 72:3, 369-380
CrossRef29
Jessi Khangura, Sarah J Goodlin. (2011) Heart failure treatment in the elderly. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 9:9, 1171-1179
CrossRef30
, C. Berry, R. N. Doughty, C. Granger, L. Kober, B. Massie, F. McAlister, J. McMurray, S. Pocock, K. Poppe, K. Swedberg, J. Somaratne, G. A. Whalley, A. Ahmed, B. Andersson, A. Bayes-Genis, C. Berry, M. Cowie, R. Cubbon, R. N. Doughty, J. Ezekowitz, J. Gonzalez-Juanatey, M. Gorini, I. Gotsman, L. Grigorian-Shamagian, M. Guazzi, M. Kearney, L. Kober, M. Komajda, A. di Lenarda, M. Lenzen, D. Lucci, S. Macin, B. Madsen, A. Maggioni, M. Martinez-Selles, F. McAlister, F. Oliva, K. Poppe, M. Rich, M. Richards, M. Senni, I. Squire, G. Taffet, L. Tarantini, C. Tribouilloy, R. Troughton, H. Tsutsui, G. A. Whalley, R. N. Doughty, N. Earle, K. Perera, K. Poppe, G. A. Whalley, J. Dobson, S. Pocock, K. Poppe, R. N. Doughty, G. Whalley, B. Andersson, C. Hall, A. M. Richards, R. Troughton, J. Lainchbury, C. Berry, K. Hogg, J. Norrie, K. Stevenson, M. Brett, J. McMurray, M. A. Pfeffer, K. Swedberg, C. B. Granger, P. Held, J. J. V. McMurray, E. L. Michelson, B. Olofsson, J. Ostergren, S. Yusuf, L. Kober, C. Torp-Pedersen, A. Ahmed, M. J. Lenzen, W. J. M. Scholte op Reimer, E. Boersma, P. J. M. J. Vantrimpont, F. Follath, K. Swedberg, J. Cleland, M. Komajda, I. Gotsman, D. Zwas, D. Planer, T. Azaz-Livshits, D. Admon, C. Lotan, A. Keren, L. Grigorian-Shamagian, A. Varela-Roman, P. Mazon-Ramos, P. Rigeiro-Veloso, M. A. Bandin-Dieguez, J. R. Gonzalez-Juanatey, M. Guazzi, J. Myers, R. Arena, F. A. McAlister, J. Ezekowitz, P. W. Armstrong, B. Cujec, I. Paterson, M. R. Cowie, D. A. Wood, A. J. S. Coats, S. G. Thompson, V. Suresh, P. A. Poole-Wilson, G. C. Sutton, M. Martinez-Selles, J. A. G. Robles, L. Prieto, M. D. Munoa, E. Frades, O. Diaz-Castro, J. Almendral, L. Tarantini, P. Faggiano, M. Senni, D. Lucci, D. Bertoli, M. Porcu, C. Opasich, L. Tavazzi, A. P. Maggioni, V. Kirk, M. Bay, J. Parner, K. Krogsgaard, T. M. Herzog, S. Boesgaard, C. Hassager, O. W. Nielsen, J. Aldershvile, H. Nielsen, L. Kober, S. M. Macin, E. R. Perna, J. P. Cimbaro Canella, P. Alvarenga, R. Pantich, N. Rios, E. F. Farias, J. R. Badaracco, B. K. Madsen, J. F. Hansen, K. H. Stokholm, J. Brons, D. Husum, L. S. Mortensen, A. Bayes-Genis, R. Vazquez, T. Puig, C. Fernandez-Palomeque, A. Bardaji, D. Pascual-Figal, J. Ordonez-Llanos, M. Valdes, A. Gabarrus, R. Pavon, L. Pastor, J. R. Gonzalez-Juanatey, J. Almendral, M. Fiol, V. Nieto, C. Macaya, J. Cinca, A. Bayes de Luna, J. D. Newton, H. M. Blackledge, I. B. Squire, S. P. Wright, G. A. Whalley, R. N. Doughty, R. Kerzner, B. F. Gage, K. E. Freedland, M. W. Rich, B. C. Huynh, A. Rovner, K. E. Freedland, R. M. Carney, M. W. Rich, G. E. Taffet, T. A. Teasdale, A. J. Bleyer, N. J. Kutka, R. J. L. Tribouilloy, D. Rusinaru, H. Mahjoub, V. Souliere, F. Levy, M. Peltier, H. Tsutsui, M. Tsuchihashi, A. Takeshita, P. A. MacCarthy, M. T. Kearney, R. Cubbon, J. Nolan, A. J. Lee, R. J. Prescott, A. M. Shah, W. P. Brooksby, K. A. A. Fox, A. Varela-Roman, J. R. Gonzalez-Juanatey, P. Basante, R. Trillo, J. Garcia-Seara, J. L. Martinez-Sande, F. Gude. (2011) The survival of patients with heart failure with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis. European Heart Journal
CrossRef31
Seema Mital. (2011) Biomarkers of cardiac fibrosis: New insights. Progress in Pediatric Cardiology 32:1, 35-36
CrossRef32
Aaron M. From, Barry A. Borlaug. (2011) Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Pathophysiology and Emerging Therapies. Cardiovascular Therapeutics 29:4, e6-e21
CrossRef33
Charles F. Jackson, Nanette K. Wenger. (2011) Enfermedad cardiovascular en el anciano. Revista Española de Cardiología 64:8, 697-712
CrossRef34
Daniel A. Morris, Mudather Gailani, Amalia Vaz Pérez, Florian Blaschke, Rainer Dietz, Wilhelm Haverkamp, Cemil Özcelik. (2011) Right Ventricular Myocardial Systolic and Diastolic Dysfunction in Heart Failure with Normal Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 24:8, 886-897
CrossRef35
Charles F. Jackson, Nanette K. Wenger. (2011) Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) 64:8, 697-712
CrossRef36
Robert Neil Doughty. (2011) Prognosis for Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Is It the Same As Low Ejection Fraction?. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) 64:8, 646-648
CrossRef37
Anita Deswal, Peter Richardson, Biykem Bozkurt, Douglas L. Mann. (2011) Results of the Randomized Aldosterone Antagonism in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Trial (RAAM-PEF). Journal of Cardiac Failure 17:8, 634-642
CrossRef38
Henry Krum, John R Teerlink. (2011) Medical therapy for chronic heart failure. The Lancet 378:9792, 713-721
CrossRef39
Robert Neil Doughty. (2011) Pronóstico de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca y fracción de eyección preservada. ¿Es el mismo que con fracción de eyección baja?. Revista Española de Cardiología 64:8, 646-648
CrossRef40
Hyungseop Kim, Hyuck-Jun Yoon, Hyoung-Seob Park, Yun-Kyeong Cho, Chang-Wook Nam, Seung-Ho Hur, Yoon-Nyun Kim, Kwon-Bae Kim. (2011) Usefulness of Tissue Doppler Imaging-Myocardial Performance Index in the Evaluation of Diastolic Dysfunction and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Clinical Cardiology 34:8, 494-499
CrossRef41
Wolfram Doehner, Johanna Todorovic, Cornelia Kennecke, Mathias Rauchhaus, Anja Sandek, Mitja Lainscak, Sophie van Linthout, Carsten Tschöpe, Stephan von Haehling, Stefan D. Anker. (2011) Improved insulin sensitivity by the angiotensin receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with systolic heart failure: A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Cardiology
CrossRef42
Lynn R. Punnoose, Michael M. Givertz, Eldrin F. Lewis, Parakash Pratibhu, Lynne W. Stevenson, Akshay S. Desai. (2011) Heart Failure With Recovered Ejection Fraction: A Distinct Clinical Entity. Journal of Cardiac Failure 17:7, 527-532
CrossRef43
Gang Huang, Jun-bo Xu, Jian-xiong Liu, Yong He, Xiao-li Nie, Qiu Li, Yong-mei Hu, Si-qin Zhao, Mian Wang, Wen-yong Zhang, Xiao-rong Liu, Tao Wu, Akram Arkin, Ting-jie Zhang. (2011) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers decrease the incidence of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 41:7, 719-733
CrossRef44
Michael R. Zile, William H. Gaasch. (2011) Abnormal Calcium Homeostasis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:2, 155-157
CrossRef45
Dmitry Abramov, Kun-Lun He, Jie Wang, Daniel Burkhoff, Mathew S. Maurer. (2011) The Impact of Extra Cardiac Comorbidities on Pressure Volume Relations in Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction. Journal of Cardiac Failure 17:7, 547-555
CrossRef46
Nicolas F. Schroten, Carlo A. J. M. Gaillard, Dirk J. Veldhuisen, Mariusz K. Szymanski, Hans L. Hillege, Rudolf A. Boer. (2011) New roles for renin and prorenin in heart failure and cardiorenal crosstalk. Heart Failure Reviews
CrossRef47
Ryan P. Morrissey, Lawrence Czer, Prediman K. Shah. (2011) Chronic Heart Failure. American Journal Cardiovascular Drugs 11:3, 153-171
CrossRef48
Johannes Soma. (2011) Heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: Concepts, misconceptions and future directions. Blood Pressure 20:3, 129-133
CrossRef49
Redi Pecini, Daniel Vega Møller, Christian Torp-Pedersen, Christian Hassager, Lars Køber. (2011) Heart failure etiology impacts survival of patients with heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 149:2, 211-215
CrossRef50
P. Friocourt. (2011) Traitement de l’insuffisance cardiaque du sujet âgé. NPG Neurologie - Psychiatrie - Gériatrie 11:63, 114-123
CrossRef51
Raúl Quirós López, Javier García Alegría, María Dolores Martín Escalante, Javier Trujillo Santos, María Ángeles Villena Ruiz, Emilio Perea Milla. (2011) Factores pronósticos y supervivencia a largo plazo tras el diagnóstico inicial de insuficiencia cardiaca. Medicina Clínica
CrossRef52
Daniel E. Monopoli, Maria G. Modena, Giuseppe M. Sangiorgi. (2011) Primary prevention of diastolic dysfunction in the normal heart: The “Eyes Wide Shut” on a statin pleiotropic effect?. Atherosclerosis 216:2, 272-274
CrossRef53
Gerard O. Oghlakian, Ilke Sipahi, James C. Fang. (2011) Treatment of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Have We Been Pursuing the Wrong Paradigm?. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 86:6, 531-539
CrossRef54
Daniel A. Morris, Mudather Gailani, Amalia Vaz Pérez, Florian Blaschke, Rainer Dietz, Wilhelm Haverkamp, Cemil Özcelik. (2011) Left Atrial Systolic and Diastolic Dysfunction in Heart Failure with Normal Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 24:6, 651-662
CrossRef55
Khalil Murad, Dalane W. Kitzman. (2011) Frailty and multiple comorbidities in the elderly patient with heart failure: implications for management. Heart Failure Reviews
CrossRef56
Philip Wood, Sanaz Piran, Peter P. Liu. (2011) Diastolic Heart Failure: Progress, Treatment Challenges, and Prevention. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 27:3, 302-310
CrossRef57
Sylvestre Maréchaux, Marie M. Six-Carpentier, Nadia Bouabdallaoui, David Montaigne, Jean Jacques Bauchart, Frédéric Mouquet, Jean Luc Auffray, Thierry Tourneau, Philippe Asseman, Thierry H. LeJemtel, Pierre Vladimir Ennezat. (2011) Prognostic importance of comorbidities in heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Heart and Vessels 26:3, 313-320
CrossRef58
Nicholas B Norgard, Gina M Prescott. (2011) Future of personalized pharmacotherapy in chronic heart failure patients. Future Cardiology 7:3, 357-379
CrossRef59
Maurizio Galderisi. (2011) Diagnosis and Management of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in the Hypertensive Patient. American Journal of Hypertension 24:5, 507-517
CrossRef60
Ali Ahmed. (2011) Chronic Heart Failure in Older Adults. Medical Clinics of North America 95:3, 439-461
CrossRef61
David J. Holland, Dharam J. Kumbhani, Salim H. Ahmed, Thomas H. Marwick. (2011) Effects of Treatment on Exercise Tolerance, Cardiac Function, and Mortality in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 57:16, 1676-1686
CrossRef62
Dalane W. Kitzman. (2011) Understanding Results of Trials in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 57:16, 1687-1689
CrossRef63
The ACTIVE I Investigators. (2011) Irbesartan in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. New England Journal of Medicine 364:10, 928-938
Full Text64
B. A. Borlaug, W. J. Paulus. (2011) Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. European Heart Journal 32:6, 670-679
CrossRef65
Megan M Barnes, Michael P Dorsch, Scott L Hummel, Todd M Koelling, Barry E Bleske. (2011) Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Pharmacotherapy 31:3, 312-331
CrossRef66
Xiu-ren Gao, Ming-deng Wang, Xu-yu He, Li-long Tang, Jian-bo Liang, Long-yun Peng, Hong Lin, Hua-wei Sun, Hong Ma, Jun Lin, Zhi-yi Zuo. (2011) Decreased intralymphocytic magnesium content is associated with diastolic heart dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension. International Journal of Cardiology 147:2, 331-334
CrossRef67
Mathias C. Brandt, Navid Madershahian, Ralf Velden, Uta C. Hoppe. (2011) Baroreflex activation as a novel therapeutic strategy for diastolic heart failure. Clinical Research in Cardiology 100:3, 249-251
CrossRef68
I. Savelieva, N. Kakouros, A. Kourliouros, A. J. Camm. (2011) Upstream therapies for management of atrial fibrillation: review of clinical evidence and implications for European Society of Cardiology guidelines. Part I: primary prevention. Europace 13:3, 308-328
CrossRef69
Marco Metra, Valerio Zacà, Gianfranco Parati, Piergiuseppe Agostoni, Maria Bonadies, Marco Ciccone, Alessandra Dei Cas, Massimo Iacoviello, Rocco Lagioia, Carolina Lombardi, Raffaele Maio, Damiano Magrì, Giuseppe Musca, Margherita Padeletti, Francesco Perticone, Natalia Pezzali, Massimo Piepoli, Angela Sciacqua, Luisa Zanolla, Savina Nodari, Pasquale Perrone Filardi, Livio Dei Cas. (2011) Cardiovascular and noncardiovascular comorbidities in patients with chronic heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 12:2, 76-84
CrossRef70
Charaslak Charoenpanichkit, William C. Little, Sangeeta Mandapaka, Erica Dall'Armellina, Timothy M. Morgan, Craig A. Hamilton, W. Gregory Hundley. (2011) Impaired Left Ventricular Stroke Volume Reserve During Clinical Dobutamine Stress Predicts Future Episodes of Pulmonary Edema. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 57:7, 839-848
CrossRef71
Nazha Hamdani, Walter J. Paulus. (2011) Treatment of Heart Failure With Normal Ejection Fraction. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 13:1, 26-34
CrossRef72
C. S. P. Lam, E. Donal, E. Kraigher-Krainer, R. S. Vasan. (2011) Epidemiology and clinical course of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. European Journal of Heart Failure 13:1, 18-28
CrossRef73
Anh L. Bui, Tamara B. Horwich, Gregg C. Fonarow. (2011) Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure. Nature Reviews Cardiology 8:1, 30-41
CrossRef74
Iwao Kuwajima. (2011) The Appropriate Interpretation of Recent Clinical Trials -How to Read RCT in the Era of Advertizing-based Medicine-. Journal of the Korean Society of Hypertension 17:1, 1
CrossRef75
Luis Almenar, Beatriz Díaz Molina, Josep Comín Colet, Enrique Pérez de la Sota. (2011) Insuficiencia cardiaca y trasplante. Revista Española de Cardiología 64, 42-49
CrossRef76
D. Chivite, F. Formiga, R. Pujol. (2011) La insuficiencia cardíaca en el paciente anciano. Revista Clínica Española 211:1, 26-35
CrossRef77
Manian Rajesh Kumar, Kyungho Park, Sunwoo Lee. (2010) Synthesis of Amido-N-imidazolium Salts and their Applications as Ligands in Suzuki-Miyaura Reactions: Coupling of Hetero- aromatic Halides and the Synthesis of Milrinone and Irbesartan. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 352:18, 3255-3266
CrossRef78
B.-J. Kwon, D.-B. Kim, S.-W. Jang, K.-D. Yoo, K.-W. Moon, B. J. Shim, S.-H. Ahn, E.-J. Cho, T.-H. Rho, J.-H. Kim. (2010) Prognosis of heart failure patients with reduced and preserved ejection fraction and coexistent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Journal of Heart Failure 12:12, 1339-1344
CrossRef79
R. Stahrenberg, F. Edelmann, M. Mende, A. Kockskamper, H.-D. Dungen, C. Luers, L. Binder, C. Herrmann-Lingen, G. Gelbrich, G. Hasenfuss, B. Pieske, R. Wachter. (2010) The novel biomarker growth differentiation factor 15 in heart failure with normal ejection fraction. European Journal of Heart Failure 12:12, 1309-1316
CrossRef80
B. Drexler, C. Mueller. (2010) Natriuretic peptide-guided management by the general practitioner: how to interpret the SIGNAL. European Journal of Heart Failure 12:12, 1265-1267
CrossRef81
H.H. Klein, A. Krämer, B.M. Pieske, H.-J. Trappe, H. Vries. (2010) Fahreignung bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen. Der Kardiologe 4:6, 441-473
CrossRef82
Anique Ducharme, Ernesto L Schiffrin. (2010) Reviewing the future of renin-angiotensin system blockade: The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in the prevention of atrial fibrillation. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 26, 21E-23E
CrossRef83
Takahiro Ohara, William C Little. (2010) Evolving focus on diastolic dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Current Opinion in Cardiology 25:6, 613-621
CrossRef84
Micha T. Maeder, David M. Kaye. (2010) Differential impact of heart rate and blood pressure on outcome in patients with heart failure with reduced versus preserved left ventricular ejection fraction
. International Journal of Cardiology
CrossRef85
Margaret M. Redfield. 2010. Recognising and Managing the Patient with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction. , 255-286.
CrossRef86
Massimo Volpe, John Camm, Antonio Coca, Thomas Unger. (2010) The cardiovascular continuum refined: A hypothesis. Blood Pressure 19:5, 273-277
CrossRef87
Vivencio Barrios, Carlos Escobar, Alex De La Sierra, José Luis Llisterri, Diego González-Segura. (2010) Detection of unrecognized clinical heart failure in elderly hypertensive women attended in primary care setting. Blood Pressure 19:5, 301-307
CrossRef88
Justin A. Ezekowitz, Padma Kaul. (2010) The epidemiology and management of elderly patients with myocardial infarction or heart failure. Heart Failure Reviews 15:5, 407-413
CrossRef89
Jay N. Cohn. (2010) Heart Failure is Preventable. Current Heart Failure Reports 7:3, 91-92
CrossRef90
Micha T. Maeder, Bruce R. Thompson, Hans-Peter Brunner-La Rocca, David M. Kaye. (2010) Hemodynamic Basis of Exercise Limitation in Patients With Heart Failure and Normal Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 56:11, 855-863
CrossRef91
Hirotsugu Yamada, Allan L. Klein. (2010) Diastology 2010: clinical approach to diastolic heart failure. Journal of Echocardiography 8:3, 65-79
CrossRef92
Amanda J Edgley, Henry Krum, Darren J Kelly. (2010) Targeting Fibrosis for the Treatment of Heart Failure: A Role for Transforming Growth Factor-β. Cardiovascular Therapeuticsno-no
CrossRef93
Sally C Inglis, Robyn A Clark, Finlay A McAlister, Jocasta Ball, Christian Lewinter, Damien Cullington, Simon Stewart, John GF Cleland, Sally C Inglis. 2010. Structured telephone support or telemonitoring programmes for patients with chronic heart failure. .
CrossRef94
Pavittarpaul Dhesi, Robert D Willix, Anita Phan, Faramarz Tehrani, Daniel Daneshvar, Ernst R Schwarz. (2010) Heart failure in the elderly: diastolic heart failure, medical therapy, women and end-of-life care. Aging Health 6:4, 429-437
CrossRef95
F. Edelmann, A. G. Schmidt, G. Gelbrich, L. Binder, C. Herrmann-Lingen, M. Halle, G. Hasenfuss, R. Wachter, B. Pieske. (2010) Rationale and design of the 'aldosterone receptor blockade in diastolic heart failure' trial: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study to determine the effects of spironolactone on exercise capacity and diastolic function in patients with symptomatic diastolic heart failure (Aldo-DHF). European Journal of Heart Failure 12:8, 874-882
CrossRef96
D. L. Mann, R. Bogaev, G. D. Buckberg. (2010) Cardiac remodelling and myocardial recovery: lost in translation?. European Journal of Heart Failure 12:8, 789-796
CrossRef97
M. Stramba-Badiale. (2010) Women and research on cardiovascular diseases in Europe: a report from the European Heart Health Strategy (EuroHeart) project. European Heart Journal 31:14, 1677-1681
CrossRef98
Rachel S Crowder, Brian K Irons, Gary Meyerrose, Charles F Seifert. (2010) Factors Associated with Increased Hospital Utilization in Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction. Pharmacotherapy 30:7, 646-653
CrossRef99
Tsung O. Cheng. (2010) When studies with positive-sounding acronyms turned out to be negative trials. International Journal of Cardiology 142:3, 211-212
CrossRef100
R. Stahrenberg, F. Edelmann, M. Mende, A. Kockskämper, H. D. Düngen, M. Scherer, M. M. Kochen, L. Binder, C. Herrmann-Lingen, G. Gelbrich, G. Hasenfuß, B. Pieske, R. Wachter. (2010) Association of glucose metabolism with diastolic function along the diabetic continuum. Diabetologia 53:7, 1331-1340
CrossRef101
Ilke Sipahi, Sara M Debanne, Douglas Y Rowland, Daniel I Simon, James C Fang. (2010) Angiotensin-receptor blockade and risk of cancer: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet Oncology 11:7, 627-636
CrossRef102
Paolo Verdecchia, Giorgio Gentile, Fabio Angeli, Giovanni Mazzotta, Giuseppe Mancia, Gianpaolo Reboldi. (2010) Influence of blood pressure reduction on composite cardiovascular endpoints in clinical trials. Journal of Hypertension 28:7, 1356-1365
CrossRef103
(2010) Section 11: Evaluation and Management of Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. Journal of Cardiac Failure 16:6, e126-e133
CrossRef104
Heart Failure Society of America. (2010) Section 4: Evaluation of Patients for Ventricular Dysfunction and Heart Failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure 16:6, e44-e56
CrossRef105
E. S. Chung, R. P. Katra, S. Ghio, J. Bax, B. Gerritse, K. Hilpisch, B. J. Peterson, D. S. Feldman, W. T. Abraham. (2010) Cardiac resynchronization therapy may benefit patients with left ventricular ejection fraction >35%: a PROSPECT trial substudy. European Journal of Heart Failure 12:6, 581-587
CrossRef106
Bodh I Jugdutt. (2010) Heart failure in the elderly: advances and challenges. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 8:5, 695-715
CrossRef107
Andreas Kalogeropoulos, Vasiliki Georgiopoulou, Bruce M. Psaty, Nicolas Rodondi, Andrew L. Smith, David G. Harrison, Yongmei Liu, Udo Hoffmann, Douglas C. Bauer, Anne B. Newman, Stephen B. Kritchevsky, Tamara B. Harris, Javed Butler. (2010) Inflammatory Markers and Incident Heart Failure Risk in Older Adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55:19, 2129-2137
CrossRef108
Iwao Kuwajima. (2010) Magic ARB, or magic trial?. Hypertension Research 33:5, 414-415
CrossRef109
Milan Gupta, George N. Honos, Eric J. Velazquez, Namsik Chung, Willie Oigman, Aldo P. Maggioni. (2010) Evidence for the efficacy of ARBs across the cardiovascular continuum. Current Medical Research and Opinion 26:5, 1203-1218
CrossRef110
Helmy M. Siragy. (2010) Comparing angiotensin II receptor blockers on benefits beyond blood pressure. Advances in Therapy 27:5, 257-284
CrossRef111
Massimo Volpe, Robert McKelvie, Helmut Drexler. (2010) Hypertension as an Underlying Factor in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 12:4, 277-283
CrossRef112
Peter Bramlage, Christoph Schindler. (2010) Differences in pharmacology and their translation into differences in clinical efficacy – a comparison of the renin angiotensin blocking agents irbesartan and losartan. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 11:4, 521-535
CrossRef113
Bernhard Maisch, Sabine Pankuweit. (2010) Therapie der fortgeschrittenen Herz - insuffizienz: medikamentös, Resynchronisation (CRT), Operation. Herz 35:2, 94-101
CrossRef114
Ravi V. Shah, Akshay S. Desai, Michael M. Givertz. (2010) The Effect of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors on Mortality and Heart Failure Hospitalization in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Cardiac Failure 16:3, 260-267
CrossRef115
J. J.V. McMurray, K. Swedberg. (2010) HEAAL: the final chapter in the story of angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure--lessons learnt from a decade of trials. European Journal of Heart Failure 12:2, 99-103
CrossRef116
Christopher A. Fiack, Harrison W. Farber. (2010) Pulmonary hypertension associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 29:2, 230-231
CrossRef117
Walter J. Paulus, Joris J.M. van Ballegoij. (2010) Treatment of Heart Failure With Normal Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55:6, 526-537
CrossRef118
Adriaan A. Voors, Ruud M. Wal, Jasper W. L Hartog, Richard G. Vijn, Yoran M. Hummel, Thijs W. M. Plokker, Dirk J. Veldhuisen, Wybren Jaarsma. (2010) Effects of Eprosartan on Diastolic Function and Neurohormones in Patients with Hypertension and Diastolic Dysfunction. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 24:1, 33-40
CrossRef119
Otto Kamp, Marco Metra, Gilles W. Keulenaer, Burkert Pieske, Viviane Conraads, José Zamorano, Lieven Huysse, Panos E. Vardas, Michael Böhm, Livio Dei Cas. (2010) Effect of the long-term administration of nebivolol on clinical symptoms, exercise capacity and left ventricular function in patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: background, aims and design of the ELANDD study. Clinical Research in Cardiology 99:2, 75-82
CrossRef120
W.H. Wilson Tang, Gary S. Francis. (2010) The Year in Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55:7, 688-696
CrossRef121
Sanjiv J. Shah. (2010) Evolving Approaches to the Management of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 12:1, 58-75
CrossRef122
Khaja S Mohammed, Peter R Kowey, Simone Musco. (2010) Adjuvant therapy for atrial fibrillation. Future Cardiology 6:1, 67-81
CrossRef123
David H MacIver. (2010) Current controversies in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. Future Cardiology 6:1, 97-111
CrossRef124
Yasuchika Takeishi. (2010) The Nitric Oxide Synthase Family and Left Ventricular Diastolic Function. Circulation Journal 74:12, 2556-2557
CrossRef125
Barry Greenberg. (2010) Pre-Clinical Diastolic Dysfunction in Diabetic Patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55:4, 306-308
CrossRef126
Dustin T. Smith, Ramin Farzaneh-Far, Sadia Ali, Beeya Na, Mary A. Whooley, Nelson B. Schiller. (2010) Relation of β-Blocker Use With Frequency of Hospitalization for Heart Failure in Patients With Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction (from the Heart and Soul Study). The American Journal of Cardiology 105:2, 223-228
CrossRef127
Giuseppe Mancia, Stéphane Laurent, Enrico Agabiti-Rosei, Ettore Ambrosioni, Michel Burnier, Mark J. Caulfield, Renata Cifkova, Denis Clément, Antonio Coca, Anna Dominiczak, Serap Erdine, Robert Fagard, Csaba Farsang, Guido Grassi, Hermann Haller, Antony Heagerty, Sverre E. Kjeldsen, Wolfgang Kiowski, Jean Michel Mallion, Athanasios Manolis, Krzysztof Narkiewicz, Peter Nilsson, Michael H. Olsen, Karl Heinz Rahn, Josep Redon, José Rodicio, Luis Ruilope, Roland E. Schmieder, Harry A.J. Struijker-Boudier, Pieter A. Van Zwieten, Margus Viigimaa, Alberto Zanchetti. (2009) Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. Blood Pressure 18:6, 308-347
CrossRef128
Akshay S. Desai. (2009) Hyperkalemia in patients with heart failure: Incidence, prevalence, and management. Current Heart Failure Reports 6:4, 272-280
CrossRef129
Young-Sin Kim, Barry Greenberg. (2009) Update on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockade in heart failure. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 11:6, 455-466
CrossRef130
Jean G. F. Bronzwaer, Walter J. Paulus. (2009) Diastolic and systolic heart failure: Different stages or distinct phenotypes of the heart failure syndrome?. Current Heart Failure Reports 6:4, 281-286
CrossRef131
Bruno Trimarco, Alessandro Bellis. (2009) Clinical trials in heart failure: may we trust?. Internal and Emergency Medicine 4:6, 521-522
CrossRef132
Giuseppe Mancia, Stéphane Laurent, Enrico Agabiti-Rosei, Ettore Ambrosioni, Michel Burnier, Mark J Caulfield, Renata Cifkova, Denis Clément, Antonio Coca, Anna Dominiczak, Serap Erdine, Robert Fagard, Csaba Farsang, Guido Grassi, Hermann Haller, Anthony Heagerty, Sverre E Kjeldsen, Wolfgang Kiowski, Jean Michel Mallion, Athanasios Manolis, Krzysztof Narkiewicz, Peter Nilsson, Michael H Olsen, Karl Heinz Rahn, Josep Redon, José Rodicio, Luis Ruilope, Roland E Schmieder, Harry AJ Struijker-Boudier, Pieter A van Zwieten, Margus Viigimaa, Alberto Zanchetti. (2009) Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. Journal of Hypertension 27:11, 2121-2158
CrossRef133
Hoong Sern Lim, Roger Beadle, Michael Frenneaux. (2009) Death and Dying in Heart Failure With Normal Ejection Fraction. The American Journal of Cardiology 104:9, 1311-1314
CrossRef134
F. Zannad, N. Agrinier, F. Alla. (2009) Heart failure burden and therapy. Europace 11:Supplement 5, v1-v9
CrossRef135
Alan H. Gradman, J. Travis Wilson. (2009) Hypertension and diastolic heart failure. Current Cardiology Reports 11:6, 422-429
CrossRef136
George J. Mak, Mark T. Ledwidge, Chris J. Watson, Dermot M. Phelan, Ian R. Dawkins, Niamh F. Murphy, Anil K. Patle, John A. Baugh, Kenneth M. McDonald. (2009) Natural History of Markers of Collagen Turnover in Patients With Early Diastolic Dysfunction and Impact of Eplerenone. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 54:18, 1674-1682
CrossRef137
Samer S. Najjar. (2009) Evolving insights into the pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 3:5, 374-379
CrossRef138
E. Visús, E. Gargallo, P. Conthe. (2009) Novedades terapéuticas: estudio I-PRESERVE. Revista Clínica Española 209, 36-40
CrossRef139
Mathew S. Maurer. (2009) Heart Failure With a Normal Ejection Fraction (HFNEF): Embracing Complexity. Journal of Cardiac Failure 15:7, 561-564
CrossRef140
Gerd Heusch. (2009) Diastolic heart failure: a misNOmer. Basic Research in Cardiology 104:5, 465-467
CrossRef141
Michael A. Chen. (2009) Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Older Adults. The American Journal of Medicine 122:8, 713-723
CrossRef142
William C. Little, Paul M. Kirkman. (2009) Moving Beyond Angiotensin II to Also Target Aldosterone?. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 54:6, 513-514
CrossRef143
N. Hamdani, W. J. Paulus, L. van Heerebeek, A. Borbely, N. M. Boontje, M. J. Zuidwijk, J. G.F. Bronzwaer, W. S. Simonides, H. W. M. Niessen, G. J. M. Stienen, J. van der Velden. (2009) Distinct myocardial effects of beta-blocker therapy in heart failure with normal and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. European Heart Journal 30:15, 1863-1872
CrossRef144
Rajesh Janardhanan, Akshay S. Desai, Scott D. Solomon. (2009) Therapeutic approaches to diastolic dysfunction. Current Hypertension Reports 11:4, 283-291
CrossRef145
Alan B. Miller, Ileana L. Piña. (2009) Understanding Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Clinical Importance and Future Outlook. Congestive Heart Failure 15:4, 186-192
CrossRef146
Roberto Marchioli, Giacomo Levantesi, Maria G Silletta, Simona Barlera, Marino Bernardinangeli, Emanuele Carbonieri, Francesco Cosmi, Maria G Franzosi, Roberto Latini, Donata Lucci, Aldo Pietro Maggioni, Luciano Moretti, Gian L Nicolosi, Maurizio Porcu, Maria G Rossi, Gianni Tognoni, Luigi Tavazzi. (2009) Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and rosuvastatin in patients with heart failure: results of the GISSI-HF trial. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 7:7, 735-748
CrossRef147
Massimo Volpe. (2009) The Myth of Janus. High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention 16:2, 35-37
CrossRef148
Dirk J. van Veldhuisen, Alain Cohen-Solal, Michael Böhm, Stefan D. Anker, Daphne Babalis, Michael Roughton, Andrew J.S. Coats, Philip A. Poole-Wilson, Marcus D. Flather. (2009) Beta-Blockade With Nebivolol in Elderly Heart Failure Patients With Impaired and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:23, 2150-2158
CrossRef149
Krishna K. Gaddam, Anil Verma, Mark Thompson, Rohit Amin, Hector Ventura. (2009) Hypertension and Cardiac Failure in its Various Forms. Medical Clinics of North America 93:3, 665-680
CrossRef150
Anil Verma, Scott D. Solomon. (2009) Diastolic Dysfunction as a Link Between Hypertension and Heart Failure. Medical Clinics of North America 93:3, 647-664
CrossRef151
Vinay Thohan, Shomeet Patel. (2009) The challenges associated with current clinical trials for diastolic heart failure. Current Opinion in Cardiology 24:3, 230-238
CrossRef152
M. Steinmetz, G. Nickenig. (2009) Hypertensive Folgeschäden am Herzen. Der Internist 50:4, 397-409
CrossRef153
Tsung O. Cheng. (2009) Negative trials with positive-sounding acronyms. International Journal of Cardiology 133:3, 285
CrossRef154
Saraswathy Manickavasagam, Ramanna Merla, Michael M Koerner, Ken Fujise, Sanjay Kunapuli, Salvatore Rosanio, Alejandro Barbagelata. (2009) Management of hypertension in chronic heart failure. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 7:4, 423-433
CrossRef155
(2009) Irbesartan for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. New England Journal of Medicine 360:12, 1256-1259
Full Text156
Carsten Tschöpe, Dirk Westermann. (2009) Heart Failure with Normal Ejection Fraction. Herz Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen 34:2, 89-96
CrossRef157
Gregory D. Lewis. (2009) The Role of the Pulmonary Vasculature in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:13, 1127-1129
CrossRef158
Micha T. Maeder, David M. Kaye. (2009) Heart Failure With Normal Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:11, 905-918
CrossRef159
(2009) ENDEAVOR IV – 2-Jahres-Ergebnisse. Herz Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen 34:2, 166-166
CrossRef160
Jacyntha A. Sterling. (2009) Hospital Pharmacy Pulse - Recent Publications on Medications and Pharmacy. Hospital Pharmacy 44:2, 193-199
CrossRef161
Javier Bermejo, Javier Segovia, Fernando Alfonso. (2009) Resumen de los ensayos clínicos presentados en las Sesiones Científicas Anuales de la American Heart Association (New Orleans, Estados Unidos, 8-12 de noviembre de 2008). Revista Española de Cardiología 62:2, 178-187
CrossRef162
(2009) Journal Club. Kidney International 75:4, 349-350
CrossRef163
Takayoshi TSUTAMOTO, Minoru HORIE. (2009) Rinsho yakuri/Japanese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 40:4, 173S-174S
CrossRef164
Myron H. Weinberger. (2009) From the Editor. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 3:1, 1-2
CrossRef165
L. Michael PrisantMD. (2009) Target-organ protection with combination renin-angiotensin-system blockade. Clinical Cardiology 32:1, 4-12
CrossRef166
Jong-Won Ha, Jae K. Oh. (2009) Therapeutic Strategies for Diastolic Dysfunction: A Clinical Perspective. Journal of Cardiovascular Ultrasound 17:3, 86
CrossRef167
Michael Kindermann, Jan-Christian Reil, Burkert Pieske, Dirk J. van Veldhuisen, Michael Böhm. (2008) Heart Failure With Normal Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: What is the Evidence?. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 18:8, 280-292
CrossRef168
B. Pitt. (2008) Aldosterone blockade in patients with heart failure and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. European Heart Journal 30:4, 387-388
CrossRef169
M. Metra, L. Dei Cas, B. M. Massie. (2008) Treatment of heart failure in the elderly: never say it's too late. European Heart Journal 30:4, 391-393
CrossRef
- Letters
