Original Article
Simvastatin with or without Ezetimibe in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
N Engl J Med 2008; 358:1431-1443April 3, 2008
- Abstract
Background
Ezetimibe, a cholesterol-absorption inhibitor, reduces levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol when added to statin treatment. However, the effect of ezetimibe on the progression of atherosclerosis remains unknown.
Methods
We conducted a double-blind, randomized, 24-month trial comparing the effects of daily therapy with 80 mg of simvastatin either with placebo or with 10 mg of ezetimibe in 720 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Patients underwent B-mode ultrasonography to assess the intima–media thickness of the walls of the carotid and femoral arteries. The primary outcome measure was the change in the mean carotid-artery intima–media thickness, which was defined as the average of the means of the far-wall intima–media thickness of the right and left common carotid arteries, carotid bulbs, and internal carotid arteries.
Results
The primary outcome, the mean (±SE) change in the carotid-artery intima–media thickness, was 0.0058±0.0037 mm in the simvastatin-only group and 0.0111±0.0038 mm in the simvastatin-plus-ezetimibe (combined-therapy) group (P=0.29). Secondary outcomes (consisting of other variables regarding the intima–media thickness of the carotid and femoral arteries) did not differ significantly between the two groups. At the end of the study, the mean (±SD) LDL cholesterol level was 192.7±60.3 mg per deciliter (4.98±1.56 mmol per liter) in the simvastatin group and 141.3±52.6 mg per deciliter (3.65±1.36 mmol per liter) in the combined-therapy group (a between-group difference of 16.5%, P<0.01). The differences between the two groups in reductions in levels of triglycerides and C-reactive protein were 6.6% and 25.7%, respectively, with greater reductions in the combined-therapy group (P<0.01 for both comparisons). Side-effect and safety profiles were similar in the two groups.
Conclusions
In patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, combined therapy with ezetimibe and simvastatin did not result in a significant difference in changes in intima–media thickness, as compared with simvastatin alone, despite decreases in levels of LDL cholesterol and C-reactive protein. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00552097.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Enrollment and Outcomes.Figure 2
Effects of Simvastatin and Combined Therapy with Simvastatin plus Ezetimibe on Levels of Cholesterol and Triglycerides.Article Activity
- Article
A reduction in levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol constitutes one of the cornerstones in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. In recent trials comparing various statins or the same statin at various doses, aggressive therapy to lower LDL cholesterol levels was associated with a reduction in rates of cardiovascular events.1-4 However, administration of the highest approved statin dose offers only limited additional lowering of LDL cholesterol at the expense of an increased incidence of side effects.5 Therefore, novel compounds that further reduce LDL cholesterol levels when added to statin therapy are of interest. A recently introduced compound, ezetimibe, selectively inhibits cholesterol absorption by binding to the Niemann–Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) protein. The latter is located at the brush-border membrane of the enterocyte, where it contributes substantially to the intestinal uptake and cellular transport of cholesterols and noncholesterol sterols. 6,7 Combined therapy with ezetimibe and a statin provides an incremental reduction in LDL cholesterol levels of 12 to 19%.8,9
In this study, we sought to determine whether the daily administration of 10 mg of ezetimibe in combination with 80 mg of simvastatin could reduce the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, as assessed by measurement of arterial intima–media thickness. The rationale for studying patients with familial hypercholesterolemia is that such patients have a greatly increased risk of premature coronary artery disease10 and an increased rate of progression of intima–media thickness starting in childhood.11 In our study, called the Ezetimibe and Simvastatin in Hypercholesterolemia Enhances Atherosclerosis Regression (ENHANCE) trial, we used B-mode ultrasonographic imaging of the intima–media thickness in the carotid and femoral arteries as a surrogate measure to assess the progression of atherosclerosis.
Methods
Study Design
Our prospective, randomized, double-blind, active-comparator, multicenter study was designed by academic investigators in collaboration with the study sponsors, Merck and Schering-Plough. The image database was generated and housed in the Core Echo Laboratory at the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam, and the clinical database was maintained by the sponsors. All data were analyzed independently by an investigator at the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the Academic Medical Center. Although the authors allowed the sponsors to review the manuscript, all data analyses and interpretation of the results are those of the academic investigators.
Patients provided written informed consent, and the study's protocol was approved by the institutional review board at each center. The study was conducted at 18 ambulatory care centers in the United States, Canada, South Africa, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and the Netherlands between August 2002 and April 2006. Men and women between the ages of 30 and 75 years were eligible to participate in the study if familial hypercholesterolemia had been diagnosed either by genotyping or by their having met the diagnostic criteria outlined by the World Health Organization.12 Patients were enrolled regardless of their previous treatment with lipid-lowering drugs. Untreated levels of LDL cholesterol had to be 210 mg per deciliter (5.43 mmol per liter) or more. Patients who were receiving lipid-lowering therapy and who had an LDL cholesterol level of less than 210 mg per deciliter at the time of screening were permitted to undergo randomization if their LDL cholesterol level was 210 mg per deciliter or more after the placebo run-in period.
Major exclusion criteria included high-grade stenosis or occlusion of the carotid artery, a history of carotid endarterectomy or carotid stenting, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, New York Heart Association class III or IV congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, or recent cardiovascular events.
The study consisted of three periods: a screening phase, a single-blind placebo run-in period of 6 weeks, and a double-blind study period with a scheduled duration of 24 months. At baseline, informed consent was obtained, after which laboratory testing and a screening evaluation of the carotid artery were performed. (For details, see the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org.)
At the end of the run-in period, during which all lipid-lowering drugs were discontinued, baseline measurements of lipoprotein variables and intima–media thickness were recorded. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive daily therapy with 80 mg of simvastatin either with placebo or with 10 mg of ezetimibe. Randomization, which was based on computer-generated codes provided to the clinical centers by a central randomization service, was stratified according to clinical center. Visits were scheduled on day 1, at months 1 and 3, and thereafter at 3-month intervals, with ultrasonographic measurements scheduled for visits at baseline and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months.
All authors contributed to the manuscript and can vouch for the accuracy and completeness of the data. The study contract specified that after the database was locked, a copy of the completed study database should be provided to the coordinating center for independent analysis. The academic authors had full and unrestricted rights to analyze, interpret, and publish the results.
Measures of Carotid Intima–Media Thickness
All patients underwent ultrasonography of the carotid and femoral arteries to assess the intima–media thickness.13 Replicate scans were performed within a week of each other at baseline and at 24 months to decrease any variation in measurement, to increase the statistical power, and to preserve the quality control of image acquisition. At each visit, a scan was performed with image acquisition at one predefined angle of the far wall of six carotid segments: the right and left common carotid arteries, carotid bifurcations, and internal carotid arteries. B-mode scans of the right and left common femoral arteries were also performed. All images were transferred to the ultrasonography core laboratory at the Academic Medical Center. Standardized equipment and operating procedures were used to process stored images.
The original training protocol for image readers was amended in April 2006. The change that was proposed was the transition from a single image on the screen to a multiple-image (synchronous) reading process. Images were arranged in electronic folders, with each folder containing seven shuffled, masked time points. These were used for anatomic location and image quality and resulted in improvement in reader variability as well as improvement in the intra-observer standard deviation of the means of the repeated measurements (for details, see the Supplementary Appendix).
Study Outcomes
The predefined primary outcome was the change from baseline in ultrasonographic measurement of the mean carotid-artery intima–media thickness, which was defined as the average of the means of the far-wall intima–media thickness of the right and left common carotid arteries, carotid bulbs, and internal carotid arteries in the two study groups.
The key secondary outcomes were the proportion of patients with regression in the mean carotid-artery intima–media thickness from baseline, the proportion of patients with new carotid-artery plaques of more than 1.3 mm, the change from baseline in the mean maximal carotid-artery intima–media thickness (which was defined as the average of far wall maximum intima–media thickness of the right and left common carotid arteries, carotid bulbs, and internal carotid arteries), and the change from baseline in the average mean intima–media thickness of the carotid and common femoral arteries. (Additional secondary outcomes are listed in the Supplementary Appendix.) Fasting blood samples were obtained for analysis of lipid measures, as well as laboratory measures of liver aminotransferase levels, renal function, and hematologic values.
Statistical Analysis
A total of 325 patients were required in each study group to provide a statistical power of 90% to detect a difference of 0.05 mm in carotid-artery measures between the two study groups within 2 years, assuming a standard deviation of 0.20 mm and a two-sided alpha of 0.05. We planned to recruit 725 patients to allow for a discontinuation rate of about 12% during the 2-year study period.
To calculate differences between study groups in changes from baseline, we use analysis-of-covariance models that extract effects according to center, treatment, and the baseline mean carotid-artery intima–media thickness. Analyses are two-sided, with a P value of 0.05 considered to indicate statistical significance. All analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis.14 We used the last-observation-carried-forward method for patients who did not complete the study. In addition, we used a longitudinal (repeated-measures) model that extracts effects according to center, treatment, time, and time according to treatment interaction with an unstructured variance–covariance structure to support the primary analysis. The longitudinal analysis was based on observed data (with time points at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months) and not on the last-observation-carried-forward method.
We used a chi-square test to compare the two study groups with respect to the proportion of patients with a reduction in the mean carotid-artery intima–media thickness from baseline to the end of the study and the proportion of patients with new carotid-artery plaques, which were defined as an intima–media thickness of more than 1.3 mm. Statistical analyses were performed with SAS software, version 9.1. All exploratory analyses are further outlined in the Supplementary Appendix.
Although the study was not powered to assess clinical outcomes, patients were followed for the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events, including death, myocardial infarction, stroke, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and coronary revascularization. It should be noted, however, that none of these events were adjudicated.
Results
Patients
From August 2002 to April 2004, a total of 1180 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia underwent screening. Of these patients, 720 then underwent randomization, with 363 assigned to the simvastatin-only group and 357 assigned to the simvastatin-plus-ezetimibe (combined-therapy) group (Figure 1Figure 1
Enrollment and Outcomes.). The intention-to-treat population (i.e., patients who underwent post-baseline measurement of carotid-artery intima–media thickness) consisted of 642 patients (320 in the simvastatin-only group and 322 in the combined-therapy group). Of these patients, 64 in the simvastatin-only group and 41 in the combined-therapy group did not complete the trial.Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients are listed in Table 1Table 1
Baseline Characteristics of the Patients.. The body-mass index was significantly higher in the combined-therapy group (P=0.047). Medical-history findings revealed trends toward a higher rate of hypertension (P=0.09) and a lower rate of myocardial infarction (P=0.06) in the combined-therapy group. Approximately 80% of patients in each group had previously received statins. Compliance with the administration of a study drug (i.e., receipt of at least 70% of a study medication), as measured by tablet count, was 78% in the simvastatin-only group and 84% in the combined-therapy group.Laboratory Results
Table 2Table 2
Levels of Lipids, Lipoproteins, Sterols, and C-Reactive Protein at Baseline and after 24 Months of Treatment, with Changes from Baseline. summarizes laboratory values for all patients in the intention-to-treat analysis. After 24 months, mean levels of LDL cholesterol decreased from 317.8±66.1 mg per deciliter (8.22±1.71 mmol per liter) to 192.7±60.3 mg per deciliter (4.98±1.56 mmol per liter) in the simvastatin-only group and from 319.0±65.0 mg per deciliter (8.25±1.68 mmol per liter) to 141.3±52.6 mg per deciliter (3.65±1.36 mmol per liter) in the combined-therapy group, a between-group difference of 16.5% (P<0.01). Reductions in levels of triglycerides and C-reactive protein were significantly higher in the combined-therapy group than in the simvastatin-only group (Table 2 and Figure 2Figure 2Effects of Simvastatin and Combined Therapy with Simvastatin plus Ezetimibe on Levels of Cholesterol and Triglycerides.).Image Quality for Intima–Media Thickness
Intraclass correlation coefficients, indicating the reproducibility of the measurements between replicate scans at baseline (for 572 patients) and at the end of the study (for 548 patients), were 0.92 and 0.93, respectively. These estimates included differences within and between visits, within and between sonographers, and within and between reader-variability components. The standard deviations between the paired measurements at baseline and at the end of the study were 0.053 mm and 0.056 mm, respectively.
Completeness of the data for the primary outcome measure (i.e., information regarding four segments or more at baseline and at the end of the study) was 88.0% for patients who had at least one end-of-study visit. In addition, completeness of the data for the intima–media thickness of the common carotid artery was 96.6% for patients who were seen at baseline and at the end of the study. For the intima–media thickness of the carotid bulb and internal carotid artery, these proportions were 84.9% and 84.1%, respectively.
Carotid Ultrasonography
Table 3Table 3
Measures of Intima–Media Thickness in Carotid and Femoral Arteries at Baseline and at 24 Months and Changes from Baseline. summarizes the results of measurement of the intima–media thickness of the carotid and femoral arteries. The full analysis set incorporated all patients with at least one measurement of intima–media thickness after the baseline assessment: 320 patients (88.1%) in the simvastatin-only group and 322 patients (90.2%) in the combined-therapy group.Primary Outcome Measure
The primary outcome measure, the change from baseline in the mean (±SE) intima–media thickness of the carotid artery, was 0.0058±0.0037 mm in the simvastatin-only group and 0.0111±0.0038 mm in the combined-therapy group. This difference (0.0053 mm) did not reach statistical significance (P=0.29). The exclusion from the statistical analyses of patients with missing data or biologically implausible measures of the carotid-artery intima–media thickness (defined as a difference of >0.1 mm between visits) did not change the primary or secondary outcome results (data not shown).
The results of the longitudinal, repeated-measures model were in line with the primary outcome measure (Figure 3Figure 3
Mean (±SE) Intima–Media Thickness of the Carotid Artery during 24 Months of Therapy.). The change in the average intima–media thickness over time did not differ significantly between the two study groups (P=0.17 for the interaction between treatment and time). There was a slight increase in the mean intima–media thickness over time in both groups; at 2 years, estimates were 0.0095±0.0040 mm in the simvastatin-only group (P=0.02) and 0.0121±0.0038 mm in the combined-therapy group (P<0.01). Secondary Outcome Measures
Regression in the mean carotid-artery intima–media thickness was seen in 142 of 320 patients (44.4%) in the simvastatin-only group and in 146 of 322 patients (45.3%) in the combined-therapy group (P=0.92). New plaque formation (which was defined as an intima–media thickness of more than 1.3 mm) was seen in 9 of 320 patients (2.8%) in the simvastatin-only group and in 15 of 322 patients (4.7%) in the combined-therapy group (P=0.20). No significant change was observed in the mean maximum carotid-artery intima–media thickness, an increase of 0.0103±0.0049 mm in the simvastatin-only group and 0.0175±0.0049 mm in the combined-therapy group (P=0.27). Finally, no significant changes were observed between study groups regarding mean measures of the intima–media thickness of the common carotid artery (P=0.93), the carotid bulb (P=0.37), the internal carotid artery (P=0.21), and the femoral artery (P=0.16), nor in the average of the mean values for intima–media thickness in the carotid and femoral arteries (P=0.15) (Table 3).
Adverse Events
Adverse events that were considered to be related to treatment were similar in the two groups and occurred in 107 of 363 patients (29.5%) in the simvastatin-only group and in 122 of 357 patients (34.2%) in the combined-therapy group (P=0.18). Likewise, the rates of discontinuation owing to adverse events were similar: 34 of 363 patients (9.4%) in the simvastatin-only group and 29 of 357 patients (8.1%) in the combined-therapy group (P=0.56). Eight of 360 patients (2.2%) in the simvastatin-only group and 10 of 356 patients (2.8%) in the combined-therapy group had to discontinue treatment because of consecutive elevations of more than three times the upper limit of the normal range (ULN) in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, or both (P=0.62). There was one case of possible hepatitis in the simvastatin-only group. Furthermore, 8 of 360 patients (2.2%) in the simvastatin-only group and 4 of 356 patients (1.1%) in the combined-therapy group had an increase in the level of creatine kinase of more than 10 times the ULN (P=0.25). Myopathy (which was defined as a creatine kinase level ≥10 times the ULN, with associated muscle symptoms) occurred in one patient in the simvastatin-only group and in two patients in the combined-therapy group. In all patients, increased levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, or both and elevations in creatine kinase levels were transient. No clinically important treatment-related changes were observed for vital signs or measures on electrocardiography.
Investigator-reported cardiovascular events were noted in 7 patients in the simvastatin group (including 1 death from a cardiovascular cause, 2 nonfatal myocardial infarctions, 1 nonfatal stroke, and 5 coronary revascularization procedures) and in 10 patients in the combined-therapy group (including 2 deaths from cardiovascular causes, 3 nonfatal myocardial infarctions, 1 nonfatal stroke, and 6 coronary revascularizations).
Discussion
The results of our study showed that the addition of ezetimibe to the highest recommended dose of simvastatin did not reduce the intima–media thickness of the carotid-artery wall in this cohort of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, despite significant incremental reductions in levels of both LDL cholesterol and C-reactive protein. The primary outcome, the change in the mean intima–media thickness, did not differ significantly between the two study groups, nor did the secondary outcome measures.
There are at least three possible explanations for the absence of an incremental reduction in the intima–media thickness in patients receiving ezetimibe: the lack of vascular benefit conferred by ezetimibe despite the observed reduction in LDL cholesterol level, the inability of the measurement technique to accurately reflect changes in atherosclerotic burden, and the possibility that the study population had too low a risk, which would limit our ability to detect a differential response to the two interventions.
The first explanation to consider is that the lowering of LDL cholesterol levels by a drug other than a statin might be ineffective for slowing atherosclerosis. Thus, the fact that ezetimibe-induced lowering of LDL cholesterol levels was not associated with an incremental effect on carotid-artery intima–media thickness could be due to the different mechanisms of action of ezetimibe, as compared with those of statins. In addition to the capacity of statins to lower LDL cholesterol levels, the inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase also leads to a plethora of lipid-independent effects involving antiinflammatory action and improvement in endothelial function.15 A direct comparison between ezetimibe and statins revealed differential effects on endothelial function favoring statin therapy despite similar reductions in LDL cholesterol,16,17 although this finding has not been consistent in all studies.18 Also, dose intensification of statins in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia resulted in a further reduction in the progression of intima–media thickness in the carotid artery.19 Thus, it can be argued that certain lipid-independent effects of statins that are not shared by ezetimibe are involved in the production of a vascular benefit.
However, several facts argue against the concept that ezetimibe-induced lowering of LDL cholesterol levels does not produce additional vascular benefit beyond that of statins. First, a recent regression meta-analysis showed that the lipid-independent effects of statins did not confer an additional risk reduction beyond that expected from the degree of the lowering of the LDL cholesterol level.20 Second, data from the Program on Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH) trial showed that reductions in levels of LDL cholesterol after ileocecal bypass were associated with significant reductions in cardiovascular mortality and event rates similar to those observed in statin-prevention trials.21,22 In view of the controversy regarding the lipid-independent effects of statins, the results of ongoing clinical trials comparing statins with combined therapy with ezetimibe and a statin are eagerly awaited to resolve this issue.
Large epidemiologic studies have provided strong associations between intima–media thickness and stroke, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction. 10,11 In the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study involving 15,800 adults, an increase of 0.2 mm in the mean carotid-artery intima–media thickness was associated with an increase in relative risk for myocardial infarction and stroke of 33% and 28%, respectively.23 This close relationship between intima–media thickness and cardiovascular risk has subsequently been corroborated in several other studies.24
One of the principal determinants of atherosclerosis progression has proved to be LDL cholesterol levels, as confirmed by the linear relationship between the level of LDL cholesterol and intima–media thickness.25 This finding is further supported by the observation that progression in intima–media thickness is significantly attenuated in statin intervention studies in both adult and pediatric patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.11,19,26-32 On the basis of this information, the measurement of intima–media thickness can be considered as a validated surrogate marker for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Also, in view of the precision of the measurements in our study, as exemplified by the high intraclass correlation coefficient and the small standard deviations, it seems unlikely that we were unable to detect a truly significant change in arterial-wall measures using our measurement technique.
Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia are known to be at greatly increased risk for premature coronary artery disease,10 accompanied by accelerated progression of intima–media thickness starting in childhood.11 However, the treatment of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia has witnessed profound changes. Currently, the majority of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia are treated with high-dose statins starting at an early age. Such therapy can be expected to attenuate the progression of intima–media thickness, as was shown in the Atorvastatin versus Simvastatin on Atherosclerosis Progression (ASAP) study. 19 Thus, it is not unexpected that the baseline carotid intima–media thickness in our study was lower than that observed in earlier trials involving patients with familial hypercholesterolemia33 and in most other previous lipid-modifying trials,26,27,31 with the exception of the Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol 1 (ARBITER-1) study.31 Among patients who received 80 mg of simvastatin only in our study, the progression of intima–media thickness was 0.0029 mm per year, as compared with 0.018 mm per year in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia who received 40 mg of simvastatin in the ASAP study — a reduction by a factor of 6 among patients receiving the higher dose. In further support of the influence of previous statin therapy, progression of intima–media thickness in the carotid artery decreased to 0.005 mm per year during long-term daily therapy with 80 mg of atorvastatin in the ASAP extension study,34 a finding that contrasts with the substantial reductions in intima–media thickness seen during the first 2 years of the trial. In the Rating Atherosclerotic Disease Change by Imaging with a New CETP [Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein] Inhibitor (RADIANCE 1) study,35 the most recent study involving a similar group of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, the pattern of change in intima–media thickness after a mean daily dose of 57 mg of atorvastatin was very similar to that observed in both groups in our study. These data raise the possibility that there may be limits to the extent to which the lowering of LDL cholesterol levels can result in a further decrease in the progression of intima–media thickness in the context of previous statin therapy and a modest baseline intima–media thickness.
In conclusion, the reduction of LDL cholesterol by the addition of ezetimibe to simvastatin did not reduce intima–media thickness of the carotid-artery wall in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia in our study. The reason for the failure to observe an incremental effect on intima–media thickness despite a reduction in levels of LDL cholesterol remains unknown.
Supported by Merck and Schering-Plough.
Dr. Kastelein reports receiving consulting and lecture fees from Pfizer, Roche, AstraZeneca, Merck, and Schering-Plough and grant support from AstraZeneca, Merck, and Schering-Plough; Dr. Stroes, receiving consulting fees from Novartis, Isis Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, and Roche and lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Merck, and Isis Pharmaceuticals; Dr. Bots, receiving consulting fees from Pfizer and AstraZeneca and lecture fees from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Organon; Dr. Stalenhoef, receiving grant support from Merck and Pfizer; Dr. Veltri, being an employee of, receiving royalties for coinventions with, and having an equity interest in Schering-Plough; Dr. Marais, receiving consulting and lecture fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, and Merck; and Dr. de Groot, receiving consulting fees from Wyeth and lecture fees from Merck. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0800742) was published at www.nejm.org on March 30, 2008.
We thank the investigators and study nurses who made this trial possible; Drs. Strony, Yang, and Suresh from Schering-Plough Research Institute; and Dr. Gene Bond for his invaluable comments during the course of this trial.
Source Information
From the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (J.J.P.K., F.A., E.S.G.S., A.H.Z., M.D.T., R.D., E.G.); the University Medical Center, Utrecht (M.L.B., F.L.J.V.); Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen (A.F.H.S.); and Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam (E.J.G.S.) — all in the Netherlands; the Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cincinnati (E.A.S.); the Quebec Heart Institute, Hôpital Laval Research Centre, Quebec, QC, Canada (D.G.); Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ (E.P.V.); and Cape Heart Center, Cape Town, South Africa (A.D.M.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Kastelein at the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands, or at j.j.kastelein@amc.uva.nl.
Investigators in the Ezetimibe and Simvastatin in Hypercholesterolemia Enhances Atherosclerosis Regression (ENHANCE) trial are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
In addition to the authors, the following investigators participated in the ENHANCE trial: Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain: F. Perez Jimenez; Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid: P. Mata; Centre Cardiovasculaire de Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada: R. Habib; St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada: J. Frohlich; Centre Hospitalier Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada: C. Gagne; Institute of Pathology, Pretoria, South Africa: I. Ker; Midrand Medical Center, Midrand Gauteng, South Africa: A. Jacovides; Aarhus Amtssygehus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark: E. Madsen; University of Oslo, Oslo: L. Ose, K. Retterstoel; Center for Metabolism, Stockholm: M. Eriksson; University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands: J. de Graaf; University Hospital, Groningen, the Netherlands: A.J. Smit.
- References
References
1
MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7-22
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Cannon CP ,Braunwald E ,McCabe CH , et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1495-1504[Erratum, N Engl J Med 2006;354:778.]
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline3
LaRosa JC ,Grundy SM ,Waters DD , et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1425-1435
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline4
Pedersen TR ,Faergeman O ,Kastelein JJ , et al. High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;294:2437-2445[Erratum, JAMA 2005;294:3092.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Armitage J . The safety of statins in clinical practice. Lancet 2007;370:1781-1790
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Altmann SW ,Davis HR Jr ,Zhu LJ , et al. Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption. Science 2004;303:1201-1204
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline7
Davis HR Jr ,Hoos LM ,Tetzloff G , et al. Deficiency of Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 prevents atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27:841-849
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Ballantyne CM ,Houri J ,Notarbartolo A , et al. Effect of ezetimibe coadministered with atorvastatin in 628 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Circulation 2003;107:2409-2415
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Davidson MH ,McGarry T ,Bettis R , et al. Ezetimibe coadministered with simvastatin in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:2125-2134
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Rader DJ ,Cohen J ,Hobbs HH . Monogenic hypercholesterolemia: new insights in pathogenesis and treatment. J Clin Invest 2003;111:1795-1803
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Wiegman A ,de Groot E ,Hutten BA , et al. Arterial intima-media thickness in children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolaemia. Lancet 2004;363:369-370
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH): report of a WHO consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998. (Accessed March 11, 2008, at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1998/WHO_hgn_fh_CONS_98.7.pdf.)
13
Kastelein JJ ,Sager PT ,de Groot E ,Veltri E . Comparison of ezetimibe plus simvastatin versus simvastatin monotherapy on atherosclerosis progression in familial hypercholesterolemia: design and rationale of the Ezetimibe and Simvastatin in Hypercholesterolemia Enhances Atherosclerosis Regression (ENHANCE) trial. Am Heart J 2005;149:234-239
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Espeland MA ,Craven TE ,Miller ME ,D'Agostino R Jr . 1996 Remington Lecture: modeling multivariate longitudinal data that are incomplete. Ann Epidemiol 1999;9:196-205
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Schonbeck U ,Libby P . Inflammation, immunity, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: statins as antiinflammatory agents? Circulation 2004;109:Suppl II:II-18
CrossRef | Web of Science16
Landmesser U ,Bahlmann F ,Mueller M , et al. Simvastatin versus ezetimibe: pleiotropic and lipid-lowering effects on endothelial function in humans. Circulation 2005;111:2356-2363
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Fichtlscherer S ,Schmidt-Lucke C ,Bojunga S , et al. Differential effects of short-term lipid lowering with ezetimibe and statins on endothelial function in patients with CAD: clinical evidence for `pleiotropic' functions of statin therapy. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1182-1190
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Bulut D ,Hanefeld C ,Bulut-Streich N ,Graf C ,Mugge A ,Spiecker M . Endothelial function in the forearm circulation of patients with the metabolic syndrome -- effect of different lipid-lowering regimens. Cardiology 2005;104:176-180
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Smilde TJ ,van Wissen S ,Wollersheim H ,Trip MD ,Kastelein JJ ,Stalenhoef AF . Effect of aggressive versus conventional lipid lowering on atherosclerosis progression in familial hypercholesterolaemia (ASAP): a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2001;357:577-581
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Robinson JG ,Smith B ,Maheshwari N ,Schrott H . Pleiotropic effects of statins: benefit beyond cholesterol reduction? A meta-regression analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:1855-1862
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Buchwald H ,Varco RL ,Matts JP , et al. Effect of partial ileal bypass surgery on mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia: report of the Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH). N Engl J Med 1990;323:946-955
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline22
Buchwald H ,Varco RL ,Boen JR , et al. Effective lipid modification by partial ileal bypass reduced long-term coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity: five-year posttrial follow-up report from the POSCH. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1253-1261
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Howard G ,Sharrett AR ,Heiss G , et al. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness distribution in general populations as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound. Stroke 1993;24:1297-1304
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Bots ML ,Hoes AW ,Koudstaal PJ ,Hofman A ,Grobbee DE . Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation 1997;96:1432-1437
Web of Science | Medline25
Amarenco P ,Labreuche J ,Lavallee P ,Touboul PJ . Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis: systematic review and up-to-date meta-analysis. Stroke 2004;35:2902-2909
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Crouse JR III ,Grobbee DE ,O'Leary DH , et al. Measuring Effects on intima media Thickness: an Evaluation Of Rosuvastatin in subclinical atherosclerosis -- the rationale and methodology of the METEOR study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2004;18:231-238
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
de Groot E ,Jukema JW ,Montauban van Swijndregt AD , et al. B-mode ultrasound assessment of pravastatin treatment effect on carotid and femoral artery walls and its correlations with coronary arteriographic findings: a report of the Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1561-1567
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
Hedblad B ,Wikstrand J ,Janzon L ,Wedel H ,Berglund G . Low-dose metoprolol CR/XL and fluvastatin slow progression of carotid intima-media thickness: main results from the Beta-Blocker Cholesterol-Lowering Asymptomatic Plaque Study (BCAPS). Circulation 2001;103:1721-1726
Web of Science | Medline29
Hodis HN ,Mack WJ ,LaBree L , et al. Reduction in carotid arterial wall thickness using lovastatin and dietary therapy: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:548-556
Web of Science | Medline30
MacMahon S ,Sharpe N ,Gamble G , et al. Effects of lowering average of below-average cholesterol levels on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis: results of the LIPID Atherosclerosis Substudy. Circulation 1998;97:1784-1790[Erratum, Circulation 1996;97:2479.]
Web of Science | Medline31
Taylor AJ ,Kent SM ,Flaherty PJ ,Coyle LC ,Markwood TT ,Vernalis MN . ARBITER: Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol: a randomized trial comparing the effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on carotid intima medial thickness. Circulation 2002;106:2055-2060
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline32
Taylor AJ ,Sullenberger LE ,Lee HJ ,Lee JK ,Grace KA . Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol (ARBITER) 2: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended-release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statins. Circulation 2004;110:3512-3517[Erratum, Circulation 2004;110:3615, 2005;111(24):e446.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline33
de Groot E ,Hovingh GK ,Wiegman A , et al. Measurement of arterial wall thickness as a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis. Circulation 2004;109:Suppl III:III-33
CrossRef | Web of Science34
van Wissen S ,Smilde TJ ,Trip MD ,Stalenhoef AF ,Kastelein JJ . Long-term safety and efficacy of high-dose atorvastatin treatment in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:264-266
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline35
Kastelein JJP ,van Leuven SI ,Burgess L , et al. Effect of torcetrapib on carotid atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1620-1630
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (368)
Citing Articles
1
William H. Shrank, Niteesh K. Choudhry, Angela Tong, Jessica Myers, Michael A. Fischer, Kellie Swanton, Julie Slezak, Troyen A. Brennan, Joshua N. Liberman, Susan Moffit, Jerry Avorn, Daniel Carpenter. (2012) Warnings Without Guidance. Medical Care 50:6, 479-484
CrossRef2
A. J. Taylor, T. C. Villines, E. J. Stanek. (2012) Paradoxical progression of atherosclerosis related to low-density lipoprotein reduction and exposure to ezetimibe. European Heart Journal
CrossRef3
Darren Green, Rosica Panayotova, James P. Ritchie, Edmond O’Riordan, John McDonald. (2012) LIPID-LOWERING THERAPY IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: IS THERE A ROLE FOR EZETIMIBE?. Journal of Renal Careno-no
CrossRef4
Sanne A.E. Peters, Mike K. Palmer, Hester M. den Ruijter, Diederick E. Grobbee, John R. Crouse III, Daniel H. O’Leary, Gregory W. Evans, Joel S. Raichlen, Michiel L. Bots. (2012) Sample size requirements in trials using repeated measurements and the impact of trial design. Current Medical Research and Opinion1-8
CrossRef5
Lin-Zhang Huang, Hai-Bo Zhu. (2012) Novel LDL-oriented pharmacotherapeutical strategies. Pharmacological Research 65:4, 402-410
CrossRef6
Yu Kataoka, Kiyoko Uno, Rishi Puri, Stephen J Nicholls. (2012) Current imaging modalities for atherosclerosis. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 10:4, 457-471
CrossRef7
Amy W Pollak, Christopher M Kramer. (2012) LDL lowering in peripheral arterial disease: are there benefits beyond reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality?. Clinical Lipidology 7:2, 141-149
CrossRef8
Marjet J.A.M. Braamskamp, Frits A. Wijburg, Albert Wiegman. (2012) Drug Therapy of Hypercholesterolaemia in Children and Adolescents. Drugs 72:6, 759-772
CrossRef9
Marcus Bauer, Amir A. Mahabadi, Hagen Kälsch, Kaffer Kara, Tobias Weiss, Raimund Erbel. (2012) Intima-Media-Dickenmessung. CardioVasc 12:2, 62-68
CrossRef10
Tadaaki Arimura, Shin-ichiro Miura, Amane Ike, Makoto Sugihara, Atsushi Iwata, Hiroaki Nishikawa, Akira Kawamura, Keijiro Saku. (2012) Comparison of the efficacy and safety of statin and statin/ezetimibe therapy after coronary stent implantation in patients with stable angina. Journal of Cardiology
CrossRef11
James L. Furgerson, William N. Hannah, Jennifer C. Thompson. (2012) Challenge of Surrogate Endpoints. Southern Medical Journal 105:3, 156-160
CrossRef12
A G Dunn, F T Bourgeois, S Murthy, K D Mandl, R O Day, E Coiera. (2012) The Role and Impact of Research Agendas on the Comparative-Effectiveness Research Among Antihyperlipidemics. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
CrossRef13
Amy Noto, Peter Zahradka, Tabitha Marshall, Carla Taylor. 2012. Fibers and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. , 199-232.
CrossRef14
Alfonso H. Waller, Julius M. Gardin. (2012) Does Cardiovascular Ultrasound Have a Role in Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Persons?. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports
CrossRef15
Hideaki Kaneda, Mitsuyasu Terashima, Hiroshi Yamaguchi. (2012) The Role of Intravascular Ultrasound in the Determination of Progression and Regression of Coronary Artery Disease. Current Atherosclerosis Reports
CrossRef16
S Oswald, H E Meyer zu Schwabedissen, A Nassif, C Modess, Z Desta, E T Ogburn, J Mostertz, M Keiser, J Jia, A Hubeny, A Ulrich, D Runge, M Marinova, D Lütjohann, H K Kroemer, W Siegmund. (2012) Impact of Efavirenz on Intestinal Metabolism and Transport: Insights From an Interaction Study With Ezetimibe in Healthy Volunteers. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
CrossRef17
Xiaoli Hu, Knut R. Steffensen, Zhao-Yan Jiang, Paolo Parini, Jan-Åke Gustafsson, Mats Gåfvels, Gösta Eggertsen. (2012) LXRβ activation increases intestinal cholesterol absorption leading to an atherogenic lipoprotein profile. Journal of Internal Medicineno-no
CrossRef18
Tamio Teramoto, Atsunori Kashiwagi, Shun Ishibashi, Hiroyuki Daida. (2012) Cross-Sectional Survey to Assess the Status of Lipid Management in High-Risk Patients With Dyslipidemia: Clinical Impact of Combination Therapy With Ezetimibe. Current Therapeutic Research 73:1-2, 1-15
CrossRef19
Tamio Teramoto, Teruo Sawada, Kazuya Iwamoto, Hiroyuki Daida. (2012) Clinical Efficacy and Tolerability of Ezetimibe in Combination With Atorvastatin in Japanese Patients With Hypercholesterolemia—Ezetimibe Phase IV Randomized Controlled Trial in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia. Current Therapeutic Research 73:1-2, 16-40
CrossRef20
D. S. Grimes. (2012) An epidemic of coronary heart disease. QJM
CrossRef21
Fathimath Faiz, Amanda J. Hooper, Frank M. van Bockxmeer. (2012) Molecular pathology of familial hypercholesterolemia, related dyslipidemias and therapies beyond the statins. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences1-17
CrossRef22
V. Nambi, L. Chambless, M. He, A. R. Folsom, T. Mosley, E. Boerwinkle, C. M. Ballantyne. (2012) Common carotid artery intima-media thickness is as good as carotid intima-media thickness of all carotid artery segments in improving prediction of coronary heart disease risk in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. European Heart Journal 33:2, 183-190
CrossRef23
R. Krysiak, W. Zmuda, B. Okopien. (2012) The effect of ezetimibe, administered alone or in combination with simvastatin, on lymphocyte cytokine release in patients with elevated cholesterol levels. Journal of Internal Medicine 271:1, 32-42
CrossRef24
Tomas Kovarnik, Gary S. Mintz, Hana Skalicka, Ales Kral, Jan Horak, Roman Skulec, Jana Uhrova, Pavel Martasek, Richard W. Downe, Andreas Wahle, Milan Sonka, Vratislav Mrazek, Michael Aschermann, Ales Linhart. (2012) Virtual Histology Evaluation of Atherosclerosis Regression During Atorvastatin and Ezetimibe Administration. Circulation Journal 76:1, 176-183
CrossRef25
Sanne A.E. Peters, Hester M. den Ruijter, Mike K. Palmer, Diederick E. Grobbee, John R. Crouse, Daniel H. O'Leary, Gregory W. Evans, Joel S. Raichlen, Michiel L. Bots. (2012) Extensive or Restricted Ultrasound Protocols to Measure Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: Analysis of Completeness Rates and Impact on Observed Rates of Change Over Time. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 25:1, 91-100
CrossRef26
Karl Winkler, Stephan Jacob, Tina Müller-Schewe, Michael M. Hoffmann, Thomas Konrad. (2012) Ezetimibe alone and in combination lowers the concentration of small, dense low-density lipoproteins in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 220:1, 189-193
CrossRef27
Joseph S. Ross, Cary P. Gross, Harlan M. Krumholz. (2012) Promoting Transparency in Pharmaceutical Industry–Sponsored Research. American Journal of Public Health 102:1, 72-80
CrossRef28
Kevin A. Buhr. (2012) Surrogate End Points in Secondary Analyses of Cardiovascular Trials. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 54:4, 343-350
CrossRef29
Indira Tendolkar, Morteza Enajat, Marcel P. Zwiers, Guido van Wingen, Frank-Erik de Leeuw, Janet van Kuilenburg, Leon Bouwels, Gheorghe Pop, Monika Pop-Purceleanu. (2012) One-year cholesterol lowering treatment reduces medial temporal lobe atrophy and memory decline in stroke-free elderly with atrial fibrillation: evidence from a parallel group randomized trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 27:1, 49-58
CrossRef30
Yusuke Uemura, Masato Watarai, Hideki Ishii, Masayoshi Koyasu, Kenji Takemoto, Daiji Yoshikawa, Rei Shibata, Tatsuaki Matsubara, Toyoaki Murohara. (2012) Atorvastatin 10mg plus ezetimibe 10mg compared with atorvastatin 20mg: Impact on the lipid profile in Japanese patients with abnormal glucose tolerance and coronary artery disease. Journal of Cardiology 59:1, 50-56
CrossRef31
Seth S. Martin, Roger S. Blumenthal, Michael Miller. (2012) LDL Cholesterol: The Lower the Better. Medical Clinics of North America 96:1, 13-26
CrossRef32
Ana Maria Lottenberg, Renata P.A. Bombo, Angela Ilha, Valeria Sutti Nunes, Edna R. Nakandakare, Eder C.R. Quintão. (2012) Do clinical and experimental investigations support an antiatherogenic role for dietary phytosterols/stanols?. IUBMB Lifen/a-n/a
CrossRef33
Philipp A Gerber, Giatgen A Spinas, Kaspar Berneis. (2012) Small dense low-density lipoprotein particles: priority as a treatment target in Type 2 diabetes?. Diabetes Management 2:1, 65-74
CrossRef34
H P Rang, M M Dale, J M Ritter, R J Flower, G Henderson. 2012. Atherosclerosis and lipoprotein metabolism. , 285-293.
CrossRef35
Lindsay W. Cole, Jennifer C. Kesselheim, Aaron S. Kesselheim. (2011) Ethical Issues in New Drug Prescribing. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry
CrossRef36
Harry R. Davis, Andrew M. Tershakovec, Joanne E. Tomassini, Thomas Musliner. (2011) Intestinal sterol transporters and cholesterol absorption inhibition. Current Opinion in Lipidology 22:6, 467-478
CrossRef37
A. S. Wierzbicki. (2011) The ezetimibe Jonah: the trials and tribulations of an unlucky drug. International Journal of Clinical Practice 65:12, 1207-1208
CrossRef38
B. Sjouke, D. M. Kusters, J. J. P. Kastelein, G. K. Hovingh. (2011) Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Present and Future Management. Current Cardiology Reports 13:6, 527-536
CrossRef39
Graziano Riccioni, Francesco Cipollone, Donato Santovito, Luca Scotti, Nicolantonio D'Orazio, Andrea Mezzetti, Tonino Bucciarelli. (2011) Effect of 2-year treatment with low-dose rosuvastatin on intima-media thickness in hypercholesterolemic subjects with asymptomatic carotid artery disease. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 12:17, 2599-2604
CrossRef40
Agnieszka Belter, Miroslawa Skupinska, Malgorzata Giel-Pietraszuk, Tomasz Grabarkiewicz, Leszek Rychlewski, Jan Barciszewski. (2011) Squalene monooxygenase – a target for hypercholesterolemic therapy. Biological Chemistry 392:12, 1053-1075
CrossRef41
Oni J. Blackstock, Karen H. Wang, David A. Fiellin. (2011) State Variation in AIDS Drug Assistance Program Prescription Drug Coverage for Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Journal of General Internal Medicine 26:12, 1426-1433
CrossRef42
Katherine A. Lyseng-Williamson. (2011) Ezetimibe/Simvastatin: A Guide to its Clinical Use in Hypercholesterolemia. American Journal Cardiovascular Drugs1
CrossRef43
Peter P. Toth, Christie M. Ballantyne, Michael H. Davidson, Joanne E. Tomassini, Dena Rosen Ramey, David Neff, Andrew M. Tershakovec, X. Henry Hu, Kaan Tunceli. (2011) Changes in prescription patterns before and after reporting of the Ezetimibe and Simvastatin in Hypercholesterolemia Enhances Atherosclerosis Regression trial (ENHANCE) results and expected effects on low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol reduction. Journal of Clinical Lipidology
CrossRef44
J. Labenz, C. U. Kunz. (2011) Das ABC der medizinischen Statistik – Klinische Studien lesen und verstehen. Spektrum der Augenheilkunde 25:5, 306-318
CrossRef45
Jesús Millán Núñez-Cortés, Eduardo Alegría, Luis Alvarez-Sala Walther, Juan Ascaso Gimilio, Carlos Lahoz Rallo, Teresa Mantilla Morató, José M. Mostaza Prieto, Juan Pedro-Botet Montoya, Xavier Pintó Sala. (2011) Documento Abordaje de la dislipidemia. Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis (parte II). Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis
CrossRef46
Agnieszka Belter,, Miroslawa Skupinska,, Malgorzata Giel-Pietraszuk,, Tomasz Grabarkiewicz,, Leszek Rychlewski,, Jan Barciszewski,. (2011) Squalene monooxygenase - a target for hypercholesterolemic therapy. Biological Chemistry---
CrossRef47
CURTIS O. GREEN, ANDREW O. WHEATLEY, DONOVAN A. MCGROWDER, LOWELL L. DILWORTH, HELEN N. ASEMOTA. (2011) HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECTS OF ORTANIQUE PEEL POLYMETHOXYLATED FLAVONES IN RATS WITH DIET-INDUCED HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. Journal of Food Biochemistry 35:5, 1555-1560
CrossRef48
Jaime García de Tena, Laura Abejón, David Bernal, Estefanía Águila, Manuel Rodríguez-Zapata. (2011) Benefits of lowering cholesterol in chronic kidney disease. The Lancet 378:9800, 1376
CrossRef49
Juliana C.N. Chan, Siew Pheng Chan, Chaicharn Deerochanawong, Ruby T. Go, Kok-Onn Lee, Ronald Ching-Wan Ma, Chang-Yu Pan, Wayne H-H. Sheu, Philip Barter. (2011) Diabetic dyslipidaemia in Asian populations in the Western Pacific Region: What we know and don’t know. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 94:1, 1-13
CrossRef50
Larry A. Allen. (2011) End-Point Selection for Acute Heart Failure Trials. Heart Failure Clinics 7:4, 481-495
CrossRef51
Amy M. West, Justin D. Anderson, Craig H. Meyer, Frederick H. Epstein, Hongkun Wang, Klaus D. Hagspiel, Stuart S. Berr, Nancy L. Harthun, Joseph M. DiMaria, Jennifer R. Hunter, John M. Christopher, Joshua D. Chew, Gabriel B. Winberry, Christopher M. Kramer. (2011) The effect of ezetimibe on peripheral arterial atherosclerosis depends upon statin use at baseline. Atherosclerosis 218:1, 156-162
CrossRef52
Mukul Sharma. (2011) Combination therapy for dyslipidemia. Current Opinion in Cardiology 26:5, 420-423
CrossRef53
Christopher M. Kramer, Venkatesh Mani, Zahi A. Fayad. (2011) MR Imaging-Verified Plaque Delipidation With Lipid-Lowering Therapy. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 4:9, 987-989
CrossRef54
Allen J. Taylor. (2011) Another clinical evidence straw on the $4 billion ezetimibe camel's back. Atherosclerosis 218:1, 23-25
CrossRef55
Xue-Qiao Zhao, Li Dong, Tom Hatsukami, Binh An Phan, Baocheng Chu, Andrew Moore, Trevor Lane, Moni B. Neradilek, Nayak Polissar, Duane Monick, Colin Lee, Hunter Underhill, Chun Yuan. (2011) MR Imaging of Carotid Plaque Composition During Lipid-Lowering Therapy. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 4:9, 977-986
CrossRef56
Jiangqin Sun, Dingguo Liu, Zhimin Wang. 2011. Representative Chiral Drugs. , 401-448.
CrossRef57
Carlos D Malvestutto, Judith A Aberg. (2011) Management of dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients. Clinical Lipidology 6:4, 447-462
CrossRef58
Sanne A.E. Peters, Hester M. den Ruijter, Michiel L. Bots. (2011) Attenuation of Rate of Change in Carotid Intima-Media Thickness by Lipid-Modifying Drugs. American Journal Cardiovascular Drugs 11:4, 253-263
CrossRef59
Michael Domanski, Stuart Pocock, Corine Bernaud, Jeffrey Borer, Nancy Geller, James Revkin, Faiez Zannad. (2011) Surrogate endpoints in randomized cardiovascular clinical trials. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 25:4, 411-413
CrossRef60
Sergio Martinez-Hervas, Rafael Carmena, Juan F Ascaso. (2011) Significance of LDL-C lowering therapy in diabetic patients. Clinical Lipidology 6:4, 389-399
CrossRef61
Olivier S. Descamps, Johan De Sutter, Michel Guillaume, Luc Missault. (2011) Where does the interplay between cholesterol absorption and synthesis in the context of statin and/or ezetimibe treatment stand today?. Atherosclerosis 217:2, 308-321
CrossRef62
Rong Hui Du, Er Guang Li, Yin Cao, Yong Chun Song, Ren Xiang Tan. (2011) Fumigaclavine C inhibits tumor necrosis factor α production via suppression of toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor κB activation in macrophages. Life Sciences 89:7-8, 235-240
CrossRef63
Amy M. West, Justin D. Anderson, Frederick H. Epstein, Craig H. Meyer, Hongkun Wang, Klaus D. Hagspiel, Stuart S. Berr, Nancy L. Harthun, Arthur L. Weltman, Joseph M. DiMaria, Jennifer R. Hunter, John M. Christopher, Christopher M. Kramer. (2011) Low-Density Lipoprotein Lowering Does Not Improve Calf Muscle Perfusion, Energetics, or Exercise Performance in Peripheral Arterial Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:10, 1068-1076
CrossRef64
S. A. E. Peters, H. M. den Ruijter, M. K. Palmer, D. E. Grobbee, J. R. Crouse, D. H. O’Leary, G. W. Evans, J. S. Raichlen, L. Lind, M. L. Bots, . (2011) Manual or semi-automated edge detection of the maximal far wall common carotid intima-media thickness: a direct comparison. Journal of Internal Medicineno-no
CrossRef65
Janet van Kuilenburg, Knut Tore Lappegård, Joe Sexton, Izabela Plesiewicz, Paul Lap, Leon Bouwels, Tom Sprong, Tom Eirik Mollnes, Freek Verheugt, Waander L. van Heerde, Gheorghe A. Pop. (2011) Persisting thrombin activity in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation on oral anticoagulation is decreased by anti-inflammatory therapy with intensive cholesterol-lowering treatment. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 5:4, 273-280
CrossRef66
Joseph Drozda, Joseph V. Messer, John Spertus, Bruce Abramowitz, Karen Alexander, Craig T. Beam, Robert O. Bonow, Jill S. Burkiewicz, Michael Crouch, David C. Goff, Richard Hellman, Thomas James, Marjorie L. King, Edison A. Machado, Eduardo Ortiz, Michael O'Toole, Stephen D. Persell, Jesse M. Pines, Frank J. Rybicki, Lawrence B. Sadwin, Joanna D. Sikkema, Peter K. Smith, Patrick J. Torcson, John B. Wong. (2011) ACCF/AHA/AMA–PCPI 2011 Performance Measures for Adults With Coronary Artery Disease and Hypertension. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:3, 316-336
CrossRef67
Junya Aoki, Ken Uchino. (2011) Treatment of Risk Factors to Prevent Stroke. Neurotherapeutics 8:3, 463-474
CrossRef68
Avishay Elis, Rong Zhou, Evan A. Stein. (2011) Effect of Lipid-Lowering Treatment on Natural History of Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Past Three Decades. The American Journal of Cardiology 108:2, 223-226
CrossRef69
Matthew K. Ito, Mary P. McGowan, Patrick M. Moriarty. (2011) Management of Familial Hypercholesterolemias in adult patients: Recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 5:3, S38-S45
CrossRef70
Matilda Florentin, Evangelos N Liberopoulos, Dimitri P Mikhailidis, Moses S Elisaf. (2011) Emerging options in the treatment of dyslipidemias: a bright future?. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 16:2, 247-270
CrossRef71
Chuan Wen, Hao Xu. (2011) The new strategy for modulating dyslipidemia: Consideration from updated understanding on high-density lipoprotein. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 17:6, 467-470
CrossRef72
Jane P. F. Bai, Robert Bell, ShaAvhree Buckman, Gilbert J. Burckart, Hans-Georg Eichler, Kenneth C. Fang, Federico M. Goodsaid, William J. Jusko, Lawrence L. Lesko, Bernd Meibohm, Scott D. Patterson, Oscar Puig, Jeffrey B. Smerage, Barbara J. Snider, John A. Wagner, Jingsong Wang, Marc K. Walton, Russell Weiner. (2011) Translational Biomarkers: from Preclinical to Clinical a Report of 2009 AAPS/ACCP Biomarker Workshop. The AAPS Journal 13:2, 274-283
CrossRef73
Michael P. Dubé, Joseph J. Cadden. (2011) Lipid Metabolism in Treated HIV Infection. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 25:3, 429-442
CrossRef74
J.L. Díaz Díaz, M. Suárez Tembra, J.A. Díaz Peromingo, M. Pena Seijo, T. Martínez Ramonde, A. Pose Reino. (2011) Eficacia y seguridad de ezetimiba en unidades de riesgo vascular. Revista Clínica Española 211:6, 283-290
CrossRef75
Bernhard Föger. (2011) Lipid lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 161:11-12, 289-296
CrossRef76
Jean-Pierre Déry. (2011) Controlling lipids after acute coronary syndromes: what is the best strategy?. Clinical Lipidology 6:3, 253-255
CrossRef77
Sanne AE Peters, Mike K Palmer, Diederick E Grobbee, John R Crouse, Gregory W Evans, Joel S Raichlen, Michiel L Bots. (2011) Effect of number of ultrasound examinations on the assessment of carotid intima–media thickness changes over time: the example of the METEOR study. Journal of Hypertension 29:6, 1145-1154
CrossRef78
Stephen J. Nicholls, Marilyn Borgman, Steven E. Nissen, Joel S. Raichlen, Christie Ballantyne, Philip Barter, M. John Chapman, Raimund Erbel, Peter Libby. (2011) Impact of statins on progression of atherosclerosis: rationale and design of SATURN (Study of Coronary Atheroma by InTravascular Ultrasound: Effect of Rosuvastatin versus AtorvastatiN). Current Medical Research and Opinion 27:6, 1119-1129
CrossRef79
Mireille Azar, Emmanuel Valentin, Georges Badaoui, Roland Kassab, Antoine Sarkis, Rabih R. Azar. (2011) Comparison of the Effects of Combination Atorvastatin (40 mg) + Ezetimibe (10 mg) Versus Atorvastatin (40 mg) Alone on Secretory Phospholipase A2 Activity in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease or Coronary Artery Disease Equivalent. The American Journal of Cardiology 107:11, 1571-1574
CrossRef80
Zachary D. Goldberger, Brahmajee K. Nallamothu. (2011) Carotid Intima-Media Thickness as a Surrogate Endpoint. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 57:22, 2291-2292
CrossRef81
Israel F. Charo, Rebecca Taub. (2011) Anti-inflammatory therapeutics for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 10:5, 365-376
CrossRef82
Raul D. Santos, Alberto J. Lorenzatti, Carlos Fernandez Barros, Edgardo Escobar. (2011) Clinical perspective: Have the results of recent clinical trials of lipid-lowering therapies influenced the way we should practice? A Latin American perspective of current issues in clinical lipidology. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 5:3, 124-132
CrossRef83
Carl J. Lavie, Richard V. Milani, James H. OʼKeefe. (2011) Dyslipidemia Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome: Emphasis on Improving Lipids and Clinical Event Reduction. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 341:5, 388-393
CrossRef84
Shao Hong, -Quan Chen Li, Xu Jun. (2011) Treatment of dyslipidemia in the elderly. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 8:1, 55-64
CrossRef85
B. J. Arsenault, S. M. Boekholdt, J. J. P. Kastelein. (2011) Varespladib: targeting the inflammatory face of atherosclerosis. European Heart Journal 32:8, 923-926
CrossRef86
Michael S. Kostapanos, Athanasia T. Spyrou, Constantinos C. Tellis, Irene F. Gazi, Alexandros D. Tselepis, Moses Elisaf, Evangelos N. Liberopoulos. (2011) Ezetimibe Treatment Lowers Indicators of Oxidative Stress in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects with High Oxidative Stress. Lipids 46:4, 341-348
CrossRef87
Andrea Feher, Gabriella Pusch, Katalin Koltai, Antal Tibold, Beata Gasztonyi, Laszlo Szapary, Gergely Feher. (2011) Statintherapy in the primary and the secondary prevention of ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases. International Journal of Cardiology 148:2, 131-138
CrossRef88
Katherine C. Michelis, Bassel Hassouna, Mina Owlia, Linda Kelahan, Heather A. Young, Brian G. Choi. (2011) Effect of Electronic Prescription on Attainment of Cholesterol Goals. Clinical Cardiology 34:4, 254-260
CrossRef89
Atul Kalhan, Alan Rees. (2011) Statin/ezetimibe combination therapy: emerging evidence. Current Opinion in Lipidology 22:2, 146-147
CrossRef90
Ali Olyaei, Edgar V. Lerma. (2011) Three strikes and statins out: A case against use of statins in dialysis patients for primary prevention. Dialysis & Transplantation 40:4, 148-151
CrossRef91
Robert Krysiak, Boguslaw Okopien. (2011) The Effect of Ezetimibe and Simvastatin on Monocyte Cytokine Release in Patients With Isolated Hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 57:4, 505-512
CrossRef92
Harry R. Davis, Robert S. Lowe, David R. Neff. (2011) Effects of ezetimibe on atherosclerosis in preclinical models. Atherosclerosis 215:2, 266-278
CrossRef93
Lin Jia, Jenna L. Betters, Liqing Yu. (2011) Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) Protein in Intestinal and Hepatic Cholesterol Transport. Annual Review of Physiology 73:1, 239-259
CrossRef94
Matilda Florentin, Evangelos N. Liberopoulos, Elisavet Moutzouri, Christos V. Rizos, Alexandros D. Tselepis, Moses S. Elisaf. (2011) The effect of simvastatin alone versus simvastatin plus ezetimibe on the concentration of small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia. Current Medical Research and Opinion 27:3, 685-692
CrossRef95
Bertrand Cariou. (2011) Que choisir en association aux statines chez les patients à haut risque cardiovasculaire : la niacine ou l’ezetimibe ?. Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques 5:1, H7-H8
CrossRef96
G. Klose. (2011) Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der modernen Lipidtherapie. Der Internist 52:3, 328-335
CrossRef97
Farouk Mookadam, Weerawat Tanasunont, Uzma Jalal, Martina Mookadam, Susan Wilansky. (2011) Carotid intima-media thickness and cardiovascular risk. Future Cardiology 7:2, 173-182
CrossRef98
Christoph H Saely, Veronika Drexel, Alexander Vonbank, Heinz Drexel. (2011) Lipid management in Type 2 diabetes: the case for combination therapy?. Therapy 8:2, 129-141
CrossRef99
Robert Krysiak, Witold Zmuda, Bogusław Okopień. (2011) The effect of ezetimibe and simvastatin on hemostasis in patients with isolated hypercholesterolemia. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacologyno-no
CrossRef100
Margrit Schwarz, Jae B. Kim. 2011. Emerging Therapeutic Approaches for Dyslipidemias Associated with High LDL and Low HDL. , 199-234.
CrossRef101
Minghan Wang. 2011. Drug Development for Metabolic Diseases: Past, Present and Future. , 469-488.
CrossRef102
Tatjana Rundek, Joseph F. Polak. 2011. Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Carotid Ultrasound. , 158-176.
CrossRef103
Usman Javed, Prakash C. Deedwania, Deepak L. Bhatt, Christopher P. Cannon, David Dai, Adrian F. Hernandez, Eric D. Peterson, Gregg C. Fonarow. (2011) Use of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome: An analysis of 65,396 hospitalizations from 344 hospitals participating in Get With The Guidelines (GWTG). American Heart Journal 161:2, 418-424.e3
CrossRef104
Erland Erdmann. (2011) Intensified Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Coronary Heart Disease: Is the Concept of “the Lower the Better” Evidence Based?. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 13:1, 1-3
CrossRef105
Michael Clearfield. (2011) Statins in Combinations: From ARBITER-6 HALTS to ACCORD—What Works?. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 13:1, 4-8
CrossRef106
Nkechinyere Ijioma, Jennifer G Robinson. (2011) Lipid-lowering effects of ezetimibe and simvastatin in combination. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 9:2, 131-145
CrossRef107
Carlos A. Dujovne, Craig D. Williams, Matthew K. Ito. (2011) What Combination Therapy with a Statin, If Any, Would You Recommend?. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 13:1, 12-22
CrossRef108
Thomas G. Brott, Jonathan L. Halperin, Suhny Abbara, J. Michael Bacharach, John D. Barr, Ruth L. Bush, Christopher U. Cates, Mark A. Creager, Susan B. Fowler, Gary Friday, Vicki S. Hertzberg, E. Bruce McIff, Wesley S. Moore, Peter D. Panagos, Thomas S. Riles, Robert H. Rosenwasser, Allen J. Taylor. (2011) 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 57:8, e16-e94
CrossRef109
J. Labenz, C. U. Kunz. (2011) Das ABC der medizinischen Statistik. best practice onkologie 6:1, 30-39
CrossRef110
Constantina Masoura, Christos Pitsavos, Konstantinos Aznaouridis, Ioannis Skoumas, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, Christodoulos Stefanadis. (2011) Arterial endothelial function and wall thickness in familial hypercholesterolemia and familial combined hyperlipidemia and the effect of statins. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 214:1, 129-138
CrossRef111
Michael G. Silverman, Michael J. Blaha, Roger S. Blumenthal. (2011) Adjunctive Lipid Lowering Therapy in the Era of Surrogate Endpoints. Cardiology in Review 19:1, 17-22
CrossRef112
Paul Nestel. 2011. Drugs that affect lipid metabolism. , 921-934.
CrossRef113
Nelva Mata, Rodrigo Alonso, Lina Badimón, Teresa Padró, Francisco Fuentes, Ovidio Muñiz, Francisco Perez-Jiménez, José López-Miranda, Jose L Díaz, Jose I Vidal, A Barba, Mar Piedecausa, Juan F Sanchez, Luis Irigoyen, Eliseo Guallar, José M Ordovas, Pedro Mata. (2011) Clinical characteristics and evaluation of LDL-cholesterol treatment of the Spanish Familial Hypercholesterolemia Longitudinal Cohort Study (SAFEHEART). Lipids in Health and Disease 10:1, 94
CrossRef114
Raymond Q Migrino, Mark Bowers, Leanne Harmann, Robert Prost, John F LaDisa. (2011) Carotid plaque regression following 6-month statin therapy assessed by 3T cardiovascular magnetic resonance: comparison with ultrasound intima media thickness. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 13:1, 37
CrossRef115
Yoshiko Mizuno, Robert Francis Jacob, R Preston Mason. (2011) Inflammation and the Development of Atherosclerosis. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 18:5, 351-358
CrossRef116
2011. Bibliography. , 269-271.
CrossRef117
Miyako Kishimoto, Takehiro Sugiyama, Keiichiro Osame, Daisuke Takarabe, Masahide Okamoto, Mitsuhiko Noda. (2011) Efficacy of ezetimibe as monotherapy or combination therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients with and without diabetes. The Journal of Medical Investigation 58:1,2, 86-94
CrossRef118
Soner Dogan, Johannes Jacob Pieter Kastelein, Diederick Egbertus Grobbee, Michiel Leonardus Bots. (2011) Mean Common or Mean Maximum Carotid Intima-Media Thickness as Primary Outcome in Lipid-Modifying Intervention Studies. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 18:11, 946-957
CrossRef119
Finn Akerström, Luis Rodríguez-Padial. (2011) The IMPROVE-IT trial: current status and potential clinical implications of ezetimibe. Clinical Investigation 1:1, 137-144
CrossRef120
William C. Roberts, Antonio M. Gotto, John Guyton, John LaRosa, Ronald Viggiani. (2011) The Editor's Roundtable: Closing the Clinical Practice Gap—Using Evidence-Based Treatments for Managing Lipids. The American Journal of Cardiology 107:2, 230-242
CrossRef121
Helena Gylling, Tatu A Miettinen. (2010) Plant stanol consumption for cardiovascular health: what do we know about efficacy and safety?. Clinical Lipidology 5:6, 827-833
CrossRef122
Usman Javed, Prakash C. Deedwania, Deepak L. Bhatt, Christopher P. Cannon, David Dai, Adrian F. Hernandez, Eric D. Peterson, Gregg C. Fonarow. (2010) Use of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome: An analysis of 65,396 hospitalizations from 344 hospitals participating in Get With The Guidelines (GWTG). American Heart Journal 160:6, 1130-1136.e3
CrossRef123
Joseph E. Thomas, Andrew M. Tershakovec, Charlotte Jones-Burton, Reza A. Sayeed, JoAnne M. Foody. (2010) Lipid Lowering for Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults. Drugs & Aging 27:12, 959-972
CrossRef124
Pedro Plans-Rubió. (2010) The Cost Effectiveness of Statin Therapies in Spain in 2010, after the Introduction of Generics and Reference Prices. American Journal Cardiovascular Drugs 10:6, 369-382
CrossRef125
Luca Mascitelli, Francesca Pezzetta, Mark R. Goldstein. (2010) Role of Ezetimibe in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Absence of Evidence. Archives of Medical Research 41:8, 649-650
CrossRef126
Kaan Tunceli, Shiva G. Sajjan, Dena R. Ramey, David R. Neff, Andrew M. Tershakovec, X. Henry Hu, Joanne E. Tomassini, JoAnne M. Foody. (2010) Switching from high-efficacy lipid-lowering therapies to simvastatin and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment in coronary heart disease/coronary heart disease-equivalent patients. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 4:6, 491-500
CrossRef127
M. H. Ahmed, C. D. Byrne. (2010) Potential therapeutic uses for ezetimibe beyond lowering LDL-c to decrease cardiovascular events. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 12:11, 958-966
CrossRef128
Brandy McGinnis, Jennifer Schimmer, Kara Hutka. (2010) An evaluation of alanine transaminase and creatine kinase elevations with the use of ezetimibe in an ambulatory care setting. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 4:6, 501-507
CrossRef129
N. Mostafaie, K. R. Huber, C. Sebesta, W. Krampla, S. Jungwirth, S. Zehetmayer, M. Hinterberger, W. Krugluger, K. H. Tragl, P. Fischer. (2010) Risk factors for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases beyond age 75 years. Journal of Neural Transmission 117:11, 1247-1252
CrossRef130
J. Labenz. (2010) Das ABC der medizinischen Statistik. Der MKG-Chirurg 3:4, 289-302
CrossRef131
Adie Viljoen, Anthony S Wierzbicki. (2010) Colesevelam: an improved bile acid sequestrant for treating hypercholesterolemia and improving diabetes. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 5:6, 825-834
CrossRef132
Zachary D. Goldberger, Javier A. Valle, Vineet K. Dandekar, Paul S. Chan, Dennis T. Ko, Brahmajee K. Nallamothu. (2010) Are changes in carotid intima-media thickness related to risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction? A critical review and meta-regression analysis. American Heart Journal 160:4, 701-714
CrossRef133
Peter P Toth, Alberico Catapano, Joanne E Tomassini, Andrew M Tershakovec. (2010) Update on the efficacy and safety of combination ezetimibe plus statin therapy. Clinical Lipidology 5:5, 655-684
CrossRef134
S. Sivapalaratnam, L.L. van Loendersloot, B.A. Hutten, J.J.P. Kastelein, M.D. Trip, E. de Groot. (2010) Long-term LDL-c lowering in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia normalizes carotid intima-media thickness. Atherosclerosis 212:2, 571-574
CrossRef135
Mukesh Singh, Shui Hao Chin, Paul D. Giles, David Crothers, Karim Al-Allaf, Jawad M. Khan. (2010) Controlling lipids in a high-risk population with documented coronary artery disease for secondary prevention: are we doing enough?. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 17:5, 556-561
CrossRef136
Duane A. Burnett, Harry R. Davis. 2010. Atherosclerosis I: LDL Cholesterol Lowering. .
CrossRef137
John A. Farmer. (2010) Effect of Ezetimibe on Carotid Intimal Thickness: The VYCTOR Study. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12:5, 288-290
CrossRef138
Farouk Mookadam, Sherif E. Moustafa, Steven J. Lester, Tahlil Warsame. (2010) Subclinical Atherosclerosis: Evolving Role of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness. Preventive Cardiology 13:4, 186-197
CrossRef139
Milan Gupta, Paul E Szmitko, Michelle Tsigoulis, Manoela F B Braga, Mahesh Kajil, Sheriar Herjikaka, Adrian Quan, Hwee Teoh, Subodh Verma. (2010) Effects of Ezetimibe Add-on to Statin Therapy on Adipokine Production in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome and Stable Vascular Disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 56:3, 241-245
CrossRef140
Antonio L. Aguilar-Shea, Cristina Gallardo-Mayo, Elpidio Calvo Manuel, Jose L. Zamorano Gómez. (2010) El grosor íntimo-medial carotídeo y su utilidad actual. Atención Primaria 42:9, 482-485
CrossRef141
Linda C. Hemphill. (2010) Familial hypercholesterolemia: Current treatment options and patient selection for low-density lipoprotein apheresis. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 4:5, 346-349
CrossRef142
J. David Spence. (2010) Secondary stroke prevention. Nature Reviews Neurology
CrossRef143
S. A. E. Peters, M. K. Palmer, D. E. Grobbee, J. R. Crouse, D. H. O’Leary, J. S. Raichlen, M. L. Bots. (2010) C-reactive protein lowering with rosuvastatin in the METEOR study. Journal of Internal Medicine 268:2, 155-161
CrossRef144
G. Glaeske. (2010) Kosten senken an oder mit Arzneimitteln. Der Internist 51:8, 1057-1063
CrossRef145
Mark J Cziraky, Tyan Thomas. (2010) Attainment of combined optimal lipid values: a paradigm shift in the management of dyslipidemia. Clinical Lipidology 5:4, 527-541
CrossRef146
John R Guyton. (2010) Combination regimens with statin, niacin, and intestinally active LDL-lowering drugs: alternatives to high-dose statin therapy?. Current Opinion in Lipidology 21:4, 372-377
CrossRef147
Holly C Gooding, Sarah D de Ferranti. (2010) Cardiovascular risk assessment and cholesterol management in adolescents: getting to the heart of the matter. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 22:4, 398-404
CrossRef148
Lorenzo Iughetti, Patrizia Bruzzi, Barbara Predieri. (2010) Evaluation and management of hyperlipidemia in children and adolescents. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 22:4, 485-493
CrossRef149
M. Stramba-Badiale. (2010) Women and research on cardiovascular diseases in Europe: a report from the European Heart Health Strategy (EuroHeart) project. European Heart Journal 31:14, 1677-1681
CrossRef150
Peter P. Toth. (2010) Drug Treatment of Hyperlipidaemia. Drugs 70:11, 1363-1379
CrossRef151
K. Berneis, M. Rizzo, H. K. Berthold, G. A. Spinas, W. Krone, I. Gouni-Berthold. (2010) Ezetimibe alone or in combination with simvastatin increases small dense low-density lipoproteins in healthy men: a randomized trial. European Heart Journal 31:13, 1633-1639
CrossRef152
Christian Delles, Jane A. Dymott, Ulf Neisius, J. Paul Rocchiccioli, Gavin J. Bryce, María U. Moreno, David M. Carty, Geoffrey A. Berg, Carlene A. Hamilton, Anna F. Dominiczak. (2010) Reduced LDL-cholesterol levels in patients with coronary artery disease are paralelled by improved endothelial function: An observational study in patients from 2003 and 2007. Atherosclerosis 211:1, 271-277
CrossRef153
A. S. Wierzbicki. (2010) Practice makes perfect: reflections on a primary care treatment-to-target study. International Journal of Clinical Practice 64:8, 1006-1008
CrossRef154
Jenna L. Betters, Liqing Yu. (2010) NPC1L1 and cholesterol transport. FEBS Letters 584:13, 2740-2747
CrossRef155
Gaurav Gupta, Mark L. Unruh, Thomas D. Nolin, Peggy B. Hasley. (2010) Primary Care of the Renal Transplant Patient. Journal of General Internal Medicine 25:7, 731-740
CrossRef156
Rabih R. Azar, Georges Badaoui, Antoine Sarkis, Mireille Azar, Herminé Aydanian, Serge Harb, Guy Achkouty, Roland Kassab. (2010) Effect of Ezetimibe/Atorvastatin Combination on Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease or Coronary Artery Disease Equivalent. The American Journal of Cardiology 106:2, 193-197
CrossRef157
Philippe Costet. (2010) Molecular pathways and agents for lowering LDL-cholesterol in addition to statins. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 126:3, 263-278
CrossRef158
Vicente Correa Jr, Miguel Gus, Flávio Danni Fuchs. (2010) Does the blood pressure-lowering effect of statins contribute to their beneficial cardiovascular effects?. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 8:6, 775-779
CrossRef159
Ana Lucia de Almeida Kater, Marcelo Costa Batista, Sandra Roberta Gouvea Ferreira. (2010) Improved endothelial function with simvastatin but unchanged insulin sensitivity with simvastatin or ezetimibe. Metabolism 59:6, 921-926
CrossRef160
Paul N Hopkins. (2010) Encouraging appropriate treatment for familial hypercholesterolemia. Clinical Lipidology 5:3, 339-354
CrossRef161
Abhaya Gupta, Veronique Guyomard, M. Justin S. Zaman, Habib U. Rehman, Phyo Kyaw Myint. (2010) Systematic review on evidence of the effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering drugs. Advances in Therapy 27:6, 348-364
CrossRef162
J. H. Martin, M. F. Fay. (2010) Surrogate end-points in clinical practice: are we providing worse care?. Internal Medicine Journal 40:6, 395-398
CrossRef163
Wm.J. Howard. (2010) The role of ezetimibe in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: Where do we stand after ARBITER 6-HALTS. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 20:5, 295-300
CrossRef164
Jennifer Villa, Richard E. Pratley. (2010) Ezetimibe/Simvastatin or Atorvastatin for the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia in Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome: The VYMET Study. Current Diabetes Reports 10:3, 173-175
CrossRef165
2010. References. , 212-228.
CrossRef166
Michalis Kalogirou, Vasilis Tsimihodimos, Moses Elisaf. (2010) Pleiotropic effects of ezetimibe: Do they really exist?. European Journal of Pharmacology 633:1-3, 62-70
CrossRef167
Jorge R. Kizer, Christopher Madias, Brian Wilner, Carl J. Vaughan, Alvin I. Mushlin, Paula Trushin, Antonio M. Gotto, Richard C. Pasternak. (2010) Relation of Different Measures of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol to Risk of Coronary Artery Disease and Death in a Meta-Regression Analysis of Large-Scale Trials of Statin Therapy. The American Journal of Cardiology 105:9, 1289-1296
CrossRef168
Robert M. Califf, Yuliya Lokhnygina, Christopher P. Cannon, Michael E. Stepanavage, Carolyn H. McCabe, Thomas A. Musliner, Richard C. Pasternak, Michael A. Blazing, Robert P. Giugliano, Robert A. Harrington, Eugene Braunwald. (2010) An update on the IMProved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial (IMPROVE-IT) design. American Heart Journal 159:5, 705-709
CrossRef169
Matthew R Nelson, R Todd Hurst, Farouk Mookadam. (2010) Assessing individual cardiac risk using extra-cardiac arterial imaging. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 8:4, 529-543
CrossRef170
Hans-Georg Eichler, Brigitte Bloechl-Daum, Eric Abadie, David Barnett, Franz König, Steven Pearson. (2010) Relative efficacy of drugs: an emerging issue between regulatory agencies and third-party payers. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 9:4, 277-291
CrossRef171
J. Labenz, C.U. Kunz. (2010) Das ABC der medizinischen Statistik. Der Internist 51:4, 489-500
CrossRef172
Justin W. Timbie, Rodney A. Hayward, Sandeep Vijan. (2010) Diminishing Efficacy of Combination Therapy, Response-Heterogeneity, and Treatment Intolerance Limit the Attainability of Tight Risk Factor Control in Patients with Diabetes. Health Services Research 45:2, 437-456
CrossRef173
Yuji Watanabe, Masako Nagayama. (2010) MR plaque imaging of the carotid artery. Neuroradiology 52:4, 253-274
CrossRef174
Luis Rodriguez Padial. (2010) The ENHANCE trial: analysis and clinical significance. Clinical Lipidology 5:2, 161-166
CrossRef175
Roeland Huijgen, Evertine J. Abbink, Eric Bruckert, Anton F.H. Stalenhoef, Ben P.M. Imholz, Paul N. Durrington, M.D. Trip, Mats Eriksson, Frank L.J. Visseren, Juergen R. Schaefer, John J.P. Kastelein. (2010) Colesevelam added to combination therapy with a statin and ezetimibe in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: A 12-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Clinical Therapeutics 32:4, 615-625
CrossRef176
Daniëlla M Oosterveer, Jorie Versmissen, Arend FL Schinkel, Janneke G Langendonk, Monique Mulder, Eric JG Sijbrands. (2010) Clinical and genetic factors influencing cardiovascular risk in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Clinical Lipidology 5:2, 189-197
CrossRef177
(2010) Niacin Compared with Ezetimibe. New England Journal of Medicine 362:11, 1046-1048
Full Text178
Ladenson, Paul W., Kristensen, Jens D., Ridgway, E. Chester, Olsson, Anders G., Carlsson, Bo, Klein, Irwin, Baxter, John D., Angelin, Bo, . (2010) Use of the Thyroid Hormone Analogue Eprotirome in Statin-Treated Dyslipidemia. New England Journal of Medicine 362:10, 906-916
Full Text179
Bernard MY Cheung, Cyrus R Kumana. (2010) Raising highly desirable lipoprotein versus lowering deleterious lipoprotein. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 3:2, 173-176
CrossRef180
T. Stojakovic, A. de Campo, H. Scharnagl, H. Sourij, I. Schmölzer, T. C. Wascher, W. März. (2010) Differential effects of fluvastatin alone or in combination with ezetimibe on lipoprotein subfractions in patients at high risk of coronary events. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 40:3, 187-194
CrossRef181
Partha Pratim Chakraborty, Sagnik Mukhopadhyay, Arun Achar, Mallika Pal, Prabodh Chandra Mondal. (2010) Migratory polyarthritis in familial hypercholesterolemia (type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 77:3, 329-331
CrossRef182
A.H. Pijlman, R. Huijgen, S.N. Verhagen, B.P.M. Imholz, A.H. Liem, J.J.P. Kastelein, E.J. Abbink, A.F.H. Stalenhoef, F.L.J. Visseren. (2010) Evaluation of cholesterol lowering treatment of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: a large cross-sectional study in The Netherlands. Atherosclerosis 209:1, 189-194
CrossRef183
Kiyoko Uno, Ozgur Bayturan, Andrea Lavoie, Stephen J. Nicholls. (2010) Rationale and approach to evaluation of the impact of medical therapies on progression of atherosclerosis with arterial wall imaging. Current Medical Research and Opinion 26:3, 737-744
CrossRef184
Yasunori Sawayama, Shinji Maeda, Hachiro Ohnishi, Shin Hayashi, Jun Hayashi. (2010) Efficacy and Safety of Ezetimibe for Japanese Patients with Dyslipidaemia. Clinical Drug Investigation 30:3, 157-166
CrossRef185
Alan Chait. (2010) Strategies to Achieve Target LDL Levels. Current Diabetes Reports 10:1, 4-6
CrossRef186
Melinda Wenner Moyer. (2010) The search beyond statins. Nature Medicine 16:2, 150-153
CrossRef187
Carl J. Pepine. (2010) Residual risk for secondary ischemic events in patients with atherothrombotic disease: Opportunity for future improvements in patient care. Annals of Medicine 42:1, 19-35
CrossRef188
Diane McGinn, Brian Godman, Julie Lonsdale, Rosalind Way, Björn Wettermark, Alan Haycox. (2010) Initiatives to enhance the quality and efficiency of statin and PPI prescribing in the UK: impact and implications. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 10:1, 73-85
CrossRef189
Scott L. Charland, Daniel C. Malone. (2010) Prediction of cardiovascular event risk reduction from lipid changes associated with high potency dyslipidemia therapy. Current Medical Research and Opinion 26:2, 365-375
CrossRef190
Željko Reiner. (2010) Combined therapy in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 24:1, 19-28
CrossRef191
Hung-Chi Ho, Ming-Fong Chen, Juey-Jen Hwang, Yuan-Teh Lee, Ta-Chen Su. (2010) Intima-Media Thickness of Lower-Limb Arteries Associated with Fasting and Post-Challenge Plasma Glucose Levels. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 16:6, 748-755
CrossRef192
Jeong-Taek Woo, Kyung Soo Park, Dong-Won Byun, Kyung Soo Ko, Yoon-Sok Chung, Doo Man Kim, Tae Sun Park, Bong Soo Cha, In Kyu Lee, Joong Yeol Park, Hyun Shik Son, Moon-Kyu Lee, Kwang Won Kim, Ho Young Son. (2010) Regulation of Glucose Control in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Review and Consensus. Korean Diabetes Journal 34:1, 16
CrossRef193
Qian Zhou, James K. Liao. (2010) Pleiotropic Effects of Statins. Circulation Journal 74:5, 818-826
CrossRef194
Michel de Lorgeri, Patricia Salen. (2010) Recent cholesterol-lowering drug trials: New data, new questions. Journal of Lipid Nutrition 19:1, 65-92
CrossRef195
Masami NISHINO. (2010) Percutaneousl US approach to diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. Choonpa Igaku 37:4, 469-477
CrossRef196
Shinichiro UEDA. (2010) Rinsho yakuri/Japanese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 41:3, 90-94
CrossRef197
Parag H. Joshi, Terry A. Jacobson. (2010) Therapeutic Options to Further Lower C-Reactive Protein for Patients on Statin Treatment. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12:1, 34-42
CrossRef198
Yoichi Ogushi, Yasuo Haruki, Takeo Shibata, Shotai Kobayashi, JSSRS Group. (2010) Hyperlipidemia effects on clinical indexes of stroke in Japanese patients. Nosotchu 32:3, 242-253
CrossRef199
J L Betters, L Yu. (2010) Transporters as Drug Targets: Discovery and Development of NPC1L1 Inhibitors. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 87:1, 117-121
CrossRef200
Soner Dogan, Raphaël Duivenvoorden, Diederick E. Grobbee, John J.P. Kastelein, Charles L. Shear, Gregory W. Evans, Frank L. Visseren, Michiel L. Bots. (2010) Completeness of Carotid Intima Media Thickness Measurements Depends on Body Composition: The RADIANCE 1 and 2 trials. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 17:5, 526-535
CrossRef201
Byron F. Vandenberg, Jennifer Robinson. (2010) Management of the Patient with Statin Intolerance. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12:1, 48-57
CrossRef202
Gisle Langslet, Inger Ottestad, Kjetil Retterstøl, Leiv Ose. (2010) Klinisk legemiddelutprøvning – hva mener deltakerne?. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening 130:16, 1606-1608
CrossRef203
Daniel B Araujo, Marcelo C Bertolami, Waldinai P Ferreira, Dulcineia S P Abdalla, Andre A Faludi, Yara Nakamura, Liliana P Bricharello. (2010) Pleiotropic Effects With Equivalent Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction: Comparative Study Between Simvastatin and Simvastatin/Ezetimibe Coadministration. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 55:1, 1-5
CrossRef204
Shinichiro Ueda. (2010) Clinical pharmacology as translational research. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 136:2, 107-110
CrossRef205
Jae-Hyeong Park, Yun Seon Park, Yeon Ju Kim, In Sook Lee, Jun Hyung Kim, Jae-Hwan Lee, Si Wan Choi, Jin-Ok Jeong, In-Whan Seong. (2010) Effects of Statins on the Epicardial Fat Thickness in Patients with Coronary Artery Stenosis Underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Comparison of Atorvastatin with Simvastatin/Ezetimibe. Journal of Cardiovascular Ultrasound 18:4, 121
CrossRef206
Mohamad C. N. Sinno, Mouaz Al-Mallah. (2010) Impact of Medical Therapy on Atheroma Volume Measured by Different Cardiovascular Imaging Modalities. Cardiology Research and Practice 2010, 1-13
CrossRef207
Byron J. Hoogwerf, Julie C. Huang. 2010. Lipid-Lowering Strategies and Reduction of Coronary Heart Disease Risk. , 81-86.
CrossRef208
Xinkang Wang, Thomas M. Connolly. 2010. Biomarkers of Vulnerable Atheromatous Plaques. , 1-22.
CrossRef209
T. M. Reynolds. (2009) Targeting treatment using calculated cardiovascular disease risk: Effective? A shot in the dark? Or is it time to change the paradigm?. International Journal of Clinical Practice 63:12, 1785-1791
CrossRef210
R. Clarke, J. Armitage. (2009) Greater absolute reductions in LDL cholesterol should yield greater proportional reductions in risk of cardiovascular disease. Journal of Internal Medicine 266:6, 499-501
CrossRef211
Peter Henke. (2009) What is the Optimum Perioperative Drug Therapy Following Lower-Extremity Vein Bypass Surgery?. Seminars in Vascular Surgery 22:4, 245-251
CrossRef212
Robert S. Rosenson. (2009) Management of non-high-density lipoprotein abnormalities. Atherosclerosis 207:2, 328-335
CrossRef213
Anna Coma, Corinne Zara, Brian Godman, Antònia Agustí, Eduardo Diogène, Björn Wettermark, Alan Haycox. (2009) Policies to enhance the efficiency of prescribing in the Spanish Catalan region: impact and future direction. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 9:6, 569-581
CrossRef214
D. S. H. Bell, James H. OâKeefe. (2009) Rediscovering bile acid sequestrants. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 11:12, 1114-1121
CrossRef215
Paul de Koning, James Keirns. (2009) Clinical pharmacology, biomarkers and personalized medicine: education please. Biomarkers in Medicine 3:6, 685-700
CrossRef216
A. Graaf, J. J. P. Kastelein, A. Wiegman. (2009) Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia in childhood: Cardiovascular risk prevention. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 32:6, 699-705
CrossRef217
Blumenthal, Roger S., Michos, Erin D., . (2009) The HALTS Trial — Halting Atherosclerosis or Halted Too Early?. New England Journal of Medicine 361:22, 2178-2180
Full Text218
Kastelein, John J.P., Bots, Michiel L., . (2009) Statin Therapy with Ezetimibe or Niacin in High-Risk Patients. New England Journal of Medicine 361:22, 2180-2183
Full Text219
Taylor, Allen J., Villines, Todd C., Stanek, Eric J., Devine, Patrick J., Griffen, Len, Miller, Michael, Weissman, Neil J., Turco, Mark, . (2009) Extended-Release Niacin or Ezetimibe and Carotid Intima–Media Thickness. New England Journal of Medicine 361:22, 2113-2122
Full Text220
Adam Krasinski, Bernard Chiu, J. David Spence, Aaron Fenster, Grace Parraga. (2009) Three-dimensional Ultrasound Quantification of Intensive Statin Treatment of Carotid Atherosclerosis. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 35:11, 1763-1772
CrossRef221
Marc L. Berger, Muhammad Mamdani, David Atkins, Michael L. Johnson. (2009) Good Research Practices for Comparative Effectiveness Research: Defining, Reporting and Interpreting Nonrandomized Studies of Treatment Effects Using Secondary Data Sources: The ISPOR Good Research Practices for Retrospective Database Analysis Task Force Report—Part I. Value in Health 12:8, 1044-1052
CrossRef222
Arian W Plat, Henri EJH Stoffers, Peter W de Leeuw, Constant P van Schayck, Frank L Soomers, Arnold DM Kester, Karin Aretz, Abraham A Kroon. (2009) Sex-specific effect of the α-adducin (G460W) and AGTR1 (A1166C) polymorphism on carotid intima–media thickness. Journal of Hypertension 27:11, 2165-2173
CrossRef223
Farhan Aslam, Attiya Haque, L. Veronica Lee, JoAnne Foody. (2009) Hyperlipidemia in Older Adults. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 25:4, 591-606
CrossRef224
Jörg Slany. (2009) Zielwerterreichung unter lipidsenkender Therapie mit Ezetimib/Simvastatin bei Patienten mit Atherosklerose und/oder Diabetes mellitus – eine österreichische Anwendungsbeobachtung. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 159:21-22, 558-564
CrossRef225
Hien-Tu Nguyen-Thanh, Bruno S. Benzaquen. (2009) Screening for Subclinical Coronary Artery Disease Measuring Carotid Intima Media Thickness. The American Journal of Cardiology 104:10, 1383-1388
CrossRef226
S. S. Lund, L. Tarnow, A. S. Astrup, P. Hovind, P. K. Jacobsen, A. C. Alibegovic, I. Parving, L. Pietraszek, M. Frandsen, P. Rossing, H.-H. Parving, A. A. Vaag. (2009) Effect of adjunct metformin treatment on levels of plasma lipids in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 11:10, 966-977
CrossRef227
Jerome L Fleg, Barbara V Howard, Wm James Howard. (2009) Lessons in lipid lowering from the Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Study (SANDS). Clinical Lipidology 4:5, 523-525
CrossRef228
J.A. Costa, E. Rodilla, F. Pérez-Lahiguera, A. Miralles, C. González, J.M. Pascual. (2009) Objetivos terapéuticos del colesterol LDL y cambios de la proteína C reactiva en pacientes de alto riesgo coronario. Revista Clínica Española 209:9, 415-423
CrossRef229
Dominic Chow, Huichao Chen, Marshall J Glesby, Anthony Busti, Scott Souza, Janet Andersen, Sharon Kohrs, Julia Wu, Susan L Koletar. (2009) Short-term ezetimibe is well tolerated and effective in combination with statin therapy to treat elevated LDL cholesterol in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 23:16, 2133-2141
CrossRef230
G. Zoppini, G. Targher, M. Chonchol, F. Perrone, G. Lippi, M. Muggeo. (2009) Higher HDL cholesterol levels are associated with a lower incidence of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 19:8, 580-586
CrossRef231
Maneesh V Udiawar, Alan Rees. (2009) Therapy and clinical trials: Familial Hypercholesterolaemia and prevention of coronary artery disease. Current Opinion in Lipidology 20:5, 450-451
CrossRef232
T. Malati, M. R. U. Mahesh. (2009) Reference intervals for serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, Lp (a), apolipoprotein A-I, A-II, B, C-II, C-III, and E in healthy South Indians from Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 24:4, 343-355
CrossRef233
Jonathan R. Lindner. (2009) Intimal Imaging With Ultrasound: What Anatomy Are We Resolving?. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 22:10, 1134-1136
CrossRef234
Ian Hamilton-Craig, Karam Kostner, David Colquhoun, Stan Woodhouse. (2009) At Sea with SEAS: The First Clinical Endpoint Trial for Ezetimibe, Treatment of Patients with Mild to Moderate Aortic Stenosis, Ends with Mixed Results and More Controversy. Heart, Lung and Circulation 18:5, 343-346
CrossRef235
G. Thompson. (2009) History of the cholesterol hypothesis in Britain. QJM 102:10, 750-751
CrossRef236
Michael H. Davidson, Kevin C. Maki, Mary R. Dicklin, Steven B. Feinstein, MarySue Witchger, Marjorie Bell, Darren K. McGuire, Jean-Claude Provost, Harley Liker, Michael Aviram. (2009) Effects of Consumption of Pomegranate Juice on Carotid Intima–Media Thickness in Men and Women at Moderate Risk for Coronary Heart Disease. The American Journal of Cardiology 104:7, 936-942
CrossRef237
Therese Heinonen, David D. Waters, Peter Libby, Jean-Claude Tardif. (2009) A winter’s tale: Report from the First Annual Canadian Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints Symposium. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 25:9, 527-532
CrossRef238
Raphael See, Robert N. Piana. (2009) Achieving optimum lipid-lowering goals in patients with vascular disease. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 3:5, 323-330
CrossRef239
M. Masia, E. Bernal, S. Padilla, N. Garcia, J. C. Escribano, E. Martinez, F. Gutierrez. (2009) A pilot randomized trial comparing an intensive versus a standard intervention in stable HIV-infected patients with moderate-high cardiovascular risk. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 64:3, 589-598
CrossRef240
Raphaël Duivenvoorden, Eric de Groot, Erik S.G. Stroes, John J.P. Kastelein. (2009) Surrogate markers in clinical trials—Challenges and opportunities. Atherosclerosis 206:1, 8-16
CrossRef241
L. J. Hirsch. (2009) Conflicts of Interest, Authorship, and Disclosures in Industry-Related Scientific Publications: The Tort Bar and Editorial Oversight of Medical Journals. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84:9, 811-821
CrossRef242
Louai Razzouk, Michael E. Farkouh. (2009) Imaging outcomes in cardiovascular clinical trials. Nature Reviews Cardiology 6:8, 524-531
CrossRef243
Amit V. Khera, Daniel J. Rader. (2009) Discovery and Validation of New Molecular Targets in Treating Dyslipidemia: The Role of Human Genetics. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 19:6, 195-201
CrossRef244
Raul D. Santos, Khurram Nasir. (2009) Insights into atherosclerosis from invasive and non-invasive imaging studies: Should we treat subclinical atherosclerosis?. Atherosclerosis 205:2, 349-356
CrossRef245
David S. Grimes. (2009) Statins and Vitamin D. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 23:4, 261-262
CrossRef246
Steven M. Shaw, Osman Najam, Ursalan Khan, Nizar Yonan, Simon G. Williams, James E. Fildes. (2009) Ezetimibe and atorvastatin both immunoregulate CD4+ T cells from cardiac transplant recipients in vitro. Transplant Immunology 21:3, 179-182
CrossRef247
CD Lathia, D Amakye, W Dai, C Girman, S Madani, J Mayne, P MacCarthy, P Pertel, L Seman, A Stoch, P Tarantino, C Webster, S Williams, JA Wagner. (2009) The Value, Qualification, and Regulatory Use of Surrogate End Points in Drug Development. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 86:1, 32-43
CrossRef248
Pamela S. Douglas, Jeanne M. DeCara, Richard B. Devereux, Shelly Duckworth, Julius M. Gardin, Wael A. Jaber, Annitta J. Morehead, Jae K. Oh, Michael H. Picard, Scott D. Solomon, Kevin Wei, Neil J. Weissman. (2009) Echocardiographic Imaging in Clinical Trials: American Society of Echocardiography Standards for Echocardiography Core Laboratories. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 22:7, 755-765
CrossRef249
Bill Lands. (2009) Planning primary prevention of coronary disease. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 11:4, 272-280
CrossRef250
Mireia Junyent. (2009) Utilidad de la ecografía carotídea en la evaluación de la eficacia terapéutica del tratamiento hipolipemiante. Medicina Clínica 133:4, 135-136
CrossRef251
Carlos Lahoz, José M. Mostaza, Miguel A. San Martín, María F. García Iglesias, Manuel Frías, Ángel García, Roberto Peraira, Fernando Laguna. (2009) Grosor de la íntima-media carotídea en la hipercolesterolemia familiar heterocigótica: factores asociados y variación al año de tratamiento. Medicina Clínica 133:4, 121-126
CrossRef252
D. S. Grimes. (2009) History of the cholesterol hypothesis in Britain. QJM 102:6, 436-438
CrossRef253
Christina Marie SHAY, Rhobert Wyn EVANS, Trevor John ORCHARD. (2009) Do plant sterol concentrations correlate with coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes? A report from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Journal of Diabetes 1:2, 112-117
CrossRef254
M. L. Bots, M. K. Palmer, S. Dogan, Y. Plantinga, J. S. Raichlen, G. W. Evans, D. H. O’Leary, D. E. Grobbee, J. R. Crouse III, . (2009) Intensive lipid lowering may reduce progression of carotid atherosclerosis within 12 months of treatment: the METEOR study. Journal of Internal Medicine 265:6, 698-707
CrossRef255
David Preiss, Naveed Sattar. (2009) Lipids, lipid modifying agents and cardiovascular risk: a review of the evidence. Clinical Endocrinology 70:6, 815-828
CrossRef256
Larry A. Allen, Adrian F. Hernandez, Christopher M. O'Connor, G. Michael Felker. (2009) End Points for Clinical Trials in Acute Heart Failure Syndromes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:24, 2248-2258
CrossRef257
Sarah Clauss, Kit-Man Wai, Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Karen Kuehl. (2009) Ezetimibe Treatment of Pediatric Patients with Hypercholesterolemia. The Journal of Pediatrics 154:6, 869-872
CrossRef258
K. Winkler, T. Schewe, G. Pütz, N. Ödünc, G. Schäfer, E. Siegel, U. Geisen, C. Abletshauser, M. M. Hoffmann. (2009) Fluvastatin/fenofibrate vs. simvastatin/ezetimibe in patients with metabolic syndrome: different effects on LDL-profiles. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 39:6, 463-470
CrossRef259
L. Iughetti,. (2009) Drugs for Children with Hypercholesterolemia: Be Cautious. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 22:6, 483-486
CrossRef260
Manfredi Rizzo, Giovam Battista Rini, Giatgen A. Spinas, Kaspar Berneis. (2009) The effects of ezetimibe on LDL-cholesterol: Quantitative or qualitative changes?. Atherosclerosis 204:2, 330-333
CrossRef261
Robert P. Giugliano. 2009. Design Issues in Clinical Trials of Thrombolytic and Antithrombotic Agents. , 19-36.
CrossRef262
Paul M. Ridker, Vincent E. Friedewald, Michael H. Davidson, James T. Willerson, William C. Roberts. (2009) The Editor's Roundtable: The JUPITER Trial—Initial Results and Clinical Implications. The American Journal of Cardiology 103:10, 1417-1425
CrossRef263
A. Pandor, R. M. Ara, I. Tumur, A. J. Wilkinson, S. Paisley, A. Duenas, P. N. Durrington, J. Chilcott. (2009) Ezetimibe monotherapy for cholesterol lowering in 2,722 people: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Internal Medicine 265:5, 568-580
CrossRef264
Pablo Pérez-Martínez, Francisco Pérez-Jiménez. (2009) Ambiente mediterráneo y protección sobre el riesgo cardiovascular del paciente con diabetes de tipo 1. Medicina Clínica 132:19, 746-748
CrossRef265
Fawaz Almutairi, Theresa C. Peterson, Michele Molinari, Mark J. Walsh, Ian Alwayn, Kevork M. Peltekian. (2009) Safety and effectiveness of ezetimibe in liver transplant recipients with hypercholesterolemia. Liver Transplantation 15:5, 504-508
CrossRef266
Joseph S Thompson, Aditya Sood, Rohit Arora. (2009) Statins and Cancer: A Potential Link?. American Journal of Therapeutics1
CrossRef267
Salomeh Keyhani, Alex Federman. (2009) Fact or Fiction: The Need for Independent Pharmaceutical Policy Research. Journal of General Internal Medicine 24:5, 692-694
CrossRef268
Brian Godman, Ulrich Schwabe, Gisbert Selke, Björn Wettermark. (2009) Update of Recent Reforms in Germany to Enhance the Quality and Efficiency of Prescribing of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Lipid-Lowering Drugs. PharmacoEconomics 27:5, 435-438
CrossRef269
Morris J. Brown. (2009) The impact of clinical trials legislation on clinical pharmacology: problems and solutions. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 67:5, 487-493
CrossRef270
Hiroshi Ashikaga, Roger S. Blumenthal, Steven R. Jones. (2009) Utility of Ezetimibe. The American Journal of Cardiology 103:9, 1321-1322
CrossRef271
Kavita Sharma, Michael J. Blaha, Roger S. Blumenthal, Kiran Musunuru. (2009) Clinical and Research Applications of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness. The American Journal of Cardiology 103:9, 1316-1320
CrossRef272
William Clifford Roberts. (2009) Evaluating Lipid-Lowering Trials in the Twenty-First Century. The American Journal of Cardiology 103:9, 1325-1328
CrossRef273
D Gómez-Garre, P Muñoz-Pacheco, ML González-Rubio, P Aragoncillo, R Granados, A Fernández-Cruz. (2009) Ezetimibe reduces plaque inflammation in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis and inhibits monocyte migration in addition to its lipid-lowering effect. British Journal of Pharmacology 156:8, 1218-1227
CrossRef274
Evan A. Stein. (2009) Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84:4, 307-309
CrossRef275
Firas J. Al Badarin, Iftikhar J. Kullo, Stephen L. Kopecky, Randal J. Thomas. (2009) Impact of Ezetimibe on Atherosclerosis: Is the Jury Still Out?. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84:4, 353-361
CrossRef276
Alawi A. Alsheikh-Ali, Richard H. Karas. (2009) Ezetimibe, and the combination of ezetimibe/simvastatin, and risk of cancer: A post-marketing analysis. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 3:2, 138-142
CrossRef277
Ewa Dembowski, Michael H Davidson. (2009) Statin and ezetimibe combination therapy in cardiovascular disease. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 16:2, 183-188
CrossRef278
Gerald H Tomkin. (2009) Ezetimibe - new anti-atherogenic properties?. British Journal of Pharmacology 156:8, 1216-1217
CrossRef279
Javier Sanz, Pedro R. Moreno, Valentin Fuster. (2009) The Year in Atherothrombosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:15, 1326-1337
CrossRef280
Khalid Alwaili, Khalid Alrasadi, Zuhier Awan, Jacques Genest. (2009) Approach to the diagnosis and management of lipoprotein disorders. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 16:2, 132-140
CrossRef281
E. A. Stein. (2009) Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84:4, 307-309
CrossRef282
F. J. Al Badarin, I. J. Kullo, S. L. Kopecky, R. J. Thomas. (2009) Impact of Ezetimibe on Atherosclerosis: Is the Jury Still Out?. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84:4, 353-361
CrossRef283
Arshag D Mooradian. (2009) Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism 5:3, 150-159
CrossRef284
Christiane Mallett, Andrew A. House, J. David Spence, Aaron Fenster, Grace Parraga. (2009) Longitudinal Ultrasound Evaluation of Carotid Atherosclerosis in One, Two and Three Dimensions. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 35:3, 367-375
CrossRef285
Paul Hamilton. (2009) Role of ezetimibe in the management of patients with atherosclerosis. Coronary Artery Disease 20:2, 169-174
CrossRef286
Judith A. Aberg. (2009) Lipid Management in Patients Who Have HIV and Are Receiving HIV Therapy. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 38:1, 207-222
CrossRef287
Steven M. Shaw, Parminder Chaggar, James Ritchie, Mohammed K. H. Shah, Anna C. Baynes, Nicola O’Neill, James E. Fildes, Nizar Yonan, Simon G. Williams. (2009) The Efficacy and Tolerability of Ezetimibe in Cardiac Transplant Recipients Taking Cyclosporin. Transplantation 87:5, 771-775
CrossRef288
Ajith P. Nair, Bruce Darrow. (2009) Lipid Management in the Geriatric Patient. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 38:1, 185-206
CrossRef289
Frances R. Zappalla, Samuel S. Gidding. (2009) Lipid Management in Children. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 38:1, 171-183
CrossRef290
M.S. Cunnington, B.M. Mayosi, D.H. Hall, P.J. Avery, M. Farrall, M.A. Vickers, H. Watkins, B. Keavney. (2009) Novel genetic variants linked to coronary artery disease by genome-wide association are not associated with carotid artery intima-media thickness or intermediate risk phenotypes. Atherosclerosis 203:1, 41-44
CrossRef291
Runhua Hou, Anne Carol Goldberg. (2009) Lowering Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: Statins, Ezetimibe, Bile Acid Sequestrants, and Combinations: Comparative Efficacy and Safety. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 38:1, 79-97
CrossRef292
A. Adolphe, L. S. Cook, X. Huang. (2009) A Cross-sectional Study of Intima-Media Thickness, Ethnicity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Risk in 2268 Study Participants. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84:3, 221-228
CrossRef293
Thomas A. Pearson, Christie M. Ballantyne, Enrico Veltri, Arvind Shah, Steven Bird, Jianxin Lin, Elizabeth Rosenberg, Andrew M. Tershakovec. (2009) Pooled Analyses of Effects on C-Reactive Protein and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Placebo-Controlled Trials of Ezetimibe Monotherapy or Ezetimibe Added to Baseline Statin Therapy. The American Journal of Cardiology 103:3, 369-374
CrossRef294
Alberico L. Catapano. (2009) Perspectives on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal achievement. Current Medical Research and Opinion 25:2, 431-447
CrossRef295
Robert A. Vogel, Michael Miller. (2009) Cholesterol Goals: Moving from Numbers to Treatment. Clinical Cardiology 32:2, 106-108
CrossRef296
Dentzer, Susan. (2009) Communicating Medical News — Pitfalls of Health Care Journalism. New England Journal of Medicine 360:1, 1-3
Full Text297
Hiroshi YOSHIDA. (2009) Rinsho yakuri/Japanese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 40:3, 137S-138S
CrossRef298
Kristoffer Mads Aaris Henningsen, Brian Nilsson, Helle Bruunsgaard, Xu Chen, Bente Klarlund Pedersen, Jesper Hastrup Svendsen. (2009) Prognostic impact of hs-CRP and IL-6 in patients undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal 43:5, 285-291
CrossRef299
Tomohito Hamazaki. (2009) Are the upper limits for serum cholesterol levels necessary?. Journal of Lipid Nutrition 18:1, 33-50
CrossRef300
Peter Lansberg. (2009) Pleiotropic Effects of Statins and Beyond. Cardiology 112:1, 1-3
CrossRef301
José A. Barrabés, Juan Sanchís, Pedro L. Sánchez, Alfredo Bardají. (2009) Actualización en cardiopatía isquémica. Revista Española de Cardiología 62, 80-91
CrossRef302
Benjamin J. Ansell. (2009) A review of trials evaluating nonstatin lipid-lowering therapies. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 11:1, 64-66
CrossRef303
Christiane Mallett, Lori Gardi, Aaron Fenster, Grace Parraga. (2009) Prospective cardiac gating of carotid three-dimensional ultrasound. Medical Physics 36:7, 3168
CrossRef304
Hye Eun Yoon, Joon Chang Song, Bok Jin Hyoung, Hyeon Seok Hwang, So Young Lee, Youn Joo Jeon, Bum Soon Choi, Yong Soo Kim, Chul Woo Yang. (2009) The Efficacy and Safety of Ezetimibe and Low-Dose Simvastatin as a Primary Treatment for Dyslipidemia in Renal Transplant Recipients. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 24:3, 233
CrossRef305
Sandra J. Lewis. (2009) Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: A Practitioner's Guide for 2008. The American Journal of Medicine 122:1, S38-S50
CrossRef306
ANTONIO M. GOTTO, LIONEL H. OPIE. 2009. Lipid-Modifying and Antiatherosclerotic Drugs. , 341-372.
CrossRef307
Evan A. Stein. (2008) Additional Lipid Lowering Trials Using Surrogate Measurements of Atherosclerosis by Carotid Intima-Media Thickness. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 52:25, 2206-2209
CrossRef308
Robert H. Eckel. (2008) Diabetic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk. Current Diabetes Reports 8:6, 421-423
CrossRef309
George Steiner. (2008) Lipid lowering in the patients with prediabetes/metabolic syndrome: what is the evidence?. Current Opinion in Lipidology 19:6, 585-591
CrossRef310
Jerome L. Fleg, Mihriye Mete, Barbara V. Howard, Jason G. Umans, Mary J. Roman, Robert E. Ratner, Angela Silverman, James M. Galloway, Jeffrey A. Henderson, Matthew R. Weir, Charlton Wilson, Mario Stylianou, Wm. James Howard. (2008) Effect of Statins Alone Versus Statins Plus Ezetimibe on Carotid Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 52:25, 2198-2205
CrossRef311
David C. Grossman, David K. Mcculloch. (2008) Lipid Screening in Children and Adolescents. Pediatric Annals 37:11, 757-762
CrossRef312
Maartje E. Visser, Lily Jakulj, John J. P. Kastelein, Erik S. G. Stroes. (2008) LDL-C-Lowering therapy: Current and future therapeutic targets. Current Cardiology Reports 10:6, 512-520
CrossRef313
Christopher P. Cannon, Robert P. Giugliano, Michael A. Blazing, Robert A. Harrington, John L. Peterson, Christine McCrary Sisk, John Strony, Thomas A. Musliner, Carolyn H. McCabe, Enrico Veltri, Eugene Braunwald, Robert M. Califf. (2008) Rationale and design of IMPROVE-IT (IMProved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial): Comparison of ezetimbe/simvastatin versus simvastatin monotherapy on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. American Heart Journal 156:5, 826-832
CrossRef314
Kavita Kalidas, Réza Behrouz. (2008) Inherited metabolic disorders and cerebral infarction. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 8:11, 1731-1741
CrossRef315
John Strony, Bo Yang, Mary E. Hanson, Enrico P. Veltri. (2008) Long-term safety and tolerability of ezetimibe coadministered with simvastatin in hypercholesterolemic patients: a randomized, 12-month double-blind extension study. Current Medical Research and Opinion 24:11, 3149-3157
CrossRef316
Tatjana Rundek, Ralph L. Sacco. (2008) Risk Factor Management to Prevent First Stroke. Neurologic Clinics 26:4, 1007-1045
CrossRef317
Jennifer G. Robinson. (2008) LDL reduction: How low should we go and is it safe?. Current Cardiology Reports 10:6, 481-487
CrossRef318
Michael H. Davidson, Ewa Dembowski. (2008) Atherosclerosis surrogate imaging trials come of age: For better or for worse?. Current Cardiology Reports 10:6, 521-525
CrossRef319
J. David Spence. (2008) Is Carotid Intima-Media Thickness a Reliable Clinical Predictor?. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 83:11, 1299-1300
CrossRef320
J. Stebbing, A. K. Asghar, P. Holmes, M. Bower, H. L. Isenman, M. Nelson. (2008) Use of ezetimibe during HIV infection. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 63:1, 218-220
CrossRef321
David A. Wohl, David Waters, Ross J. Simpson, Susan Richard, Amanda Schnell, Sonia Napravnik, Jessica Keys, J. Joseph Eron, Priscilla Hsue. (2008) Ezetimibe Alone Reduces Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in HIV‐Infected Patients Receiving Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 47:8, 1105-1108
CrossRef322
Hanna Slim, Paul D. Thompson. (2008) Ezetimibe-related myopathy: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2:5, 328-334
CrossRef323
Blai Coll, Steven B. Feinstein. (2008) Carotid intima-media thickness measurements: Techniques and clinical relevance. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 10:5, 444-450
CrossRef324
Richard A Krasuski. (2008) Therapy and clinical trials. Current Opinion in Lipidology 19:5, 550-551
CrossRef325
Steven K. Hildemann, Christian Barho, Barbara Karmann, Harald Darius, Christoph Bode. (2008) Sustained effects in hypercholesterolaemic patients on combined simvastatin/ezetimibe treatment: observational cohort study in clinical practice. Current Medical Research and Opinion 24:10, 2777-2784
CrossRef326
Peter P. Toth, Kevin C. Maki. (2008) A Commentary on the implications of the ENHANCE (Ezetimibe and Simvastatin in Hypercholesterolemia Enhances Atherosclerosis Regression) Trial: Should ezetimibe move to the “Back of the Line” as a therapy for dyslipidemia?. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2:5, 313-317
CrossRef327
Tuomo Nieminen, Mika Kähönen, Leena E Viiri, Paula Grönroos, Terho Lehtimäki. (2008) Pharmacogenetics of apolipoprotein E gene during lipid-lowering therapy: lipid levels and prevention of coronary heart disease. Pharmacogenomics 9:10, 1475-1486
CrossRef328
Kevin Jon Williams. (2008) Molecular processes that handle — and mishandle — dietary lipids. Journal of Clinical Investigation 118:10, 3247-3259
CrossRef329
A. S. Wierzbicki. (2008) Muddy waters: more stormy SEAS for ezetimibe. International Journal of Clinical Practice 62:10, 1470-1473
CrossRef330
David M. Maahs, R. Paul Wadwa, Franziska Bishop, Stephen R. Daniels, Marian Rewers, Georgeanna J. Klingensmith. (2008) Dyslipidemia in Youth with Diabetes: To Treat or Not to Treat?. The Journal of Pediatrics 153:4, 458-465.e4
CrossRef331
Mathias H Konstandin, Erwin Blessing, Andreas Doesch, Kerstin Ammon, Achim Koch, Guido H Wabnitz, Christian A Gleissner, Andrew Remppis, Hugo A Katus, Thomas J Dengler. (2008) Ezetimibe effectively lowers LDL-cholesterol in cardiac allograft recipients on stable statin therapy. Clinical Transplantation 22:5, 639-644
CrossRef332
Barbara J. Messinger-Rapport, David R. Thomas, Julie K. Gammack, John E. Morley. (2008) Clinical Update on Nursing Home Medicine: 2008. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 9:7, 460-475
CrossRef333
Barry A Franklin, Justin E Trivax, Thomas E Vanhecke. (2008) New insights in preventive cardiology and cardiac rehabilitation. Current Opinion in Cardiology 23:5, 477-486
CrossRef334
Donald P Kotler. (2008) HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy: Lipid Abnormalities and Associated Cardiovascular Risk in HIV-Infected Patients. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 49:Supplement 2, S79-S85
CrossRef335
Stephen J Nicholls. (2008) Rosuvastatin and progression of atherosclerosis. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 6:7, 925-933
CrossRef336
Tisha R Joy, Robert A Hegele. (2008) Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibition–friend or foe?. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 5:8, 506-508
CrossRef337
José R. González-Juanatey, Pilar Mazón Ramos. (2008) Prevención primaria farmacológica en hipertensión arterial y dislipemias. Revista Española de Cardiología 61:8, 861-879
CrossRef338
Benjamin J Ansell. (2008) Hyperlipidaemia and cardiovascular disease. Current Opinion in Lipidology 19:4, 433-434
CrossRef339
Brian Godman, Anna Bucsics, Thomas Burkhardt, Alan Haycox, Hans Seyfried, Peter Wieninger. (2008) Insight into recent reforms and initiatives in Austria: implications for key stakeholders. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 8:4, 357-371
CrossRef340
John Alan Farmer. (2008) Clinical trials and surrogate end points: lessons from the ENHANCE trial. Future Lipidology 3:4, 353-357
CrossRef341
James H. O'Keefe, Kevin A. Bybee, Carl J. Lavie. (2008) Intensive Lipid Intervention in the Post-ENHANCE Era. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 83:8, 867-869
CrossRef342
David G. Harrison, W. Virgil Brown, Paolo Raggi. (2008) Enhanced Hype. The American Journal of Cardiology 102:3, 368-369
CrossRef343
(2008) Simvastatin with or without Ezetimibe in Familial Hypercholesterolemia. New England Journal of Medicine 359:5, 529-533
Full Text344
Steven E. Nissen. (2008) Late-breaking trials at the ACC scientific sessions: Insights and controversy. Current Cardiology Reports 10:4, 247-249
CrossRef345
K.H. Baumann, U. Wagner. (2008) Präventionsstrategien beim Ovarialkarzinom. Der Gynäkologe 41:7, 513-522
CrossRef346
K. Bergmann. (2008) Disodium ascorbyl phytostanol phosphate. A new cholesterol-lowering drug?. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 64:7, 649-650
CrossRef347
Javier Segovia, Javier Bermejo, Fernando Alfonso. (2008) Resumen de los ensayos clínicos presentados en la 57.a Sesión Científica Anual del American College of Cardiology (Chicago, Estados Unidos, 30 de marzo-2 de abril de 2008). Revista Española de Cardiología 61:7, 726-737
CrossRef348
Frederic S. Resnic, Akshay Desai. (2008) Highlights from the 57th Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 136:1, 244-247
CrossRef349
Yvonne P. Clever, Stephan Rosenkranz, Michael Böhm, Bruno Scheller. (2008) Hotline update of clinical trials and registries presented at the ACC and SCAI-ACCi2 meeting 2008 in Chicago. Clinical Research in Cardiology 97:7, 409-417
CrossRef350
Jennifer G Robinson, Michael Davidson. (2008) Is it over for ezetimibe?. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 6:6, 781-783
CrossRef351
Suresh Krishnamoorthy, Gregory YH Lip. (2008) Beyond lipid-lowering therapy: does ezetimibe enhance the effects of statins on atherosclerosis?. Therapy 5:4, 487-489
CrossRef352
A. S. Wierzbicki. (2008) Surrogate markers, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease prevention. International Journal of Clinical Practice 62:7, 981-987
CrossRef353
David J. Becker, Ram Y. Gordon, Patti B. Morris, Jacqueline Yorko, Y. Jerold Gordon, Mingyao Li, Nayyar Iqbal. (2008) Simvastatin vs Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes and Supplements: Randomized Primary Prevention Trial. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 83:7, 758-764
CrossRef354
S. Kinlay. (2008) Vascular form and function: two mechanisms for cardiovascular prevention. European Heart Journal 29:14, 1711-1713
CrossRef355
Maheshwar Pauriah, Allan D. Struthers, Chim C. Lang. (2008) Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Cardiovascular Therapeutics Research: Under Scrutiny Following Results of the ENHANCE Study. Cardiovascular Therapeutics 26:2, 85-88
CrossRef356
Jacyntha A. Sterling. (2008) Hospital Pharmacy Pulse - Recent Publications on Medications and Pharmacy. Hospital Pharmacy 43:6, 528-534
CrossRef357
Alistair C. Lindsay, Robin P. Choudhury. (2008) Form to function: current and future roles for atherosclerosis imaging in drug development. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 7:6, 517-529
CrossRef358
Padmini Manghat, Anthony S Wierzbicki. (2008) Colesevelam hydrochloride: a specifically engineered bile acid sequestrant. Future Lipidology 3:3, 237-255
CrossRef359
Robert S Rosenson. (2008) Biomarkers, Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Events. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 6:5, 619-622
CrossRef360
Barry A. Franklin, Peter A. McCullough. (2008) The “Null Effect” of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering on a Modest Baseline Intima-Media Thickness: Lessons Learned From the ENHANCE Trial. Preventive Cardiology 11:3, 177-178
CrossRef361
Kiran Musunuru, Roger S. Blumenthal. (2008) The Implications of the Ezetimibe and Simvastatin in Hypercholesterolemia Enhances Atherosclerosis Regression Trial: A Return to First Principles. Clinical Cardiology 31:6, 288-290
CrossRef362
Philip R. Liebson. (2008) ENHANCE and ONTARGET. Preventive Cardiology 11:3, 179-182
CrossRef363
Mario R Ehlers. (2008) Pacific Biomarkers, Inc.. Biomarkers in Medicine 2:3, 221-227
CrossRef364
A. Neil, J. Cooper, J. Betteridge, N. Capps, I. McDowell, P. Durrington, M. Seed, S. E. Humphries, . (2008) Reductions in all-cause, cancer, and coronary mortality in statin-treated patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a prospective registry study. European Heart Journal 29:21, 2625-2633
CrossRef365
Jackevicius, Cynthia A., Tu, Jack V., Ross, Joseph S., Ko, Dennis T., Krumholz, Harlan M., . (2008) Use of Ezetimibe in the United States and Canada. New England Journal of Medicine 358:17, 1819-1828
Full Text366
Brown, B. Greg, Taylor, Allen J., . (2008) Does ENHANCE Diminish Confidence in Lowering LDL or in Ezetimibe?. New England Journal of Medicine 358:14, 1504-1507
Full Text367
Drazen, Jeffrey M., Jarcho, John A., Morrissey, Stephen, Curfman, Gregory D., . (2008) Cholesterol Lowering and Ezetimibe. New England Journal of Medicine 358:14, 1507-1508
Full Text368
Heidi Ledford. (2008) Drug markers questioned. Nature 452:7187, 510-511
CrossRef
- Letters
