Original Article
Sudden Cardiac Arrest Associated with Early Repolarization
N Engl J Med 2008; 358:2016-2023May 8, 2008
- Abstract
Background
Early repolarization is a common electrocardiographic finding that is generally considered to be benign. Its potential to cause cardiac arrhythmias has been hypothesized from experimental studies, but it is not known whether there is a clinical association with sudden cardiac arrest.
Methods
We reviewed data from 206 case subjects at 22 centers who were resuscitated after cardiac arrest due to idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and assessed the prevalence of electrocardiographic early repolarization. The latter was defined as an elevation of the QRS–ST junction of at least 0.1 mV from baseline in the inferior or lateral lead, manifested as QRS slurring or notching. The control group comprised 412 subjects without heart disease who were matched for age, sex, race, and level of physical activity. Follow-up data that included the results of monitoring with an implantable defibrillator were obtained for all case subjects.
Results
Early repolarization was more frequent in case subjects with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation than in control subjects (31% vs. 5%, P<0.001). Among case subjects, those with early repolarization were more likely to be male and to have a history of syncope or sudden cardiac arrest during sleep than those without early repolarization. In eight subjects, the origin of ectopy that initiated ventricular arrhythmias was mapped to sites concordant with the localization of repolarization abnormalities. During a mean (±SD) follow-up of 61±50 months, defibrillator monitoring showed a higher incidence of recurrent ventricular fibrillation in case subjects with a repolarization abnormality than in those without such an abnormality (hazard ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 3.5; P=0.008).
Conclusions
Among patients with a history of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, there is an increased prevalence of early repolarization.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Baseline Electrocardiograms from Four Case Subjects.Figure 2
Electrocardiograms from Three Case Subjects with Early Repolarization Associated with Ventricular Fibrillation.Article Activity
- Article
Sudden cardiac arrest remains a major public health problem that accounts for approximately 350,000 deaths annually in the United States. Despite advances in emergency medical systems, only 3 to 10% of patients who have an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are successfully resuscitated. The majority of such sudden cardiac arrests are caused by ventricular tachyarrhythmias, which occur in persons without structural heart disease in 6 to 14% of cases.1,2 Some of the latter cases are related to well-recognized electrocardiographic abnormalities that affect ventricular repolarization (e.g., long or short QT intervals or the Brugada syndrome), whereas other cases, in which there are no signs during sinus rhythm, are described as idiopathic ventricular fibrillation.3-10
Early repolarization is a common electrocardiographic finding that affects 1 to 5% of persons.11,12 Although the condition is usually considered benign, its potential arrhythmogenicity has been suggested by experimental studies.13 However, supporting clinical evidence is lacking. We performed a case–control study involving 206 case subjects with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation to assess the prevalence of early repolarization and evaluated its potential relationship with any observed arrhythmias and the subsequent outcome, as monitored by implantable defibrillators.
Methods
Study Population
Case subjects under the age of 60 years were enrolled at 22 international tertiary care arrhythmia centers. All subjects with the diagnosis of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation in this age group were selected from the databases of patients who had received an implantable defibrillator; all patients 60 years of age or older were excluded to minimize the risk of subclinical structural heart disease. Oral informed consent was obtained from all enrolled subjects.
We evaluated baseline electrocardiograms for the presence of early repolarization, which was defined as an elevation of the QRS–ST junction (J point) in at least two leads, at the time of implantation of the defibrillator. The amplitude of J-point elevation had to be at least 1 mm (0.1 mV) above the baseline level,11,12 either as QRS slurring (a smooth transition from the QRS segment to the ST segment) or notching (a positive J deflection inscribed on the S wave) in the inferior lead (II, III, and aVF), lateral lead (I, aVL, and V4 to V6), or both. The anterior precordial leads (V1 to V3) were excluded from the analysis to avoid the inclusion of patients with right ventricular dysplasia or the Brugada syndrome.6,8
On the basis of published guidelines,1,2 patients were classified as having idiopathic ventricular fibrillation if they had no identifiable structural heart disease demonstrated by normal echocardiographic biventricular dimensions and function, no detectable coronary artery disease on coronary angiography or exercise testing, and no known repolarization abnormalities. Case subjects were excluded if they had a QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) of less than 340 msec (short QT interval) or more than 440 msec (long QT interval) at baseline and before arrhythmia.5,9 Patients with the Brugada syndrome, defined as right bundle-branch block and ST-segment elevation (>0.2 mV) in precordial leads V1 to V3, without intervention or following infusion of a sodium-channel blocker,8,10 were also excluded. In addition, patients with catecholaminergic arrhythmias, defined as arrhythmias during catecholamine infusion or exercise testing, were excluded.
We assessed the prevalence and amplitude of early repolarization in a control group of 412 consecutive subjects. This population was composed of health care professionals with normal echocardiographic biventricular dimensions and function and no history of syncope. Global frequency matching was used for the distribution of known confounding factors (age, sex, race, and level of physical activity).
Data Collection
We collected the following clinical data: a history of unexplained syncope, circumstances of sudden cardiac arrest, a family history of unexplained sudden death (at <60 years of age), the level of physical activity (>10 hours or ≤10 hours of activity a week), results on signal-averaged electrocardiography (both standard amplification and high amplification), and results of pharmacological testing and invasive electrophysiological testing. Electrocardiographic readings were measured with the use of automated online software and were verified manually. The QTc interval was calculated after correction for heart rate with Bazett's formula.
Electrophysiological Study
We performed electrophysiological testing with the use of multielectrode catheters introduced percutaneously through the femoral vessels. Programmed ventricular stimulation was performed with the use of a maximum of two or three ventricular extrastimuli from two separate ventricular sites. Ventricular fibrillation was considered to be inducible if it lasted for more than 30 seconds or required electrical cardioversion. No subject had inducible monomorphic ventricular tachycardia.
In case subjects with recurrent ventricular fibrillation despite the administration of antiarrhythmic drugs, catheter ablation that targeted the initiating ventricular ectopy was performed as described previously.14 Such ectopy was localized by mapping the earliest electrical activity, either Purkinje or myocardial, relative to the onset of the QRS complex. Ablation was performed with the use of radiofrequency energy.
Therapy and Follow-up
All case subjects received an implantable defibrillator that provided accurate information on recurrence of ventricular fibrillation. The subjects were seen routinely every 6 to 12 months for clinical review and device interrogation or as necessary in the event of the onset of symptoms or device discharges. In subjects with recurrent arrhythmias, the choice of antiarrhythmic drugs was made by individual physicians.
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were reported as means ±SD or medians (with 25th and 75th percentiles), as appropriate. A comparison between the two groups was performed with Student's t-test or the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test, as appropriate, and with Student's t-test for paired data. Categorical variables were compared with Fisher's exact test. The prevalence of early repolarization was compared between case subjects and control subjects with the use of logistic-regression analysis (reported as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals) and was adjusted for matching variables. The number of recurrences of ventricular fibrillation was compared with the use of the Wilcoxon test, and the recurrence rate was assessed with the use of actuarial curves. Hazard ratios from Cox proportional-hazards models were used to estimate the relative risk associated with early repolarization. All tests were two-tailed, and a P value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
Results
Early Repolarization
The group of case subjects with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation included 123 men and 83 women with a mean age of 36±11 years. The control group included 412 persons who were well matched for age (36±12 years), sex (270 men and 142 women), race (380 white, 27 Asian, and 5 black), and physical activity (44 subjects engaged in more than 10 hours of activity weekly).
Early repolarization occurred in 64 case subjects (31%), as compared with 21 control subjects (5%, P<0.001) and was greater in magnitude in case subjects than in control subjects (J-point elevation, 2.0±0.9 mm vs. 1.2±0.4 mm; P<0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, race, and level of physical activity, the odds ratio for the presence of early repolarization in case subjects, as compared with control subjects, was 10.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.3 to 18.9).
Case subjects with early repolarization were more likely to be male, to have a history of unexplained syncope or sudden cardiac arrest during sleep, and to have a shorter QTc interval than those without early repolarization. The characteristics of the case subjects are summarized in Table 1Table 1
Characteristics of the Case Subjects..At baseline, early repolarization was present in the inferior lead in 28 subjects, in the lateral lead in 6 subjects, and in both inferior and lateral leads in 30 subjects (Figure 1Figure 1
Baseline Electrocardiograms from Four Case Subjects.). This pattern was considered repolarization rather than late depolarization because of its slower inscription, spontaneous fluctuation in morphologic pattern or amplitude in the face of stable QRS complexes, and amplitude varying concurrently with ST segment. The absence of late potentials on high-amplification electrocardiography further supported a repolarization pattern (Table 1). This pattern occurred in isolation or was followed by negative T-wave elevation or discrete ST-segment elevation (horizontal or displaying upward concavity). Electrocardiograms that had been obtained weeks to years before sudden cardiac arrest were available for 22 subjects and showed the pattern of early repolarization (as defined above).Electrocardiography was performed during an arrhythmic period (including frequent ventricular ectopy and episodes of ventricular fibrillation) in 18 subjects, and all studies showed a consistent increase in the amplitude of early repolarization, as compared with baseline (Figure 2Figure 2
Electrocardiograms from Three Case Subjects with Early Repolarization Associated with Ventricular Fibrillation.). The J-point amplitude increased from 2.6±1 mm to 4.1±2 mm (P<0.001). In most of the case subjects, ectopy had a positive QRS morphologic pattern in leads V1 to V2, which indicated an origin from the left ventricle and a short coupling interval initiating ventricular fibrillation (mean, 326±41 msec; range, 260 to 400).Exercise testing or the infusion of isoproterenol consistently reduced or eliminated early repolarization. Isoproterenol infused in two subjects during repetitive episodes of ventricular fibrillation eliminated all arrhythmias when the sinus heart rate was increased above 120 beats per minute. In contrast, beta-blockers accentuated repolarization abnormalities. The effects of antiarrhythmic drugs are summarized in Table 2Table 2
Outcome after Initial Aborted Sudden Cardiac Arrest.. Their inefficacy led to attempts at catheter ablation of ventricular premature beats, which triggered ventricular fibrillation in some subjects.Origin of Ectopy in Early Repolarization
Mapping was performed in eight case subjects. In two case subjects, mapping of both ventricles did not show results during ventricular depolarization that were coincident with a wide terminal QRS abnormality, confirming that the latter was related to repolarization. A total of 26 ectopic patterns were mapped either to the ventricular myocardium (16 patterns) or to Purkinje tissue (10 patterns). In six subjects with early repolarization recorded only in inferior leads, all ectopy originated from the inferior ventricular wall. In two subjects with widespread early repolarization, as recorded by both inferior and lateral leads, ectopy originated from multiple regions. Catheter ablation eliminated all ectopy in five subjects and did not eliminate the condition in three subjects.
Outcome in Case Subjects
Table 2 summarizes the outcome during a mean period of 61±50 months (median, 51 months; interquartile range, 19 to 90) after the initial event, with no case subject lost to follow-up. Arrhythmic recurrences were more frequent in subjects with early repolarization than in those without such repolarization (41% vs. 23%). The hazard ratio for recurrence was 2.1 (95% CI, 1.2 to 3.5; P=0.008), even after adjustment for sex (Figure 3Figure 3
Actuarial Curves for Case Subjects, According to the Presence or Absence of Early Repolarization.). The three subjects with the highest J-point elevation (>5 mm) had more than 50 episodes of ventricular fibrillation, leading to death in one. Four subjects with multiple episodes were treated with quinidine, which diminished the repolarization abnormality and eliminated arrhythmia recurrences.Discussion
Sudden cardiac arrest from arrhythmia may occur in persons who do not have structural heart disease or evident electrocardiographic abnormalities during sinus rhythm. In our study, such case subjects had a significantly higher prevalence of early repolarization than control subjects, in whom the prevalence was similar to that among healthy subjects in studies reported previously.11-13 In nearly one third of case subjects, electrocardiograms obtained before cardiac arrest were available, and they showed early repolarization, which indicated that this abnormality could not be the result of the trauma of sudden cardiac arrest, resuscitation efforts, or drugs used for resuscitation.
It is unlikely that this abnormality is simply more common among the survivors of cardiac arrest than among nonsurvivors, because the single most important factor determining successful resuscitation is access to prompt defibrillation.15 This electrocardiographic pattern was also associated with an increased incidence of recurrent ventricular arrhythmias during follow-up with defibrillator monitoring.
Our results suggest a relationship between early repolarization and sudden cardiac arrest, a conclusion that is at odds with the seemingly benign nature of this common phenomenon. First, this finding may be due to the definition of early repolarization, since we specifically included abnormalities in the inferolateral leads, whereas the broad traditional definition of early repolarization involves varying amplitude, configuration, and extent of the electrocardiographic patterns, most commonly in the right precordial leads. Second, few of the case subjects in our study belonged to subgroups that have a high prevalence of early repolarization (e.g., athletes and blacks), which suggested that cofactors influence the association with sudden cardiac arrest. Third, the benign nature of early repolarization is challenged by experimental findings indicating the presence of a form of transmural electrical heterogeneity, which can be dramatically amplified under certain conditions (the use of specific drugs and various levels of autonomic tone and electrolytes) resulting in malignant arrhythmias.13 The potential arrhythmogenicity is thus dependent on defective modulation of repolarization, which is in accordance with the dynamic changes temporally related to arrhythmias that we observed in our case subjects.
The link between this electrocardiographic pattern and malignant arrhythmias is supported by both the accentuated repolarization before the onset of arrhythmia in the case subjects and the origin of triggering beats from the region of early repolarization. Quinidine, which has been shown to restore transmural electrical homogeneity and abort arrhythmic activity in this condition,13 diminished the electrocardiographic pattern and eliminated recurrent arrhythmias in four subjects.
Finally, although to our knowledge no multicenter study has specifically examined the association between early repolarization and sudden cardiac arrest, anecdotal reports (mostly from Southeast Asia) have described patients who had sudden cardiac arrest associated with abnormal J waves.16-23 The repolarization abnormality that is recorded by inferolateral leads, as described in our report, may be a marker of underlying electrical vulnerability that increases the risk of fatal arrhythmias under conditions that need to be investigated. These conditions include the presence of genetic defects related to cardiac ion channels, as suggested by the fact that 10 of our case subjects had a family history of sudden cardiac arrest.
These findings are potentially relevant to the assessment of patients with syncope or a family history of sudden death. Arrhythmias that are related to a repolarization abnormality may be responsible for a proportion of unexplained deaths, predominantly in young men, as reported previously.24-26 Such arrhythmias may also be responsible for some undiagnosed causes of syncope that have been reported to increase the risk of premature death.27
The results of our study, which require confirmation by other investigators, have several limitations. Although the cohort included subjects with strictly defined common features, data collection was not uniform among centers. In our study population, we had no subjects with structural heart disease and few athletes or blacks, so the results may not apply to these subgroups. Most important, although our results suggest that early repolarization is a marker of a disorder associated with malignant arrhythmias, natural-history studies predict a benign course for most of these patients. Further research is required to identify factors that modulate underlying arrhythmogenicity and to predict which patients are at risk.
In conclusion, this multicenter study showed a higher-than-expected prevalence of early repolarization (as seen on inferolateral leads) in patients younger than 60 years of age who had idiopathic ventricular fibrillation that caused syncope and sudden cardiac arrest.
Dr. Haïssaguerre reports receiving grant support from Biosense Webster; Dr. Sacher, grant support from Medtronic and Guidant; Dr. Deisenhofer, lecture fees from Bard; Dr. Nogami, lecture fees from Medtronic, Guidant, and St. Jude Medical and grant support from the Japanese Ministry of Health; Dr. De Chillou, lecture fees from St. Jude Medical, Sanofi-Aventis, 3M, Biosense Webster, and Bard; Dr. Mabo, grant support from Medtronic, Sorin, St. Jude Medical, and Guidant; Dr. Schlaepfer, lecture fees from MSD, Medtronic, and Sanofi-Aventis; Dr. Lacroix, lecture fees from Biosense Webster, Medtronic, Servier, and Vitatron; Dr. O'Neill, lecture fees from Biosense Webster; Dr. Hocini, lecture fees from Bard; Dr. Veenhuyzen, lecture fees from Biosense Webster and Merck; Dr. Bordachar, consulting fees from Sorin; Dr. Jais, lecture fees from Biosense Webster and St. Jude Medical; and Dr. Clémenty, consulting fees from Medtronic and Sorin. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Source Information
From the Université Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Bordeaux-Pessac (M.Haïssaguerre, N.D., F.S., S.M., M. Hocini, K.T.L., S.K., P.B., P.J., G. Coureau, G. Chene, J.C.), and Centres Hospitaliers Universitaires of Strasbourg (L.J., M.C.), Montpellier (J.-L.P.), Tours (D.B.), Nancy (C.D.C.), Caen (P.S.), Rennes (P.M.), Nantes (V.P., S.L.S.), Grenoble (P.D.), Lille (D. Lacroix), Clermont-Ferrand (D. Lamaison), Paris (T.L.), and Rouen (F.A.) — all in France; Herzzentrum, Munich (I.D.), and Eppendorf Hospital, Hamburg (T.R.) — both in Germany; Clinique de Mont Godinne, Louvain, Belgium (L.R.); Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama (A.N.), and Niigata University School, Niigata (Y.A.) — both in Japan; Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (S.Y.-M.); Centre Hospitalier, Lausanne, Switzerland (J.S.); Orebro Hospital, Orebro, Sweden (A.E.); St. Mary Hospital, London (M.O.); and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary (G.D.V.), and London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON (G.J.K.) — both in Canada.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Haïssaguerre at Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, 33604 Bordeaux-Pessac, France, or at michel.haissaguerre@chu-bordeaux.fr.
- References
References
1
Zipes DP ,Wellens HJJ . Sudden cardiac death. Circulation 1998;98:2334-2351
Web of Science | Medline2
Survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with apparently normal heart: need for definition and standardized clinical evaluation: consensus statement of the Joint Steering Committees of the Unexplained Cardiac Registry of Europe and of the Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation Registry of the United States. Circulation 1997;95:265-272
Web of Science | Medline3
Huikuri HV ,Castellanos A ,Myerburg RJ . Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1473-1482
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline4
Wellens HJJ ,Lemery R ,Smeets JL , et al. Sudden arrhythmic death without overt heart disease. Circulation 1992;85:Suppl 1:I-925
Moss AJ ,Schwartz PJ ,Crampton RS ,Locati E ,Carleen A . The long QT syndrome: a prospective international study. Circulation 1985;71:17-21
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Corrado D ,Basso C ,Thiene G . Sudden cardiac death in young people with apparently normal heart. Cardiovasc Res 2001;50:399-408
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline7
Viskin S ,Belhassen B . Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Am Heart J 1990;120:661-671
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Brugada J ,Brugada R ,Brugada P . Right bundle-branch block and ST-segment elevation in leads V1 through V3: a marker for sudden death in patients without demonstrable structural heart disease. Circulation 1998;97:457-460
Web of Science | Medline9
Gaita F ,Giustetto C ,Bianchi F , et al. Short QT syndrome: a familial cause of sudden death. Circulation 2003;108:965-970
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Antzelevitch C ,Brugada P ,Borgreffe M , et al. Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association. Circulation 2005;111:659-670[Erratum, Circulation 2005;112(4):e74.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Klatsky AL ,Oehm R ,Cooper RA ,Udalstova N ,Armstrong MA . The early repolarization normal variant electrocardiogram: correlates and consequences. Am J Med 2003;115:171-177
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Mehta M ,Jain AC ,Mehta A . Early repolarization. Clin Cardiol 1999;22:59-65
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Gussak I ,Antzelevitch C . Early repolarization syndrome: clinical characteristics and possible cellular and ionic mechanisms. J Electrocardiol 2000;33:299-309
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Haissaguerre M ,Shoda M ,Jais P , et al. Mapping and ablation of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 2002;106:962-967
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Eisenberg MS ,Mengert TJ . Cardiac resuscitation. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1304-1313
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline16
Otto CM ,Tauxe RV ,Cobb LA , et al. Ventricular fibrillation causes sudden death in Southeast Asian immigrants. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:45-47
Web of Science | Medline17
Aizawa Y ,Tamura M ,Chinushi M , et al. Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and bradycardia-dependent intraventricular block. Am Heart J 1993;126:1473-1474
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Garg A ,Finneran W ,Feld KF . Familial sudden death associated with a terminal QRS abnormality on surface 12-lead electrocardiogram in the index case. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998;9:642-647
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Kalla H ,Yan GX ,Marinchak R . Ventricular fibrillation in a patient with prominent J (Osborn) waves and ST segment elevation in the inferior electrocardiographic leads: a Brugada syndrome variant? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000;11:95-98
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Takagi M ,Aihara N ,Takaki H , et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with spontaneous or inducible ventricular fibrillation without apparent heart disease presenting with J wave and ST-segment elevation in inferior leads. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000;11:844-848
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Daimon M ,Inagaki M ,Morooka S , et al. Brugada syndrome characterized by the appearance of J waves. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23:405-406
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Takeuchi T ,Nato N ,Kawamura Y , et al. A case of a short-coupled variant of torsades de pointes with electrical storm. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003;26:632-636
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Shinohara T ,Takahashi N ,Saikawa T ,Yoshimatsu H . Characterization of J wave in a patient with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2006;3:1082-1084
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Loire R ,Tabib A . Unexpected sudden cardiac death: an evaluation of 1000 autopsies. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1996;89:13-18
Medline25
Behr ER ,Casey A ,Sheppard M , et al. Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome: a national survey of sudden unexplained cardiac death. Heart 2007;93:601-605
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Tester DJ ,Ackerman MJ . Postmortem long QT genetic testing for sudden unexplained death in the young. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:240-246
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
Soteriades ES ,Evans JC ,Larson MG , et al. Incidence and prognosis of syncope. N Engl J Med 2002;347:878-885
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (163)
Citing Articles
1
J. Pei, N. Li, Y. Gao, Z. Wang, X. Li, Y. Zhang, J. Chen, P. Zhang, K. Cao, J. Pu. (2012) The J wave and fragmented QRS complexes in inferior leads associated with sudden cardiac death in patients with chronic heart failure. Europace
CrossRef2
John R. Giudicessi, Michael J. Ackerman. (2012) Potassium-channel mutations and cardiac arrhythmias—diagnosis and therapy. Nature Reviews Cardiology
CrossRef3
Nobue Yagihara, Akinori Sato, Kenichi Iijima, Daisuke Izumi, Hiroshi Furushima, Hiroshi Watanabe, Tadanobu Irie, Yoshiaki Kaneko, Masahiko Kurabayashi, Masaomi Chinushi, Masahito Satou, Yoshifusa Aizawa. (2012) The prevalence of early repolarization in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with a special reference to J waves and the effects of catheter ablation. Journal of Electrocardiology 45:1, 36-42
CrossRef4
Yoshifusa Aizawa, Marek Jastrzebski, Takuya Ozawa, Kalina Kawecka-Jaszcz, Piotr Kukla, Wataru Mitsuma, Masaomi Chinushi, Toru Ida, Yoshiyasu Aizawa, Kenji Ojima, Minoru Tagawa, Satoru Fujita, Masaaki Okabe, Keiichi Tsuchida, Yasushi Miyakita, Hiroshi Shimizu, Shogo Ito, Tsutomu Imaizumi, Ken Toba. (2012) Characteristics of electrocardiographic repolarization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by ventricular fibrillation. Journal of Electrocardiology
CrossRef5
Hiro Kawata, Takashi Noda, Yuko Yamada, Hideo Okamura, Kazuhiro Satomi, Takeshi Aiba, Hiroshi Takaki, Naohiko Aihara, Mitsuaki Isobe, Shiro Kamakura, Wataru Shimizu. (2012) Effect of sodium-channel blockade on early repolarization in inferior/lateral leads in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm 9:1, 77-83
CrossRef6
P. Maury, F. Sacher, A. Rollin, A. Duparc, P. Mondoly, V. Probst. (2012) Ventricular fibrillation in loop recorder memories in a patient with early repolarization syndrome. Europace 14:1, 148-149
CrossRef7
Laszlo Littmann, József Tenczer. (2012) Widening spectrum of the J-wave syndromes. Journal of Electrocardiology 45:1, 23-25
CrossRef8
Akashi Miyamoto, Hideki Hayashi, Tomohide Yoshino, Tamiro Kawaguchi, Atsushi Taniguchi, Hideki Itoh, Yoshihisa Sugimoto, Makoto Itoh, Takeru Makiyama, Joel Q. Xue, Yoshitaka Murakami, Minoru Horie. (2012) Clinical and electrocardiographic characteristics of patients with short QT interval in a large hospital-based population. Heart Rhythm 9:1, 66-74
CrossRef9
Manlio F. Márquez. (2012) New observations on the “early repolarization syndrome”. Heart Rhythm 9:1, 84-85
CrossRef10
TAKUYA MYOJO, NOBUYUKI SATO, MOTOKI MATSUKI, OSAMU TANIGUCHI, HIDEKI NAKAMURA, NAOYUKI HASEBE. (2012) An Acute Myocardial Infarction Case that Survived An Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Which Prominent Ischemic J Waves Were Documented. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 35:1, e27-e30
CrossRef11
Arthur A.M. Wilde. (2012) “J-wave syndromes” bring the ATP-sensitive potassium channel back in the spotlight. Heart Rhythm
CrossRef12
R. Bastiaenen, E. R. Behr. (2012) Benign or malignant, early or delayed: the changing face of early repolarization. Europace 14:1, 5-7
CrossRef13
ANDREW D. KRAHN, JEFFREY S. HEALEY, CHRISTOPHER S. SIMPSON, VIJAY S. CHAUHAN, DAVID H. BIRNIE, JEAN CHAMPAGNE, MARTIN GARDNER, SHUBHAYAN SANATANI, SANTABHANU CHAKRABARTI, RAYMOND YEE, ALLAN C. SKANES, PETER LEONG-SIT, KAMRAN AHMAD, MICHAEL H. GOLLOB, GEORGE J. KLEIN, LORNE J. GULA, ROBERT S. SHELDON. (2012) Sentinel Symptoms in Patients with Unexplained Cardiac Arrest: From the Cardiac Arrest Survivors with Preserved Ejection Fraction Registry (CASPER). Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 23:1, 60-66
CrossRef14
JCS Joint Working Group. (2012) Guidelines for Risks and Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death (JCS 2010). Circulation Journal 76:2, 489-507
CrossRef15
Anthony N. DeMaria, Jeroen J. Bax, Ori Ben-Yehuda, Gregory K. Feld, Barry H. Greenberg, Jennifer Hall, Mark Hlatky, Wilbur Y.W. Lew, Joao A.C. Lima, Alan S. Maisel, Sanjiv M. Narayan, Steven Nissen, David J. Sahn, Sotirios Tsimikas. (2012) Highlights of the Year in JACC 2011. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 59:5, 503-537
CrossRef16
K. P. Letsas, C. Charalampous, P. Korantzopoulos, S. Tsikrikas, D. Bramos, G. Kollias, M. Efremidis, A. Sideris. (2011) Novel indexes of heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization in subjects with early repolarization pattern. Europace
CrossRef17
K. A. Olson, A. J. Viera, E. Z. Soliman, R. S. Crow, W. D. Rosamond. (2011) Long-term prognosis associated with J-point elevation in a large middle-aged biracial cohort: the ARIC study. European Heart Journal 32:24, 3098-3106
CrossRef18
Mikiko Nakagawa, Kaori Ezaki, Hiroko Miyazaki, Osamu Wakisaka, Tetsuji Shinohara, Yasushi Teshima, Kunio Yufu, Naohiko Takahashi, Tetsunori Saikawa. (2011) Electrocardiographic characteristics of patients with false tendon: Possible association of false tendon with J waves. Heart Rhythm
CrossRef19
Sandra Picard, Sonia Goineau, Philippe Guillaume, Joël Henry, Jean-Luc Hanouz, René Rouet. (2011) Supplemental Studies for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Safety Pharmacology: A Critical Overview. Cardiovascular Toxicology 11:4, 285-307
CrossRef20
Salvatore Rosanio, Ernst R. Schwarz, David L. Ware, Antonio Vitarelli. (2011) Syncope in adults: Systematic review and proposal of a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm. International Journal of Cardiology
CrossRef21
Rajesh N. Subbiah, Peter Leong-Sit, Lorne J. Gula, Allan C. Skanes, James A. White, Raymond Yee, George J. Klein, Andrew D. Krahn. (2011) Evaluation of the Young Patient Resuscitated from Ventricular Fibrillation. Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics 3:4, 593-608
CrossRef22
Samuel Lévy, Pascal Sbragia. (2011) ECG repolarization syndrome abnormalities (J wave syndromes) and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology 32:3, 181-186
CrossRef23
Ashok J. Shah, Shinsuke Miyazaki, Amir S. Jadidi, Daniel Scherr, Stephen B. Wilton, Laurent Roten, Patrizio Pascale, Michala Pedersen, Nicolas Derval, Sebastien Knecht, Frederic Sacher, Pierre Jais, Michel Haissaguerre, Meleze Hocini. (2011) Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Fibrillation Storms: Will this Replace Defibrillators?. Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics 3:4, 689-695
CrossRef24
William F. McIntyre, Andrés Ricardo Pérez-Riera, Francisco Femenía, Adrian Baranchuk. (2011) Coexisting early repolarization pattern and Brugada syndrome: recognition of potentially overlapping entities. Journal of Electrocardiology
CrossRef25
Mohit K. Turagam, Poonam Velagapudi, Abraham G. Kocheril. (2011) Early Repolarization on Electrocardiogram: Benign or Not?. The American Journal of Cardiology 108:12, 1841
CrossRef26
Chandana Adhikarla, Madhavi Boga, Alexander D. Wood, Victor F. Froelicher. (2011) Natural History of the Electrocardiographic Pattern of Early Repolarization in Ambulatory Patients. The American Journal of Cardiology 108:12, 1831-1835
CrossRef27
Cabot, Richard C.Harris, Nancy Lee, Shepard, Jo-Anne O., Rosenberg, Eric S., Cort, Alice M., Ebeling, Sally H.Peters, Christine C., Senecal, Emily L., Rosenfield, Kenneth, Caldera, Angel E., Passeri, Jonathan J., . (2011) Case 36-2011. New England Journal of Medicine 365:21, 2021-2028
Full Text28
Hector Barajas-Martínez, Dan Hu, Tania Ferrer, Carlos G. Onetti, Yuesheng Wu, Elena Burashnikov, Madalene Boyle, Tyler Surman, Janire Urrutia, Christian Veltmann, Rainer Schimpf, Martin Borggrefe, Christian Wolpert, Bassiema B. Ibrahim, José Antonio Sánchez-Chapula, Stephen Winters, Michel Haïssaguerre, Charles Antzelevitch. (2011) Molecular genetic and functional association of Brugada and early repolarization syndromes with S422L missense mutation in KCNJ8. Heart Rhythm
CrossRef29
Marco V. Perez, Abhimanyu Uberoi, Nikhil A. Jain, Euan Ashley, Mintu P. Turakhia, Victor Froelicher. (2011) The prognostic value of early repolarization with ST-segment elevation in African Americans. Heart Rhythm
CrossRef30
Sami Viskin, Raphael Rosso, Amir Halkin. (2011) Making sense of early repolarization. Heart Rhythm
CrossRef31
A. Sato, Y. Tanabe, M. Chinushi, Y. Hayashi, T. Yoshida, E. Ito, D. Izumi, K. Iijima, N. Yagihara, H. Watanabe, H. Furushima, Y. Aizawa. (2011) Analysis of J waves during myocardial ischaemia. Europace
CrossRef32
Gaetano A. Lanza. (2011) The Early Repolarization Pattern: What's in the Name?. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:17, 1829-1830
CrossRef33
Mao Chen, Wei Wang, De-jia Huang, Yuan-ning Xu. (2011) A familial case of malignant early repolarization. International Journal of Cardiology 152:1, e12-e13
CrossRef34
Leonard Ilkhanoff, Bradley P. Knight. (2011) Drug challenge with sodium-channel blockade: Improving phenotypic characterization of early repolarization. Heart Rhythm
CrossRef35
Philippe Maury, Frederic Sacher. (2011) The slowest, the worst: Demonstrating the evidence. Heart Rhythm
CrossRef36
Martin M. Zdanowicz, Launa M. J. Lynch. (2011) Teaching the Pharmacology of Antiarrhythmic Drugs. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 75:7, 139
CrossRef37
Troy Leo, Abhimanyu Uberoi, Nikhil A Jain, Daniel Garza, Shilpy Chowdhury, James V Freeman, Marco Perez, Euan Ashley, Victor Froelicher. (2011) The Impact of ST Elevation on Athletic Screening. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 21:5, 433-440
CrossRef38
Henry D. Huang, Yochai Birnbaum. (2011) ST elevation: differentiation between ST elevation myocardial infarction and nonischemic ST elevation. Journal of Electrocardiology 44:5, 494.e1-494.e12
CrossRef39
Ashish K Govil, Mohit D Gupta, MP Girish, Sanjay Tyagi. (2011) Prediction and Prevention in Sudden Cardiac Death. Apollo Medicine 8:3, 228-237
CrossRef40
Raphael Rosso, Eran Glikson, Bernard Belhassen, Amos Katz, Amir Halkin, Arie Steinvil, Sami Viskin. (2011) Distinguishing “benign” from “malignant early repolarization”: The value of the ST-segment morphology. Heart Rhythm
CrossRef41
Mark G. Hoogendijk, Mark Potse, Ruben Coronel. (2011) Early repolarization patterns: The good, the bad, and the ugly?. Heart Rhythm
CrossRef42
Laurent Roten, Nicolas Derval, Fréderic Sacher, Patrizio Pascale, Stephen B. Wilton, Daniel Scherr, Ashok Shah, Michala E.F. Pedersen, Amir S. Jadidi, Shinsuke Miyazaki, Sebastien Knecht, Mélèze Hocini, Pierre Jaïs, Michel Haïssaguerre. (2011) Ajmaline attenuates electrocardiogram characteristics of inferolateral early repolarization. Heart Rhythm
CrossRef43
Koichi Mizumaki, Kunihiro Nishida, Jotaro Iwamoto, Yosuke Nakatani, Yoshiaki Yamaguchi, Tamotsu Sakamoto, Takayuki Tsuneda, Naoya Kataoka, Hiroshi Inoue. (2011) Vagal activity modulates spontaneous augmentation of J-wave elevation in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Heart Rhythm
CrossRef44
K. Mizumaki, K. Nishida, J. Iwamoto, Y. Nakatani, Y. Yamaguchi, T. Sakamoto, T. Tsuneda, H. Inoue, M. Sakabe, A. Fujiki. (2011) Early repolarization in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: prevalence and clinical significance. Europace 13:8, 1195-1200
CrossRef45
Reginald Liew. (2011) Electrocardiogram-Based Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Clinical Cardiology 34:8, 466-473
CrossRef46
Mark S. Link, Derek V. Exner, Mark Anderson, Michael Ackerman, Amin Al-Ahmad, Bradley P. Knight, Steven M. Markowitz, Elizabeth S. Kaufman, David Haines, Samuel J. Asirvatham, David J. Callans, J. Paul Mounsey, Frank Bogun, Sanjiv M. Narayan, Andrew D. Krahn, Suneet Mittal, Jagmeet Singh, John D. Fisher, Sumeet S. Chugh. (2011) HRS Policy Statement: Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology Fellowship Curriculum: Update 2011. Heart Rhythm 8:8, 1340-1356
CrossRef47
R. K. Crisel, R. Farzaneh-Far, B. Na, M. A. Whooley. (2011) First-degree atrioventricular block is associated with heart failure and death in persons with stable coronary artery disease: data from the Heart and Soul Study. European Heart Journal 32:15, 1875-1880
CrossRef48
Nicolas Derval, Christopher S. Simpson, David H. Birnie, Jeffrey S. Healey, Vijay Chauhan, Jean Champagne, Martin Gardner, Shubhayan Sanatani, Raymond Yee, Allan C. Skanes, Lorne J. Gula, Peter Leong-Sit, Kamran Ahmad, Michael H. Gollob, Michel Haïssaguerre, George J. Klein, Andrew D. Krahn. (2011) Prevalence and Characteristics of Early Repolarization in the CASPER Registry. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:7, 722-728
CrossRef49
M. J. Ackerman, S. G. Priori, S. Willems, C. Berul, R. Brugada, H. Calkins, A. J. Camm, P. T. Ellinor, M. Gollob, R. Hamilton, R. E. Hershberger, D. P. Judge, H. Le Marec, W. J. McKenna, E. Schulze-Bahr, C. Semsarian, J. A. Towbin, H. Watkins, A. Wilde, C. Wolpert, D. P. Zipes. (2011) HRS/EHRA Expert Consensus Statement on the State of Genetic Testing for the Channelopathies and Cardiomyopathies: This document was developed as a partnership between the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Europace 13:8, 1077-1109
CrossRef50
Michael J. Ackerman, Silvia G. Priori, Stephan Willems, Charles Berul, Ramon Brugada, Hugh Calkins, A. John Camm, Patrick T. Ellinor, Michael Gollob, Robert Hamilton, Ray E. Hershberger, Daniel P. Judge, Hervè Le Marec, William J. McKenna, Eric Schulze-Bahr, Chris Semsarian, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Hugh Watkins, Arthur Wilde, Christian Wolpert, Douglas P. Zipes. (2011) HRS/EHRA Expert Consensus Statement on the State of Genetic Testing for the Channelopathies and Cardiomyopathies. Heart Rhythm 8:8, 1308-1339
CrossRef51
M. Juhani Junttila, Agustin Castellanos, Heikki V. Huikuri, Robert J. Myerburg. (2011) Risk markers of sudden cardiac death in standard 12-lead electrocardiograms. Annals of Medicine1-16
CrossRef52
A. Raviele, F. Giada, L. Bergfeldt, J. J. Blanc, C. Blomstrom-Lundqvist, L. Mont, J. M. Morgan, M. J. P. Raatikainen, G. Steinbeck, S. Viskin, , P. Kirchhof, F. Braunschweig, M. Borggrefe, M. Hocini, P. D. Bella, D. C. Shah. (2011) Management of patients with palpitations: a position paper from the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace 13:7, 920-934
CrossRef53
Laurence M. Nunn, Justine Bhar-Amato, Martin D. Lowe, Peter W. Macfarlane, Pauline Rogers, William J. McKenna, Perry M. Elliott, Pier D. Lambiase. (2011) Prevalence of J-Point Elevation in Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome Families. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:3, 286-290
CrossRef54
Tiesheng Niu, Peng Fu, Chenhong Jia, Yaling Dong, Chunyu Liang, Qian Cao, Zhiyong Yang, Rao Fu, Xingang Zhang, Zhaoqing Sun. (2011) The delayed activation wave in non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. International Journal of Cardiology
CrossRef55
Ad. Kane, P. Defaye, P. Jacon, A. Mbaye, J. Machecourt. (2011) Une tachycardie ventriculaire (TV) fasciculaire maligne dégénérant en fibrillation ventriculaire (FV) associée à un syndrome de repolarisation précoce. Annales de Cardiologie et d'Angéiologie
CrossRef56
Raphael Rosso, Arnon Adler, Amir Halkin, Sami Viskin. (2011) Risk of sudden death among young individuals with J waves and early repolarization: Putting the evidence into perspective. Heart Rhythm 8:6, 923-929
CrossRef57
P. D. Lambiase. (2011) Cardiogenetic screening of first-degree relatives after sudden cardiac death in the young: a population-based approach. Europace 13:5, 608-609
CrossRef58
Elsayed Z. Soliman, Mostafa Abd Elsalam, Yabing Li. (2011) Early repolarization and markers of ventricular arrhythmogenesis in patients referred to ambulatory 24-hour ECG recording. International Journal of Cardiology
CrossRef59
Nagesh Chopra, Björn C Knollmann. (2011) Genetics of sudden cardiac death syndromes. Current Opinion in Cardiology 26:3, 196-203
CrossRef60
SAMEER MEHROTRA, RAJNISH JUNEJA, NITISH NAIK, BEHZAD B. PAVRI. (2011) Successful Use of Quinine in the Treatment of Electrical Storm in a Child with Brugada Syndrome. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 22:5, 594-597
CrossRef61
Satomi Nagao, Yuka Hayashi, Nobue Yagihara, Akinori Sato, Hiroshi Watanabe, Hiroshi Furushima, Masaomi Chinushi, Yoshifusa Aizawa. (2011) Preexcitation unmasks J waves: 2 cases. Journal of Electrocardiology 44:3, 359-362
CrossRef62
2011. Arrhythmias in Different Heart Diseases and Situations. , 360-385.
CrossRef63
2011. Other ECG Patterns of Risk. , 338-359.
CrossRef64
2011. Active Ventricular Arrhythmias. , 181-229.
CrossRef65
2011. Inherited Heart Diseases. , 295-337.
CrossRef66
Shlomo Stern. (2011) Clinical Aspects of the Early Repolarization Syndrome: A 2011 Update. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 16:2, 192-195
CrossRef67
Borys Surawicz, Peter W. Macfarlane. (2011) Inappropriate and Confusing Electrocardiographic Terms. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 57:15, 1584-1586
CrossRef68
Charles Antzelevitch, Gan-Xin Yan, Sami Viskin. (2011) Rationale for the Use of the Terms J-Wave Syndromes and Early Repolarization. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 57:15, 1587-1590
CrossRef69
Charles Antzelevitch, Alexander Burashnikov. (2011) Overview of Basic Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmia. Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics 3:1, 23-45
CrossRef70
Dongqi Wang, Gan-Xin Yan, Charles Antzelevitch. (2011) The J Wave Syndromes and Their Role in Sudden Cardiac Death. Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics 3:1, 47-56
CrossRef71
Christian Dina. (2011) Of 508 Mice and 40,000 Humans. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 50:3, 377-379
CrossRef72
MASAOMI CHINUSHI, KANAE HASEGAWA, KENICHI IIJIMA, HIROSHI FURUSHIMA, DAISUKE IZUMI, AKINORI SATO, YOSHIFUSA AIZAWA. (2011) Characteristics of J Wave-Associated Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation: Role of Drugs. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiologyno-no
CrossRef73
Lia Crotti. (2011) Genetic predisposition to sudden cardiac death. Current Opinion in Cardiology 26:1, 46-50
CrossRef74
Hitoshi Kitazawa, Takayuki Wakasugi, Tsutomu Sugimoto, Kazuo Yamamoto, Shinpei Yoshii, Yoshifusa Aizawa. (2011) Evolving J waves Prior to Ventricular Fibrillation Postoperative Coronary Bypass. Internal Medicine 50:20, 2337-2340
CrossRef75
Yoshifusa AIZAWA. (2011) Early Repolarization Revisited. THE JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL ANESTHESIA 31:7, 910-915
CrossRef76
Henri Roukoz, Kyuhyun Wang. (2011) ST Elevation and Inverted T Wave as Another Normal Variant Mimicking Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Prevalence, Age, Gender, and Racial Distribution : ST Elevation as Normal Variant. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 16:1, 64
CrossRef77
Y. Yamashina, T. Yagi, A. Namekawa, A. Ishida, H. Sato, T. Nakagawa, M. Sakuramoto, E. Sato, T. Yambe. (2011) Prevalence and characteristics of idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract arrhythmias associated with J-waves. Europace
CrossRef78
Charles Antzelevitch, Gan-Xin Yan. (2011) J-wave syndromes. From cell to bedside. Journal of Electrocardiology
CrossRef79
Mark G. Hoogendijk, Mark Potse, Alain Vinet, Jacques M.T. de Bakker, Ruben Coronel. (2011) ST segment elevation by current-to-load mismatch: an experimental and computational study. Heart Rhythm 8:1, 111-118
CrossRef80
M. Juhani Junttila, Solomon J. Sager, Monika Freiser, Scott McGonagle, Agustin Castellanos, Robert J. Myerburg. (2010) Inferolateral early repolarization in athletes. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology
CrossRef81
ANTONIO SORGENTE, ANDREA SARKOZY, PEDRO BRUGADA. (2010) J-Wave Disappearance Immediately After an Episode of Ventricular Fibrillation in a Patient With Resuscitated Sudden Cardiac Death and Brugada Syndrome. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 21:12, 1413-1415
CrossRef82
Elena Burashnikov, Ryan Pfeiffer, Héctor Barajas-Martinez, Eva Delpón, Dan Hu, Mayurika Desai, Martin Borggrefe, Michel Häissaguerre, Ronald Kanter, Guido D. Pollevick, Alejandra Guerchicoff, Ruben Laiño, Mark Marieb, Koonlawee Nademanee, Gi-Byoung Nam, Roberto Robles, Rainer Schimpf, Dwight D. Stapleton, Sami Viskin, Stephen Winters, Christian Wolpert, Samuel Zimmern, Christian Veltmann, Charles Antzelevitch. (2010) Mutations in the cardiac L-type calcium channel associated with inherited J-wave syndromes and sudden cardiac death. Heart Rhythm 7:12, 1872-1882
CrossRef83
Arthur A.M. Wilde, Michael J. Ackerman. (2010) Exercise extreme caution when calling rare genetic variants novel arrhythmia syndrome susceptibility mutations. Heart Rhythm 7:12, 1883-1885
CrossRef84
Paramdeep Dhillon, Elijah Behr. 2010. Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome. .
CrossRef85
Akira Ueno, Takeshi Yamamoto, Naoki Sato, Keiji Tanaka. (2010) Ventricular fibrillation associated with early repolarization in a patient with thyroid storm. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology 29:2, 93-96
CrossRef86
Konstantinos P. Letsas, Reinhold Weber, Dietrich Kalusche, Thomas Arentz. (2010) QRS complex abnormalities in subjects with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. International Journal of Cardiology 145:2, 342-345
CrossRef87
Raha Pazoki, Arthur A. M. Wilde, Connie R. Bezzina. (2010) Genetic Basis of Ventricular Arrhythmias. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 4:6, 454-460
CrossRef88
Christian van der Werf, Nynke Hofman, Hanno L. Tan, Pascal F. van Dessel, Marielle Alders, Allard C. van der Wal, Irene M. van Langen, Arthur A.M. Wilde. (2010) Diagnostic yield in sudden unexplained death and aborted cardiac arrest in the young: The experience of a tertiary referral center in The Netherlands. Heart Rhythm 7:10, 1383-1389
CrossRef89
Charles Antzelevitch, Hector Barajas-Martinez. (2010) A gain-of-function IK-ATP mutation and its role in sudden cardiac death associated with J-wave syndromes. Heart Rhythm 7:10, 1472-1474
CrossRef90
Begoña Benito, Eduard Guasch, Lena Rivard, Stanley Nattel. (2010) Clinical and Mechanistic Issues in Early Repolarization. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 56:15, 1177-1186
CrossRef91
Cara N. Pellegrini, Melvin M. Scheinman. (2010) Clinical Management of Ventricular Tachycardia. Current Problems in Cardiology 35:9, 453-504
CrossRef92
Preben Bjerregaard, Hari Nallapaneni, Ihor Gussak. (2010) Short QT interval in clinical practice. Journal of Electrocardiology 43:5, 390-395
CrossRef93
Gregory M. Marcus, Melvin M. Scheinman, Edmund Keung. (2010) The Year in Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 56:8, 667-676
CrossRef94
Edward Duncan, Richard J. Schilling. (2010) Intracoronary ethanol ablation: A novel technique for ablation of ventricular fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 7:8, 1131-1134
CrossRef95
C. Pott, D.G. Dechering, A. Muszynski, J. Köbe, P. Milberg, K. Wasmer, G. Mönnig, L. Eckardt. (2010) Kardiale Ionenkanalerkrankungen. Der Kardiologe 4:4, 295-305
CrossRef96
Matthias Wilhelm, Matthias H. Brem, Christian Rost, Lutz Klinghammer, Friedrich F. Hennig, Werner G. Daniel, Frank Flachskampf. (2010) Early Repolarization, Left Ventricular Diastolic Function, and Left Atrial Size in Professional Soccer Players. The American Journal of Cardiology 106:4, 569-574
CrossRef97
NICOLAS LELLOUCHE, FREDERIC SACHER, PIERRE JORROT, ALAIN CARIOU, CHRISTIAN SPAULDING, AMANDINE AURORE, XAVIER COMBES, JEROME FICHET, EMMANUEL TEIGER, PIERRE JAIS, JEAN-LUC DUBOIS-RANDÉ, MICHEL HAISSAGUERRE. (2010) Sudden Cardiac Arrest: ECG Repolarization After Resuscitation. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiologyno-no
CrossRef98
C. R. Valdivia, A. Medeiros-Domingo, B. Ye, W. K. Shen, T. J. Algiers, M. J. Ackerman, J. C. Makielski. (2010) Loss-of-function mutation of the SCN3B-encoded sodium channel 3 subunit associated with a case of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Cardiovascular Research 86:3, 392-400
CrossRef99
Rachel Bastiaenen, Paula L. Hedley, Michael Christiansen, Elijah R. Behr. (2010) Therapeutic hypothermia and ventricular fibrillation storm in early repolarization syndrome. Heart Rhythm 7:6, 832-834
CrossRef100
Stanley Nattel. (2010) Sudden Cardio Arrest: When normal ECG variants turn lethal. Nature Medicine 16:6, 646-647
CrossRef101
Sami Viskin, Bernard Belhassen, Arthur A. Wilde. (2010) To the Editor—Irreplaceable antiarrhythmic medications are disappearing: the case of quinidine. Heart Rhythm 7:6, 863
CrossRef102
K. Wasmer, J. Köbe, C. Pott, L. Eckardt. (2010) ICD-Therapie zur Primärprävention. Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie 21:2, 117-122
CrossRef103
Nynke Hofman, Laura T van Lochem, Arthur AM Wilde. (2010) Genetic basis of malignant channelopathies and ventricular fibrillation in the structurally normal heart. Future Cardiology 6:3, 395-408
CrossRef104
Atsuko Abe, Takanori Ikeda, Takehiro Tsukada, Haruhisa Ishiguro, Yosuke Miwa, Mutsumi Miyakoshi, Hisaaki Mera, Satoru Yusu, Hideaki Yoshino. (2010) Circadian variation of late potentials in idiopathic ventricular fibrillation associated with J waves: Insights into alternative pathophysiology and risk stratification. Heart Rhythm 7:5, 675-682
CrossRef105
Gil J. Gross. (2010) Early repolarization and ventricular fibrillation: Vagally familiar?. Heart Rhythm 7:5, 653-654
CrossRef106
Hiroshi Watanabe, Takeru Makiyama, Taku Koyama, Prince J. Kannankeril, Shinji Seto, Kazuki Okamura, Hirotaka Oda, Hideki Itoh, Masahiko Okada, Naohito Tanabe, Nobue Yagihara, Shiro Kamakura, Minoru Horie, Yoshifusa Aizawa, Wataru Shimizu. (2010) High prevalence of early repolarization in short QT syndrome. Heart Rhythm 7:5, 647-652
CrossRef107
Charles Antzelevitch, Gan-Xin Yan. (2010) J wave syndromes. Heart Rhythm 7:4, 549-558
CrossRef108
Subham Ghosh, Daniel H. Cooper, Ramya Vijayakumar, Junjie Zhang, Scott Pollak, Michel Haïssaguerre, Yoram Rudy. (2010) Early repolarization associated with sudden death: Insights from noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging. Heart Rhythm 7:4, 534-537
CrossRef109
Javier García-Niebla, Guillem Serra-Autonel, Antonio Bayés de Luna. (2010) Certain Things to Bear in Mind When Recording Electrocardiograms in Subjects With Early Repolarization. The American Journal of Cardiology 105:8, 1202-1203
CrossRef110
Michel Haïssaguerre. (2010) In search of the sources of cardiac fibrillation. EMBO Molecular Medicine 2:4, 117-119
CrossRef111
(2010) Early Repolarization on Electrocardiography. New England Journal of Medicine 362:12, 1148-1148
Full Text112
G.-B. Nam, K.-H. Ko, J. Kim, K.-M. Park, K.-S. Rhee, K.-J. Choi, Y.-H. Kim, C. Antzelevitch. (2010) Mode of onset of ventricular fibrillation in patients with early repolarization pattern vs. Brugada syndrome. European Heart Journal 31:3, 330-339
CrossRef113
Saurav Chatterjee, Nisarg Changawala. (2010) Fragmented QRS Complex: A Novel Marker of Cardiovascular Disease. Clinical Cardiology 33:2, 68-71
CrossRef114
Hideki Hayashi, Akashi Miyamoto, Katsuya Ishida, Tomohide Yoshino, Yoshihisa Sugimoto, Makoto Ito, Minoru Horie. (2010) Prevalence and QT Interval of Early Repolarization in a Hospital-based Population. Journal of Arrhythmia 26:2, 127-133
CrossRef115
Nobue Yagihara, Akinori Sato, Hiroshi Furushima, Masaomi Chinushi, Takashi Hirono, Yoshifusa Aizawa. (2010) Ischemia-Induced Prominent J Waves in a Patient with Brugada Syndrome. Internal Medicine 49:18, 1979-1982
CrossRef116
Xavier Borrás, Nekane Murga, Miquel Fiol, Milagros Pedreira. (2010) Novedades en cardiología clínica: electrocardiografía de superficie, enfermedad vascular y mujer y novedades terapéuticas. Revista Española de Cardiología 63, 3-16
CrossRef117
Anthony N. DeMaria, Jeroen J. Bax, Ori Ben-Yehuda, Gregory K. Feld, Barry H. Greenberg, Jennifer Hall, Mark Hlatky, Wilbur Y.W. Lew, João A.C. Lima, Alan S. Maisel, Sanjiv M. Narayan, Steven Nissen, David J. Sahn, Sotirios Tsimikas. (2010) Highlights of the Year in JACC 2009. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55:4, 380-407
CrossRef118
D. Corrado, A. Pelliccia, H. Heidbuchel, S. Sharma, M. Link, C. Basso, A. Biffi, G. Buja, P. Delise, I. Gussac. (2010) Recommendations for interpretation of 12-lead electrocardiogram in the athlete. European Heart Journal 31:2, 243
CrossRef119
Miguel Á. Arias, Marta Pachón, Alberto Puchol, Eduardo Castellanos. (2010) Electrofisiología cardiaca y arritmias. Revista Española de Cardiología 63, 61-72
CrossRef120
Akihiko Shimizu. (2010) Is This a Philosophic Issue?. Circulation Journal 74:11, 2455-2463
CrossRef121
Kaori Ezaki, Mikiko Nakagawa, Yayoi Taniguchi, Yasuko Nagano, Yasushi Teshima, Kunio Yufu, Naohiko Takahashi, Takeo Nomura, Fuminori Satoh, Hiromitsu Mimata, Tetsunori Saikawa. (2010) Gender Differences in the ST Segment. Circulation Journal 74:11, 2448-2454
CrossRef122
Shiro Kamakura. (2010) Is Early Repolarization Syndrome Different from Brugada Syndrome?. Journal of Arrhythmia 26:3, 155-156
CrossRef123
Shinsuke Miyazaki, Ashok J Shah, Michel Haïssaguerre. (2010) Early Repolarization Syndrome. Circulation Journal 74:10, 2039-2044
CrossRef124
Tikkanen, Jani T., Anttonen, Olli, Junttila, M. Juhani, Aro, Aapo L., Kerola, Tuomas, Rissanen, Harri A., Reunanen, Antti, Huikuri, Heikki V., . (2009) Long-Term Outcome Associated with Early Repolarization on Electrocardiography. New England Journal of Medicine 361:26, 2529-2537
Full Text125
A. P.M. Gorgels. (2009) No value of the ECG in congenital left ventricular aneurysms and diverticula?. Europace 11:12, 1577-1578
CrossRef126
Eitan Nahshoni, Samuel Sclarovsky, Sara Spitzer, Gil Zalsman, Boris Strasberg, Abraham Weizman. (2009) Early Repolarization in Young Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Versus Normal Controls: A Retrospective Preliminary Chart Review Study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 19:6, 731-735
CrossRef127
Michael Efremidis, Konstantinos P. Letsas, Reinhold Weber, Gerasimos Gavrielatos, Gerasimos S. Filippatos, Antonios Sideris, Fotios Kardaras. (2009) Recurrent syncope associated with a distinct ECG pattern consisting of short QT interval, early repolarization and atrioventricular block. Clinical Research in Cardiology 98:12, 807-810
CrossRef128
William M. Suh, Steven J. Fowler, Timothy Yeh, Subramaniam C. Krishnan. (2009) Successful catheter ablation of focal ventricular fibrillation originating from the right ventricle. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology 26:2, 139-142
CrossRef129
Robert J. Myerburg, Vivek Reddy, Agustin Castellanos. (2009) Indications for Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Based on Evidence and Judgment. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 54:9, 747-763
CrossRef130
Gregory M. Marcus, Edmund Keung, Melvin M. Scheinman. (2009) The Year in Review of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 54:9, 777-787
CrossRef131
ALAN CHENG, DARSHAN DALAL, BARRY J. FETICS, PIAMSOOK ANGKEOW, DAVID D. SPRAGG, HUGH CALKINS, GORDON F. TOMASELLI, RONALD D. BERGER. (2009) Ibutilide-Induced Changes in the Temporal Lability of Ventricular Repolarization in Patients with and without Structural Heart Disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 20:8, 873-879
CrossRef132
Anne Bernard, Olivier Genée, Caroline Grimard, Frédéric Sacher, Laurent Fauchier, Dominique Babuty. (2009) Electrical storm reversible by isoproterenol infusion in a striking case of early repolarization. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology 25:2, 123-127
CrossRef133
VICTORIA L. VETTER. (2009) The Role of ECG Screening in the Evaluation of Risk of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the Young. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 32, S6-S14
CrossRef134
Javier García-Niebla, Guillem Serra-Autonell. (2009) Effects of inadequate low-pass filter application. Journal of Electrocardiology 42:4, 303-304
CrossRef135
Eiran Z. Gorodeski, Hemant Ishwaran, Eugene H. Blackstone, Michael S. Lauer. (2009) Quantitative electrocardiographic measures and long-term mortality in exercise test patients with clinically normal resting electrocardiograms. American Heart Journal 158:1, 61-70.e1
CrossRef136
Massimiliano Bianco, Paolo Zeppilli. (2009) Early Repolarization in the Athlete. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:23, 2199-2200
CrossRef137
Raphael Rosso, Evgeni Kogan, Maya Ish-Shalom, Sami Viskin. (2009) Reply. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:23, 2200
CrossRef138
Marek Jastrzebski, Piotr Kukla. (2009) Ischemic J wave: Novel risk marker for ventricular fibrillation?. Heart Rhythm 6:6, 829-835
CrossRef139
Takashi Noda, Wataru Shimizu. (2009) Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation associated with J wave and early repolarization: a really benign electrocardiographic sign?. Future Cardiology 5:3, 227-229
CrossRef140
Marielle Alders, Tamara T. Koopmann, Imke Christiaans, Pieter G. Postema, Leander Beekman, Michael W.T. Tanck, Katja Zeppenfeld, Peter Loh, Karel T. Koch, Sophie Demolombe, Marcel M.A.M. Mannens, Connie R. Bezzina, Arthur A.M. Wilde. (2009) Haplotype-Sharing Analysis Implicates Chromosome 7q36 Harboring DPP6 in Familial Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation. The American Journal of Human Genetics 84:4, 468-476
CrossRef141
Hiroshi Morita, Satoshi Nagase, Daiji Miura, Aya Miura, Shigeki Hiramatsu, Takeshi Tada, Masato Murakami, Nobuhiro Nishii, Kazufumi Nakamura, Shiho T. Morita, Takefumi Oka, Kengo F. Kusano, Tohru Ohe. (2009) Differential effects of cardiac sodium channel mutations on initiation of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm 6:4, 487-492
CrossRef142
Navinder Sawhney, Sanjiv M. Narayan. (2009) Sudden cardiac arrest in patients with preserved left ventricular systolic function: A clinical dilemma. Heart Rhythm 6:3, S15-S21
CrossRef143
Mishi Bhushan, Samuel J. Asirvatham. (2009) The conundrum of ventricular arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy: Which abnormality came first?. Current Heart Failure Reports 6:1, 7-13
CrossRef144
Sami Viskin. (2009) Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation “Le Syndrome d'Haïssaguerre” and the Fear of J Waves
Editorials published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of JACC or the American College of Cardiology.. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:7, 620-622
CrossRef145
Michel Haïssaguerre, Frederic Sacher, Akihiko Nogami, Nohiriro Komiya, Anne Bernard, Vincent Probst, Sinikka Yli-Mayry, Pascal Defaye, Yoshifusa Aizawa, Robert Frank, Roberto Mantovan, Riccardo Cappato, Christian Wolpert, Antoine Leenhardt, Luc de Roy, Hein Heidbuchel, Isabel Deisenhofer, Thomas Arentz, Jean-Luc Pasquié, Rukshen Weerasooriya, Meleze Hocini, Pierre Jais, Nicolas Derval, Pierre Bordachar, Jacques Clémenty. (2009) Characteristics of Recurrent Ventricular Fibrillation Associated With Inferolateral Early Repolarization. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:7, 612-619
CrossRef146
Yoshifusa Aizawa. (2009) Japanese Journal of Electrocardiology 29:5, 365-374
CrossRef147
Ángel Arenal Maíz, María A. Castel, María López Gil, José L. Merino Llorens. (2009) Actualización en arritmias y electrofisiología cardiaca. Revista Española de Cardiología 62, 67-79
CrossRef148
MICHEL HAÏSSAGUERRE, STÉPHANIE CHATEL, FREDERIC SACHER, RUKSHEN WEERASOORIYA, VINCENT PROBST, GILDAS LOUSSOUARN, MARC HORLITZ, RUEDIGE LIERSCH, ERIC SCHULZE-BAHR, ARTHUR WILDE. (2009) Ventricular Fibrillation with Prominent Early Repolarization Associated with a Rare Variant of KCNJ8/K<sub>ATP</sub> Channel. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 20:1, 93
CrossRef149
Matthew Wright, Frédéric Sacher, Michel Haïssaguerre. (2009) Catheter ablation for patients with ventricular fibrillation. Current Opinion in Cardiology 24:1, 56-60
CrossRef150
Giuseppe Allocca, Clotilde Vallone, Gaetano Nucifora, Daniela Miani, Domenico Facchin, Alessandro Proclemer. (2009) A dramatic storm of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Clinical Research in Cardiology 98:1, 62-65
CrossRef151
Elsayed Z. Soliman, Ronald J. Prineas. (2009) Early Repolarization and Sudden Cardiac Death. Southern Medical Journal 102:1, 110-111
CrossRef152
Yoshifusa Aizawa. (2009) Minor ECG Change and Fatal Arrhythmias. Journal of Arrhythmia 25:4, 175-176
CrossRef153
Kaoru Okishige, Koji Sugiyama, Minetaka Maeda, Hideshi Aoyagi, Manabu Kurabayashi, Naoto Miyagi, Daisuke Ueshima, Koji Azegami, Tetsuhiro Takei, Toshitaka Itoh, Naomasa Makita. (2009) Aborted Sudden Cardiac Death Associated with Short QT Syndrome. Journal of Arrhythmia 25:4, 214-218
CrossRef154
Konstantinos P. Letsas, Frédéric Sacher, Vincent Probst, Reinhold Weber, Sébastien Knecht, Dietrich Kalusche, Michel Haïssaguerre, Thomas Arentz. (2008) Prevalence of early repolarization pattern in inferolateral leads in patients with Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm 5:12, 1685-1689
CrossRef155
Robert J Myerburg, Agustin Castellanos. (2008) Early repolarization and sudden cardiac arrest: theme or variation on a theme?. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 5:12, 760-761
CrossRef156
S. Peters, D. Selbig. (2008) Early repolarization phenomenon in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia-cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. Europace 10:12, 1447-1449
CrossRef157
Raphael Rosso, Evgeni Kogan, Bernard Belhassen, Uri Rozovski, Melvin M. Scheinman, David Zeltser, Amir Halkin, Arie Steinvil, Karin Heller, Michael Glikson, Amos Katz, Sami Viskin. (2008) J-Point Elevation in Survivors of Primary Ventricular Fibrillation and Matched Control Subjects. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 52:15, 1231-1238
CrossRef158
Arthur J. Moss. (2008) Do “narrow and tall” QRS complexes “stand tall” and have arrhythmogenic implications?. Heart Rhythm 5:9, 1346
CrossRef159
(2008) Sudden Cardiac Arrest Associated with Early Repolarization. New England Journal of Medicine 359:7, 761-762
Full Text160
Małgorzata Poręba, Robert Skalik, Rafał Poręba, Paweł Gać, Witold Pilecki, Ludmiła Borodulin-Nadzieja, Małgorzata Sobieszczańska, Ryszard Andrzejak. (2008) Abnormal P wave Morphology in the Electrocardiogram of a Hurdle Runner with a History of Presyncope - A Case Report. Medicina Sportiva 12:2, 46-48
CrossRef161
Nam, Gi-Byoung, Kim, You-Ho, , Antzelevitch, Charles, . (2008) Augmentation of J Waves and Electrical Storms in Patients with Early Repolarization. New England Journal of Medicine 358:19, 2078-2079
Full Text162
Wellens, Hein J., . (2008) Early Repolarization Revisited. New England Journal of Medicine 358:19, 2063-2065
Full Text163
Eric Schulze-Bahr. (2008) Susceptibility genes & modifiers for cardiac arrhythmias. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 98:2-3, 289
CrossRef
- Letters
