Original Article
Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet
N Engl J Med 2008; 359:229-241July 17, 2008
- Abstract
Background
Trials comparing the effectiveness and safety of weight-loss diets are frequently limited by short follow-up times and high dropout rates.
Methods
In this 2-year trial, we randomly assigned 322 moderately obese subjects (mean age, 52 years; mean body-mass index [the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], 31; male sex, 86%) to one of three diets: low-fat, restricted-calorie; Mediterranean, restricted-calorie; or low-carbohydrate, non–restricted-calorie.
Results
The rate of adherence to a study diet was 95.4% at 1 year and 84.6% at 2 years. The Mediterranean-diet group consumed the largest amounts of dietary fiber and had the highest ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fat (P<0.05 for all comparisons among treatment groups). The low-carbohydrate group consumed the smallest amount of carbohydrates and the largest amounts of fat, protein, and cholesterol and had the highest percentage of participants with detectable urinary ketones (P<0.05 for all comparisons among treatment groups). The mean weight loss was 2.9 kg for the low-fat group, 4.4 kg for the Mediterranean-diet group, and 4.7 kg for the low-carbohydrate group (P<0.001 for the interaction between diet group and time); among the 272 participants who completed the intervention, the mean weight losses were 3.3 kg, 4.6 kg, and 5.5 kg, respectively. The relative reduction in the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 20% in the low-carbohydrate group and 12% in the low-fat group (P=0.01). Among the 36 subjects with diabetes, changes in fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels were more favorable among those assigned to the Mediterranean diet than among those assigned to the low-fat diet (P<0.001 for the interaction among diabetes and Mediterranean diet and time with respect to fasting glucose levels).
Conclusions
Mediterranean and low-carbohydrate diets may be effective alternatives to low-fat diets. The more favorable effects on lipids (with the low-carbohydrate diet) and on glycemic control (with the Mediterranean diet) suggest that personal preferences and metabolic considerations might inform individualized tailoring of dietary interventions. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00160108.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Enrollment of the Participants and Completion of the Study.Figure 2
Weight Changes during 2 Years According to Diet Group.Article Activity
- Article
The dramatic increase in obesity worldwide remains challenging and underscores the urgent need to test the effectiveness and safety of several widely used weight-loss diets.1-3 Low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diets (referred to as low-carbohydrate diets) have been compared with low-fat, energy-restricted diets.4-9 A meta-analysis of five trials with 447 participants10 and a recent 1-year trial involving 311 obese women4 suggested that a low-carbohydrate diet is a feasible alternative to a low-fat diet for producing weight loss and may have favorable metabolic effects. However, longer-term studies are lacking.4,10 A Mediterranean diet with a moderate amount of fat and a high proportion of monounsaturated fat provides cardiovascular benefits. 11 A recent review citing several trials12 included a few that suggested that the Mediterranean diet was beneficial for weight loss.13,14 However, this positive effect has not been conclusively demonstrated.15
Common limitations of dietary trials include high attrition rates (15 to 50% within a year), small size, short duration, lack of assessment of adherence, and unequal intensity of intervention.10,12,15-17 We conducted the 2-year Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) to compare the effectiveness and safety of three nutritional protocols: a low-fat, restricted-calorie diet; a Mediterranean, restricted-calorie diet; and a low-carbohydrate, non–restricted-calorie diet.
Methods
Eligibility and Study Design
We conducted the trial between July 2005 and June 2007 in Dimona, Israel, in a workplace at a research center with an on-site medical clinic. Recruitment began in December 2004. The criteria for eligibility were an age of 40 to 65 years and a body-mass index (BMI, the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of at least 27, or the presence of type 2 diabetes (according to the American Diabetes Association criteria18) or coronary heart disease, regardless of age and BMI. Persons were excluded if they were pregnant or lactating, had a serum creatinine level of 2 mg per deciliter (177 μmol per liter) or more, had liver dysfunction (an increase by a factor of at least 2 above the upper limit of normal in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels), had gastrointestinal problems that would prevent them from following any of the test diets, had active cancer, or were participating in another diet trial.
The participants were randomly assigned within strata of sex, age (below or above the median), BMI (below or above the median), history of coronary heart disease (yes or no), history of type 2 diabetes (yes or no), and current use of statins (none, <1 year, or ≥1 year) with the use of Monte Carlo simulations. The participants received no financial compensation or gifts. The study was approved and monitored by the human subjects committee of Soroka Medical Center and Ben-Gurion University. Each participant provided written informed consent.
The members of each of the three diet groups were assigned to subgroups of 17 to 19 participants, with six subgroups for each group. Each diet group was assigned a registered dietitian who led all six subgroups of that group. The dietitians met with their groups in weeks 1, 3, 5, and 7 and thereafter at 6-week intervals, for a total of 18 sessions of 90 minutes each. We adapted the Israeli version (developed by the Maccabi Health Maintenance Organization) of the diabetes-prevention program19 and developed additional themes for each diet group (see Supplementary Appendix 1, available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org). In order to maintain equal intensity of treatment, the workshop format and the quality of the materials were similar among the three diet groups, except for instructions and materials specific to each diet strategy. Six times during the 2-year intervention, another dietitian conducted 10-to-15-minute motivational telephone calls with participants who were having difficulty adhering to the diets and gave a summary of each call to the group dietitian. In addition, a group of spouses received education to strengthen their support of the participants (data not shown).
Low-Fat Diet
The low-fat, restricted-calorie diet was based on American Heart Association20 guidelines. We aimed at an energy intake of 1500 kcal per day for women and 1800 kcal per day for men, with 30% of calories from fat, 10% of calories from saturated fat, and an intake of 300 mg of cholesterol per day. The participants were counseled to consume low-fat grains, vegetables, fruits, and legumes and to limit their consumption of additional fats, sweets, and high-fat snacks.
Mediterranean Diet
The moderate-fat, restricted-calorie, Mediterranean diet was rich in vegetables and low in red meat, with poultry and fish replacing beef and lamb. We restricted energy intake to 1500 kcal per day for women and 1800 kcal per day for men, with a goal of no more than 35% of calories from fat; the main sources of added fat were 30 to 45 g of olive oil and a handful of nuts (five to seven nuts, <20 g) per day. The diet is based on the recommendations of Willett and Skerrett.21
Low-Carbohydrate Diet
The low-carbohydrate, non–restricted-calorie diet aimed to provide 20 g of carbohydrates per day for the 2-month induction phase and immediately after religious holidays, with a gradual increase to a maximum of 120 g per day to maintain the weight loss. The intakes of total calories, protein, and fat were not limited. However, the participants were counseled to choose vegetarian sources of fat and protein and to avoid trans fat. The diet was based on the Atkins diet (see Supplementary Appendix 2).22
Nutritional and Color Labeling of Food in the Cafeteria
Lunch is typically the main meal in Israel. The self-service cafeteria in the workplace provided a varied menu and was the exclusive source of lunch for the participants. A dietitian worked closely with the kitchen staff to adjust specific food items to specific diet groups. Each food item was provided with a label showing the number of calories and the number of grams of carbohydrates, fat, and saturated fat, according to an analysis based on the Israeli nutritional database. Each food item was also labeled with a full circle (indicating “feel free to consume”) or a half circle (indicating “consume in moderation”). The labels were color-coded according to diet group and were updated daily (see Supplementary Appendix 2).23
Electronic Questionnaires at Baseline and Follow-up
Adherence to the diets was evaluated by a validated food-frequency questionnaire24 that included 127 food items and three portion-size pictures for 17 items.25 A subgroup of participants completed two repeated 24-hour dietary recalls to verify absolute intake (data not shown). We used a validated questionnaire to assess physical activity.26 At baseline and at 6, 12, and 24 months of follow-up, the questionnaires were self-administered electronically through the workplace intranet. The 15% of participants who requested aid in completing the questionnaires were assisted by the study nurse. The electronic questionnaire helped to ensure completeness of the data by prompting the participant when a question was not answered, and it permitted rapid automated reporting by the group dietitians.
Outcomes
The participants were weighed without shoes to the nearest 0.1 kg every month. With the use of a wall-mounted stadiometer, height was measured to the nearest millimeter at baseline for determination of BMI. Waist circumference was measured halfway between the last rib and the iliac crest. Blood pressure was measured every 3 months with the use of an automated system (Datascop Acutor 4) after 5 minutes of rest.
Blood samples were obtained by venipuncture at 8 a.m. after a 12-hour fast at baseline and at 6, 12, and 24 months and were stored at –80°C until an assay for lipids, inflammatory biomarkers, and insulin could be performed. Levels of fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and liver enzymes were measured in fresh samples. The level of glycated hemoglobin was determined with the use of Cobas Integra reagents and equipment. Serum levels of total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined enzymatically with a Wako R-30 automatic analyzer, with coefficients of variation of 1.3% for cholesterol and 2.1% for triglycerides. Plasma insulin levels were measured with the use of an enzyme immunometric assay (Immulite automated analyzer, Diagnostic Products), with a coefficient of variation of 2.5%. Plasma levels of high-molecular-weight adiponectin were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (AdipoGen or Axxora), with a coefficient of variation of 4.8%. Plasma leptin levels were assessed by ELISA (Mediagnost), with a coefficient of variation of 2.4%. Plasma levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were measured by ELISA (DiaMed), with a coefficient of variation of 1.9%. The clinic and laboratory staff members were unaware of the treatment assignments, and the study coordinators were unaware of all outcome data until the end of the intervention.
Statistical Analysis
For weight loss, the prespecified primary aim was the change in weight from baseline to 24 months. We used the Israeli food database23 in the analysis of the results of the dietary questionnaires. We analyzed the dietary-composition data and biomarkers with the use of raw unadjusted means, without imputation of missing data. We compared the dietary-intake values between groups at each time point with the use of an analysis of variance in which all pairwise comparisons among the three diet groups were performed with the use of Tukey's Studentized range test. We transformed physical-activity scores into metabolic equivalents per week27 according to the amount of time spent in various forms of exercise per week, with each activity weighted in terms of its level of intensity. For intention-to-treat analyses, we included all 322 participants and used the most recent values for weight and blood pressure. To evaluate the repeated measurements over time, we used generalized estimating equations for panel data analysis, also known as cross-sectional time-series analysis, with the use of the Stata software XTGEE command; this allowed us to account for the nonindependence of repeated measurements of the same bioindicator in the same participant over time. We used age, sex, time point, and diet group as explanatory variables in our models. To study changes over time and the effects of sex or the presence or absence of diabetes, we added appropriate interaction terms. We assessed the within-person changes from baseline in each diet group with the use of pairwise comparisons. We calculated the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) according to the following equation28: insulin (U/ml) × fasting glucose (mmol/liter) ÷ 22.5. For a mean (±SD) difference between groups of at least 2±10 kg of weight loss, with 100 participants per group and a type I error of 5%, the power to detect significant differences in weight loss is greater than 90%. We used SPSS software, version 15, and Stata software, version 9, for the statistical analysis.
Results
Characteristics of the Participants
The baseline characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1Table 1
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population.. The mean age was 52 years and the mean BMI was 31. Most participants (86%) were men. The overall rate of adherence (Figure 1Figure 1Enrollment of the Participants and Completion of the Study.) was 95.4% at 12 months and 84.6% at 24 months; the 24-month adherence rates were 90.4% in the low-fat group, 85.3% in the Mediterranean-diet group, and 78.0% in the low-carbohydrate group (P=0.04 for the comparison among diet groups). During the study, there was little change in usage of medications, and there were no significant differences among groups in the amount of change; four participants initiated and three stopped cholesterol-lowering therapy. Twenty participants initiated blood-pressure treatment, five initiated medications for glycemic control, and one reduced the dosage of medications for glycemic control.Dietary Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Urinary Ketones
At baseline, there were no significant differences in the composition of the diets consumed by participants assigned to the low-fat, Mediterranean, and low-carbohydrate diets. Daily energy intake, as assessed by the food-frequency questionnaire, decreased significantly at 6, 12, and 24 months in all diet groups as compared with baseline (P<0.001); there were no significant differences among the groups in the amount of decrease (Table 2Table 2
Changes in Dietary Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Urinary Ketones during 2 Years of Intervention.). The low-carbohydrate group had a lower intake of carbohydrates (P<0.001) and higher intakes of protein (P<0.001), total fat (P<0.001), saturated fat (P<0.001), and total cholesterol (P=0.04) than the other groups. The Mediterranean-diet group had a higher ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fat than the other groups (P<0.001) and a higher intake of dietary fiber than the low-carbohydrate group (P=0.002). The low-fat group had a lower intake of saturated fat than the low-carbohydrate group (P=0.02). The amount of physical activity increased significantly from baseline in all groups, with no significant difference among groups in the amount of increase. The proportion of participants with detectable urinary ketones at 24 months was higher in the low-carbohydrate group (8.3%) than in the low-fat group (4.8%) or the Mediterranean-diet group (2.8%) (P=0.04).Weight Loss
A phase of maximum weight loss occurred from 1 to 6 months and a maintenance phase from 7 to 24 months. All groups lost weight, but the reductions were greater in the low-carbohydrate and the Mediterranean-diet groups (P<0.001 for the interaction between diet group and time) than in the low-fat group (Figure 2Figure 2
Weight Changes during 2 Years According to Diet Group.). The overall weight changes among the 322 participants at 24 months were −2.9±4.2 kg for the low-fat group, −4.4±6.0 kg for the Mediterranean-diet group, and −4.7±6.5 kg for the low-carbohydrate group. Among the 277 male participants, the mean 24-month weight changes were −3.4 kg (95% confidence interval [CI], −4.3 to −2.5) for the low-fat group, −4.0 kg (95% CI, −5.1 to −3.0) for the Mediterranean-diet group, and −4.9 kg (95% CI, −6.2 to −3.6) for the low-carbohydrate group. Among the 45 women, the mean 24-month weight changes were −0.1 kg (95% CI, −2.2 to 1.9) for the low-fat group, −6.2 kg (95% CI, −10.2 to −1.9) for the Mediterranean-diet group, and −2.4 kg (95% CI, −6.9 to 2.2) for the low-carbohydrate group (P<0.001 for the interaction between diet group and sex). The mean weight changes among the 272 participants who completed 24 months of intervention were −3.3±4.1 kg in the low-fat group, −4.6±6.0 kg in the Mediterranean-diet group, and −5.5±7.0 kg in the low-carbohydrate group (P=0.03 for the comparison between the low-fat and the low-carbohydrate groups at 24 months). The mean (±SD) changes in BMI were −1.0±1.4 in the low-fat group, −1.5±2.2 in the Mediterranean-diet group, and −1.5±2.1 in the low-carbohydrate group (P=0.05 for the comparison among groups).All groups had significant decreases in waist circumference and blood pressure, but the differences among the groups were not significant. The waist circumference decreased by a mean of 2.8±4.3 cm in the low-fat group, 3.5±5.1 cm in the Mediterranean-diet group, and 3.8±5.2 cm in the low-carbohydrate group (P=0.33 for the comparison among groups). Systolic blood pressure fell by 4.3±11.8 mm Hg in the low-fat group, 5.5±14.3 mm Hg in the Mediterranean-diet group, and 3.9±12.8 mm Hg in the low-carbohydrate group (P=0.64 for the comparison among groups). The corresponding decreases in diastolic pressure were 0.9±8.1, 2.2±9.5, and 0.8±8.7 mm Hg (P=0.43 for the comparison among groups).
Lipid Profiles
Changes in lipid profiles during the weight-loss and maintenance phases are shown in Figure 3Figure 3
Changes in Cholesterol and Triglyceride Biomarkers According to Diet Group during the Maximum Weight-Loss Phase (1 to 6 Months) and the Weight-Loss Maintenance Phase (7 to 24 Months) of the 2-Year Intervention.. HDL cholesterol (Figure 3A) increased during the weight-loss and maintenance phases in all groups, with the greatest increase in the low-carbohydrate group (8.4 mg per deciliter [0.22 mmol per liter], P<0.01 for the interaction between diet group and time), as compared with the low-fat group (6.3 mg per deciliter [0.16 mmol per liter]). Triglyceride levels (Figure 3B) decreased significantly in the low-carbohydrate group (23.7 mg per deciliter [0.27 mmol per liter], P=0.03 for the interaction between diet group and time), as compared with the low-fat group (2.7 mg per deciliter [0.03 mmol per liter]). LDL cholesterol levels (Figure 3C) did not change significantly within groups, and there were no significant differences between the groups in the amount of change. Overall, the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (Figure 3D) decreased during both the weight-loss and the maintenance phases. The low-carbohydrate group had the greatest improvement, with a relative decrease of 20% (P=0.01 for the interaction between diet group and time), as compared with a decrease of 12% in the low-fat group.High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin, and Leptin
The level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein decreased significantly (P<0.05) only in the Mediterranean-diet group (21%) and the low-carbohydrate group (29%), during both the weight-loss and the maintenance phases, with no significant differences among the groups in the amount of decrease (Figure 4AFigure 4
Changes in Biomarkers According to Diet Group and Presence or Absence of Type 2 Diabetes.). During both the weight-loss and the maintenance phases, the level of high-molecular-weight adiponectin (Figure 4B) increased significantly (P<0.05) in all diet groups, with no significant differences among the groups in the amount of increase. Circulating leptin, which reflects body-fat mass, decreased significantly (P<0.05) in all diet groups, with no significant differences among the groups in the amount of decrease; the decrease in leptin paralleled the decrease in body weight during the two phases (Figure 4C). The interaction between the effects of low-carbohydrate diet and sex on the reduction of leptin (P=0.04), as compared with the low-fat diet, reflects the greater effect of the low-carbohydrate diet among men.Fasting Plasma Glucose, HOMA-IR, and Glycated Hemoglobin
Among the 36 participants with diabetes (Figure 4D), only those in the Mediterranean-diet group had a decrease in fasting plasma glucose levels (32.8 mg per deciliter); this change was significantly different from the increase in plasma glucose levels among participants with diabetes in the low-fat group (P<0.001 for the interaction between diet group and time). There was no significant change in plasma glucose level among the participants without diabetes (P<0.001 for the interaction among diabetes and Mediterranean diet and time). In contrast, insulin levels (Figure 4E) decreased significantly in participants with diabetes and in those without diabetes in all diet groups, with no significant differences among groups in the amount of decrease. Among the participants with diabetes, the decrease in HOMA-IR at 24 months (Figure 4F) was significantly greater in those assigned to the Mediterranean diet than in those assigned to the low-fat diet (2.3 and 0.3, respectively; P=0.02; P=0.04 for the interaction among diabetes and Mediterranean diet and time). Among the participants with diabetes, the proportion of glycated hemoglobin at 24 months decreased by 0.4±1.3% in the low-fat group, 0.5±1.1% in the Mediterranean-diet group, and 0.9±0.8% in the low-carbohydrate group. The changes were significant (P<0.05) only in the low-carbohydrate group (P=0.45 for the comparison among groups).
Liver-Function Tests
Changes in bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase levels were similar among the diet groups. Alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly reduced from baseline to 24 months in the Mediterranean-diet and the low-carbohydrate groups (reductions of 3.4±11.0 and 2.6±8.6 units per liter, respectively; P<0.05 for the comparison with baseline in both groups).
Discussion
In this 2-year dietary-intervention study, we found that the Mediterranean and low-carbohydrate diets are effective alternatives to the low-fat diet for weight loss and appear to be just as safe as the low-fat diet. In addition to producing weight loss in this moderately obese group of participants, the low-carbohydrate and Mediterranean diets had some beneficial metabolic effects, a result suggesting that these dietary strategies might be considered in clinical practice and that diets might be individualized according to personal preferences and metabolic needs. The similar caloric deficit achieved in all diet groups suggests that a low-carbohydrate, non–restricted-calorie diet may be optimal for those who will not follow a restricted-calorie dietary regimen. The increasing improvement in levels of some biomarkers over time up to the 24-month point, despite the achievement of maximum weight loss by 6 months, suggests that a diet with a healthful composition has benefits beyond weight reduction.
The present study has several limitations. We enrolled few women; however, we observed a significant interaction between the effects of diet group and sex on weight loss (women tended to lose more weight on the Mediterranean diet), and this difference between men and women was also reflected in the changes in leptin levels. This possible sex-specific difference should be explored in further studies. The data from the few participants with diabetes are of interest, but we recognize that measurement of HOMA-IR is not an optimal method to assess insulin resistance among persons with diabetes. We relied on self-reported dietary intake, but we validated the dietary assessment in two different dietary-assessment tools and used electronic questionnaires to minimize the amount of missing data. Finally, one might argue that the unique nature of the workplace in this study, which permitted a closely monitored dietary intervention for a period of 2 years, makes it difficult to generalize the results to other free-living populations. However, we believe that similar strategies to maintain adherence could be applied elsewhere.
The strengths of the study include the one-phase design, in which all participants started simultaneously; the relatively long duration of the study; the large study-group size; and the high rate of adherence. The monthly measurements of weight permitted a better understanding of the weight-loss trajectory than was the case in previous studies.
We observed two phases of weight change: initial weight loss and weight maintenance. The maximum weight reduction was achieved during the first 6 months; this period was followed by the maintenance phase of partial rebound and a plateau. Among all diet groups, weight loss was greater for those who completed the 24-month study than for those who did not. Even moderate weight loss has health benefits, and our findings suggest benefits of behavioral approaches that yield weight losses similar to those obtained with pharmacotherapy.29
We distinguished between changes in levels of biomarkers (leptin, adiponectin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) that are apparently related to loss of adipose tissue and changes in biomarkers (triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, glucose, and insulin) that apparently reflect, in part, the effects of specific diet composition. The changes we observed in levels of adiponectin and leptin,30 which were consistent in all groups, reflect loss of weight. Consumption of monounsaturated fats is thought to improve insulin sensitivity,14,31,32 an effect that may explain the favorable effect of the Mediterranean diet on glucose and insulin levels. The results imply that dietary composition modifies metabolic biomarkers in addition to leading to weight loss. Our results suggest that health care professionals might consider more than one dietary approach, according to individual preferences and metabolic needs, as long as the effort is sustained.
This trial also suggests a model that might be applied more broadly in the workplace. As Okie recently suggested,33 using the employer as a health coach could be a cost-effective way to improve health. The model of intervention with the use of dietary group sessions, spousal support, food labels, and monthly weighing in the workplace within the framework of a health promotion campaign might yield weight reduction and long-term health benefits.
Supported by the Nuclear Research Center Negev (NRCN), the Dr. Robert C. and Veronica Atkins Research Foundation, and the S. Daniel Abraham International Center for Health and Nutrition, Ben-Gurion University, Israel.
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0708681) was updated on December 30, 2009, at NEJM.org.
We thank the 322 participants in the Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) for their consistent cooperation, as well as the consultants and health care providers (Yitzhak Gurevitz, Hassia Krakauer, Meir Yoseffi, Meyer Aviv, Ilanit Asulin, Zvi Zur, Sapir Medikar, Haim Strasler, Avraham Shlonsky, Dr. Abby Bloch, and Dr. Ayala Canfi), the workplace cafeteria managers (Naftali Tal, Yitzchak Chen, Yair Tubul, and the Norcate Company), the adviser researchers (Drs. Ofra Paz-Tal, Assaf Rudich, Amir Tirosh, Ilana Harman-Bohem, and Ronit Andvelt), and the members of the DIRECT steering committee (Prof. Shimon Weitzman, Prof. Uri Goldbourt, and Prof. Eran Leitersdorf) for their invaluable contributions.
Source Information
From the S. Daniel Abraham Center for Health and Nutrition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva (I.S., D.R.S., S.W., I.G., R.G., D.F., A.B., H.V., O.T.-R.); the Nuclear Research Center Negev, Dimona (D.S., R.Z.-R., B.S., D.B., Z.S., E.S., R.M., E.K.); and the Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva (Y.H.) — all in Israel; the Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig (J.T., G.M.F.); and the Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig (M.B., M.S.) — both in Leipzig, Germany; and Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and the Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health — all in Boston (M.J.S.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Shai at the S. Daniel Abraham International Center for Health and Nutrition, Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems Evaluation, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, or at irish@bgu.ac.il.
- References
References
1
Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic: report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 2000;894:1-253
Web of Science2
Kuczmarski RJ ,Flegal KM ,Campbell SM ,Johnson CL . Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. JAMA 1994;272:205-211
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Poirier P ,Giles TD ,Bray GA , et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 2006;113:898-918
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Gardner CD ,Kiazand A ,Alhassan S , et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. JAMA 2007;297:969-977[Erratum, JAMA 2007;298:178.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Brehm BJ ,Seeley RJ ,Daniels SR ,D'Alessio DA . A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-1623
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Foster GD ,Wyatt HR ,Hill JO , et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-2090
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline7
Stern L ,Iqbal N ,Seshadri P , et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:778-785
Web of Science | Medline8
Yancy WS Jr ,Olsen MK ,Guyton JR ,Bakst RP ,Westman EC . A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-777
Web of Science | Medline9
Dansinger ML ,Gleason JA ,Griffith JL ,Selker HP ,Schaefer EJ . Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005;293:43-53
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Nordmann AJ ,Nordmann A ,Briel M , et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:285-293[Erratum, Arch Intern Med 2006;166:932.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Covas MI ,Nyyssonen K ,Poulsen HE , et al. The effect of polyphenols in olive oil on heart disease risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:333-341
Web of Science | Medline12
Serra-Majem L ,Roman B ,Estruch R . Scientific evidence of interventions using the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2006;64:Suppl 1:S27-S47
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
McManus K ,Antinoro L ,Sacks F . A randomized controlled trial of a moderate-fat, low-energy diet compared with a low fat, low-energy diet for weight loss in overweight adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:1503-1511
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Esposito K ,Marfella R ,Ciotola M , et al. Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA 2004;292:1440-1446
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Malik VS ,Hu FB . Popular weight-loss diets: from evidence to practice. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2007;4:34-41
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Dansinger ML ,Tatsioni A ,Wong JB ,Chung M ,Balk EM . Meta-analysis: the effect of dietary counseling for weight loss. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:41-50
Web of Science | Medline17
Thomas H . Obesity prevention programs for children and youth: why are their results so modest? Health Educ Res 2006;21:783-795
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1183-1197
Web of Science | Medline19
Mayer-Davis EJ ,Sparks KC ,Hirst K , et al. Dietary intake in the Diabetes Prevention Program cohort: baseline and 1-year post randomization. Ann Epidemiol 2004;14:763-772
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Krauss RM ,Eckel RH ,Howard B , et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2284-2299
Web of Science | Medline21
Willett WC, Skerrett PJ. Eat, drink, and be healthy: The Harvard Medical School guide to healthy eating. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.
22
Atkins RC. Dr. Atkins' new diet revolution. New York: Avon, 2002.
23
Shai I ,Vardi H ,Shahar DR ,Azrad BA ,Fraser D . Adaptation of international nutrition databases and data-entry system tools to a specific population. Public Health Nutr 2003;6:401-406
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Shai I ,Rosner BA ,Shahar DR , et al. Dietary evaluation and attenuation of relative risk: multiple comparisons between blood and urinary biomarkers, food frequency, and 24-hour recall questionnaires: the DEARR study. J Nutr 2005;135:573-579
Web of Science | Medline25
Shai I ,Shahar DR ,Vardi H ,Fraser D . Selection of food items for inclusion in a newly developed food-frequency questionnaire. Public Health Nutr 2004;7:745-749
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Chasan-Taber S ,Rimm EB ,Stampfer MJ , et al. Reproducibility and validity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire for male health professionals. Epidemiology 1996;7:81-86
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
Ainsworth BE ,Haskell WL ,Whitt MC , et al. Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:9 Suppl:S498-S504
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
Haffner SM ,Miettinen H ,Stem MP . The homeostasis model in the San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1087-1092
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Rucker D ,Padwal R ,Li SK ,Curioni C ,Lau DC . Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. BMJ 2007;335:1194-1199
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline30
Bastard JP ,Maachi M ,Lagathu C , et al. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw 2006;17:4-12
Web of Science | Medline31
Schwenke DC . Insulin resistance, low-fat diets, and low-carbohydrate diets: time to test new menus. Curr Opin Lipidol 2005;16:55-60
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline32
Lara-Castro C ,Garvey WT . Diet, insulin resistance, and obesity: zoning in on data for Atkins dieters living in South Beach. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:4197-4205
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline33
Okie S . The employer as health coach. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1465-1469
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (203)
Citing Articles
1
Amy Noto, Peter Zahradka, Tabitha Marshall, Carla Taylor. 2012. Fibers and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. , 199-232.
CrossRef2
Göran Berglund. (2012) Diet and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal1-12
CrossRef3
M.-J. Ludy, G. E. Moore, R. D. Mattes. (2012) The Effects of Capsaicin and Capsiate on Energy Balance: Critical Review and Meta-analyses of Studies in Humans. Chemical Senses 37:2, 103-121
CrossRef4
Rachel Golan, Amir Tirosh, Dan Schwarzfuchs, Ilana Harman-Boehm, Joachim Thiery, Georg Martin Fiedler, Matthias Blüher, Michael Stumvoll, Iris Shai. (2012) Dietary intervention induces flow of changes within biomarkers of lipids, inflammation, liver enzymes, and glycemic control. Nutrition 28:2, 131-137
CrossRef5
Seiyoung Youn, Hae Dong Woo, Young Ae Cho, Aesun Shin, Namsoo Chang, Jeongseon Kim. (2012) Association between dietary carbohydrate, glycemic index, glycemic load, and the prevalence of obesity in Korean men and women. Nutrition Research
CrossRef6
Graeme J Hankey. (2012) Nutrition and the risk of stroke. The Lancet Neurology 11:1, 66-81
CrossRef7
L. Schwingshackl, B. Strasser. (2012) High-MUFA Diets Reduce Fasting Glucose in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 60:1, 33-34
CrossRef8
Theodoros Thomas, Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer. (2012) Foods for the prevention of diabetes: how do they work?. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 28:1, 25-49
CrossRef9
Juan José Gorgojo Martínez. (2012) Glucocentricity or adipocentricity: A critical view of consensus and clinical guidelines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition)
CrossRef10
Staffan Lindeberg. (2012) Paleolithic diets as a model for prevention and treatment of western disease. American Journal of Human Biologyn/a-n/a
CrossRef11
Matthias Blüher. (2011) Vaspin in obesity and diabetes: pathophysiological and clinical significance. Endocrine
CrossRef12
Franco Folli, Rodolfo Guardado Mendoza. (2011) Potential use of exenatide for the treatment of obesity. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 20:12, 1717-1722
CrossRef13
J. M. Shikany, R. Desmond, R. McCubrey, D. B. Allison. (2011) Meta-analysis of studies of a specific delivery mode for a modified-carbohydrate diet. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 24:6, 525-535
CrossRef14
Angela Makris, Gary D. Foster. (2011) Dietary Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 34:4, 813-827
CrossRef15
Annie Ferland, Robert H. Eckel. (2011) Does Sustained Weight Loss Reverse the Metabolic Syndrome?. Current Hypertension Reports 13:6, 456-464
CrossRef16
Helene von Bibra, Martin St John Sutton. (2011) Impact of Diabetes on Postinfarction Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Remodeling. Current Heart Failure Reports 8:4, 242-251
CrossRef17
N. El Elj, G. Lac, M. Zaouali, Z. Tabka, N. Gharbi, S. El Fezaa. (2011) Effect of two different diets and exercise training on weight gain in rats. Science & Sports
CrossRef18
Catherine M. Champagne, Stephanie T. Broyles, Laura D. Moran, Katherine C. Cash, Erma J. Levy, Pao-Hwa Lin, Bryan C. Batch, Lillian F. Lien, Kristine L. Funk, Arlene Dalcin, Catherine Loria, Valerie H. Myers. (2011) Dietary Intakes Associated with Successful Weight Loss and Maintenance during the Weight Loss Maintenance Trial. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111:12, 1826-1835
CrossRef19
Sagen Zac-Varghese, Akila De Silva, Stephen R Bloom. (2011) Translational studies on PYY as a novel target in obesity. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 11:6, 582-585
CrossRef20
R. Giacco, G. Della Pepa, D. Luongo, G. Riccardi. (2011) Whole grain intake in relation to body weight: From epidemiological evidence to clinical trials. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 21:12, 901-908
CrossRef21
Juan José Gorgojo Martínez. (2011) Glucocentrismo o adipocentrismo: una visión crítica de los consensos y guías clínicas para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Endocrinología y Nutrición 58:10, 541-549
CrossRef22
Silvia Leite Faria, Orlando Pereira Faria, Cynthia Buffington, Mariane Almeida Cardeal, Marina Kiyomi Ito. (2011) Dietary Protein Intake and Bariatric Surgery Patients: A Review. Obesity Surgery 21:11, 1798-1805
CrossRef23
Beatriz Hemo, Ronit Endevelt, Avi Porath, Meir J. Stampfer, Iris Shai. (2011) Adherence to weight loss medications; post-marketing study from HMO pharmacy data of one million individuals. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 94:2, 269-275
CrossRef24
Paul E. Terry, Jinnet Briggs Fowles, Min Xi, Lisa Harvey. (2011) The ACTIVATE Study: Results From a Group-Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing a Traditional Worksite Health Promotion Program With an Activated Consumer Program. American Journal of Health Promotion 26:2, e64-e73
CrossRef25
Stergios Kechagias, Sepehr Zanjani, Solveig Gjellan, Olof Dahlqvist Leinhard, Johan Kihlberg, Örjan Smedby, Lars Johansson, Joel Kullberg, Håkan Ahlström, Torbjörn Lindström, Fredrik H. Nystrom. (2011) Effects of moderate red wine consumption on liver fat and blood lipids: a prospective randomized study. Annals of Medicine 43:7, 545-554
CrossRef26
K. M. Horner, N. M. Byrne, G. J. Cleghorn, E. Näslund, N. A. King. (2011) The effects of weight loss strategies on gastric emptying and appetite control. Obesity Reviews 12:11, 935-951
CrossRef27
Nichola J. Davis, Jill P. Crandall, Srikanth Gajavelli, Joan W. Berman, Nora Tomuta, Judith Wylie-Rosett, Stuart D. Katz. (2011) Differential effects of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on inflammation and endothelial function in diabetes. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 25:6, 371-376
CrossRef28
Magdalena Madero, Julio C. Arriaga, Diana Jalal, Christopher Rivard, Kim McFann, Oscar Pérez-Méndez, Armando Vázquez, Arturo Ruiz, Miguel A. Lanaspa, Carlos Roncal Jimenez, Richard J. Johnson, Laura-Gabriela Sánchez Lozada. (2011) The effect of two energy-restricted diets, a low-fructose diet versus a moderate natural fructose diet, on weight loss and metabolic syndrome parameters: a randomized controlled trial. Metabolism 60:11, 1551-1559
CrossRef29
Marie-Claude Roy, Raphaël Anguenot, Catherine Fillion, Martin Beaulieu, Jocelyn Bérubé, Denis Richard. (2011) Effect of a commercially-available algal phlorotannins extract on digestive enzymes and carbohydrate absorption in vivo. Food Research International 44:9, 3026-3029
CrossRef30
Ivančica Delaš. (2011) Benefits and hazards of fat-free diets. Trends in Food Science & Technology 22:10, 576-582
CrossRef31
G A Bray, S R Smith, L DeJonge, R de Souza, J Rood, C M Champagne, N Laranjo, V Carey, E Obarzanek, C M Loria, S D Anton, D H Ryan, F L Greenway, D Williamson, F M Sacks. (2011) Effect of diet composition on energy expenditure during weight loss: the POUNDS LOST Study. International Journal of Obesity
CrossRef32
Reiko Hirasawa, Kazumi Saito, Yoko Yachi, Yoko Ibe, Satoru Kodama, Mihoko Asumi, Chika Horikawa, Aki Saito, Yoriko Heianza, Kazuo Kondo, Hitoshi Shimano, Hirohito Sone. (2011) Quality of Internet information related to the Mediterranean diet. Public Health Nutrition1-9
CrossRef33
C. Richard, P. Couture, S. Desroches, A. Charest, B. Lamarche. (2011) Effect of the Mediterranean diet with and without weight loss on cardiovascular risk factors in men with the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 21:9, 628-635
CrossRef34
J. Salas-Salvadó, M.Á. Martinez-González, M. Bulló, E. Ros. (2011) The role of diet in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 21, B32-B48
CrossRef35
C. Itsiopoulos, L. Brazionis, M. Kaimakamis, M. Cameron, J.D. Best, K. O’Dea, K. Rowley. (2011) Can the Mediterranean diet lower HbA1c in type 2 diabetes? Results from a randomized cross-over study. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 21:9, 740-747
CrossRef36
Gal Dubnov-Raz, Elliot M. Berry. (2011) The Dietary Treatment of Obesity. Medical Clinics of North America 95:5, 939-952
CrossRef37
B. Hansel, P. Giral, A. Coppola-Xaillé, G. Monfort, M. Regnault, E. Bruckert. (2011) L’enquête Internet nationale « Dukan, et après ? » : premiers résultats. Obésité 6:3, 146-153
CrossRef38
Bryan J. Sandler, Roberto Rumbaut, C. Paul Swain, Gustavo Torres, Luis Morales, Lizcelly Gonzales, Sarah Schultz, Mark Talamini, Santiago Horgan. (2011) Human experience with an endoluminal, endoscopic, gastrojejunal bypass sleeve. Surgical Endoscopy 25:9, 3028-3033
CrossRef39
Alain J. Nordmann, Katja Suter-Zimmermann, Heiner C. Bucher, Iris Shai, Katherine R. Tuttle, Ramon Estruch, Matthias Briel. (2011) Meta-Analysis Comparing Mediterranean to Low-Fat Diets for Modification of Cardiovascular Risk Factors. The American Journal of Medicine 124:9, 841-851.e2
CrossRef40
I. Abete, E. Goyenechea, M.A. Zulet, J.A. Martínez. (2011) Obesity and metabolic syndrome: Potential benefit from specific nutritional components. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 21, B1-B15
CrossRef41
Lisa Te Morenga, Jim Mann. 2011. Nutrition: Its Relevance in Development and Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome. , 297-326.
CrossRef42
Volker Schusdziarra, Margit Hausmann, Corina Wiedemann, Julie Hess, Cornelia Barth, Stefan Wagenpfeil, Johannes Erdmann. (2011) Successful weight loss and maintenance in everyday clinical practice with an individually tailored change of eating habits on the basis of food energy density. European Journal of Nutrition 50:5, 351-361
CrossRef43
Vinay Prasad. (2011) Perspective: Why There Must Be a Meditative Medicine. Alternative and Complementary Therapies 17:5, 274-278
CrossRef44
Serena Tonstad, Jean-Pierre Després. (2011) Treatment of lipid disorders in obesity. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 9:8, 1069-1080
CrossRef45
Tori Goldstein, Jeremy D. Kark, Elliot M. Berry, Bella Adler, Ehud Ziv, Itamar Raz. (2011) The effect of a low carbohydrate energy-unrestricted diet on weight loss in obese type 2 diabetes patients – A randomized controlled trial. e-SPEN, the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism 6:4, e178-e186
CrossRef46
Kevin D Hall, Gary Sacks, Dhruva Chandramohan, Carson C Chow, Y Claire Wang, Steven L Gortmaker, Boyd A Swinburn. (2011) Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight. The Lancet 378:9793, 826-837
CrossRef47
Andresa Toledo Triffoni-Melo, Ingrid Dick-de-Paula, Guilherme Vannucchi Portari, Alceu Afonso Jordao, Paula Garcia Chiarello, Rosa Wanda Diez-Garcia. (2011) Short-Term Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet for Weight Loss in Severely Obese Women. Obesity Surgery 21:8, 1194-1202
CrossRef48
Gilbert Zeanandin, Omar Molato, Franck Le Duff, Olivier Guérin, Xavier Hébuterne, Stéphane M. Schneider. (2011) Impact of restrictive diets on the risk of undernutrition in a free-living elderly population. Clinical Nutrition
CrossRef49
Lee Hooper, Carolyn D Summerbell, Rachel Thompson, Deirdre Sills, Felicia G Roberts, Helen Moore, George Davey Smith, Lee Hooper. 2011. Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease. .
CrossRef50
Anna Vittoria Mattioli. (2011) Lifestyle and atrial fibrillation. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 9:7, 895-902
CrossRef51
Hiroshi Matsumoto, Toshiyuki Nakao, Tomonari Okada, Yume Nagaoka, Toshikazu Wada, Asako Gondo, Shinga Esaki, Yoshitaka Miyaoka, Tomoka Nango. (2011) Benefits of Staple Food Restriction for Japanese Obese Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study. Journal of Renal Nutrition 21:4, 340-346
CrossRef52
Mozaffarian, Dariush, Hao, Tao, Rimm, Eric B., Willett, Walter C., Hu, Frank B., . (2011) Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men. New England Journal of Medicine 364:25, 2392-2404
Full Text53
G Erez, A Tirosh, A Rudich, V Meiner, D Schwarzfuchs, N Sharon, S Shpitzen, M Blüher, M Stumvoll, J Thiery, G M Fiedler, Y Friedlander, E Leiterstdorf, I Shai. (2011) Phenotypic and genetic variation in leptin as determinants of weight regain. International Journal of Obesity 35:6, 785-792
CrossRef54
Jack Challem. (2011) Current Controversies in Nutrition: What’s the Story with Saturated Fats?. Alternative and Complementary Therapies 17:3, 149-151
CrossRef55
Richard B. Kreider, Monica Serra, Kristen M. Beavers, Jen Moreillon, Julie Y. Kresta, Mike Byrd, Jonathan M. Oliver, Jean Gutierrez, Geoffrey Hudson, Erika Deike, Brian Shelmadine, Patricia Leeke, Chris Rasmussen, Mike Greenwood, Matthew B. Cooke, Chad Kerksick, Jessica K. Campbell, Jeannemarie Beiseigel, Satya S. Jonnalagadda. (2011) A Structured Diet and Exercise Program Promotes Favorable Changes in Weight Loss, Body Composition, and Weight Maintenance. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111:6, 828-843
CrossRef56
Sven Haufe, Stefan Engeli, Petra Kast, Jana Böhnke, Wolfgang Utz, Verena Haas, Mario Hermsdorf, Anja Mähler, Susanne Wiesner, Andreas L. Birkenfeld, Henrike Sell, Christoph Otto, Heidrun Mehling, Friedrich C. Luft, Juergen Eckel, Jeanette Schulz-Menger, Michael Boschmann, Jens Jordan. (2011) Randomized comparison of reduced fat and reduced carbohydrate hypocaloric diets on intrahepatic fat in overweight and obese human subjects. Hepatology 53:5, 1504-1514
CrossRef57
Kathleen Zelman. (2011) The Great Fat Debate: A Closer Look at the Controversy—Questioning the Validity of Age-Old Dietary Guidance. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111:5, 655-658
CrossRef58
S. Wiegand, A.-M. Bau, B. Babitsch. (2011) Therapie der Adipositas aus sozialpädiatrischer, ernährungstherapeutischer und gesundheitswissenschaftlicher Sicht. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 54:5, 533-540
CrossRef59
M N Harvie, M Pegington, M P Mattson, J Frystyk, B Dillon, G Evans, J Cuzick, S A Jebb, B Martin, R G Cutler, T G Son, S Maudsley, O D Carlson, J M Egan, A Flyvbjerg, A Howell. (2011) The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women. International Journal of Obesity 35:5, 714-727
CrossRef60
Francesco Angelico, Lorenzo Loffredo, Pasquale Pignatelli, Teresa Augelletti, Roberto Carnevale, Antonio Pacella, Fabiana Albanese, Ilaria Mancini, Serena Di Santo, Maria Del Ben, Francesco Violi. (2011) Weight loss is associated with improved endothelial dysfunction via NOX2-generated oxidative stress down-regulation in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Internal and Emergency Medicine
CrossRef61
Shao Hong, -Quan Chen Li, Xu Jun. (2011) Treatment of dyslipidemia in the elderly. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 8:1, 55-64
CrossRef62
Karen E. Foster-Schubert, Catherine M. Alfano, Catherine R. Duggan, Liren Xiao, Kristin L. Campbell, Angela Kong, Carolyn E. Bain, Ching-Yun Wang, George L. Blackburn, Anne McTiernan. (2011) Effect of Diet and Exercise, Alone or Combined, on Weight and Body Composition in Overweight-to-Obese Postmenopausal Women. Obesity
CrossRef63
Zumin Shi, Baojun Yuan, Gang Hu, Yue Dai, Hui Zuo, Gerd Holmboe-Ottesen. (2011) Dietary pattern and weight change in a 5-year follow-up among Chinese adults: results from the Jiangsu Nutrition Study. British Journal of Nutrition 105:07, 1047-1054
CrossRef64
Peter K. Hatemi, Rose McDermott. (2011) The Normative Implications of Biological Research. PS: Political Science & Politics 44:02, 325-329
CrossRef65
Torbjörn Lindström, Stergios Kechagias, Martin Carlsson, Fredrik H. Nystrom. (2011) Transient Increase in HDL-Cholesterol During Weight Gain by Hyperalimentation in Healthy Subjects. Obesity 19:4, 812-817
CrossRef66
H. Hauner. (2011) Möglichkeiten der Adipositasbehandlung. Der Internist 52:4, 374-382
CrossRef67
2011. References. , 283-360.
CrossRef68
Sara Farnetti, Noemi Malandrino, Davide Luciani, Giovanni Gasbarrini, Esmeralda Capristo. (2011) Food Fried in Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Improves Postprandial Insulin Response in Obese, Insulin-Resistant Women. Journal of Medicinal Food 14:3, 316-321
CrossRef69
Itziar Zazpe, Maira Bes-Rastrollo, Miguel Ruiz-Canela, Almudena Sánchez-Villegas, Manolo Serrano-Martínez, Miguel Angel Martínez-González. (2011) A brief assessment of eating habits and weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort. British Journal of Nutrition 105:05, 765-775
CrossRef70
Neil A Smart, Belinda J Marshall, Maxine Daley, Elie Boulos, Janelle Windus, Nadine Baker, Nigel Kwok, Neil A Smart. 2011. Low-fat diets for acquired hypercholesterolaemia. .
CrossRef71
2011. Type 2 Diabetes: General Introduction. , 83-101.
CrossRef72
Helen Hermana M. Hermsdorff, M. Ángeles Zulet, Itziar Abete, J. Alfredo Martínez. (2011) A legume-based hypocaloric diet reduces proinflammatory status and improves metabolic features in overweight/obese subjects. European Journal of Nutrition 50:1, 61-69
CrossRef73
Katherine Esposito, Christina-Maria Kastorini, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, Dario Giugliano. (2011) Mediterranean Diet and Weight Loss: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 9:1, 1-12
CrossRef74
C. Couet, D. Jacobi, F. Maillot. 2011. Obésité de l'adulte. , 167-182.
CrossRef75
Lisa A Te Morenga, Megan T Levers, Sheila M Williams, Rachel C Brown, Jim Mann. (2011) Comparison of high protein and high fiber weight-loss diets in women with risk factors for the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. Nutrition Journal 10:1, 40
CrossRef76
Melanie Schmidt, Nadja Pfetzer, Micheal Schwab, Ingrid Strauss, Ulrike Kämmerer. (2011) Effects of a ketogenic diet on the quality of life in 16 patients with advanced cancer: A pilot trial. Nutrition & Metabolism 8:1, 54
CrossRef77
L. Schwingshackl, B. Strasser, G. Hoffmann. (2011) Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 58:4, 290-296
CrossRef78
Sayuri Katano, Yasuyuki Nakamura, Nagako Okuda, Yoshitaka Murakami, Nagako Chiba, Katsushi Yoshita, Taichiro Tanaka, Junko Tamaki, Toru Takebayashi, Akira Okayama, Katsuyuki Miura, Tomonori Okamura, Hirotsugu Ueshima, . (2011) Relationship between Dietary and Other Lifestyle Habits and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Men. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 3:1, 30
CrossRef79
Helen Hermana M Hermsdorff, Blanca Puchau, Ana Carolina P Volp, Kiriaque BF Barbosa, Josefina Bressan, M Ángeles Zulet, J Alfredo Martínez. (2011) Dietary total antioxidant capacity is inversely related to central adiposity as well as to metabolic and oxidative stress markers in healthy young adults. Nutrition & Metabolism 8:1, 59
CrossRef80
Nam-Seok Joo, Yong-Woo Park, Kyung-Hee Park, Chan-Won Kim, Bom-Taeck Kim. (2011) Application of Protein-Rich Oriental Diet in a Community-Based Obesity Control Program. Yonsei Medical Journal 52:2, 249
CrossRef81
Santiago Navas-Carretero, Itziar Abete, M Angeles Zulet, J Alfredo Martínez. (2011) Chronologically scheduled snacking with high-protein products within the habitual diet in type-2 diabetes patients leads to a fat mass loss: a longitudinal study. Nutrition Journal 10:1, 74
CrossRef82
María-Eugenia Frigolet, Victoria-Eugenia Ramos Barragán, Martha Tamez González. (2011) Low-Carbohydrate Diets: A Matter of Love or Hate. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 58:4, 320-334
CrossRef83
L. Schwingshackl, B. Strasser, G. Hoffmann. (2011) Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 59:2-4, 176-186
CrossRef84
M. A. Martinez-Gonzalez, D. Corella, J. Salas-Salvado, E. Ros, M. I. Covas, M. Fiol, J. Warnberg, F. Aros, V. Ruiz-Gutierrez, R. M. Lamuela-Raventos, J. Lapetra, M. A. Munoz, J. A. Martinez, G. Saez, L. Serra-Majem, X. Pinto, M. T. Mitjavila, J. A. Tur, M. d. P. Portillo, R. Estruch, . (2010) Cohort Profile: design and methods of the PREDIMED study. International Journal of Epidemiology
CrossRef85
Susan E. Berkow, Neal Barnard, Jill Eckart, Heather Katcher. (2010) Four Therapeutic Diets: Adherence and Acceptability. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 71:4, 199-204
CrossRef86
S Stewart de Ramirez, D A Enquobahrie, G Nyadzi, D Mjungu, F Magombo, M Ramirez, S Ehrlich Sachs, W Willett. (2010) Prevalence and correlates of hypertension: a cross-sectional study among rural populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Human Hypertension 24:12, 786-795
CrossRef87
Sharon Phelan. (2010) Obesity in the American population: calories, cost, and culture. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 203:6, 522-524
CrossRef88
Cynthia A. Thomson, Alison T. Stopeck, Jennifer W. Bea, Ellen Cussler, Emily Nardi, Georgette Frey, Patricia A. Thompson. (2010) Changes in Body Weight and Metabolic Indexes in Overweight Breast Cancer Survivors Enrolled in a Randomized Trial of Low-Fat vs. Reduced Carbohydrate Diets. Nutrition and Cancer 62:8, 1142-1152
CrossRef89
Westly A. Bailey, Eric C. Westman, Megan L. Marquart, John R. Guyton. (2010) Low glycemic diet for weight loss in hypertriglyceridemic patients attending a lipid clinic. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 4:6, 508-514
CrossRef90
C. Ding, V. Parameswaran, L. Blizzard, J. Burgess, G. Jones. (2010) Not a simple fat-soluble vitamin: changes in serum 25-(OH)D levels are predicted by adiposity and adipocytokines in older adults. Journal of Internal Medicine 268:5, 501-510
CrossRef91
Margriet A. B. Veldhorst, Klaas R. Westerterp, Anneke J. A. H. van Vught, Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga. (2010) Presence or absence of carbohydrates and the proportion of fat in a high-protein diet affect appetite suppression but not energy expenditure in normal-weight human subjects fed in energy balance. British Journal of Nutrition 104:09, 1395-1405
CrossRef92
Walter C. Willett, Meir J. Stampfer. (2010) The WHI diet: Difficult to digest. The Breast 19:5, 307-308
CrossRef93
Adele H. Hite, Richard David Feinman, Gabriel E. Guzman, Morton Satin, Pamela A. Schoenfeld, Richard J. Wood. (2010) In the face of contradictory evidence: Report of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Committee. Nutrition 26:10, 915-924
CrossRef94
C. D. Meyerhoefer, E. S. Leibtag. (2010) A Spoonful of Sugar Helps the Medicine Go Down: the Relationship Between Food Prices and Medical Expenditures on Diabetes. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 92:5, 1271-1282
CrossRef95
C.M. Kastorini, H.J. Milionis, J.A. Goudevenos, D.B. Panagiotakos. (2010) Mediterranean diet and coronary heart disease: Is obesity a link? – A systematic review. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 20:7, 536-551
CrossRef96
Konstantinos Lois, Georgios Valsamakis, Georgio Mastorakos, Sudhesh Kumar. (2010) The impact of insulin resistance on woman's health and potential treatment options. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1205:1, 156-165
CrossRef97
Gal Dubnov-Raz, Elliot M. Berry. (2010) Dietary Approaches to Obesity. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine 77:5, 488-498
CrossRef98
Audrey Bergouignan, Stéphane Blanc, Chantal Simon. (2010) « Calories » et obésité : quantité ou qualité ?. Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique 45:4, 180-189
CrossRef99
Kim G. Jackson, Julie A. Lovegrove. (2010) The Role of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in the Mitigation of Insulin Resistance. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 4:5, 390-397
CrossRef100
George A. Bray. (2010) Medical Therapy for Obesity. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine 77:5, 407-417
CrossRef101
J. David Spence. (2010) Secondary stroke prevention. Nature Reviews Neurology
CrossRef102
Marion L. Vetter, Lucy F. Faulconbridge, Victoria L. Webb, Thomas A. Wadden. (2010) Behavioral and pharmacologic therapies for obesity. Nature Reviews Endocrinology
CrossRef103
Katherine Esposito, Maria Ida Maiorino, Antonio Ceriello, Dario Giugliano. (2010) Prevention and control of type 2 diabetes by Mediterranean diet: A systematic review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 89:2, 97-102
CrossRef104
Paul E O'Brien. (2010) Bariatric surgery: Mechanisms, indications and outcomes. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 25:8, 1358-1365
CrossRef105
Tiffany M. Powell, Amit Khera. (2010) Therapeutic Approaches to Obesity. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 12:4, 381-395
CrossRef106
K. Z. Walker, K. O’Dea, M. Gomez, S. Girgis, R. Colagiuri. (2010) Diet and exercise in the prevention of diabetes. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 23:4, 344-352
CrossRef107
Ramon Estruch. (2010) Anti-inflammatory effects of the Mediterranean diet: the experience of the PREDIMED study. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 69:03, 333-340
CrossRef108
Kathleen V. Axen, Kenneth Axen. (2010) Longitudinal Adaptations to Very Low–carbohydrate Weight-reduction Diet in Obese Rats: Body Composition and Glucose Tolerance. Obesity 18:8, 1538-1544
CrossRef109
2010. Management of Type 2 Diabetes. , 79-86.
CrossRef110
Hans Hauner. 2010. Obesity and Diabetes. , 227-241.
CrossRef111
Karin Schindler, Bernhard Ludvik. (2010) Ernährung bei Diabetes mellitus. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift Education 5:1, 9-18
CrossRef112
Mary M. Flynn, Steven E. Reinert. (2010) Comparing an Olive Oil-Enriched Diet to a Standard Lower-Fat Diet for Weight Loss in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Pilot Study. Journal of Women's Health 19:6, 1155-1161
CrossRef113
Jaime Uribarri, Sandra Woodruff, Susan Goodman, Weijing Cai, Xue Chen, Renata Pyzik, Angie Yong, Gary E. Striker, Helen Vlassara. (2010) Advanced Glycation End Products in Foods and a Practical Guide to Their Reduction in the Diet. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110:6, 911-916.e12
CrossRef114
Wadie Najm, Désirée Lie. (2010) Herbals Used for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 37:2, 237-254
CrossRef115
Joan C Han, Debbie A Lawlor, Sue YS Kimm. (2010) Childhood obesity. The Lancet 375:9727, 1737-1748
CrossRef116
T. P. Wycherley, G. D. Brinkworth, J. B. Keogh, M. Noakes, J. D. Buckley, P. M. Clifton. (2010) Long-term effects of weight loss with a very low carbohydrate and low fat diet on vascular function in overweight and obese patients. Journal of Internal Medicine 267:5, 452-461
CrossRef117
Jung Sub Lim, Michele Mietus-Snyder, Annie Valente, Jean-Marc Schwarz, Robert H. Lustig. (2010) The role of fructose in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 7:5, 251-264
CrossRef118
L. Nasreddine, A. Mehio-Sibai, M. Mrayati, N. Adra, N. Hwalla. (2010) Adolescent obesity in Syria: prevalence and associated factors. Child: Care, Health and Development 36:3, 404-413
CrossRef119
J. López-Miranda, F. Pérez-Jiménez, E. Ros, R. De Caterina, L. Badimón, M.I. Covas, E. Escrich, J.M. Ordovás, F. Soriguer, R. Abiá, C. Alarcón de la Lastra, M. Battino, D. Corella, J. Chamorro-Quirós, J. Delgado-Lista, D. Giugliano, K. Esposito, R. Estruch, J.M. Fernandez-Real, J.J. Gaforio, C. La Vecchia, D. Lairon, F. López-Segura, P. Mata, J.A. Menéndez, F.J. Muriana, J. Osada, D.B. Panagiotakos, J.A. Paniagua, P. Pérez-Martinez, J. Perona, M.A. Peinado, M. Pineda-Priego, H.E. Poulsen, J.L. Quiles, M.C. Ramírez-Tortosa, J. Ruano, L. Serra-Majem, R. Solá, M. Solanas, V. Solfrizzi, R. de la Torre-Fornell, A. Trichopoulou, M. Uceda, J.M. Villalba-Montoro, J.R. Villar-Ortiz, F. Visioli, N. Yiannakouris. (2010) Olive oil and health: Summary of the II international conference on olive oil and health consensus report, Jaén and Córdoba (Spain) 2008. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 20:4, 284-294
CrossRef120
Rachel Golan, Dan Schwarzfuchs, Meir J Stampfer, Iris Shai. (2010) Halo effect of a weight-loss trial on spouses: the DIRECT-Spouse study. Public Health Nutrition 13:04, 544
CrossRef121
T.O. Klemsdal, I. Holme, H. Nerland, T.R. Pedersen, S. Tonstad. (2010) Effects of a low glycemic load diet versus a low-fat diet in subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 20:3, 195-201
CrossRef122
A. Astrup, M. Kristensen, N.T. Gregersen, A. Belza, J.K. Lorenzen, A. Due, T.M. Larsen. (2010) Can bioactive foods affect obesity?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1190:1, 25-41
CrossRef123
G. Mastorakos, G. Valsamakis, G. Paltoglou, G. Creatsas. (2010) Management of obesity in menopause: Diet, exercise, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery. Maturitas 65:3, 219-224
CrossRef124
Mindy Dopler Nelson, Jennifer Otten, Beibei Oelrich, Christopher Gardner. (2010) Weight-Loss Diet Studies: Is the Most Rigorous Trial To Date Generalizable to Public Health?. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 4:2, 86-88
CrossRef125
A. Elhayany, A. Lustman, R. Abel, J. Attal-Singer, S. Vinker. (2010) A low carbohydrate Mediterranean diet improves cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes control among overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year prospective randomized intervention study. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 12:3, 204-209
CrossRef126
David J. A. Jenkins, Arash Mirrahimi, Tri H. Nguyen, Shahad Abdulnour, Korbua Srichaikul, Leanne Shamrakov, Ambika Dewan, John L. Sievenpiper, Cyril W. C. Kendall. (2010) Macronutrients, Weight Control, and Cardiovascular Health: A Systematic Review. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 4:2, 89-100
CrossRef127
Peter A. MEGDAL, Daniel SIEMSEN, David SANDS, Edward A. DRATZ, Garry J. HANDELMAN. (2010) Facile fingerstick insulin analysis: Application to monitoring postprandial insulin responses to snack foods. Journal of Diabetes 2:1, 28-35
CrossRef128
A. E. Buyken, P. Mitchell, A. Ceriello, J. Brand-Miller. (2010) Optimal dietary approaches for prevention of type 2 diabetes: a life-course perspective. Diabetologia 53:3, 406-418
CrossRef129
Ene Belleh. (2010) Health and Lifestyle Benefits from Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet. Journal of Consumer Health On the Internet 14:1, 75-80
CrossRef130
Matthias Blüher. (2010) The distinction of metabolically ‘healthy’ from ‘unhealthy’ obese individuals. Current Opinion in Lipidology 21:1, 38-43
CrossRef131
Pascal P. McKeown, Karen Logan, Michelle C. McKinley, Ian S. Young, Jayne V. Woodside. (2010) Session 4: CVD, diabetes and cancer Evidence for the use of the Mediterranean diet in patients with CHD. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 69:01, 45
CrossRef132
Maximilian Bielohuby, Maiko Matsuura, Nadja Herbach, Ellen Kienzle, Marc Slawik, Andreas Hoeflich, Martin Bidlingmaier. (2010) Short-term exposure to low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets induces low bone mineral density and reduces bone formation in rats. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25:2, 275-284
CrossRef133
C Razquin, J A Martinez, M A Martinez-Gonzalez, M Bes-Rastrollo, J Fernández-Crehuet, A Marti. (2010) A 3-year intervention with a Mediterranean diet modified the association between the rs9939609 gene variant in FTO and body weight changes. International Journal of Obesity 34:2, 266-272
CrossRef134
Kevin J. Acheson. (2010) Carbohydrate for weight and metabolic control: Where do we stand?. Nutrition 26:2, 141-145
CrossRef135
Meghan L. Butryn, Thomas A. Wadden, Margaret R. Rukstalis, Chanelle Bishop-Gilyard, Melissa S. Xanthopoulos, Delroy Louden, Robert I. Berkowitz. (2010) Maintenance of Weight Loss in Adolescents: Current Status and Future Directions. Journal of Obesity 2010, 1-12
CrossRef136
Jae Sung Ko. (2010) Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology 56:1, 6
CrossRef137
Mingguo Tang, Kamran Alvani, Richard F. Tester. (2010) Production and utilisation of gastric rafts from polysaccharide combinations to induce satiety: A preliminary study. Nutrition & Food Science 40:2, 155-165
CrossRef138
Gregory L. Austin, Douglas A. Drossman, Christine B. Dalton, Yuming Hu, Carolyn B. Morris, Jane Hankins, Stephan R. Weinland, Eric C. Westman, William S. Yancy. (2010) Reply. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 8:1, 98-99
CrossRef139
Nam-Seok Joo, Duck-Joo Lee, Kwang-Min Kim, Bom-Taeck Kim, Chan-Won Kim, Kyu-Nam Kim, Sang-Man Kim. (2010) Ketonuria after Fasting may be Related to the Metabolic Superiority. Journal of Korean Medical Science 25:12, 1771
CrossRef140
C. S. Moore, A. K. Lindroos, M. Kreutzer, T. M. Larsen, A. Astrup, M. A. van Baak, T. Handjieva-Darlenska, P. Hlavaty, A. Kafatos, A. Kohl, J. A. Martinez, S. Monsheimer, S. A. Jebb, . (2010) Dietary strategy to manipulate ad libitum macronutrient intake, and glycaemic index, across eight European countries in the Diogenes Study. Obesity Reviews 11:1, 67-75
CrossRef141
Cornelia Meffert, Nikolaus Gerdes. (2010) Program Adherence and Effectiveness of a Commercial Nutrition Program: The Metabolic Balance Study. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2010, 1-8
CrossRef142
Tamara B. Horwich, Gregg C. Fonarow. (2010) Glucose, Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55:4, 283-293
CrossRef143
Victoria Salem, Stephen R Bloom. (2010) Approaches to the pharmacological treatment of obesity. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 3:1, 73-88
CrossRef144
Cesare R. Sirtori, Claudio Galli, James W. Anderson, Elena Sirtori, Anna Arnoldi. (2009) Functional foods for dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular risk prevention. Nutrition Research Reviews 22:02, 244
CrossRef145
Helen Hermana Miranda Hermsdorff, M. Ángeles Zulet, Itziar Abete, J. Alfredo Martínez. (2009) Discriminated benefits of a Mediterranean dietary pattern within a hypocaloric diet program on plasma RBP4 concentrations and other inflammatory markers in obese subjects. Endocrine 36:3, 445-451
CrossRef146
Sandra Sumalla Cano, Irma Domínguez Azpíroz, Sandra Jarrín Motte, Anna Marín Bachs, Maurizio Battino, Santos Gracia Villar. (2009) Are miracle diets miraculous? Review and analysis of a specific case: the Mayo Clinic Diet. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2:3, 221-224
CrossRef147
Joseph Yaskin, Richard W. Toner, Neil Goldfarb. (2009) Obesity Management Interventions: A Review of the Evidence. Population Health Management 12:6, 305-316
CrossRef148
Heriberto Rodriguez-Hernandez, Uziel A. Morales-Amaya, Ramon Rosales-Valdéz, Felipe Rivera-Hinojosa, Martha Rodriguez-Moran, Fernando Guerrero-Romero. (2009) Adding cognitive behavioural treatment to either low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets: differential short-term effects. British Journal of Nutrition 102:12, 1847
CrossRef149
Sivan Ben-Avraham, Ilana Harman-Boehm, Dan Schwarzfuchs, Iris Shai. (2009) Dietary strategies for patients with type 2 diabetes in the era of multi-approaches; review and results from the Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT). Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 86, S41-S48
CrossRef150
M. D. Holmes, W. Y. Chen, S. E. Hankinson, W. C. Willett. (2009) Physical Activity's Impact on the Association of Fat and Fiber Intake With Survival After Breast Cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology 170:10, 1250-1256
CrossRef151
Christy L. Boling, Eric C. Westman, William S. Yancy. (2009) Carbohydrate-restricted diets for obesity and related diseases: An update. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 11:6, 462-469
CrossRef152
N. Mulvaney-Day, C. A. Womack. (2009) Obesity, Identity and Community: Leveraging Social Networks for Behavior Change in Public Health. Public Health Ethics 2:3, 250-260
CrossRef153
Alison Gustafson, Olga Khavjou, Sally C. Stearns, Thomas C. Keyserling, Ziya Gizlice, Sara Lindsley, Kathy Bramble, Beverly Garcia, Larry Johnston, Julie Will, Patricia Poindexter, Alice S. Ammerman, Carmen D. Samuel-Hodge. (2009) Cost-effectiveness of a behavioral weight loss intervention for low-income women: The Weight-Wise Program. Preventive Medicine 49:5, 390-395
CrossRef154
Hans Hauner. (2009) Adipositas. Medizinische Klinik 104:11, 851-866
CrossRef155
H Du, D L van der A, M M E van Bakel, N Slimani, N G Forouhi, N J Wareham, J Halkjær, A Tjønneland, M U Jakobsen, K Overvad, M B Schulze, B Buijsse, H Boeing, D Palli, G Masala, T I A Sørensen, W H M Saris, E J M Feskens. (2009) Dietary glycaemic index, glycaemic load and subsequent changes of weight and waist circumference in European men and women. International Journal of Obesity 33:11, 1280-1288
CrossRef156
Catherine M. Champagne. (2009) The usefulness of a Mediterranean-based diet in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports 9:5, 389-395
CrossRef157
Rickie Brawer, Nancy Brisbon, James Plumb. (2009) Obesity and Cancer. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 36:3, 509-531
CrossRef158
A. Hamann. (2009) Aktuelles zur Adipositas. Der Diabetologe 5:6, 420-431
CrossRef159
Cristina Razquin, J. Alfredo Martinez, Miguel A. Martinez-Gonzalez, Dolores Corella, José Manuel Santos, Amelia Marti. (2009) The Mediterranean diet protects against waist circumference enlargement in 12Ala carriers for the PPARγ gene: 2 years' follow-up of 774 subjects at high cardiovascular risk. British Journal of Nutrition 102:05, 672
CrossRef160
K. Esposito, M. I. Maiorino, C. Di Palo, D. Giugliano, . (2009) Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine 26:9, 900-907
CrossRef161
Adam Drewnowski, Petra Eichelsdoerfer. (2009) The Mediterranean diet: does it have to cost more?. Public Health Nutrition 12:9A, 1621
CrossRef162
Jeanne M. Ferrante, Alicja K. Piasecki, Pamela A. Ohman-Strickland, Benjamin F. Crabtree. (2009) Family Physicians' Practices and Attitudes Regarding Care of Extremely Obese Patients. Obesity 17:9, 1710-1716
CrossRef163
Francesco Sofi. (2009) The Mediterranean diet revisited: evidence of its effectiveness grows. Current Opinion in Cardiology 24:5, 442-446
CrossRef164
Brian Bennett, Melinda S. Sothern. (2009) Diet, exercise, behavior: the promise and limits of lifestyle change. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery 18:3, 152-158
CrossRef165
Faidon Magkos, Mary Yannakoulia, Jean L. Chan, Christos S. Mantzoros. (2009) Management of the Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Through Lifestyle Modification. Annual Review of Nutrition 29:1, 223-256
CrossRef166
Jonathan Q. Purnell. (2009) Obesity: Calories or content: what is the best weight-loss diet?. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 5:8, 419-420
CrossRef167
Jack Challem. (2009) Medical Journal Watch: Context and Applications. Alternative and Complementary Therapies 15:4, 206-210
CrossRef168
Constanza Matilde López-Fontana, Almudena Sánchez-Villegas, Miguel Angel Martínez-Gonzalez, José Alfredo Martinez. (2009) Daily physical activity and macronutrient distribution of low-calorie diets jointly affect body fat reduction in obese women. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 34:4, 595-602
CrossRef169
Anwar T. Merchant, Hassanali Vatanparast, Shahzaib Barlas, Mahshid Dehghan, Syed Mahboob Ali Shah, Lawrence De Koning, Susan E. Steck. (2009) Carbohydrate Intake and Overweight and Obesity among Healthy Adults. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109:7, 1165-1172
CrossRef170
Ma Dolores Corbalán, Eva Ma Morales, Manuel Canteras, Ana Espallardo, Teresa Hernández, Marta Garaulet. (2009) Effectiveness of cognitive–behavioral therapy based on the Mediterranean diet for the treatment of obesity. Nutrition 25:7-8, 861-869
CrossRef171
Jeremiah P Depta, Richard A Krasuski. (2009) Therapy and clinical trials. Current Opinion in Lipidology 20:3, 262-263
CrossRef172
Eric C. Westman. (2009) Rethinking dietary saturated fats. Lipid Technology 21:5-6, 109-111
CrossRef173
Nichola Davis, Bernice Forbes, Judith Wylie-Rosett. (2009) Nutritional Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine 76:3, 257-268
CrossRef174
Roger A. Shewmake, Mark K. Huntington. (2009) Nutritional Treatment of Obesity. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 36:2, 357-377
CrossRef175
(2009) Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets. New England Journal of Medicine 360:21, 2247-2248
Full Text176
K. Esposito, M. Maiorino, D. Giugliano. (2009) Which diet is best for diabetes?. Diabetologia 52:5, 988-989
CrossRef177
Dale A Schoeller. (2009) The energy balance equation: looking back and looking forward are two very different views. Nutrition Reviews 67:5, 249-254
CrossRef178
N. Ahluwalia, J. Ferrières, J. Dallongeville, C. Simon, P. Ducimetière, P. Amouyel, D. Arveiler, J.-B. Ruidavets. (2009) Association of macronutrient intake patterns with being overweight in a population-based random sample of men in France. Diabetes & Metabolism 35:2, 129-136
CrossRef179
Jodi R. Godfrey, Michael L. Dansinger. (2009) Toward Optimal Health: Sorting out the Dietary Approaches to Achieve a Healthy Weight. Journal of Women's Health 18:4, 435-438
CrossRef180
William S. Yancy, Daniel Almirall, Matthew L. Maciejewski, Ronette L. Kolotkin, Jennifer R. McDuffie, Eric C. Westman. (2009) Effects of two weight-loss diets on health-related quality of life. Quality of Life Research 18:3, 281-289
CrossRef181
M. Gerber. (2009) Impact de l’alimentation sur le pronostic du cancer du sein. Oncologie 11:4, 236-242
CrossRef182
Frederick J. Raal. (2009) Pathogenesis and Management of the Dyslipidemia of the Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 7:2, 83-88
CrossRef183
Dawn C Schwenke. (2009) The plant protein ‘package’ may be preferred in high-protein diets. Current Opinion in Lipidology 20:2, 152-154
CrossRef184
Jeff S. Volek, Stephen D. Phinney, Cassandra E. Forsythe, Erin E. Quann, Richard J. Wood, Michael J. Puglisi, William J. Kraemer, Doug M. Bibus, Maria Luz Fernandez, Richard D. Feinman. (2009) Carbohydrate Restriction has a More Favorable Impact on the Metabolic Syndrome than a Low Fat Diet. Lipids 44:4, 297-309
CrossRef185
Gene-Jack Wang, Nora D. Volkow, Panayotis K. Thanos, Joanna S. Fowler. (2009) Imaging of Brain Dopamine Pathways. Journal of Addiction Medicine 3:1, 8-18
CrossRef186
Sacks, Frank M., Bray, George A., Carey, Vincent J., Smith, Steven R., Ryan, Donna H., Anton, Stephen D., McManus, Katherine, Champagne, Catherine M., Bishop, Louise M., Laranjo, Nancy, Leboff, Meryl S., Rood, Jennifer C., de Jonge, Lilian, Greenway, Frank L., Loria, Catherine M., Obarzanek, Eva, Williamson, Donald A., . (2009) Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates. New England Journal of Medicine 360:9, 859-873
Full Text187
Klaas R Westerterp. (2009) Dietary fat oxidation as a function of body fat. Current Opinion in Lipidology 20:1, 45-49
CrossRef188
Yoomi Shin, Soojin Park, Ryowon Choue. (2009) Comparison of time course changes in blood glucose, insulin and lipids between high carbohydrate and high fat meals in healthy young women. Nutrition Research and Practice 3:2, 128
CrossRef189
D S Bond, S Phelan, T M Leahey, J O Hill, R R Wing. (2009) Weight-loss maintenance in successful weight losers: surgical vs non-surgical methods. International Journal of Obesity 33:1, 173-180
CrossRef190
(2009) Obesity: a failure of homeostasis because of hedonic rewards: response to the letter from Gary Taubes. Obesity Reviews 10:1, 99-102
CrossRef191
MatthewW Richardson, Leybie Ang, PaulF Visintainer, ChrystalA Wittcopp. (2009) The Abnormal Measures of Iron Homeostasis in Pediatric Obesity Are Associated with the Inflammation of Obesity. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2009:1, 713269
CrossRef192
John R. Asplin. (2009) Obesity and Urolithiasis. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 16:1, 11-20
CrossRef193
David S. Goldfarb. (2009) Prospects for Dietary Therapy of Recurrent Nephrolithiasis. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 16:1, 21-29
CrossRef194
C.M. Schooling. (2009) Risk factors for the metabolic syndrome in contemporary China. CVD Prevention and Control 4:1, 41-50
CrossRef195
2009. Bibliographie. , 243-249.
CrossRef196
Gal Dubnov-Raz, Elliot M. Berry. (2008) The Dietary Treatment of Obesity. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 37:4, 873-886
CrossRef197
Alona Zerlin, Zhaoping Li. (2008) Glycemic Index Versus Glycemic Load for Weight Management. Obesity Management 4:6, 326-328
CrossRef198
Peter M Clifton. (2008) Dietary treatment for obesity. Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology 5:12, 672-681
CrossRef199
Esther MM Ooi, Gerald F Watts. (2008) Nutrition and metabolism: new insights into lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy for managing cardiometabolic risk. Current Opinion in Lipidology 19:6, 617-619
CrossRef200
(2008) OM News. Obesity Management 4:6, 319-323
CrossRef201
(2008) Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet. New England Journal of Medicine 359:20, 2169-2172
Full Text202
(2008) Safe and effective alternatives to a low-fat diet may allow diets to be individualized. Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology 5:10, 539-539
CrossRef203
David Becker. (2008) Low-Dose Statin Concentration in Red Yeast Rice: A Confounding Effect on Outcome?–Reply–I. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 83:10, 1187
CrossRef
- Letters
