Original Article
Effectiveness of Maternal Influenza Immunization in Mothers and Infants
N Engl J Med 2008; 359:1555-1564October 9, 2008
- Abstract
Background
Young infants and pregnant women are at increased risk for serious consequences of influenza infection. Inactivated influenza vaccine is recommended for pregnant women but is not licensed for infants younger than 6 months of age. We assessed the clinical effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine administered during pregnancy in Bangladesh.
Methods
In this randomized study, we assigned 340 mothers to receive either inactivated influenza vaccine (influenza-vaccine group) or the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (control group). Mothers were interviewed weekly to assess illnesses until 24 weeks after birth. Subjects with febrile respiratory illness were assessed clinically, and ill infants were tested for influenza antigens. We estimated the incidence of illness, incidence rate ratios, and vaccine effectiveness.
Results
Mothers and infants were observed from August 2004 through December 2005. Among infants of mothers who received influenza vaccine, there were fewer cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza than among infants in the control group (6 cases and 16 cases, respectively), with a vaccine effectiveness of 63% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5 to 85). Respiratory illness with fever occurred in 110 infants in the influenza-vaccine group and 153 infants in the control group, with a vaccine effectiveness of 29% (95% CI, 7 to 46). Among the mothers, there was a reduction in the rate of respiratory illness with fever of 36% (95% CI, 4 to 57).
Conclusions
Inactivated influenza vaccine reduced proven influenza illness by 63% in infants up to 6 months of age and averted approximately a third of all febrile respiratory illnesses in mothers and young infants. Maternal influenza immunization is a strategy with substantial benefits for both mothers and infants. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00142389.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Original Study Design, Showing Subgroups of Mothers and Infants Included in the Current Analysis.Figure 2
Cumulative Cases of Laboratory-Proven Influenza in Infants Whose Mothers Received Influenza Vaccine, as Compared with Control Subjects.Article Activity
- Article
Infection with influenza virus is associated with serious illness and hospitalization among pregnant women1-3 and young infants, including neonates.4-6 Maternal influenza infection has been associated with an increased risk of maternal hospitalization, fetal malformation, and other illnesses.7,8 Influenza infection in young infants often prompts hospitalization and can predispose the infants to bacterial pneumonia or otitis media.9,10 Studies from North America11 and Hong Kong12 have shown high rates of hospitalization among infants with influenza, especially those under 6 months of age.13 The rate of hospitalization for such infants is higher than that for other high-risk groups. A national survey in the United States showed that childhood deaths associated with influenza are most frequent in infants under the age of 6 months.14
Natural maternal influenza antibodies protect infants during the first few months of life.15,16 A study of influenza immunization of pregnant women showed that active transport of immunoglobulin G produced umbilical-cord antibody levels that were higher than those in maternal serum.17 Epidemiologic data suggest that breast-feeding is also protective against influenza in young infants.18
Immunization of pregnant women with inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine has been recommended in the United States for more than a decade19 and by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2005.20 However, few mothers receive the vaccine.7 The general safety of this strategy has been shown,21,22 but there has been no randomized, prospective evaluation of its clinical effectiveness.19,23 Antiviral drugs are not recommended for use in early pregnancy.19
Since 2003 in the United States, influenza immunization has been recommended for infants between the ages of 6 months and 23 months,19 although vaccine immunogenicity may be reduced in children under the age of 2 years.24,25 Influenza vaccines are not licensed in the United States for use in infants under the age of 6 months, and antiviral drugs for influenza therapy are not licensed for infants under the age of 1 year.19,26
The Mother's Gift project is a randomized trial of the strategy of maternal immunization, with the primary goal of assessing the safety and immunogenicity of sequential maternal and infant immunization with pneumococcal vaccines in Bangladesh. In our study of influenza vaccine, mothers in the control group received pneumococcal vaccine only. No infants received the influenza vaccine. We made use of the opportunity afforded by the randomized, blinded design to assess the influenza-related illnesses of the mothers who had received the influenza vaccine and their infants, as compared with those who received only pneumococcal vaccine. We report here estimates of the clinical effectiveness of maternal immunization with inactivated influenza vaccine on influenza illness in infants and mothers.
Methods
Study Design
We conducted a prospective, controlled, blinded, randomized trial to assess the safety and immunogenicity of pneumococcal vaccines, as well as the clinical effectiveness of influenza vaccine (Figure 1Figure 1
Original Study Design, Showing Subgroups of Mothers and Infants Included in the Current Analysis.). The primary outcome in infants was the first episode of laboratory-confirmed influenza before 24 weeks of age. Other outcomes in the infants were the confirmation of influenza-like illness by a clinician and confirmation by obtaining a throat swab for influenza antigen testing. Study outcomes for both mothers and infants were the numbers of episodes of respiratory illness with fever or of documented fever of more than 38°C, clinic visits with respiratory illness, and episodes of diarrhea (nonrespiratory end point for both groups).Exclusion criteria for mothers were a history of systemic disease, previous complicated pregnancy or preterm delivery, spontaneous or medical abortion, congenital anomaly, and hypersensitivity to or receipt of a study vaccine in the previous 3 years. After providing written informed consent, pregnant women were randomly assigned to one of four groups for the primary study, with women in groups 1 and 2 receiving pneumococcal vaccine and those in groups 3 and 4 receiving influenza vaccine. For our analysis of the effect of maternal influenza immunization, the mothers and their infants were analyzed in two groups: those who received influenza vaccine and the control group (see the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org).
The randomization sequence was computer-generated, stratified according to clinic, and blocked in groups of four; sequentially numbered opaque envelopes with data regarding assignments to study groups were provided to each clinic. Mothers, families, and study staff who collected data regarding illnesses and adverse events were unaware of the study-group assignments. Blood was collected from mothers before and after immunization; for infants, cord blood was collected at birth, and samples were taken at 6, 10, 14, and 18 weeks and between 22 and 24 weeks for serologic assessment. All infants received the local routine childhood immunizations at 6, 10, and 14 weeks. Infants in the primary immunogenicity study received either three doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar, Wyeth) or Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (Hiberix, GlaxoSmithKline) at 6, 10, and 14 weeks.
The project protocol was reviewed and approved by the institutional review boards at the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, and the Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Use of study vaccines was approved by the Directorate of Drug Administration, the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. All the authors vouch for the completeness of the data and the analyses presented.
Study Vaccines
Mothers were randomly assigned to receive an inactivated influenza virus vaccine, Fluarix (lot number, AFLUA004BC), containing strains for 2004 (including A/New Caledonia/20/99 [H1N1], A/Fujian/411/2002 [H3N2], and B/Hong Kong/330/2001), as recommended by the WHO for the southern hemisphere, or the 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine, Pneumovax (lot number, 0987N). All study vaccines were purchased from the manufacturer. Clinic staff members who were not involved with study-outcome assessments administered all doses of vaccine by intramuscular injection.
Surveillance
All mothers were interviewed 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours after immunization and then 1 week later by telephone or home interview to record local and systemic side effects. Most mothers were followed from 2 weeks after immunization through pregnancy and delivery, and all mothers were interviewed once a week from the birth of the infant through 24 weeks of age to assess the occurrence of illnesses in themselves and their infants. Of the 340 mothers who underwent randomization, 331 mothers and their infants (97.4%) began surveillance after delivery, and 316 mother–infant pairs (92.9%) completed the 24 weeks of study surveillance.
Mothers were given digital thermometers and were taught to record axillary temperatures of their infants. Families were asked to bring infants who were ill to the study clinic for evaluation, influenza-antigen testing, and treatment. For clinician-confirmed acute febrile respiratory illness in infants, throat swabs were collected and tested within 24 hours after collection by laboratory technicians at the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research in Dhaka, using a rapid test for both influenza A and B (Zstat, ZymeTx). Test results were provided to the clinicians to guide treatment of the patients. Because of a shortage of rapid tests, episodes of respiratory illness with fever in infants from August 2004 through October 2004 could not be tested, and maternal illnesses were not tested. An independent data and safety monitoring board and both institutional review boards reviewed all severe adverse events (for details, see the Supplementary Appendix).
Statistical Analysis
The numbers of subjects that were needed for the primary study were calculated to detect a specified difference in the mean pneumococcal antibody titer in the two groups27 (see the Supplementary Appendix for details). The sample size had a power of 80% to detect a difference in illness rate of 30% or more. For a comparison of study groups, we assessed group means with Student's t-test and proportions with the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test; all tests were two-sided. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed on the outcome data. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated for the study outcomes with the use of Poisson regression models (see the Supplementary Appendix for details). Estimates of clinical effectiveness were calculated with the formula (1–IRR)×100. We used a post hoc analysis with an interaction term to assess the effect of all infant vaccines that did not contain the inactivated influenza virus. There were no interim analyses of the data. All P values are two-sided and not adjusted for multiple testing. Associations with a P value of less than 0.05 or effectiveness confidence intervals that did not include 0 were considered to have statistical significance.
Results
Population and Adverse Events
A total of 340 women in the third trimester of pregnancy who met the inclusion criteria agreed to participate in the study. The mothers and infants in the two study groups were similar in both demographic and other characteristics (Table 1Table 1
Characteristics of the Patients.). Minor local and systemic side effects that occurred during the first 7 days after immunization were similar in the two groups of mothers except for local pain, which was more frequent among the mothers who received pneumococcal vaccine. The difference in the rate of severe adverse events between the two groups was not significant (for details, see the Supplementary Appendix).Effectiveness
Mothers were recruited and immunized from August 2004 through May 2005, and cohorts of mother–infant pairs were observed through November 2005, for a total of 1651 person-months in the group of infants and 2165 person-months in the group of mothers. Of the mother–infant pairs, 316 were observed for the full 24-week period. During this time, 22 infants had at least one laboratory-confirmed influenza infection (Figure 2Figure 2
Cumulative Cases of Laboratory-Proven Influenza in Infants Whose Mothers Received Influenza Vaccine, as Compared with Control Subjects.).Maternal influenza immunization significantly reduced the rate of laboratory-confirmed influenza in the infants (Table 2Table 2
Clinical Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccine in Infants and Mothers.). Among the 159 infants whose mothers received influenza vaccine, 6 had laboratory-confirmed influenza, as compared with 16 among the 157 infants whose mothers were in the control group, an effectiveness of 63% (95% confidence interval, 5 to 85). Influenza immunization also had substantial effectiveness against the other clinical outcomes in the infants, including a reduction of 29% in the rate of respiratory illness with fever, a reduction of 42% in the rate of infant clinic visits for respiratory illness with fever, and a reduction of 49% in the rate of clinician testing for influenza. Antigen-test–positive influenza was detected from January through October 2005, and vaccine effectiveness appeared to vary somewhat during the 15 months of observation, with apparent increased effectiveness from March through November 2005 (Figure 2).Mothers who received influenza vaccine were significantly less likely to have respiratory illness with fever, as compared with the control group, and had fewer respiratory illnesses with a temperature of more than 38°C and fewer clinic visits (Table 2). We observed clinical effectiveness in the reduction of febrile respiratory illness in infants up to 5 and 6 months of age (Figure 3Figure 3
Episodes of Respiratory Illness with Fever in Infants Whose Mothers Received Influenza Vaccine, as Compared with Control Subjects. and Figure 4Figure 4
Episodes of Respiratory Illness with Fever in Infants Whose Mothers Received Influenza Vaccine, as Compared with Control Subjects, According to Age.). Reported diarrheal illness in mothers and infants was similar in both study groups. The post hoc analysis that was performed with the use of Poisson regression including an interaction term accounting for the noninfluenza childhood vaccines did not show a significant interaction for the infant end-point data (P=0.80), suggesting the effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization did not vary according to infant immunization with H. influenzae type b vaccine or pneumococcal vaccine.Influenza Disease and Immunization in South Asia
The frequent, close observation of our Bangladeshi subjects provided unique, serendipitous descriptive data on the natural history of influenza in this South Asian environment, although these observations were not a primary objective of our study. In tropical and subtropical regions, influenza viruses may be perennial with some seasonal variation, causing disease for much of the year.12,28,29 Limited data regarding influenza are available for Dhaka, which is located at 23.5°N, virtually on the Tropic of Cancer.30,31 Our surveillance in Dhaka showed evidence of the circulation of influenza virus for 10 of 11 months of observation. Our preliminary data for infants showed that in the control group, the incidence of laboratory-proven influenza illness was at least 10% in the first 6 months of life. In addition, we observed that one infant in each study group had two episodes of laboratory-confirmed influenza (at 1 and 12 weeks in the influenza-vaccine group and at 9 and 28 weeks in the control group). In the mothers, the observed effect of influenza vaccine on febrile illnesses suggested that at least 36% of all maternal febrile respiratory illnesses are attributable to influenza up to 6 months post partum.32,33
Discussion
Our study showed that maternal immunization with influenza vaccine had significant clinical effectiveness, with a reduction of 63% in laboratory-proven influenza illness in infants up to 6 months of age and reductions of 29% and 36% in rates of respiratory illness with fever in infants and mothers, respectively. Although the confidence limits for the effectiveness of passive immunization were wide, the point estimates of effectiveness against both laboratory-proven influenza and multiple clinical end points in the infants were similar to those reported in trials of active influenza vaccine in infants older than 6 months of age.25 However, our findings differ from those of some nonrandomized, retrospective studies involving a review of patient records.34,35
The randomized and masked nature of the intervention, with the prospective weekly surveillance, allowed us to measure the clinical effects of influenza immunization in both mothers and infants with minimal bias, as evidenced by similar rates in study groups for reported diarrheal disease. The observed vaccine effect in the context of perennial circulation of a variety of influenza virus strains provides a generalizable estimate of the clinical effectiveness of the strategy of maternal immunization in this setting. These data also suggest that infants were protected from clinical illness up to the age of 5 to 6 months, somewhat longer than earlier estimates of passive protection.16,17
The rapid test that we used detects influenza neuraminidase and is reported to have a specificity of 80 to 90% and a sensitivity of 70 to 72% for both type A and type B influenza.36,37 These sensitivity data suggest that perhaps a quarter of true influenza cases were not detected. The test probably was performed in a similar fashion in the two study groups, so that the observed relative reduction or effectiveness would be unaffected, but the absolute incidence of influenza illness in study subjects was underestimated. An independent community surveillance for influenza illness, carried out in Dhaka by the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during the same period as this study, corroborated the perennial local presence of influenza viruses during the study period and documented the variety of influenza virus strains in circulation.30
The study was randomized and controlled, but the analytic comparison was between groups who had received maternal influenza vaccine or another active noninfluenza vaccine, not between active immunization and placebo. It is possible that in the control group, infants of mothers who received pneumococcal vaccine had a reduced incidence of pneumococcus-associated respiratory illness with fever and a reduced number of clinic visits.38,39 Such a possibility would reduce the apparent effectiveness of maternal influenza vaccine. In addition, infants were randomly assigned to receive either haemophilus conjugate or pneumococcus conjugate vaccine (Figure 1), which after several doses may have reduced cases of respiratory illness with fever and clinic visits during the fourth and fifth months of life.40 However, the randomization of infants ensured that the clinical effect of the infant immunizations would have been similar in the two study groups, with minimal influence on the apparent effectiveness of maternal influenza vaccine. The post hoc interaction analysis was consistent with the lack of effect of infant noninfluenza immunization on influenza-associated illness. Overall, the assessment of these factors suggests that the effect of influenza vaccine we observed in this study underestimated the true effect of maternal influenza immunization.
Our study had several potential limitations. The project did not have resources for carrying out virologic studies, so we had no study data on the strains of influenza virus that were prevalent during the study period, though independent local data describing the variety of influenza viruses in Dhaka during the study period were reported previously.30 Our study did not have statistical power to assess the infrequent outcomes of influenza, including hospitalization and severe illness. However, the substantial reduction of laboratory-proven influenza illness suggests that a proportion of infrequent serious outcomes of influenza infection would have been averted also. The influenza rapid diagnostic tests were received late and were in short supply, so we tested only some of the infants; this suggests that some episodes of laboratory-proven influenza were not detected in both mothers and infants. However, we did record in detail all illnesses each week throughout the entire project, providing a measure of illnesses that were prevented by the influenza vaccine.
The study surveillance continued for 15 months, representing a relatively brief assessment of the strategy of maternal immunization in this setting. Since a variety of influenza viruses circulated during at least 10 of those months, we suggest that the effectiveness data are representative for this Asian region and are probably generalizable elsewhere as a biologic effect of influenza immunization in pregnant women.
Our data show that a single dose of maternal influenza vaccine provides a considerable two-for-one benefit to both mothers and their young infants. The absolute reduction in the rate of illness showed that every 100 influenza immunizations in pregnancy prevented respiratory illness with fever of more than 38°C in 14 infants and 7 mothers. In other words, five pregnant women would need to be vaccinated to prevent a single case of respiratory illness with fever in a mother or infant.41 These study data also indicate that influenza immunization of fewer than 16 mothers prevented one laboratory-proven influenza illness in the young infants.
In summary, the clinical effectiveness of influenza vaccine against both laboratory-proven influenza and several other respiratory illnesses shown in this randomized study is unique evidence supporting the strategy of maternal immunization to prevent influenza infection in young infants and their mothers. In a tropical setting of perennial transmission of influenza virus, maternal influenza immunization for much of the year had a substantial protective effect in both mothers and their young infants. In regions with limited financial resources, the strategy of maternal immunization is widely used for tetanus prevention, and antenatal-immunization systems are in place. Our study suggests that the antenatal-immunization strategy should be evaluated further for the prevention of influenza. Additional, larger studies will need to be carried out for several years with annual new formulations of influenza vaccine to show the full effect of the strategy of maternal influenza immunization in tropical and subtropical regions.
Supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, a cooperative agreement (HRN-A-0096-90006-00) with the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the Department of Health and Human Services, the National Vaccine Program Office, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, the Thrasher Research Fund, Aventis Pasteur, the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, and the Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins University.
Dr. Breiman reports receiving research support from Merck, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and USAID. Dr. Steinhoff, receiving research support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, USAID, the Thrasher Fund, Wyeth, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi-Aventis, and Merck and lecture fees from GlaxoSmithKline and Sanofi-Aventis. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0708630) was published at www.nejm.org on September 17, 2008.
We thank Dr. Mizanur Rahman, Prof. A.B. Bhuiyan, Dr. Kazi Nurun Nabi, and Dr. David Sack for their assistance in the project; Dr. L. Moulton for useful discussions and helpful advice; Dr. Shelia Salisbury for statistical assistance; Dr. Regina Rabinowitz for persistent support and useful suggestions; the field and data-management team for their efforts; and the families who participated in the project.
Source Information
From the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z., E.R., S.E.A., M.R., R.R., N.S.S., R.F.B.); and the Bloomberg School of Public Health (E.W., S.B.O., M.C.S.), Institute for Vaccine Safety (S.B.O.), and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (M.C.S.) — all at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Steinhoff at the Children's Global Health Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 2048, Cincinnati, OH 45229, or at m.steinhoff@gmail.com.
- References
References
1
Neuzil KM ,Reed GW ,Mitchel EF ,Simonsen L ,Griffin MR . Impact of influenza on acute cardiopulmonary hospitalizations in pregnant women. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148:1094-1102
Web of Science | Medline2
Lindsay L ,Jackson LA ,Savitz DA , et al. Community influenza activity and risk of acute influenza-like illness episodes among healthy unvaccinated pregnant and postpartum women. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:838-848
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Hartert TV ,Neuzil KM ,Shintani AK , et al. Maternal morbidity and perinatal outcomes among pregnant women with respiratory hospitalizations during influenza season. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:1705-1712
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Munoz FM . Influenza virus infection in infancy and early childhood. Paediatr Respir Rev 2003;4:99-104
CrossRef | Medline5
Glezen WP ,Taber LH ,Frank AL ,Gruber WC ,Piedra PA . Influenza virus infections in infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:1065-1068
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Izurieta HS ,Thompson WW ,Kramarz P , et al. Influenza and the rates of hospitalization for respiratory disease among infants and young children. N Engl J Med 2000;342:232-239
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline7
Naleway AL ,Smith WJ ,Mullooly JP . Delivering influenza vaccine to pregnant women. Epidemiol Rev 2006;28:47-53
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Brown AS ,Begg MD ,Gravenstein S , et al. Serologic evidence of prenatal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:774-780
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
O'Brien KL ,Walters MI ,Sellman J , et al. Severe pneumococcal pneumonia in previously healthy children: the role of preceding influenza infection. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:784-789
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Heikkinen T ,Ruuskanen O ,Waris M ,Ziegler T ,Arola M ,Halonen P . Influenza vaccination in the prevention of acute otitis media in children. Am J Dis Child 1991;145:445-448
Web of Science | Medline11
Poehling KA ,Edwards KM ,Weinberg GA , et al. The underrecognized burden of influenza in young children. N Engl J Med 2006;355:31-40
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline12
Chiu SS ,Lau YL ,Chan KH ,Wong WH ,Peiris JS . Influenza-related hospitalizations among children in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med 2002;347:2097-2103
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline13
Neuzil KM ,Mellen BG ,Wright PF ,Mitchel EF Jr ,Griffin MR . The effect of influenza on hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and courses of antibiotics in children. N Engl J Med 2000;342:225-231
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline14
Bhat N ,Wright JG ,Broder KR , et al. Influenza-associated deaths among children in the United States, 2003-2004. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2559-2567
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline15
Puck JM ,Glezen WP ,Frank AL ,Six HR . Protection of infants from infection with influenza A virus by transplacentally acquired antibody. J Infect Dis 1980;142:844-849
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Reuman PD ,Ayoub EM ,Small PA . Effect of passive maternal antibody on influenza illness in children: a prospective study of influenza A in mother-infant pairs. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987;6:398-403
Web of Science | Medline17
Englund JA ,Mbawuike IN ,Hammill H ,Holleman MC ,Baxter BD ,Glezen WP . Maternal immunization with influenza or tetanus toxoid vaccine for passive antibody protection in young infants. J Infect Dis 1993;168:647-656
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Howie PW ,Forsyth JS ,Ogston SA ,Clark A ,Florey CD . Protective effect of breast feeding against infection. BMJ 1990;300:11-16
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Smith NM, Bresee JS, et al 20
H5N1 avian influenza: first steps towards development of a human vaccine. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2005;80:279-287
Medline21
Munoz FM ,Greisinger AJ ,Wehmanen OA , et al. Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:1098-1106
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Heinonen OP ,Shapiro S ,Monson RR ,Hartz SC ,Rosenberg I ,Slone D . Immunization during pregnancy against poliomyelitis and influenza in relation to childhood malignancy. Int J Epidemiol 1973;2:229-235
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Healy CM ,Baker CJ . Prospects for prevention of childhood infections by maternal immunization. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006;19:271-276
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Groothuis JR ,Levin MJ ,Rabalais GP ,Meiklejohn G ,Lauer BA . Immunization of high-risk infants younger than 18 months of age with split-product influenza vaccine. Pediatrics 1991;87:823-828
Web of Science | Medline25
Zangwill KM ,Belshe RB . Safety and efficacy of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in young children: a summary for the new era of routine vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004;23:189-197
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Influenza. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Long SS, McMillan JA, eds. Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005:401-10.
27
Shahid NS ,Steinhoff MC ,Hoque SS ,Begum T ,Thompson C ,Siber GR . Serum, breast milk, and infant antibody after maternal immunisation with pneumococcal vaccine. Lancet 1995;346:1252-1257
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
John TJ ,Cherian T ,Steinhoff MC ,Simoes EA ,John M . Etiology of acute respiratory infections in children in tropical southern India. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13:Suppl 6:S463-S469
CrossRef | Medline29
Viboud C ,Alonso WJ ,Simonsen L . Influenza in tropical regions. PLoS Med 2006;3:e89-e89
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline30
International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research. Population-based influenza surveillance, Dhaka. Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) Health and Science Bulletin 2006;4(1):1-2. (Accessed September 15, 2008, at http://www.icddrb.org/pub/publication.jsp?classificationID=56&pubID=6862.)
31
Huq F ,Rahman M ,Nahar N , et al. Acute lower respiratory tract infection due to virus among hospitalized children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12:Suppl 8:S982-S987
CrossRef | Medline32
Lucero MG ,Williams G . Vaccine trial as “probe” to define the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia disease. Lancet 2005;365:1113-1114
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline33
Scott JA . The preventable burden of pneumococcal disease in the developing world. Vaccine 2007;25:2398-2405
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline34
Black SB ,Shinefield HR ,France EK ,Fireman BH ,Platt ST ,Shay D . Effectiveness of influenza vaccine during pregnancy in preventing hospitalizations and outpatient visits for respiratory illness in pregnant women and their infants. Am J Perinatol 2004;21:333-339
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline35
France EK ,Smith-Ray R ,McClure D , et al. Impact of maternal influenza vaccination during pregnancy on the incidence of acute respiratory illness visits among infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006;160:1277-1283
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline36
Rodriguez WJ ,Schwartz RH ,Thorne MM . Evaluation of diagnostic tests for influenza in a pediatric practice. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21:193-196
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline37
Noyola DE ,Paredes AJ ,Clark B ,Demmler GJ . Evaluation of a neuraminidase detection assay for the rapid detection of influenza A and B virus in children. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2000;3:162-167
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline38
Lehmann D ,Pomat WS ,Riley ID ,Alpers MP . Studies of maternal immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Papua New Guinea. Vaccine 2003;21:3446-3450
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline39
Riley ID ,Douglas RM . An epidemiologic approach to pneumococcal disease. Rev Infect Dis 1981;3:233-245
CrossRef | Medline40
Dagan R ,Sikuler-Cohen M ,Zamir O ,Janco J ,Givon-Lavi N ,Fraser D . Effect of a conjugate pneumococcal vaccine on the occurrence of respiratory infections and antibiotic use in day-care center attendees. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:951-958
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline41
Kelly H ,Attia J ,Andrews R ,Heller RF . The number needed to vaccinate (NNV) and population extensions of the NNV: comparison of influenza and pneumococcal vaccine programmes for people aged 65 years and over. Vaccine 2004;22:2192-2198
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (116)
Citing Articles
1
Marie Tarrant, Kendra M. Wu, Carol Yuet Sheung Yuen, Ka Lun Cheung, Vincci Hiu Sze Chan. (2012) Determinants of 2009 A/H1N1 Influenza Vaccination Among Pregnant Women in Hong Kong. Maternal and Child Health Journal
CrossRef2
Timothy E. Klatt, Elizabeth Hopp. (2012) Effect of a Best-Practice Alert on the Rate of Influenza Vaccination of Pregnant Women. Obstetrics & Gynecology 119:2, Part 1, 301-305
CrossRef3
C. C. Lopes, E. N. Berezin, D. Scheffer, R. Huziwara, M. I. Sliva, A. Brandao, M. L. Guerra, M. C. Brandileone. (2012) Pneumococcal Nasopharyngeal Carriage in Infants of Mothers Immunized with 23V Non-conjugate Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics
CrossRef4
Lisa M. Christian. (2012) Psychoneuroimmunology in pregnancy: Immune pathways linking stress with maternal health, adverse birth outcomes, and fetal development. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 36:1, 350-361
CrossRef5
Siobhan M. Dolan, Shanna Cox, Naomi Tepper, Deborah Ruddy, Sonja A. Rasmussen, Kitty MacFarlane. (2012) Pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding influenza vaccination and treatment of pregnant women. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 52:1, 43-51
CrossRef6
Patricia Palmeira, Camila Quinello, Ana Lúcia Silveira-Lessa, Cláudia Augusta Zago, Magda Carneiro-Sampaio. (2012) IgG Placental Transfer in Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies. Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2012, 1-13
CrossRef7
Christina M. Hillson, Joshua H. Barash, Edward M. Buchanan. (2011) Adult Vaccination. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 38:4, 611-632
CrossRef8
E. Omon, C. Damase-Michel, C. Hurault-Delarue, I. Lacroix, J.L. Montastruc, S. Oustric, B. Escourrou. (2011) Non-adjuvanted 2009 influenza A (H1N1)v vaccine in pregnant women: The results of a French prospective descriptive study. Vaccine 29:52, 9649-9654
CrossRef9
Harish Nair, W Abdullah Brooks, Mark Katz, Anna Roca, James A Berkley, Shabir A Madhi, James Mark Simmerman, Aubree Gordon, Masatoki Sato, Stephen Howie, Anand Krishnan, Maurice Ope, Kim A Lindblade, Phyllis Carosone-Link, Marilla Lucero, Walter Ochieng, Laurie Kamimoto, Erica Dueger, Niranjan Bhat, Sirenda Vong, Evropi Theodoratou, Malinee Chittaganpitch, Osaretin Chimah, Angel Balmaseda, Philippe Buchy, Eva Harris, Valerie Evans, Masahiko Katayose, Bharti Gaur, Cristina O'Callaghan-Gordo, Doli Goswami, Wences Arvelo, Marietjie Venter, Thomas Briese, Rafal Tokarz, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Anthony W Mounts, Robert F Breiman, Daniel R Feikin, Keith P Klugman, Sonja J Olsen, Bradford D Gessner, Peter F Wright, Igor Rudan, Shobha Broor, Eric AF Simões, Harry Campbell. (2011) Global burden of respiratory infections due to seasonal influenza in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet 378:9807, 1917-1930
CrossRef10
Rino Rappuoli, Christian W. Mandl, Steven Black, Ennio De Gregorio. (2011) Vaccines for the twenty-first century society. Nature Reviews Immunology
CrossRef11
Dmitry M. Kissin, Michael L. Power, Emily B. Kahn, Jennifer L. Williams, Denise J. Jamieson, Kitty MacFarlane, Jay Schulkin, Yujia Zhang, William M. Callaghan. (2011) Attitudes and Practices of Obstetrician–Gynecologists Regarding Influenza Vaccination in Pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 118:5, 1074-1080
CrossRef12
Jessica A. Belser, Cynthia B. Snider, Nancy J. Cox, Frederick G. Hayden. (2011) XIth International Symposium on Respiratory Viral Infections. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5:6, 443-e457
CrossRef13
Barbara Michiels, Frans Govaerts, Roy Remmen, Etienne Vermeire, Samuel Coenen. (2011) A systematic review of the evidence on the effectiveness and risks of inactivated influenza vaccines in different target groups. Vaccine 29:49, 9159-9170
CrossRef14
Lisa M. Christian, Jay D. Iams, Kyle Porter, Ronald Glaser. (2011) Inflammatory responses to trivalent influenza virus vaccine among pregnant women. Vaccine 29:48, 8982-8987
CrossRef15
Eduardo Lopez-Medina, Monica I. Ardura, Jane D. Siegel, Evangeline Brock, Pablo J. Sánchez. (2011) 2009 Influenza A in Infants Hospitalized at Younger than 6 Months. The Journal of Pediatrics
CrossRef16
Edward M. Buchanan, Christina M. Hillson, Joshua H. Barash. 2011. Vaccination. , 269-275.
CrossRef17
W. P. Glezen. (2011) Broadening Indications for Maternal Influenza Vaccination. Journal of Infectious Diseases 204:8, 1151-1153
CrossRef18
Guus F. Rimmelzwaan, Rogier Bodewes, Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus. (2011) Vaccination strategies to protect children against seasonal and pandemic influenza. Vaccine 29:43, 7551-7553
CrossRef19
Pieter LA Fraaij, Rogier Bodewes, Albert DME Osterhaus, Guus F Rimmelzwaan. (2011) The ins and outs of universal childhood influenza vaccination. Future Microbiology 6:10, 1171-1184
CrossRef20
Madoka Horiya, Michi Hisano, Yoko Iwasaki, Masachi Hanaoka, Noriyoshi Watanabe, Yushi Ito, Jun Kojima, Haruhiko Sago, Atsuko Murashima, Tatsuo Kato, Koushi Yamaguchi. (2011) Efficacy of Double Vaccination With the 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Vaccine During Pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 118:4, 887-894
CrossRef21
Elizabeth P. Schlaudecker, Mark C. Steinhoff, Sean R. Moore. (2011) Interactions of diarrhea, pneumonia, and malnutrition in childhood. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 24:5, 496-502
CrossRef22
Geraldine Blanchard-Rohner, Claire-Anne Siegrist. (2011) Vaccination during pregnancy to protect infants against influenza: Why and why not?. Vaccine 29:43, 7542-7550
CrossRef23
L. A. Jackson, S. M. Patel, G. K. Swamy, S. E. Frey, C. B. Creech, F. M. Munoz, R. Artal, W. A. Keitel, D. L. Noah, C. R. Petrie, M. Wolff, K. M. Edwards. (2011) Immunogenicity of an Inactivated Monovalent 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccine in Pregnant Women. Journal of Infectious Diseases 204:6, 854-863
CrossRef24
FS Dede, S Celen, S Bilgin, G Ure, AO Ozcan, T Buzgan, R Kose. (2011) Maternal deaths associated with H1N1 influenza virus infection in Turkey: a whole-of-population report. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 118:10, 1216-1222
CrossRef25
Katherine A. Simondsen, Mary S. Hayney. (2011) Maternal influenza vaccination: Protecting two lives with one vaccine. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 51:5, 665-667
CrossRef26
Mark H Yudin. (2011) Optimizing knowledge of antiviral medications for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza during pregnancy. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 5:4, 495-501
CrossRef27
M. Knuf. (2011) Influenzainfektion in der Gravidität. Der Gynäkologe 44:8, 593-600
CrossRef28
Kirstin Faust, Martin Demmert, Meike Bendiks, Wolfgang Göpel, Egbert Herting, Christoph Härtel. (2011) Intrapartum colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae, early-onset sepsis and deficient specific neonatal immune responses. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
CrossRef29
Laura G. Mosby, Sonja A. Rasmussen, Denise J. Jamieson. (2011) 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in pregnancy: a systematic review of the literature. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 205:1, 10-18
CrossRef30
H. Silvennoinen, V. Peltola, R. Vainionpää, O. Ruuskanen, T. Heikkinen. (2011) Admission diagnoses of children 0–16 years of age hospitalized with influenza. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
CrossRef31
Barbra M. Fisher, Janice Scott, Jan Hart, Virginia D. Winn, Ronald S. Gibbs, Anne M. Lynch. (2011) Behaviors and perceptions regarding seasonal and H1N1 influenza vaccination during pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 204:6, S107-S111
CrossRef32
Sonja A. Rasmussen, Dmitry M. Kissin, Lorraine F. Yeung, Kitty MacFarlane, Susan Y. Chu, Reina M. Turcios-Ruiz, Elizabeth W. Mitchell, Jennifer Williams, Alicia M. Fry, Jeffrey Hageman, Timothy M. Uyeki, Denise J. Jamieson. (2011) Preparing for influenza after 2009 H1N1: special considerations for pregnant women and newborns. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 204:6, S13-S20
CrossRef33
Ilona Goldfarb, Britta Panda, Blair Wylie, Laura Riley. (2011) Uptake of influenza vaccine in pregnant women during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 204:6, S112-S115
CrossRef34
Nicholas Wood, Claire-Anne Siegrist. (2011) Neonatal immunization: where do we stand?. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 24:3, 190-195
CrossRef35
Katherine A. Poehling, Peter G. Szilagyi, Mary A. Staat, Beverly M. Snively, Daniel C. Payne, Carolyn B. Bridges, Susan Y. Chu, Laney S. Light, Mila M. Prill, Lyn Finelli, Marie R. Griffin, Kathryn M. Edwards. (2011) Impact of maternal immunization on influenza hospitalizations in infants. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 204:6, S141-S148
CrossRef36
Justin R. Ortiz, Janet A. Englund, Kathleen M. Neuzil. (2011) Influenza vaccine for pregnant women in resource-constrained countries: A review of the evidence to inform policy decisions. Vaccine 29:27, 4439-4452
CrossRef37
Fatimah S. Dawood, Alicia M. Fry, Charung Muangchana, Wiwan Sanasuttipun, Henry C. Baggett, Supamit Chunsuttiwat, Susan A. Maloney, James Mark Simmerman. (2011) A method for estimating vaccine-preventable pediatric influenza pneumonia hospitalizations in developing countries: Thailand as a case study. Vaccine 29:26, 4416-4421
CrossRef38
Evan R. Myers, Derek A. Misurski, Geeta K. Swamy. (2011) Influence of timing of seasonal influenza vaccination on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 204:6, S128-S140
CrossRef39
Mark Thompson, Jennifer Williams, Allison Naleway, De-Kun Li, Susan Chu, Sam Bozeman, Holly A. Hill, Janet Cragan, David K. Shay. (2011) The Pregnancy and Influenza Project: design of an observational case-cohort study to evaluate influenza burden and vaccine effectiveness among pregnant women and their infants. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 204:6, S69-S76
CrossRef40
S. Ohfuji, W. Fukushima, M. Deguchi, K. Kawabata, H. Yoshida, H. Hatayama, A. Maeda, Y. Hirota. (2011) Immunogenicity of a Monovalent 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Vaccine Among Pregnant Women: Lowered Antibody Response by Prior Seasonal Vaccination. Journal of Infectious Diseases 203:9, 1301-1308
CrossRef41
Nicola Principi, Susanna Esposito, Paola Marchisio. (2011) Present and future of influenza prevention in pediatrics. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 11:5, 641-653
CrossRef42
Indu B. Ahluwalia, James A. Singleton, Denise J. Jamieson, Sonja A. Rasmussen, Leslie Harrison. (2011) Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Coverage Among Pregnant Women: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Journal of Women's Health 20:5, 649-651
CrossRef43
D. Floret. (2011) Vaccination contre la grippe : les recommandations sont-elles susceptibles d’évoluer en France ?. Archives de Pédiatrie 18:5, H166-H167
CrossRef44
Stanley A. Gall, John Myers, Michael Pichichero. (2011) Maternal immunization with tetanus–diphtheria–pertussis vaccine: effect on maternal and neonatal serum antibody levels. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 204:4, 334.e1-334.e5
CrossRef45
B. Babouee, A.F. Widmer, M. Battegay. (2011) Impfungen gegen Pneumokokken und Influenza. Der Internist 52:3, 265-276
CrossRef46
Britta Panda, Robert Stiller, Alexander Panda. (2011) Influenza vaccination during pregnancy and factors for lacking compliance with current CDC guidelines. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 24:3, 402-406
CrossRef47
A. S. Brown, P. H. Patterson. (2011) Maternal Infection and Schizophrenia: Implications for Prevention. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37:2, 284-290
CrossRef48
Kelly Richardson, Adriana Weinberg. (2011) Reduced immunogenicity of influenza vaccines in HIV-infected compared with uninfected pregnant women is associated with regulatory T cells. AIDS 25:5, 595-602
CrossRef49
Emily Henkle, Mark C. Steinhoff, Saad B. Omer, Eliza Roy, Shams E. Arifeen, Rubhana Raqib, Monica McNeal, Robert F. Breiman, William J. Moss, K. Zaman. (2011) INCIDENCE OF INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN EARLY INFANCY. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 30:2, 170-173
CrossRef50
Janice K. Louie, Debra A. Wadford, Agnes Norman, Denise J. Jamieson. (2011) 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) and Vaccine Failure in Pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 117:2, Part 2, 470-472
CrossRef51
Heli Silvennoinen, Ville Peltola, Raija Vainionpää, Olli Ruuskanen, Terho Heikkinen. (2011) Incidence of Influenza-related Hospitalizations in Different Age Groups of Children in Finland. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 30:2, e24-e28
CrossRef52
Nigel W Crawford, Julie E Bines, Jenny Royle, Jim P Buttery. (2011) Optimizing immunization in pediatric special risk groups. Expert Review of Vaccines 10:2, 175-186
CrossRef53
I. Lacroix, C. Damase-Michel, C. Kreft-Jais, A. Castot, J.L. Montastruc. (2011) 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccines in pregnant women: The French Pharmacovigilance survey. Vaccine 29:7, 1357-1358
CrossRef54
2011. Part Introduction. , 33-280.
CrossRef55
D. L. Murray. (2011) Benefit of Maternal Influenza Vaccination to Young Infants. AAP Grand Rounds 25:1, 4-4
CrossRef56
Hee Sun Kang. (2011) Perceptions Regarding Influenza Vaccination during Pregnancy among Childbearing Women. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing 17:3, 205
CrossRef57
Gary L. Darmstadt, Anita K.M. Zaidi, Barbara J. Stoll. 2011. Neonatal Infections. , 24-51.
CrossRef58
Zain A Al-Safi, Valerie I Shavell, Bernard Gonik. (2011) Vaccination in pregnancy. Women's Health 7:1, 109-119
CrossRef59
Marion Rita Alex. (2011) Occupational Hazards for Pregnant Nurses. AJN, American Journal of Nursing 111:1, 28-37
CrossRef60
Woolf T Walker, Saul N Faust. (2010) Monovalent inactivated split-virion AS03-adjuvanted pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccine. Expert Review of Vaccines 9:12, 1385-1398
CrossRef61
Mark Jit, Deborah Cromer, Marc Baguelin, Julia Stowe, Nick Andrews, Elizabeth Miller. (2010) The cost-effectiveness of vaccinating pregnant women against seasonal influenza in England and Wales. Vaccine 29:1, 115-122
CrossRef62
Carla Herberts, Barbro Melgert, Jan Willem van der Laan, Marijke Faas. (2010) New adjuvanted vaccines in pregnancy: what is known about their safety?. Expert Review of Vaccines 9:12, 1411-1422
CrossRef63
Fatimah S. Dawood, Anthony Fiore, Laurie Kamimoto, Anna Bramley, Arthur Reingold, Ken Gershman, James Meek, James Hadler, Kathryn E. Arnold, Patricia Ryan, Ruth Lynfield, Craig Morin, Mark Mueller, Joan Baumbach, Shelley Zansky, Nancy M. Bennett, Ann Thomas, William Schaffner, David Kirschke, Lyn Finelli. (2010) Burden of Seasonal Influenza Hospitalization in Children, United States, 2003 to 2008. The Journal of Pediatrics 157:5, 808-814
CrossRef64
Indu B. Ahluwalia, Denise J. Jamieson, Sonja A. Rasmussen, Denise DʼAngelo, David Goodman, Hanna Kim. (2010) Correlates of Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Coverage Among Pregnant Women in Georgia and Rhode Island. Obstetrics & Gynecology 116:4, 949-955
CrossRef65
Steven M. Smith, John G. Gums. (2010) Antivirals for Influenza. Pediatric Drugs 12:5, 285-299
CrossRef66
Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez, Odile Launay. (2010) Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in pregnant women: impact of early diagnosis and antiviral treatment. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 8:9, 981-984
CrossRef67
Connie E. Alford, Grace L. Chen, Alicia Y. Armstrong. (2010) 2009 H1N1 influenza prevention and treatment: counseling infertility patients. Fertility and Sterility 94:4, 1178-1180
CrossRef68
C. M. Healy. (2010) Immunization Strategies to Protect Preterm Infants. NeoReviews 11:8, e409-e418
CrossRef69
Monique P. Curran, Isabel Leroux-Roels. (2010) Inactivated Split-Virion Seasonal Influenza Vaccine (Fluarix®). Drugs 70:12, 1519-1543
CrossRef70
Antoine Malek, Donald R Mattison. (2010) Drug development for use during pregnancy: impact of the placenta. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 5:4, 437-454
CrossRef71
Gerry Fairbrother, Amy Cassedy, Ismael R. Ortega-Sanchez, Peter G. Szilagyi, Kathryn M. Edwards, Noelle-Angelique Molinari, Stephanie Donauer, Diana Henderson, Sandra Ambrose, Diane Kent, Katherine Poehling, Geoffrey A. Weinberg, Marie R. Griffin, Caroline B. Hall, Lyn Finelli, Carolyn Bridges, Mary Allen Staat. (2010) High costs of influenza: Direct medical costs of influenza disease in young children. Vaccine 28:31, 4913-4919
CrossRef72
Marc P. Girard, John S. Tam, Olga M. Assossou, Marie Paule Kieny. (2010) The 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus pandemic: A review. Vaccine 28:31, 4895-4902
CrossRef73
Robert M Nelson, Linda L Lewis, Kimberly Struble, Susan F Wood. (2010) Ethical and Regulatory Considerations for the Inclusion of Adolescents in HIV Biomedical Prevention Research. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 54, S18-S24
CrossRef74
Fatimah S. Dawood, Anthony Fiore, Laurie Kamimoto, Mackenzie Nowell, Arthur Reingold, Ken Gershman, James Meek, James Hadler, Kathryn E. Arnold, Patricia Ryan, Ruth Lynfield, Craig Morin, Joan Baumbach, Shelley Zansky, Nancy M. Bennett, Ann Thomas, William Schaffner, David Kirschke, Lyn Finelli. (2010) Influenza-Associated Pneumonia in Children Hospitalized With Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza, 2003–2008. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 29:7, 585-590
CrossRef75
Eliana Castillo, Deborah M. Money. 2010. Viral Infections in Pregnancy other than Human Immunodeficiency Virus. , 431-463.
CrossRef76
Stanley A. Gall. 2010. Immunizations. , 273-285.
CrossRef77
Lucia Larson, Niharika Mehta, Michael J. Paglia, Ghada Bourjeily, Warwick D. Ngan Kee. 2010. Pulmonary Disease in Pregnancy. , 1-47.
CrossRef78
Britta Panda, Alexander Panda, Laura E. Riley. (2010) Selected Viral Infections in Pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 37:2, 321-331
CrossRef79
Pranita D Tamma, Marc C Steinhoff, Saad B Omer. (2010) Influenza infection and vaccination in pregnant women. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 4:3, 321-328
CrossRef80
Dennie T. Rogers, Robert Molokie. (2010) Sickle Cell Disease in Pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 37:2, 223-237
CrossRef81
Steinhoff, Mark C., , Omer, Saad B., , Roy, Eliza, Arifeen, Shams E., Raqib, Rubhana, , Altaye, Mekibib, , Breiman, Robert F., , M.B.,B.S., Khalequ Zaman,, . (2010) Influenza Immunization in Pregnancy — Antibody Responses in Mothers and Infants. New England Journal of Medicine 362:17, 1644-1646
Full Text82
Seon Do Hwang, Jin Soo Shin, Keun Bon Ku, Hyun Soo Kim, Sung Whan Cho, Sang Heui Seo. (2010) Protection of pregnant mice, fetuses and neonates from lethality of H5N1 influenza viruses by maternal vaccination. Vaccine 28:17, 2957-2964
CrossRef83
Saray Aranda-Romo, Andreu Comas-García, Christian A. García-Sepúlveda, Alba E. Hernández-Salinas, Marisol Piña-Ramírez, Daniel E. Noyola. (2010) Effect of an immunization program on seasonal influenza hospitalizations in Mexican children. Vaccine 28:13, 2550-2555
CrossRef84
Janet A. Englund, Emmanuel Walter, Steven Black, Mark Blatter, Jack Nyberg, Frederick L. Ruben, Michael D. Decker. (2010) Safety and Immunogenicity of Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Infants. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 29:2, 105-110
CrossRef85
Theodore Tsai, Moe H. Kyaw, Deborah Novicki, Pantaleo Nacci, Saroj Rai, Ralf Clemens. (2010) Exposure to MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccines during pregnancy—A retrospective analysis. Vaccine 28:7, 1877-1880
CrossRef86
Luz María Vilca Yengle, Magda Campins Martí, Lluís Cabero Roura, José Ángel Rodrigo Pendás, Xavier Martínez Gómez, Eduardo Hermosilla Pérez, Josep Vaqué Rafart. (2010) Vacunación antigripal en gestantes. Cobertura vacunal y conocimientos y prácticas de los obstetras. Medicina Clínica 134:4, 146-151
CrossRef87
J H Shakib, S Ralston, H H Raissy, G J Stoddard, K M Edwards, C L Byington. (2010) Pertussis antibodies in postpartum women and their newborns. Journal of Perinatology 30:2, 93-97
CrossRef88
Marjorie Makoni, Deepa Mukundan. (2010) Fever. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 22:1, 100-106
CrossRef89
Louie, Janice K., Acosta, Meileen, Jamieson, Denise J., Honein, Margaret A., . (2010) Severe 2009 H1N1 Influenza in Pregnant and Postpartum Women in California. New England Journal of Medicine 362:1, 27-35
Full Text90
Jean Maritz, Leana Maree, Wolfgang Preiser. (2010) Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009: the experience of the first six months. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 48:1, 11-21
CrossRef91
José M. Bayas Rodríguez, Alberto L. García-Basteiro, Guillermo Mena Pinilla. (2010) Problemática de la vacunación contra la gripe A en España. Archivos de Bronconeumología 46, 32-38
CrossRef92
Pranita D. Tamma, Kevin A. Ault, Carlos del Rio, Mark C. Steinhoff, Neal A. Halsey, Saad B. Omer. (2009) Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 201:6, 547-552
CrossRef93
Stan L. Block. (2009) The Daunting Practicalities of In-Office Pediatric Influenza Vaccination: 2009–2010. Pediatric Annals 38:12, 655-660
CrossRef94
D E. Broughton, R H. Beigi, G E. Switzer, C A. Raker, B L. Anderson. (2009) Obstetric Health Care Workers’ Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding Influenza Vaccination in Pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 114:5, 981-987
CrossRef95
Alison Abbott. (2009) Flu virus behind infant pneumonia in poor countries. Nature
CrossRef96
R. Rappuoli, G. Del Giudice, G. J. Nabel, A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, R. Robinson, D. Salisbury, K. Stohr, J. J. Treanor. (2009) Rethinking Influenza. Science 326:5949, 50-50
CrossRef97
Peter Wutzler, Ruprecht Schmidt-Ott, Heike Hoyer, Andreas Sauerbrei. (2009) Prevalence of influenza A and B antibodies in pregnant women and their offspring. Journal of Clinical Virology 46:2, 161-164
CrossRef98
Sonja A. Rasmussen, Denise J. Jamieson, Kitty MacFarlane, Janet D. Cragan, Jennifer Williams, Zsakeba Henderson. (2009) Pandemic Influenza and Pregnant Women: Summary of a Meeting of Experts. American Journal of Public Health 99:S2, S248-S254
CrossRef99
Amy Labant, Julia A. Greenawalt. (2009) Pandemic Flu: A Major Concern for Pregnant Women. Nursing for Women's Health 13:5, 374-382
CrossRef100
Alexander J. Bondoc, Mubeen A. Jafri, Bryan Donnelly, Sujit K. Mohanty, Monica M. McNeal, Richard L. Ward, Greg M. Tiao. (2009) Prevention of the murine model of biliary atresia after live rotavirus vaccination of dams. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 44:8, 1479-1490
CrossRef101
Noni E. MacDonald, Laura E. Riley, M C. Steinhoff. (2009) Influenza Immunization in Pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 114:2, Part 1, 365-368
CrossRef102
Iyabode Akinsanya-Beysolow, Charles (Skip) Wolfe. (2009) Update: Vaccines for Women, Adolescence through Adulthood. Journal of Women's Health 18:8, 1101-1108
CrossRef103
Denise J Jamieson, Margaret A Honein, Sonja A Rasmussen, Jennifer L Williams, David L Swerdlow, Matthew S Biggerstaff, Stephen Lindstrom, Janice K Louie, Cara M Christ, Susan R Bohm, Vincent P Fonseca, Kathleen A Ritger, Daniel J Kuhles, Paula Eggers, Hollianne Bruce, Heidi A Davidson, Emily Lutterloh, Meghan L Harris, Colleen Burke, Noelle Cocoros, Lyn Finelli, Kitty F MacFarlane, Bo Shu, Sonja J Olsen. (2009) H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA. The Lancet 374:9688, 451-458
CrossRef104
Punam Mangtani, Tippi K Mak, Dina Pfeifer. (2009) Pandemic H1N1 infection in pregnant women in the USA. The Lancet 374:9688, 429-430
CrossRef105
Susan S. Chiu, Kwok-Hung Chan, Wenwei Tu, Yu Lung Lau, J.S. Malik Peiris. (2009) Immunogenicity and safety of intradermal versus intramuscular route of influenza immunization in infants less than 6 months of age: A randomized controlled trial. Vaccine 27:35, 4834-4839
CrossRef106
Danuta M. Skowronski, Gaston De Serres. (2009) Is routine influenza immunization warranted in early pregnancy?. Vaccine 27:35, 4754-4770
CrossRef107
Susanna Esposito, Nicola Principi. (2009) The rational use of influenza vaccines in healthy children and children with underlying conditions. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 22:3, 244-249
CrossRef108
W. Paul Glezen. (2009) Respiratory syncytial virus: Back to basics. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 123:2, 404-405
CrossRef109
Rachel C Potter, Bernard Gonik. (2009) Prevention of influenza in mothers and infants. Expert Review of Vaccines 8:2, 149-152
CrossRef110
(2009) Effectiveness of Maternal Influenza Immunization. New England Journal of Medicine 360:5, 537-538
Full Text111
Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Anita K. M. Zaidi, Durrane Thaver, Quratulain Humayun, Samana Ali, Gary L. Darmstadt. (2009) Management of Newborn Infections in Primary Care Settings. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 28:Supplement, S22-S30
CrossRef112
A. L. Shane. (2009) Effectiveness of Maternal Influenza Immunization in Mothers and Infants. AAP Grand Rounds 21:1, 1-1
CrossRef113
W. Abdullah Brooks. (2009) A four-stage strategy to reduce childhood pneumonia-related mortality by 2015 and beyond. Vaccine 27:5, 619-623
CrossRef114
Arnold S. Monto. (2009) The Risk of Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza: Prospects for Control. Clinical Infectious Diseases 48:S1, S20-S25
CrossRef115
Glezen, W. Paul, . (2008) Prevention and Treatment of Seasonal Influenza. New England Journal of Medicine 359:24, 2579-2585
Full Text116
Tippi K Mak, Punam Mangtani, Jane Leese, John M Watson, Dina Pfeifer. (2008) A closer look at influenza vaccination during pregnancy – Authors' reply. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 8:11, 661-663
CrossRef
- Letters
