Original Article
Peginterferon Alfa-2a and Ribavirin for 16 or 24 Weeks in HCV Genotype 2 or 3
N Engl J Med 2007; 357:124-134July 12, 2007
- Abstract
Background
Patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 or 3 have sustained virologic response rates of approximately 80% after receiving treatment with peginterferon and ribavirin for 24 weeks. We conducted a large, randomized, multinational, noninferiority trial to determine whether similar efficacy could be achieved with only 16 weeks of treatment with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin.
Methods
We randomly assigned 1469 patients with HCV genotype 2 or 3 to receive 180 μg of peginterferon alfa-2a weekly, plus 800 mg of ribavirin daily, for either 16 or 24 weeks. A sustained virologic response was defined as an undetectable serum HCV RNA level (<50 IU per milliliter) 24 weeks after the end of treatment.
Results
The study failed to demonstrate that the 16-week regimen was noninferior to the 24-week regimen. The sustained virologic response rate was significantly lower in patients treated for 16 weeks than in patients treated for 24 weeks (62% vs. 70%; odds ratio for 16 weeks vs. 24 weeks, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.84; P<0.001). In addition, the rate of relapse (a detectable HCV RNA level during follow-up in patients who had undetectable HCV RNA at the end of treatment) was significantly greater in the 16-week group (31%, vs. 18% in the 24-week group; P<0.001). The sustained virologic response rates in patients with a pretreatment serum HCV RNA level of 400,000 IU per milliliter or less was 82% with the 16-week regimen and 81% with the 24-week regimen. Among patients with a rapid virologic response (an undetectable HCV RNA level by week 4), sustained virologic response rates were 79% in the 16-week group and 85% in the 24-week group (P=0.02).
Conclusions
Treatment with peginterferon and ribavirin for 16 weeks in patients infected with HCV genotype 2 or 3 results in a lower overall sustained virologic response rate than treatment with the standard 24-week regimen. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00077636.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Study Enrollment and Disposition of Patients.Figure 2
Rates of Sustained Virologic Response in Patients Randomly Assigned to Receive Treatment for 16 or 24 Weeks in the Per-Protocol Analysis and the Modified Intention-to-Treat Analysis.Article Activity
- Article
The currently recommended treatment for patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 or 3 is peginterferon, plus 800 mg of ribavirin daily, for 24 weeks.1 Approximately 80% of patients have a sustained virologic response with this regimen.2,3 This high response rate has prompted studies of shorter treatment durations. Sustained virologic response rates of 80 to 85% were observed with just 12 to 16 weeks of treatment in patients whose HCV RNA levels became undetectable within 4 weeks after commencing treatment.4-7 These results suggest that patients with HCV genotype 2 or 3 who have a rapid virologic response (an undetectable HCV RNA level by week 4) could be treated for less than 24 weeks. However, confirmation is needed before a shortened treatment period can be widely recommended for patients with HCV genotype 2 or 3.8 In our large, randomized, multinational study, we aimed to determine whether similar efficacies could be achieved with 16 and 24 weeks of treatment with peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin in patients infected with HCV genotype 2 or 3.
Methods
The trial was designed by the sponsor and the principal academic investigators. The data were collected by Covance Central Laboratory Services and were managed by the sponsor and the academic investigators. The sponsor performed the statistical analysis. The academic investigators were responsible for the decision to publish the results and had unrestricted access to the data. An academic author wrote or edited all sections of the manuscript. One academic author (Dr. Shiffman) and one industry author (Ms. Lin) vouch for the completeness and accuracy of the data.
Selection of Patients
Eligible patients were those who were 18 years of age or older, were infected with HCV genotype 2 or 3 (as determined with the use of the INNO-LiPA assay, Innogenetics), and had a quantifiable serum HCV RNA level (>600 IU per milliliter), an elevated serum alanine transaminase level, and findings on liver biopsy consistent with chronic HCV infection. Patients were ineligible if they had other liver diseases, were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, had hepatocellular carcinoma, had severe depression or another severe psychiatric disease, had clinically significant cardiovascular or renal disease, had an uncontrolled seizure disorder, had severe retinopathy, or had previously received interferon or ribavirin. Patients with cirrhosis had to have a Child–Pugh score of less than 7 to be eligible.
Study Design
The study was conducted at 132 centers worldwide. All sites received approval from an appropriate institutional review board. The first patient was enrolled in November 2003, and the last patient completed follow-up in September 2005. Each patient provided written informed consent. Patients were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive 16 or 24 weeks of treatment with subcutaneous peginterferon alfa-2a (Pegasys, Roche), 180 μg once weekly, plus oral ribavirin (Copegus, Roche), 400 mg twice daily. The treatment period was followed by a 24-week observation period. Patients were randomly assigned in blocks of four and were stratified according to HCV genotype and country of residence. Assignment to treatment duration was centralized, with the sponsor, investigators, and patients unaware of the assignment. Treatment duration was double-blinded until week 16, at which time investigators were informed by telephone of their patients' assignments.
Efficacy Assessments
Serum HCV RNA levels were measured with the use of a qualitative polymerase-chain-reaction assay (Cobas Amplicor HCV Test, version 2.0; detection limit, 50 IU per milliliter) at weeks 4, 12, and 16 or 24 during the treatment phase and at weeks 12 and 24 of follow-up. The primary end point was sustained virologic response, defined as an undetectable serum HCV RNA level at 24 weeks after the end of treatment. A rapid virologic response was defined as an undetectable serum HCV RNA level by week 4 of treatment. Virologic relapse was defined as a detectable HCV RNA level during follow-up in patients who had had undetectable HCV RNA at the end of treatment.
Safety Assessments
Safety was assessed by means of physical examinations and laboratory tests at weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 in both groups and at weeks 20 and 24 in the 24-week group (all during the treatment period), as well as at weeks 4, 12, and 24 of the follow-up period in both groups. Stepwise reductions in the dose of peginterferon alfa-2a to 135 μg per week and then to 90 μg per week, and stepwise reductions in the dose of ribavirin to 600 mg per day, were permitted, to manage clinically significant adverse events or laboratory abnormalities. Restoration of the initial doses was permitted at the discretion of the investigator if the adverse event or laboratory abnormality improved or resolved. Patients could receive peginterferon alfa-2a alone if ribavirin was stopped, but study treatment was discontinued if peginterferon alfa-2a was stopped. The use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin was permitted but not encouraged.
Statistical Analysis
The primary analysis was based on data from the per-protocol population, according to guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, because it is considered to be more a conservative means of analysis in a noninferiority trial. A modified intention-to-treat analysis was also performed, because it is considered to be a more stringent means of measuring overall efficacy and tolerability and it includes data from all patients who were randomly assigned to a treatment group and who received at least one dose of study medication. Moreover, when intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses lead to essentially the same conclusions, confidence in the trial results is increased. Patients for whom HCV RNA levels had not been measured by the end of the follow-up period were considered to have had treatment failure.
Our primary objective was to show that treatment for 16 weeks was no worse than treatment for 24 weeks, as defined by a noninferiority margin of 6%. Response rates at the end of the treatment period and sustained virologic response rates in the two treatment groups were compared with the use of the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test (after data were stratified according to country of residence and HCV genotype). The common odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. The interaction of treatment group and HCV genotype was assessed with the use of the Breslow–Day test, with data stratified according to genotype. The noninferiority margin was converted from 6% to an odds ratio of 0.70 by assuming a sustained virologic response rate of 80% in the 24-week group. On this basis, the 16-week and 24-week regimens would be considered equivalent if the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio was at least 0.70. The planned enrollment of 700 patients per treatment group assumed a sustained virologic response rate of 80% in both groups, a statistical power of the study of 80%, and a two-sided significance level of 0.05.
The safety analysis included data from all treated patients who underwent safety evaluations during the treatment period. Stepwise, backward, and multiple logistic-regression analyses were used to examine the effect of treatment duration and pretreatment factors on the sustained virologic response. There was evidence of an interaction between treatment group and genotype (P=0.06), so separate analyses were performed according to genotype. The Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test was conducted on data stratified on the basis of country of residence. Data were not stratified for other subgroup analyses. P values were two-sided and were not adjusted for multiple testing.
Results
Of 1810 patients screened, 1469 were randomly assigned to a treatment group and 1465 received at least one dose of medication (Figure 1Figure 1
Study Enrollment and Disposition of Patients.). The two treatment groups were well matched (Table 1Table 1
Pretreatment Characteristics of the Patients.).Virologic Response
The results failed to show noninferiority of the 16-week regimen relative to the 24-week regimen in both the per-protocol and the modified intention-to-treat analyses. Indeed, both analyses showed a similar pattern in the sustained virologic response rate among all patients, which was significantly lower in patients treated for 16 weeks than in those treated for 24 weeks in the per-protocol analysis (65% vs. 76%; odds ratio for 16 weeks vs. 24 weeks, 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46 to 0.76; P<0.001) (Figure 2AFigure 2
Rates of Sustained Virologic Response in Patients Randomly Assigned to Receive Treatment for 16 or 24 Weeks in the Per-Protocol Analysis and the Modified Intention-to-Treat Analysis.) and in the modified intention-to-treat analysis (62% vs. 70%; odds ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.84; P<0.001) (Figure 2B). All subsequent analyses were done on data from the modified intention-to-treat population.The virologic response rate at the end of the treatment period was significantly higher in the 16-week group than in the 24-week group (odds ratio for 16 weeks vs. 24 weeks, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.35 to 2.47), because more patients in the 24-week group were withdrawn prematurely and were considered not to have had a response. Thus, the significant difference in the sustained virologic response rate reflects a significantly higher relapse rate in the 16-week group (31%; 95% CI, 27 to 34) than in the 24-week group (18%; 95% CI, 15 to 21; P<0.001) (Figure 3Figure 3
Virologic Response Rates during the Treatment and Follow-up Periods in Patients Randomly Assigned to Receive Treatment for 16 or 24 Weeks.).Patients infected with HCV genotype 2 had higher virologic response rates at the end of treatment and at the end of follow-up than did patients with HCV genotype 3 (Figure 3). Within each genotype group, relapse rates were significantly higher among patients treated for 16 weeks than among those treated for 24 weeks (for genotype 2, 30% vs. 15%; for genotype 3, 31% vs. 22%; P<0.001 for both comparisons).
Predictors of Sustained Virologic Response
Prespecified stepwise, backward, and multiple logistic-regression analyses showed that several factors were predictive of sustained virologic response: HCV genotype (odds ratio among patients with genotype 2 vs. genotype 3, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.46 to 2.43; P<0.001); pretreatment HCV RNA level (odds ratio for ≤400,000 IU per milliliter vs. >800,000 IU per milliliter, 3.01; 95% CI, 2.15 to 4.20; P<0.001; and odds ratio for >400,000 to 800,000 IU per milliliter vs. >800,000 IU per milliliter, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.10 to 2.46; P=0.02); age (odds ratio for ≤45 years vs. >45 years, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.93; P=0.002); weight (odds ratio for ≤80 kg vs. >80 kg, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.37 to 2.24; P<0.001), alanine aminotransferase quotient (the patient's alanine aminotransferase value divided by the upper limit of the normal range) (odds ratio for >3 vs. ≤3, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.90; P=0.003); bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis (odds ratio for absence vs. presence, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.63 to 2.81; P<0.001), and treatment duration (odds ratio for 24 weeks vs. 16 weeks, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.97; P<0.001).
Lower pretreatment HCV RNA level, lower weight, and absence of bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis were predictive of a sustained virologic response in separate analyses performed for patients with HCV genotype 2 and those with HCV genotype 3 (P<0.01 for all analyses). Treatment for 24 weeks predicted a sustained virologic response in patients infected with genotype 2 (P<0.001) but not in those infected with genotype 3 (P=0.12).
Subgroup Analyses
Subgroup analyses indicated that, with the possible exception of genotype, interactions between treatment duration and various factors were not significant (Figure 4Figure 4
Effect of Characteristics of Patients, before and during Treatment, on Sustained Virologic Response.). The sustained virologic response rate was higher in patients with HCV genotype 2 and those with HCV genotype 3 treated for 24 weeks than in corresponding patients treated for 16 weeks, but the difference was significant only for patients with genotype 2.A rapid virologic response was achieved in 67% of patients in the 16-week group and in 64% of patients in the 24-week group. Among the patients with a rapid virologic response, sustained virologic response rates were consistently higher in the 24-week group than in the 16-week group, both overall (85% vs. 79%, P=0.02) and within each genotype group (Figure 5AFigure 5
Rates of Sustained Virologic Response among Patients with and Those without a Rapid Virologic Response.). Sustained virologic response rates were considerably lower among patients without a rapid virologic response than among those with a rapid response, and among those without a rapid response, sustained virologic response rates were consistently higher in the 24-week group than in the 16-week group (Figure 5B).Safety
The most common cause of dose modifications of peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin were neutropenia and anemia, respectively. The percentage of patients who had their dose of peginterferon alfa-2a reduced because of adverse events or laboratory abnormalities was similar in the 24-week group and the 16-week group (17% and 14%, respectively). In contrast, a higher percentage of patients in the 24-week group than in the 16-week group had their dose of ribavirin reduced (23% vs. 17%, P=0.01).
The percentage of patients reporting adverse events or serious adverse events was similar in the two groups. The adverse events reported were those typical of interferon-based treatment, including fatigue, headache, insomnia, and myalgia. Overall, 107 serious adverse events were reported in 81 patients, with incidence in the 16-week group similar to that in the 24-week group (5% and 6%, respectively). Of these events, 29 were considered to be probably or possibly related to treatment. Grade 4 neutropenia was observed in 13 patients (2%) treated for 16 weeks and in 20 patients (3%) treated for 24 weeks. Severe anemia (defined as a hemoglobin level of <8.5 g per deciliter) developed in four patients (<1%) in each group. Nearly all patients (97% of those in the 16-week group and 99% of those in the 24-week group) had at least one adverse event.
The percentage of patients withdrawn from the study during the first 16 weeks of therapy was similar in the two groups (Figure 1). Overall, 4% of patients in the 16-week group and 5% of patients in the 24-week group were withdrawn because of adverse events or laboratory abnormalities.
Discussion
Our large, randomized study of patients infected with HCV genotype 2 or 3 shows that a fixed 16-week regimen of peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin results in significantly lower sustained virologic response rates than does a fixed 24-week regimen. Consistent with the overall result, the odds ratios for a sustained virologic response favored 24 weeks of treatment over 16 weeks in many subgroups, a finding that suggests that the preferred initial duration of treatment for patients with genotype 2 or 3 should continue to be 24 weeks.
The results of several small studies suggest that treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin for 12 or 16 weeks, rather than 24 weeks, does not adversely affect sustained virologic response rates in patients with HCV genotype 2 or 3.4-6 In two such studies,5,6 patients treated for 24 weeks had somewhat lower virologic response rates at the end of the treatment period than did those receiving shorter regimens, presumably because of higher dropout rates with longer treatment. In contrast, relapse rates were somewhat higher with the shorter duration of treatment. As a result, the higher dropout rates in the 24-week treatment groups were offset by the higher relapse rates in the shorter-treatment groups, resulting in the groups having similar sustained virologic response rates. This finding led many to conclude that a shorter regimen is as effective as the standard 24-week regimen. The intention-to-treat analysis of our data reveals the same pattern: higher dropout rates in the 24-week group and higher relapse rates in the 16-week group. Response rates at the end of the treatment period were similar (within 3%; data not shown) in the two groups, according to the per-protocol analysis. This similarity, in addition to our large sample size, shows that reducing the treatment duration from 24 to 16 weeks results in increased relapse rates and therefore reduced sustained virologic response rates.
The customization of the duration of therapy is an emerging theme in the management of chronic HCV.5,9-11 In patients infected with genotype 2 or 3, a variable treatment regimen (12 weeks in patients with a rapid virologic response and 24 weeks in those without a rapid virologic response) resulted in a sustained virologic response rate (77%) similar to that from a standard 24-week regimen (76%).5 Our study was not designed to evaluate this treatment approach, but our results shed light on its validity. Overall, 66% of patients with HCV genotype 2 or 3 had rapid virologic responses in our study, a figure similar to that found by Mangia et al. (63%).5 The sustained virologic response rate among patients with a rapid virologic response treated for 16 weeks and those without a rapid virologic response treated for 24 weeks — a population similar to the variable-duration group in the study by Mangia et al. — was 68%, similar to the 70% rate in our fixed 24-week group. A variable-duration treatment strategy may therefore be as effective as a fixed-duration strategy and may be less expensive for and better tolerated by the majority of patients. The trade-off in reducing the treatment duration is an increased relapse rate, which was observed in our study and in other studies.4-6 Thus, the reduction of the treatment duration, even in patients with rapid virologic responses, is likely to be accompanied by higher relapse rates and the need to consider retreatment for these patients.
Could higher doses of ribavirin prevent relapse after treatment for less than 24 weeks? In previous studies, treatment for 24 weeks with ribavirin (with the dose based on body weight) provided no benefit over the recommended ribavirin dose of 800 mg per day in patients infected with HCV genotype 2 or 3.2,12 In fact, one study13 has suggested that it may be possible to reduce the ribavirin dose to 400 mg per day without compromising the efficacy of the standard 24-week regimen. Ribavirin doses as high as 1200 mg per day, which have been used in studies evaluating reduced durations of therapy,5-7 appear to offer no obvious benefit in reducing the relapse rate. However, further study is needed to confirm the optimal dose of ribavirin for abbreviated treatment regimens.
Sustained virologic response rates decrease in inverse proportion to pretreatment viral load.2,3,14 Among patients with a pretreatment viral load of 400,000 IU per milliliter or less in our study, the sustained virologic response rate was 1% higher in the 16-week group than in the 24-week group. Among those with a pretreatment viral load of more than 400,000 IU per milliliter, the difference was 11%, in favor of the 24-week regimen. Patients with low pretreatment viral loads or rapid virologic responses have the highest likelihood (>78%) of a sustained virologic response with 16 weeks of therapy. Reduced durations of therapy may also be reasonable in patients who have adverse events and are unlikely to tolerate 24 weeks of therapy. The decision to reduce the duration of treatment must be balanced against the increased risk of relapse. Patients who do not have a rapid virologic response should not be considered easy to cure and should not be offered abbreviated treatment.
In conclusion, our study shows that a fixed 16-week regimen is inferior to a fixed 24-week regimen in patients with HCV genotype 2 or 3. These patients should not be routinely treated for less than the currently recommended 24 weeks. However, patients with a low pretreatment viral load or a rapid virologic response appear to have the highest probability of having a sustained response with 16 weeks of therapy, and such therapy may be a reasonable option for these patients.
Supported by Roche.
Dr. Shiffman reports receiving consulting fees from Roche, lecture fees from Roche and Schering-Plough, and grant support from Roche, Schering-Plough, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Valeant, Coley Pharmaceuticals, Gilead Sciences, and GlaxoSmithKline; Drs. Suter and Nelson, consulting and lecture fees and grant support from Roche; Dr. Bacon, consulting fees from Schering-Plough, Coley Pharmaceuticals, Intermune, and Valeant, lecture fees from Schering-Plough and Gilead, and grant support from Roche, Schering-Plough, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Intermune, and Valeant; Dr. Harley, consulting fees from Roche and Schering-Plough and lecture fees from Schering-Plough; Dr. Solá, lecture fees from Roche; Dr. Shafran, consulting and lecture fees from Roche and Schering-Plough and grant support from Roche, Schering-Plough, and Valeant; and Dr. Zeuzem, consulting fees from Roche, Schering-Plough, and Human Genome Sciences, lecture fees from Roche and Schering-Plough, and being a clinical investigator for Roche. Ms. Lin and Dr. Soman report being employees of Roche. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
We thank Dr. Sugantha Govindarajan at the Liver Research Laboratory for assessing the degree of steatosis in the liver-biopsy specimens; Dr. Greg Hooper, a clinical scientist at Roche, for his assistance throughout the study; and Dr. Patrick Hoggard at Wolters Kluwer Health for his assistance in medical writing (funded by Roche).
Source Information
From the Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond (M.L.S.); Ospedali Riuniti, Bergamo, Italy (F.S.); Saint Louis University, St. Louis (B.R.B.); University of Florida, Gainesville (D.N.); Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia (H.H.); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.S.); University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Canada (S.D.S.); Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France (K.B.); Roche, Nutley, NJ (A.L.); Roche, Welwyn, United Kingdom (A.S.); and Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany (S.Z.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Shiffman at the Liver Transplant Program, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, 1251 E. Marshall St., Box 663, Richmond, VA 23298, or at mshiffma@vcu.edu.
The investigators who participated in the ACCELERATE trial are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
In addition to the authors, the following investigators participated in the ACCELERATE study: Australia — D. Crawford, L. Leggett, S. Roberts, M. Weltman; Canada — S. Greenbloom, K. Menon; France — M. Bourliere, P. Brissot, J.-P. Bronowicki, M. Doffoël, C. Hézode, P. Marcellin, A. Tran, J.-P. Zarski; Germany — O. Avci, T. Berg, O. Potthoff, J. Rasenack, O. Ross, M. von Wagner; Italy — A. Ascione, S. Brillanti, M. Brunetto, R. Bruno, S. Bruno; New Zealand — E. Gane; Spain — J. Aguilar, R. Bárcena, M. Diago, J. Enríquez, J. García-Samaniego, R. Moreno, R. Planas, D. Rincón, R. Solá, M. Testillano; United States — B. Anand, B. Bahri Bilir, V. Balan, L. Bank, E. Barranco, C. Berg, D. Bernstein, J. Bloom, H. Bonkovsky, T. Box, N. Brau, N. Bzowej, W. Cassidy, D. Clain, J. Corasanti, M. Davis, E. DeJesus, P. Delich, S. Esposito, K. Etzkorn, K. Flora, M. Fried, H. Fromm, R. Ghalib, A. Gibas, E. Godofsky, S. Gompf, S. Gordon, F. Gordon, G. Hammoud, S. Harrison, J. Herrera, S. Ho, C. Howell, S. Joshi, E. Keeffe, K. Kranz, P. Kwo, G. Lake-Bakaar, A. Larson, A. Levin, A. Lok, M. Lucey, M. Lyons, P. Malet, P. Malik, R. Manch, S. Mehta, A. Mihas, D. Mikolich, T. Morgan, A. Muir, R. Nguyen, D. Nunes, L. Nyberg, C. O'Brien, S. Pappas, M. Pauly, M. Pedrosa, M. Perkel, J. Person, P. Pockros, A. Post, J. Poulos, R. Powell, V. Raj, A. Reed, R. Reindollar, T. Riley, M. Rodriguez-Torres, R. Rubin, G. Sahagun, W. Schmidt, T. Sepe, T. Shaw-Stiffel, A. Sheikh, K. Sherman, C. Smith, D. Stevens, M. Sulkowski, D. Toro, E. Torres, T. Tran, N. Tsai, R. Wohlman, W. Wright, L. Wruble, Z. Younossi.
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Sook-Hyang Jeong. (2007) Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C: Shorter Treatment Duration for Genotype 2 or 3 Infection. The Korean Journal of Hepatology 13:3, 301
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