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Original Article

Case–Control Study of Human Papillomavirus and Oropharyngeal Cancer

Gypsyamber D'Souza, Ph.D., Aimee R. Kreimer, Ph.D., Raphael Viscidi, M.D., Michael Pawlita, M.D., Carole Fakhry, M.D., M.P.H., Wayne M. Koch, M.D., William H. Westra, M.D., and Maura L. Gillison, M.D., Ph.D.

N Engl J Med 2007; 356:1944-1956May 10, 2007

Abstract

Background

Substantial molecular evidence suggests a role for human papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of oropharyngeal squamous-cell carcinoma, but epidemiologic data have been inconsistent.

Methods

We performed a hospital-based, case–control study of 100 patients with newly diagnosed oropharyngeal cancer and 200 control patients without cancer to evaluate associations between HPV infection and oropharyngeal cancer. Multivariate logistic-regression models were used for case–control comparisons.

Results

A high lifetime number of vaginal-sex partners (26 or more) was associated with oropharyngeal cancer (odds ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 6.5), as was a high lifetime number of oral-sex partners (6 or more) (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3 to 8.8). The degree of association increased with the number of vaginal-sex and oral-sex partners (P values for trend, 0.002 and 0.009, respectively). Oropharyngeal cancer was significantly associated with oral HPV type 16 (HPV-16) infection (odds ratio, 14.6; 95% CI, 6.3 to 36.6), oral infection with any of 37 types of HPV (odds ratio, 12.3; 95% CI, 5.4 to 26.4), and seropositivity for the HPV-16 L1 capsid protein (odds ratio, 32.2; 95% CI, 14.6 to 71.3). HPV-16 DNA was detected in 72% (95% CI, 62 to 81) of 100 paraffin-embedded tumor specimens, and 64% of patients with cancer were seropositive for the HPV-16 oncoprotein E6, E7, or both. HPV-16 L1 seropositivity was highly associated with oropharyngeal cancer among subjects with a history of heavy tobacco and alcohol use (odds ratio, 19.4; 95% CI, 3.3 to 113.9) and among those without such a history (odds ratio, 33.6; 95% CI, 13.3 to 84.8). The association was similarly increased among subjects with oral HPV-16 infection, regardless of their tobacco and alcohol use. By contrast, tobacco and alcohol use increased the association with oropharyngeal cancer primarily among subjects without exposure to HPV-16.

Conclusions

Oral HPV infection is strongly associated with oropharyngeal cancer among subjects with or without the established risk factors of tobacco and alcohol use.

Media in This Article

Figure 1Representative Case of Oropharyngeal Squamous-Cell Carcinoma That Was Positive for HPV-16 on In Situ Hybridization.
Table 1Explanatory Variables for Patients with Oropharyngeal Cancer and Control Patients.
Article

Infection with sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) is a cause of virtually all cervical cancers.1 Molecular evidence also provides support for a role for HPV, particularly HPV-16, in the pathogenesis of a subgroup of squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck.2 Genomic DNA of oncogenic HPV is detected in approximately 26% of all squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck worldwide,3 but the molecular evidence is most rigorous and consistent for oropharyngeal squamous-cell carcinoma, in which viral integration and the expression of viral oncogenes (E6 and E7) have been shown.4

The epidemiologic evidence of a causal role for HPV in a subgroup of squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck is less rigorous than the molecular evidence. The example of the relationship between HPV and cervical cancer5 indicates that high-risk sexual behavior and exposure to and infection with HPV will increase the risk of other cancers caused by HPV.6 Although each of these three factors has been found to increase the risk of squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck,7-14 no single study has shown an association of all three with the development of oropharyngeal cancer.

In this study, we focused exclusively on oropharyngeal cancer, for which the molecular evidence of a causal role for HPV is compelling. Strong epidemiologic data would provide additional support for a causal association between HPV and oropharyngeal cancers and might guide future cancer-prevention programs involving vaccination to prevent oral HPV infection or screening to detect it.

Methods

Patients

Our case–control study was nested within a longitudinal cohort study of patients with newly diagnosed squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck in the outpatient otolaryngology clinic of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore from 2000 through 2005. Eligible case patients included those with a confirmed diagnosis of oropharyngeal squamous-cell carcinoma.

The control group consisted of patients without a history of cancer who were seen for benign conditions between 2000 and 2005 in the same clinic from which the case patients were enrolled (Table 1Table 1Explanatory Variables for Patients with Oropharyngeal Cancer and Control Patients.). Subsequent to enrollment of a case, eligible control patients within the same sex and 5-year age categories were approached until two control patients were individually matched to each case patient. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Written, informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Data Collection

Specimens were collected from case patients before therapy and from control patients at enrollment. Oral-mucosal specimens were collected with the use of a saline oral rinse and 5 to 10 strokes of a cytology brush (Oral CDx, CDx Laboratories) on the posterior oropharyngeal wall. Serum samples were collected and stored at −80°C. For case patients, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor specimens and, if possible, snap-frozen fresh tumor specimens were obtained for the detection of HPV.

All patients completed an audio, computer-assisted self-administered interview that obtained information about demographic characteristics, oral hygiene, medical history, family history of cancer, lifetime sexual behaviors, and lifetime history of marijuana, tobacco, and alcohol use (see the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org).

Laboratory Studies

In Situ Hybridization for HPV-16 Detection

We looked for HPV-16 in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumors from all case subjects, using in situ hybridization–catalyzed signal amplification for biotinylated probes (Dako GenPoint).15 The HPV-16-positive status of a tumor was defined as specific staining of tumor-cell nuclei for HPV-16.

DNA Purification and Analysis

DNA from oral specimens16 and fresh-frozen tumors17 from a subgroup of case subjects was purified as previously described. The tumor specimens were microdissected to ensure that more than 70% of the sample was DNA from the tumor.

We analyzed purified DNA for 37 types of HPV by means of a multiplex polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assay targeted to the L1 region of the viral genome, using PGMY09/11 L1 primer pools and primers for β-globin, followed by hybridization to a linear probe array (Roche Molecular Systems).18 The HPV-16 viral load in purified DNA from oral-mucosal specimens and fresh-frozen tumor specimens was determined with the use of a sensitive real-time PCR assay targeted to the E6 coding region.16,19 The viral load was reported for positive samples (those with ≥1 copy of the virus) and was adjusted to the total number of human cells tested with the use of a real-time PCR assay targeted to a single copy of a human gene (for endogenous retrovirus 3, ERV3).16

Serologic Analysis

Serum antibodies to the HPV-16 L1 protein were detected with the use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on virus-like particles.20 Antibodies against HPV-16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins were detected with the use of ELISA and bacterially expressed full-length E6 or E7 as the antigen.21

Statistical Analysis

Cumulative alcohol use was calculated as follows. We defined a drink-equivalent as one 12-oz beer, one 6-oz glass of wine, one 3-oz mixed drink, or one 1.5-oz shot of liquor. The number of drink-equivalents per week was determined for each patient within each 5-year age interval and combined into a measure of lifetime alcohol use, defined as the number of years during which 15 or more drink-equivalents (hereafter called “drinks”) per week were consumed.

We calculated cumulative tobacco use in pack-years using information about the frequency of use (number of cigarettes, pipes, or cigars smoked per day) and duration of use (during 5-year age intervals) and accounting for gaps in use. Four cigars or five pipes per day were deemed equivalent to one pack of cigarettes in the calculation of pack-years.22

Unconditional and conditional multivariate logistic-regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and the associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results from the unconditional and conditional models were similar, and the results from the unconditional models are presented. Final multivariate models were created through stepwise elimination of variables of interest from univariate analysis while biologically relevant variables were retained. Owing to the colinearity of sexual behaviors, the effect of each behavior on the risk of cancer was evaluated in separate multivariate models adjusted for alcohol use, tobacco use, presence or absence of a family history of head and neck cancer, oral hygiene, age, and sex. To evaluate trends in odds, ordinal variables were modeled as single, continuous, independent variables. Multiplicative interactions among exposure to HPV, tobacco use, and alcohol use were evaluated by including an interaction term in the regression model, and statistical significance was determined with the use of the likelihood-ratio test. For comparison of our results with those in previous reports,9,10 additive interactions were evaluated with the use of a synergy index, calculated as (odds ratio for tobacco or alcohol use and HPV−1)÷([odds ratio for tobacco or alcohol use+odds ratio for HPV]−2).23 The odds ratio for HPV was for either seropositivity or infection. Attributable risk was calculated as previously described.24 P values of less than 0.05 for associations were considered to indicate statistical significance. Stata 8.0 software (Stata) was used for all analyses.

Results

We enrolled 130 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed oropharyngeal cancer in the longitudinal cohort study from 2000 through 2005, and 100 patients (77%) agreed to participate in our nested case–control study. Case patients who declined enrollment were similar to those who were enrolled with regard to age, race or ethnic group, and anatomical site of the tumor but were more likely to be female (P=0.001). Approximately 70% of eligible control patients (200) agreed to participate.

In the univariate analysis, case and control patients were similar with regard to age, sex, race or ethnic group, and education, but case patients were more likely than control patients to live outside of Maryland (Table 1). A history of squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck in a first-degree relative, a history of cancer in a sibling, a history of oral papillomas, and poor long-term oral hygiene (some or complete tooth loss or infrequent toothbrushing) were all associated with oropharyngeal cancer (Table 1). A history of heavy tobacco use (20 pack-years or more), a history of heavy alcohol use (15 drinks or more per week for 15 years or more), and a history of regular marijuana use were also associated with oropharyngeal cancer (Table 1). Similar percentages of case and control patients had no history of tobacco or alcohol use (13% and 14%, respectively; odds ratio, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.5 to 1.9).

Certain kinds of sexual behavior were significantly associated with oropharyngeal cancer after adjustment for confounding variables (Table 2Table 2Associations of Oropharyngeal Cancer with Sexual Behaviors.). The association with oropharyngeal cancer increased significantly with the number of vaginal-sex partners or oral-sex partners (P for trend=0.002 and 0.009, respectively) and was markedly elevated among patients with a high lifetime number of such partners (Table 2).

Oropharyngeal cancer was also strongly associated with serologic measures of exposure to HPV-16 and with the presence of oral HPV infection (Table 3Table 3Association of Oropharyngeal Cancer with Exposure to HPV and with Biomarkers of Cancer Associated with HPV-16.). Oropharyngeal cancer was significantly associated with seropositivity for the HPV-16 L1 capsid protein, a validated measure of lifetime HPV-16 exposure (odds ratio, 32.2; 95% CI, 14.6 to 71.3).25 The presence of an oral HPV-16 infection was strongly associated with oropharyngeal cancer (odds ratio, 14.6; 95% CI, 6.3 to 36.6), as was oral infection with any of 37 HPV types (odds ratio, 12.3; 95% CI, 5.4 to 26.4) (Table 3).

To explore whether the association between sexual behaviors and oropharyngeal cancer could be explained by HPV-16 exposure, we reevaluated the associations using multivariate models after adjusting for HPV-16 L1 serologic status. In this analysis, sexual behaviors were no longer significantly associated with oropharyngeal cancer (data not shown). However, associations of sexual behaviors with oropharyngeal cancer became stronger when the analysis was restricted to patients with an HPV-16–positive tumor (Table 2). A high lifetime number of oral-sex or vaginal-sex partners, engagement in casual sex, early age at first intercourse, and infrequent use of condoms each were associated with HPV-16–positive oropharyngeal cancer (Table 2).

The association between HPV-16 exposure and oropharyngeal cancer was investigated among patients with varied use of tobacco and alcohol. The association was greatly increased among patients without a history of smoking or drinking who were seropositive for HPV-16 L1 (odds ratio, 44.8; 95% CI, 5.9 to 338.5) or had an oral HPV-16 infection (odds ratio, 43.7; 95% CI, 4.2 to 452.7). HPV-16 L1 seropositivity and oral HPV-16 infection were also highly associated with oropharyngeal cancer among patients with a history of heavy tobacco and alcohol use and those without such a history (Table 4Table 4Odds Ratios for Associations of Oropharyngeal Cancer with Tobacco Use, Alcohol Use, Seropositivity for HPV-16, and Oral Infection with HPV-16.). Thus, measures of both lifetime and prevalent oral HPV-16 infection were associated with an increased risk of oropharyngeal cancer, whether or not there was a history of use of tobacco, alcohol, or both.

We evaluated whether combined exposure to HPV and tobacco or alcohol further increased the odds that oropharyngeal cancer would develop. No evidence of synergy was found (Table 4, top): combined exposure to HPV and heavy tobacco and alcohol use was not additive (synergy index <1). Moreover, when the analysis was restricted to patients who were seropositive for the HPV-16 L1 protein, the odds of oropharyngeal cancer were not increased among heavy users of tobacco or alcohol (Table 4, bottom). By contrast, among patients who were seronegative for the HPV-16 L1 protein, the odds of oropharyngeal cancer were increased among heavy users of tobacco or alcohol, and the odds of oropharyngeal cancer were further increased among heavy users of both tobacco and alcohol (synergy index >1) (Table 4, bottom). Similar relationships were observed in patients with and those without the presence of an oral HPV-16 infection (Table 4). Therefore, tobacco and alcohol were important risk factors for oropharyngeal cancer, but they may not have acted as cofactors in HPV-mediated carcinogenesis in the oropharynx.

In the multivariate analysis, oropharyngeal cancer was independently associated with HPV-16 L1 seropositivity (odds ratio, 32.2; 95% CI, 14.6 to 71.3), poor dentition (odds ratio, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.6 to 10.6), infrequent toothbrushing (odds ratio, 6.9; 95% CI, 1.6 to 30.3), history of squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck in a first-degree family member (odds ratio, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.0 to 30.8), and heavy tobacco use (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 6.0) after adjustment for age, sex, and alcohol use. These factors were collectively estimated to be responsible for 90% of cases of oropharyngeal cancers (the attributable risk; 95% CI, 72 to 96), with 55% of cases (95% CI, 45 to 63) attributable to HPV-16 exposure alone.

The percentage of oropharyngeal cancers in which HPV-16 genomic DNA was detected by in situ hybridization was 72% (95% CI, 62 to 81) (Table 3 and Figure 1Figure 1Representative Case of Oropharyngeal Squamous-Cell Carcinoma That Was Positive for HPV-16 on In Situ Hybridization.). Of the 60 specimens of available fresh-frozen tumor, 35 (58%; 95% CI, 45 to 71) were positive for HPV-16, with a median of 1.2 viral copies per cell (interquartile range, 0.02 to 11) analyzed. Five fresh-frozen specimens were positive for a high-risk type of HPV other than HPV-16 (two for HPV-33, one for HPV-35, and two for both HPV-33 and HPV-16).

To corroborate the in situ data, we tested for serum antibodies against HPV-16 oncoprotein E6, E7, or both, which have high specificity but moderate sensitivity for the detection of invasive cancer associated with HPV-16.26 Such antibodies were found in 64% of the case patients and in 4% of the control patients (odds ratio, 58.4; 95% CI, 24.2 to 138.3; P<0.001) (Table 2).

Discussion

This epidemiologic study provides support for the association between HPV and a subgroup of oropharyngeal cancers. The strength of the evidence is underscored by the associations of high-risk sexual behaviors, oral HPV infection, and HPV-16 exposure (as determined from the results of serologic tests) with oropharyngeal cancer. Furthermore, we found that HPV-16 DNA was specifically localized to tumor-cell nuclei in 72% of 100 paraffin-embedded specimens of oropharyngeal cancers, a finding corroborated by the high prevalence of antibodies for HPV-16 oncoprotein E6, E7, or both (64%) in the patients with oropharyngeal cancer. Although a cause-and-effect relationship cannot be inferred from a single study, our findings confirm and extend those of other case–control studies.7-14 Our results are also consistent with a previous report of an increase in the subsequent risk of oropharyngeal cancer by a factor of 14 among HPV-16 L1 seropositive subjects,26 which provides strong evidence that exposure to HPV can precede the appearance of oropharyngeal cancer by 10 years or more.

The degree to which oral HPV infection may interact with tobacco use, alcohol use, or both to increase the risk of squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck has been unclear. A greater-than-additive risk has been reported, albeit inconsistently,8-10 for patients exposed to both HPV and tobacco9 and those exposed to both HPV and alcohol.10 We found that exposure to HPV increased the association with oropharyngeal cancer regardless of tobacco and alcohol use, but we uncovered no evidence of synergy between exposure to HPV and tobacco or alcohol use. For these reasons, our data suggest two distinct pathways for the development of oropharyngeal cancer: one driven predominantly by the carcinogenic effects of tobacco or alcohol (or both) and another by HPV-induced genomic instability.

Our data suggest that oral HPV infection is sexually acquired. Oral–genital contact was strongly associated with oropharyngeal cancer, but we cannot rule out transmission through direct mouth-to-mouth contact or other means. Certain sexual behaviors13,14 and a history of oral HPV infection7,10 were associated with an increased risk of squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck in previous studies in which 25% or more of the tumors from patients were positive for HPV DNA but not those in which less than 25% of the tumors from patients were positive for HPV DNA.8,9 Discrepant findings may be explained by the heterogeneity of the case populations, with variable percentages of cancer cases attributable primarily to tobacco and alcohol use, as compared with HPV infection. In our study, the heterogeneity of case patients was minimized by restricting enrollment to patients with oropharyngeal cancer, 90% of whom had tumors on the tonsil or base of the tongue.

Although HPV-16 alone accounts for more than 90% of cases of HPV-positive squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck,8 a more accurate and probably higher proportion might be found by testing for other types of HPV (e.g., types 18, 31, 33, and 35), which are infrequently detected in oropharyngeal cancers.

In our study, oropharyngeal cancer was independently associated with a family history of squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck and poor oral hygiene, findings that are consistent with other reports.27 The risk of cervical cancer is also increased in women with a family history of that cancer.28,29 Until specific genetic markers for the risk of an HPV-associated cancer are identified, familial aggregation due to shared environmental exposures cannot be ruled out as an explanation for these findings. Poor dentition,30,31 infrequent toothbrushing,31,32 and infrequent dental visits30,33 have been associated with an increased risk of squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Because tooth loss is commonly caused by chronic bacterial infections (e.g., periodontitis), it may serve as a surrogate for chronic infection and inflammation, which may be important in the pathogenesis of cancer. Particular coinfections in the cervix (e.g., infection with Chlamydia trachomatis) increase the risk of cancer,34 and our results suggest that bacterial coinfections could play a similar role in the oral region. The absence of data on diet, which is associated with the risk of squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck,35 is a limitation of our study but is unlikely to explain the observed associations with HPV infection.

The public health implications of our findings are underscored by the annual increases in the incidence of tonsillar and base-of-tongue cancers in the United States since 1973.36,37 The widespread oral sexual practices among adolescents may be a contributing factor in this increase.38 Our results and those of other studies provide a rationale for HPV vaccination in both boys and girls — since oropharyngeal cancers occur in men and women. If vaccination is as effective in preventing oral HPV-16 infection as it is in preventing cervical infection,39 a substantial reduction in the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in vaccinated populations would provide the ultimate evidence of causality.

Supported in part by grants from the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (Clinical Investigator Award, to Dr. Gillison), the State of Maryland Cigarette Restitution Fund (to Dr. Gillison), the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (DE016631-01, to Dr. Gillison), and the National Institutes of Health (Training Grant T32AI50056, to Dr. D'Souza).

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

We thank Janell Alden, Nicole Benoit, Barbara Clayman, Erlinda Embuscado, Eleni Goshu, Megan Hyle, Zubair Khan, Katherine Locke, Elizabeth O'Leary, Catherine Pevtsova, Carolyn Plescia, and Weihong Xiao for their roles in data collection and laboratory analysis; Dr. Shanaz Begum for technical expertise; Dr. Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer for statistical advice; and Dr. David E. Symer for comments on the manuscript.

Source Information

From the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (G.D.); the Departments of Pediatrics (R.V.), Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery (C.F., W.M.K.), and Pathology (W.H.W.), Johns Hopkins Hospital; and the Division of Viral Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University (M.L.G.) — all in Baltimore; the Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.R.K.); and the Infection and Cancer Control Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (M.P.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Gillison at Johns Hopkins University, Cancer Research Bldg. I, Rm. 3M 54A, 1650 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD 21231, or to .

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Citing Articles

  1. 1

    Katharine A. R. Price, Ezra E. Cohen. (2012) Current Treatment Options for Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer. Current Treatment Options in Oncology
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    F. Sitas, S. Egger, M. I. Urban, P. R. Taylor, C. C. Abnet, P. Boffetta, D. L. O'Connell, D. C. Whiteman, P. Brennan, R. Malekzadeh, M. Pawlita, S. M. Dawsey, T. Waterboer, . (2012) InterSCOPE Study: Associations Between Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Human Papillomavirus Serological Markers. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 104:2, 147-158
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    Michelle L. Stock, Laurel M. Peterson, Amy E. Houlihan, Laura A. Walsh. (2012) Influence of Oral Sex and Oral Cancer Information on Young Adults' Oral Sexual-Risk Cognitions and Likelihood of HPV Vaccination. Journal of Sex Research1-8
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    Simin Jamaly, Mehrdad Rakaee Khanehkenari, Raghavendra Rao, Geeta Patil, Suresh Thakur, Poongothai Ramaswamy, B. S. Ajaikumar, Rashmita Sahoo. (2012) Relationship between p53 overexpression, human papillomavirus infection, and lifestyle in Indian patients with head and neck cancers. Tumor Biology
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    Amal Mansour, Marwa Ali, Hussein Helmy, Samar Kassim. (2012) Human papillomavirus-16 (HPV-16) infection association with CIAP-2 expression in head and neck cancer. Medical Oncology
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    Xiaohong Iris Wang, Jaiyeola Thomas, Songlin Zhang. (2012) Changing trends in human papillomavirus–associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Annals of Diagnostic Pathology 16:1, 7-12
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    Parul Sinha, Henrietta L. Logan, William M. Mendenhall. (2012) Human papillomavirus, smoking, and head and neck cancer. American Journal of Otolaryngology 33:1, 130-136
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    Shao Hui Huang, Bayardo Perez-Ordonez, Fei-Fei Liu, John Waldron, Jolie Ringash, Jonathan Irish, Bernard Cummings, Lillian L. Siu, John Kim, Ilan Weinreb, Andrew Hope, Patrick Gullane, Dale Brown, Willa Shi, Brian O’Sullivan. (2012) Atypical Clinical Behavior of p16-Confirmed HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treated With Radical Radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 82:1, 276-283
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    AE Sanders, GD Slade, LL Patton. (2012) National prevalence of oral HPV infection and related risk factors in the U.S. adult population. Oral Diseasesno-no
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    Daniel Moualed, A. Qayyum, T. Price, A. Sharma, S. Mahendran. (2012) Bilateral synchronous tonsillar carcinoma: a case series and review of the literature. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 269:1, 255-259
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    Richard A. Crosby, Ralph J. DiClemente, Laura F. Salazar, Rachel Nash, Sinead Younge, Sara Head. (2012) Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Intention Among College Men: What's Oral Sex Got to Do With It?. Journal of American College Health 60:1, 8-12
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    Su-Feng Chen, Fu-Shun Yu, Yun-Ching Chang, Earl Fu, Shin Nieh, Yaoh-Shiang Lin. (2012) Role of human papillomavirus infection in carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma with evidences of prognostic association. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 41:1, 9-15
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    Hisham Mehanna, Tom Beech, Tom Nicholson, Iman El-Hariry, Christopher McConkey, Vinidh Paleri, Sally Roberts, David W. Eisele. (2012) Prevalence of human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal and nonoropharyngeal head and neck cancer-systematic review and meta-analysis of trends by time and region. Head & Neckn/a-n/a
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    Corey J. Langer. (2012) Exploring biomarkers in head and neck cancer. Cancern/a-n/a
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    Alexandra V. Lucs, Benjamin Saltman, Christine H. Chung, Bettie M. Steinberg, David L. Schwartz, Jeffrey N. Myers. (2012) Opportunities and challenges facing biomarker development for personalized head and neck cancer treatment. Head & Neckn/a-n/a
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    Anu Wallecha, Chris French, Robert Petit, Reshma Singh, Ashok Amin, John Rothman. (2012) Lm-LLO-Based Immunotherapies and HPV-Associated Disease. Journal of Oncology 2012, 1-10
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    Sei Young Lee. (2012) Methods for Detection of Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Cancer. Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 55:1, 8
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    Thiago Fonseca-Silva, Lucyana Conceição Farias, Claudio Marcelo Cardoso, Ludmilla Regina de Souza, Carlos Alberto de Carvalho Fraga, Marcos Vinícius Macedo de Oliveira, Lucas Oliveira Barros, Lucas Rodrigues Alves, Alfredo Maurício Batista De-Paula, Luciano Marques-Silva, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, André Luiz Sena Guimarães. (2012) Analysis of p16<sub><i>CDKN2A</i></sub> Methylation and HPV-16 Infection in Oral Mucosal Dysplasia. Pathobiology 79:2, 94-100
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    Changqing Ma, James Lewis. (2011) Small Biopsy Specimens Reliably Indicate p16 Expression Status of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Head and Neck Pathology
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    G. Bebek, K. L. Bennett, P. Funchain, R. Campbell, R. Seth, J. Scharpf, B. Burkey, C. Eng. (2011) Microbiomic subprofiles and MDR1 promoter methylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Human Molecular Genetics
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    Justin A. Bishop, James J. Sciubba, William H. Westra. (2011) Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx. Surgical Pathology Clinics 4:4, 1127-1151
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    Simon R. Best, Patrick K. Ha, Ray G. Blanco, John R. Saunders, Eva S. Zinreich, Marshall A. Levine, Sara I. Pai, Melissa Walker, Jaclyn Trachta, Karen Ulmer, Peter Murakami, Richard Thompson, Joseph A. Califano, Barbara P. Messing. (2011) Factors associated with pharyngoesophageal stricture in patients treated with concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Head & Neck 33:12, 1727-1734
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    Beth Wadsworth, Jeffery M. Bumpous, Alvin W. Martin, Michael R. Nowacki, Alfred B. Jenson, Hanan Farghaly. (2011) Expression of p16 in Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma (SNUC) Without Associated Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Head and Neck Pathology 5:4, 349-354
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    Ranee Mehra, Ilya G. Serebriiskii, Roland L. Dunbrack, Matthew K. Robinson, Barbara Burtness, Erica A. Golemis. (2011) Protein-intrinsic and signaling network-based sources of resistance to EGFR- and ErbB family-targeted therapies in head and neck cancer. Drug Resistance Updates 14:6, 260-279
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    Sun-ju Byeon, Wook Youn Kim, Kyung Yeol Lee, Tae Sook Hwang, Young Ho Kim, Mee Soo Chang. (2011) Expression of the human homolog of discs, large homolog 1 (Drosophila) in normal epithelium, nodule, papilloma and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of larynx. Basic and Applied Pathology 4:4, 105-109
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    Giang T. Nguyen, Marc Altshuler. (2011) Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and Foreign-Born Populations. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 38:4, 633-642
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    James S Lewis Jr, Raja A Khan, Ramya P Masand, Rebecca D Chernock, Qin Zhang, Nasser Said Al-Naief, Susan Muller, Jonathan B McHugh, Manju L Prasad, Margaret Brandwein-Gensler, Bayardo Perez-Ordonez, Samir K El-Mofty. (2011) Recognition of nonkeratinizing morphology in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma - a prospective cohort and interobserver variability study*. Histopathologyno-no
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    Masayuki Kabeya, Reiko Furuta, Kazuyoshi Kawabata, Sugata Takahashi, Yuichi Ishikawa. (2011) Prevalence of human papillomavirus in mobile tongue cancer with particular reference to young patients. Cancer Scienceno-no
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    Megan A. Smith, Jie-Bin Lew, Robert J. Walker, Julia M.L. Brotherton, Carolyn Nickson, Karen Canfell. (2011) The predicted impact of HPV vaccination on male infections and male HPV-related cancers in Australia. Vaccine 29:48, 9112-9122
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    Myriam Loyo, Jonas T. Johnson, William H. Westra, Simion I. Chiosea, Christine G. Gourin. (2011) Management of the “Violated Neck” in the era of chemoradiation. The Laryngoscope 121:11, 2349-2358
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    A. Rodríguez-Caballero, D. Torres-Lagares, M. Robles-García, J. Pachón-Ibáñez, D. González-Padilla, J.L. Gutiérrez-Pérez. (2011) Cancer treatment-induced oral mucositis: a critical review. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
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    Fumihito Sato, Isao Oze, Daisuke Kawakita, Noriyuki Yamamoto, Hidemi Ito, Satoyo Hosono, Takeshi Suzuki, Takakazu Kawase, Hiroki Furue, Miki Watanabe, Shunzo Hatooka, Yasushi Yatabe, Yasuhisa Hasegawa, Masayuki Shinoda, Minoru Ueda, Kazuo Tajima, Hideo Tanaka, Keitaro Matsuo. (2011) Inverse association between toothbrushing and upper aerodigestive tract cancer risk in a Japanese population. Head & Neck 33:11, 1628-1637
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    Martin Steinau, Deepa Reddy, Anitra Sumbry, David Reznik, Clifford J. Gunthel, Carlos del Rio, Jeffrey L. Lennox, Elizabeth R. Unger, Minh Ly T. Nguyen. (2011) Oral sampling and human papillomavirus genotyping in HIV-infected patients. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicineno-no
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    Justin A. Bishop, William H. Westra. (2011) Human Papillomavirus-Related Small Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 35:11, 1679-1684
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    Zeyi Deng, Masahiro Hasegawa, Sen Matayoshi, Asanori Kiyuna, Yukashi Yamashita, Hiroyuki Maeda, Mikio Suzuki. (2011) Prevalence and clinical features of human papillomavirus in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in Okinawa, southern Japan. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 268:11, 1625-1631
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    Vijayvel Jayaprakash, Mary Reid, Elizabeth Hatton, Mihai Merzianu, Nestor Rigual, James Marshall, Steve Gill, Jennifer Frustino, Gregory Wilding, Thom Loree, Saurin Popat, Maureen Sullivan. (2011) Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in epithelial dysplasia of oral cavity and oropharynx: A meta-analysis, 1985–2010. Oral Oncology 47:11, 1048-1054
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    H. H. Sudhoff, H. P. Schwarze, D. Winder, L. Steinstraesser, Martin Görner, M. Stanley, P. K. C. Goon. (2011) Evidence for a causal association for HPV in head and neck cancers. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 268:11, 1541-1547
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    Korntip Amornthatree, Hutcha Sriplung, Winyou Mitarnun, Wipawee Nittayananta. (2011) Impacts of HIV infection and long-term use of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral human papilloma virus type 16. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicineno-no
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    Susan P. McGorray, Yi Guo, Henrietta Logan. (2011) Trends in incidence of oral and pharyngeal carcinoma in Florida: 1981-2008. Journal of Public Health Dentistryno-no
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    Keith Hunter, Eric Kenneth Parkinson, Nalin Thakker. (2011) An overview of the molecular pathology of head and neck cancer, and its clinical implications. Periodontology 2000 57:1, 132-149
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    Heather Starmer, Giuseppe Sanguineti, Shanthi Marur, Christine G. Gourin. (2011) Multidisciplinary head and neck cancer clinic and adherence with speech pathology. The Laryngoscope 121:10, 2131-2135
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    Joseph E. Tota, Myriam Chevarie-Davis, Lyndsay A. Richardson, Maaike deVries, Eduardo L. Franco. (2011) Epidemiology and burden of HPV infection and related diseases: Implications for prevention strategies. Preventive Medicine 53, S12-S21
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    Gypsyamber D'Souza, Amanda Dempsey. (2011) The role of HPV in head and neck cancer and review of the HPV vaccine. Preventive Medicine 53, S5-S11
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    Newell W. Johnson, Prasanna Jayasekara, A. A. Hemantha K. Amarasinghe. (2011) Squamous cell carcinoma and precursor lesions of the oral cavity: epidemiology and aetiology. Periodontology 2000 57:1, 19-37
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    Arild Andrè Osthus, Anne K.H. Aarstad, Jan Olofsson, Hans J. Aarstad. (2011) Head and neck specific Health Related Quality of Life scores predict subsequent survival in successfully treated head and neck cancer patients: A prospective cohort study. Oral Oncology 47:10, 974-979
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    Genevieve Andrews, Miriam Lango, Roger Cohen, Steven Feigenberg, Barbara Burtness, Ranee Mehra, Sidrah Ahmed, Nicos Nicolaou, John Gaughan, John A. Ridge. (2011) Nonsurgical management of oropharyngeal, laryngeal, and hypopharyngeal cancer: The Fox Chase Cancer Center experience. Head & Neck 33:10, 1433-1440
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    Darin A. Wick, John R. Webb. (2011) A novel, broad spectrum therapeutic HPV vaccine targeting the E7 proteins of HPV16, 18, 31, 45 and 52 that elicits potent E7-specific CD8T cell immunity and regression of large, established, E7-expressing TC-1 tumors. Vaccine 29:44, 7857-7866
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    Hongbin Cao, Alice Banh, Shirley Kwok, Xiaoli Shi, Simon Wu, Trevor Krakow, Brian Khong, Brindha Bavan, Rajeev Bala, Benjamin A. Pinsky, Dimitrios Colevas, Nader Pourmand, Albert C. Koong, Christina S. Kong, Quynh-Thu Le. (2011) Quantitation of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Plasma of Oropharyngeal Carcinoma Patients. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics
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    Alyson Bessell, Anne-Marie Glenny, Susan Furness, Jan E Clarkson, Richard Oliver, David I Conway, Michaelina Macluskey, Sue Pavitt, Philip Sloan, Helen V Worthington, Alyson Bessell. 2011. Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment. .
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    Daniel Weiss, Tuerker Basel, Florian Sachse, Andreas Braeuninger, Claudia Rudack. (2011) Promoter methylation of cyclin A1 is associated with human papillomavirus 16 induced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma independently of p53 mutation. Molecular Carcinogenesis 50:9, 680-688
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    X. Dufour, A. Beby-Defaux, G. Agius, J. Lacau St Guily. (2011) HPV and head and neck cancer. European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases
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    Richard Shaw, Max Robinson. (2011) The increasing clinical relevance of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) infection in oropharyngeal cancer. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 49:6, 423-429
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    D. Bottalico, Z. Chen, A. Dunne, J. Ostoloza, S. McKinney, C. Sun, N. F. Schlecht, M. Fatahzadeh, R. Herrero, M. Schiffman, R. D. Burk. (2011) The Oral Cavity Contains Abundant Known and Novel Human Papillomaviruses From the Betapapillomavirus and Gammapapillomavirus Genera. Journal of Infectious Diseases 204:5, 787-792
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    Marie Lundberg, Ilmo Leivo, Kauko Saarilahti, Antti A. Mäkitie, Petri S. Mattila. (2011) Increased incidence of oropharyngeal cancer and p16 expression. Acta Oto-laryngologica 131:9, 1008-1011
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    Raghav C. Dwivedi, Ravi C. Dwivedi, Rehan Kazi, Namita Kanwar, Christopher M. Nutting, Kevin J. Harrington, Peter H. Rhys-Evans. (2011) Should the treatment paradigms for oral and oropharyngeal cancers be changed now: the role of human papilloma virus?. ANZ Journal of Surgery 81:9, 581-583
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    Gefter Thiago Batista Corrêa, Gabriela Alencar Bandeira, Bruna Gonçalves Cavalcanti, Carlos Alberto de Carvalho Fraga, Erivelton Pereira dos Santos, Thiago Fonseca Silva, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Alfredo Maurício Batista De Paula. (2011) Association of −308 TNF-α promoter polymorphism with clinical aggressiveness in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncology 47:9, 888-894
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    C. Wittekindt, S. Wagner, J.P. Klußmann. (2011) Humane Papillomaviren bei Kopf-Hals-Karzinomen. HNO 59:9, 885-892
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    N. Agrawal, M. J. Frederick, C. R. Pickering, C. Bettegowda, K. Chang, R. J. Li, C. Fakhry, T.-X. Xie, J. Zhang, J. Wang, N. Zhang, A. K. El-Naggar, S. A. Jasser, J. N. Weinstein, L. Trevino, J. A. Drummond, D. M. Muzny, Y. Wu, L. D. Wood, R. H. Hruban, W. H. Westra, W. M. Koch, J. A. Califano, R. A. Gibbs, D. Sidransky, B. Vogelstein, V. E. Velculescu, N. Papadopoulos, D. A. Wheeler, K. W. Kinzler, J. N. Myers. (2011) Exome Sequencing of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reveals Inactivating Mutations in NOTCH1. Science 333:6046, 1154-1157
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    T. V. Macfarlane, G. J. Macfarlane, N. S. Thakker, S. Benhamou, C. Bouchardy, W. Ahrens, H. Pohlabeln, P. Lagiou, A. Lagiou, X. Castellsague, A. Agudo, A. Slamova, J. Plzak, F. Merletti, L. Richiardi, R. Talamini, L. Barzan, K. Kjaerheim, C. Canova, L. Simonato, D. I. Conway, P. A. McKinney, P. Thomson, P. Sloan, A. Znaor, C. M. Healy, B. E. McCartan, M. Marron, P. Brennan. (2011) Role of medical history and medication use in the aetiology of upper aerodigestive tract cancers in Europe: the ARCAGE study. Annals of Oncology
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    Amanda Psyrri, Eleni Boutati, Sofia Karageorgopoulou. (2011) Human papillomavirus in head and neck cancers. Anti-Cancer Drugs 22:7, 586-590
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    David J. Sher, Tracy A. Balboni, Robert I. Haddad, Charles M. Norris, Marshall R. Posner, Lori J. Wirth, Laura A. Goguen, Donald Annino, Roy B. Tishler. (2011) Efficacy and Toxicity of Chemoradiotherapy Using Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Unknown Primary of Head and Neck. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 80:5, 1405-1411
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    A.A. Osthus, A.K.H. Aarstad, J. Olofsson, H.J. Aarstad. (2011) Health-Related Quality of Life Scores in long-term head and neck cancer survivors predict subsequent survival: a prospective cohort study. Clinical Otolaryngology 36:4, 361-368
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    Erika E. Doxtader, Anna-Luise A. Katzenstein. (2011) The relationship between p16 expression and high-risk human papillomavirus infection in squamous cell carcinomas from sites other than uterine cervix: a study of 137 cases. Human Pathology
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    Atsushi Kondoh, Ken-Ichi Takano, Takashi Kojima, Tsuyoshi Ohkuni, Ryuta Kamekura, Noriko Ogasawara, Mitsuru Go, Norimasa Sawada, Tetsuo Himi. (2011) Altered expression of claudin-1, claudin-7, and tricellulin regardless of human papilloma virus infection in human tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Oto-laryngologica 131:8, 861-868
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    Patrick Chi-pan Lau, Anthony Tak-cheung Chan. (2011) Novel therapeutic target for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Anti-Cancer Drugs 22:7, 665-673
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    G. Maschmeyer, K. Koch, M. Jungehülsing. (2011) Kopf-Hals-Tumoren. best practice onkologie 6:4, 4-20
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    Maria Blomberg, Ann Nielsen, Christian Munk, Susanne Krüger Kjaer. (2011) Trends in head and neck cancer incidence in Denmark, 1978-2007: Focus on human papillomavirus associated sites. International Journal of Cancer 129:3, 733-741
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    Vincent K. Tuohy, Ritika Jaini. (2011) Prophylactic cancer vaccination by targeting functional non-self. Annals of Medicine 43:5, 356-365
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    Sophie Paget-Bailly, Diane Cyr, Danièle Luce. (2011) Occupational exposures to asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and solvents, and cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx: a quantitative literature review. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
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    Richard Jordan, Maura Gillison, Annemieke van Zante. (2011) Oropharyngeal Carcinoma. Pathology Case Reviews 16:4, 173-175
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    Isabelle Heard. (2011) Human papillomavirus, cancer and vaccination. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 6:4, 297-302
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    Krista Rodriguez-Bruno, M. Jafer Ali, Steven J. Wang. (2011) Role of panendoscopy to identify synchronous second primary malignancies in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Head & Neck 33:7, 949-953
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    Anna E. Arthur, Sonia A. Duffy, Gloria I. Sanchez, Stephen B. Gruber, Jeffrey E. Terrell, James R. Hebert, Emily Light, Carol R. Bradford, Nisha J. D’Silva, Thomas E. Carey, Gregory T. Wolf, Karen E. Peterson, Laura S. Rozek. (2011) Higher Micronutrient Intake Is Associated With Human Papillomavirus-Positive Head and Neck Cancer: A Case-Only Analysis. Nutrition and Cancer 63:5, 734-742
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    Lalle Hammarstedt, Yunxia Lu, Linda Marklund, Tina Dalianis, Eva Munck-Wikland, Weimin Ye. (2011) Differential survival trends for patients with tonsillar, base of tongue and tongue cancer in Sweden. Oral Oncology 47:7, 636-641
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    Agnès Beby-Defaux, Xavier Dufour, Gérard Agius. (2011) Infections à papillomavirus humains (HPV) des voies aéro-digestives supérieures (VADS). Revue Francophone des Laboratoires 2011:434, 65-75
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    Pernille Lassen, Jesper G. Eriksen, Annelise Krogdahl, Marianne Hamilton Therkildsen, Benedicte P. Ulhøi, Marie Overgaard, Lena Specht, Elo Andersen, Jørgen Johansen, Lisbeth J. Andersen, Cai Grau, Jens Overgaard. (2011) The influence of HPV-associated p16-expression on accelerated fractionated radiotherapy in head and neck cancer: Evaluation of the randomised DAHANCA 6&7 trial. Radiotherapy and Oncology 100:1, 49-55
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    Per Attner, Juan Du, Anders Näsman, Lalle Hammarstedt, Torbjörn Ramqvist, Johan Lindholm, Linda Marklund, Tina Dalianis, Eva Munck-Wikland. (2011) Human papillomavirus and survival in patients with base of tongue cancer. International Journal of Cancer 128:12, 2892-2897
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    K S Anderson, J Wong, G D'Souza, A B Riemer, J Lorch, R Haddad, S I Pai, J Longtine, M McClean, J LaBaer, K T Kelsey, M Posner. (2011) Serum antibodies to the HPV16 proteome as biomarkers for head and neck cancer. British Journal of Cancer 104:12, 1896-1905
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    H Mawardi, S Elad, M E Correa, K Stevenson, S-B Woo, S Almazrooa, R Haddad, J H Antin, R Soiffer, N Treister. (2011) Oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: clinical presentation and treatment outcomes. Bone Marrow Transplantation 46:6, 884-891
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    Heikki Irjala, Nayla Matar, Marc Remacle, Lawson Georges. (2011) Pharyngo-laryngeal examination with the narrow band imaging technology: early experience. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 268:6, 801-806
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    Jean Lacau St Guily, Anne-Carole Jacquard, Jean-Luc Prétet, Julie Haesebaert, Agnès Beby-Defaux, Christine Clavel, Gérard Agius, Philippe Birembaut, Claire Okaïs, Yann Léocmach, Benoît Soubeyrand, Pierre Pradat, Didier Riethmuller, Christiane Mougin, François Denis. (2011) Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in oropharynx and oral cavity cancer in France—The EDiTH VI study. Journal of Clinical Virology 51:2, 100-104
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    Kristina R. Dahlstrom, Guojun Li, Guillermo Tortolero-Luna, Qingyi Wei, Erich M. Sturgis. (2011) Differences in history of sexual behavior between patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and patients with squamous cell carcinoma at other head and neck sites. Head & Neck 33:6, 847-855
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    Andreas Dietz, Gunnar Wichmann. (2011) Head and neck cancer: effective prevention in youth and predictive diagnostics for personalised treatment strategies according to biological differences. The EPMA Journal 2:2, 241-249
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    Shao Hui Huang, Tara Rosewall. (2011) Human Papillomavirus-related Oropharyngeal Carcinoma: Current Understanding and Enduring Uncertainties. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences 42:2, 86-94
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    Daniel Weiss, Mario Koopmann, Claudia Rudack. (2011) Prevalence and impact on clinicopathological characteristics of human papillomavirus-16 DNA in cervical lymph node metastases of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head & Neck 33:6, 856-862
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    Luisa Lina Villa. (2011) HPV prophylactic vaccination: The first years and what to expect from now. Cancer Letters 305:2, 106-112
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    Shaherin Basith, Balachandran Manavalan, Gwang Lee, Sang Geon Kim, Sangdun Choi. (2011) Toll-like receptor modulators: a patent review (2006 – 2010). Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 21:6, 927-944
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    Rebecca Shanesmith, Richard A. Allen, William E. Moore, Douglas W. Kingma, Samuel K. Caughron, Elizabeth M. Gillies, Samuel T. Dunn. (2011) Comparison of 2 line blot assays for defining HPV genotypes in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 70:2, 240-245
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    Maurice Y. Mommaerts, Murray E. Foster, Karsten K.H. Gundlach. (2011) How to do clinical research in cranio-maxillo-facial surgery. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery
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    Linda Morris Brown, David P. Check, Susan S. Devesa. (2011) Oropharyngeal cancer incidence trends: diminishing racial disparities. Cancer Causes & Control 22:5, 753-763
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    Silke Tribius, Anna S. Ihloff, Thorsten Rieckmann, Cordula Petersen, Markus Hoffmann. (2011) Impact of HPV status on treatment of squamous cell cancer of the oropharynx: What we know and what we need to know. Cancer Letters 304:2, 71-79
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