Original Article
HDL Cholesterol, Very Low Levels of LDL Cholesterol, and Cardiovascular Events
N Engl J Med 2007; 357:1301-1310September 27, 2007
- Abstract
Background
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are a strong inverse predictor of cardiovascular events. However, it is not clear whether this association is maintained at very low levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
Methods
A post hoc analysis of the recently completed Treating to New Targets (TNT) study assessed the predictive value of HDL cholesterol levels in 9770 patients. The primary outcome measure was the time to a first major cardiovascular event, defined as death from coronary heart disease, nonfatal non–procedure-related myocardial infarction, resuscitation after cardiac arrest, or fatal or nonfatal stroke. The predictive relationship between HDL cholesterol levels at the third month of treatment with statins and the time to the first major cardiovascular event was assessed in univariate and multivariate analyses and was also assessed for specific LDL cholesterol strata, including subjects with LDL cholesterol levels below 70 mg per deciliter (1.8 mmol per liter).
Results
The HDL cholesterol level in patients receiving statins was predictive of major cardiovascular events across the TNT study cohort, both when HDL cholesterol was considered as a continuous variable and when subjects were stratified according to quintiles of HDL cholesterol level. When the analysis was stratified according to LDL cholesterol level in patients receiving statins, the relationship between HDL cholesterol level and major cardiovascular events was of borderline significance (P=0.05). Even among study subjects with LDL cholesterol levels below 70 mg per deciliter, those in the highest quintile of HDL cholesterol level were at less risk for major cardiovascular events than those in the lowest quintile (P=0.03).
Conclusions
In this post hoc analysis, HDL cholesterol levels were predictive of major cardiovascular events in patients treated with statins. This relationship was also observed among patients with LDL cholesterol levels below 70 mg per deciliter. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00327691.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Multivariate Analysis of the Relationship between HDL Cholesterol Levels at Month 3 and the Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events.Figure 2
Multivariate Analysis of the Relationship between Major Cardiovascular Events and Quintiles of HDL Cholesterol Levels.Article Activity
- Article
Population studies have consistently shown that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are a strong, independent inverse predictor of cardiovascular disease.1-5 In the Framingham Heart Study, HDL cholesterol level was more potent as a risk factor for coronary heart disease than was the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.4 An analysis of data from four large studies concluded that each increase of 1 mg per deciliter (0.03 mmol per liter) in HDL cholesterol is associated with a decrease of 2 to 3% in the risk of future coronary heart disease.6
Intervention trials using statins to lower LDL cholesterol have consistently shown substantial reductions in major cardiovascular events in the treated groups.7-13 Furthermore, the magnitude of the reduction in events is a function of the extent of LDL cholesterol lowering, with each decrease of 40 mg per deciliter (1.0 mmol per liter) in LDL cholesterol corresponding to a 24% reduction in major cardiovascular events.13 However, in all the statin trials, there remains a substantial residual risk in the treated groups.
One explanation for this may relate to the presence of a low baseline level of HDL cholesterol, which has been shown in several trials to remain predictive of major cardiovascular events, even during treatment with statins.14 In a recent pooled analysis of four trials of statins, the moderate increase in HDL cholesterol levels seen with these drugs correlated with regression of coronary atherosclerosis.15 These findings have added support to the proposition that HDL cholesterol levels should be considered as therapeutic targets independent of the lowering of LDL cholesterol levels. However, it could also be argued that if LDL cholesterol levels are reduced to very low levels, low HDL cholesterol levels may no longer be relevant. To date, this view has remained untested.
In the Treating to New Targets (TNT) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00327691), 2661 subjects achieved an LDL cholesterol level below 70 mg per deciliter (1.8 mmol per liter) while receiving statin therapy.16 This target originally was proposed as an optional treatment goal in very-high-risk patients with coronary heart disease in an update to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) guidelines,17 and it has now been proposed by the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology guidelines as a reasonable target for therapy in patients with coronary heart disease or other forms of atherosclerotic disease.18
This post hoc analysis of the TNT trial examined the relationship between the frequency of major cardiovascular events and HDL cholesterol levels in a population of patients with clinically evident coronary heart disease who were being treated with statins. It also investigated whether any observed relationship was maintained when LDL cholesterol was reduced below 70 mg per deciliter.
Methods
The TNT trial was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, multicenter clinical trial, the design of which has been described in detail previously.16,19 The trial was sponsored by Pfizer and developed by the steering committee (see the Appendix) in collaboration with the sponsor. The trial data were retained by the sponsor.
The steering committee proposed and designed the analysis of HDL cholesterol data. The analysis was performed by one of the authors, who was employed by the sponsor. All the data and analyses were made available to the steering committee without restriction. All steering-committee members participated in the writing and critical appraisal of the manuscript. The steering committee assumes overall responsibility for the integrity of the data, the accuracy of the data analyses, and the completeness of the material reported.
Patient Population
Subjects eligible for inclusion were men and women aged 35 through 75 years with clinically evident coronary heart disease, defined as a previous myocardial infarction, previous or current angina with objective evidence of atherosclerotic coronary heart disease, or a previous coronary revascularization procedure. The major exclusion criteria were statin hypersensitivity, current liver disease, nephrosis, pregnancy, uncontrolled risk factors for coronary heart disease, a coronary heart disease event or revascularization procedure within the preceding month, congestive heart failure, unexplained creatine kinase levels greater than six times the upper limit of normal, any non-skin cancer, malignant melanoma, other survival-limiting disease, and immunosuppressive treatment.
Study Protocol
Any previously prescribed lipid-regulating drugs were discontinued at screening, and all subjects underwent a washout period of 1 to 8 weeks (8 weeks for those who had previously received lipid-regulating drugs and 1 week for those who had not). To ensure that all subjects at baseline achieved LDL cholesterol levels consistent with then-current guidelines for the treatment of stable coronary heart disease, patients with LDL cholesterol levels between 130 and 250 mg per deciliter (3.4 and 6.5 mmol per liter) and triglyceride levels of 600 mg per deciliter (6.8 mmol per liter) or less entered an 8-week open-label period with 10 mg of atorvastatin per day. At the end of the run-in phase (baseline), subjects with a mean LDL cholesterol level of less than 130 mg per deciliter (3.4 mmol per liter) (determined 4 weeks and 2 weeks before randomization) were randomly assigned to double-blind therapy with 10 mg or 80 mg of atorvastatin per day, as previously described.16 The primary efficacy outcome measure was the time to first occurrence of a major cardiovascular event, defined as death from coronary heart disease; nonfatal non–procedure-related myocardial infarction; resuscitation after cardiac arrest; or fatal or nonfatal stroke.
Statistical Analysis
For this study, the 9770 subjects in the TNT trial for whom HDL cholesterol data were available were stratified into quintiles based on their HDL cholesterol levels determined at month 3 of the double-blind treatment phase. The baseline clinical characteristics of these five patient groups were compared.
Cox regression models were fitted to determine the expected 5-year risk of a first major cardiovascular event from nonparametric survivor function estimates determined by quintile of HDL cholesterol level at month 3 of the trial, unadjusted and after adjustment for important covariates. The covariates considered in the analyses were sex, age, smoking status, body-mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose level, LDL cholesterol level, triglyceride level, ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A-I, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels at month 3 of the trial, and the presence or absence of a history of diabetes, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension.
A stratified regression analysis was performed to determine the interaction between HDL and LDL cholesterol levels in patients receiving statins, using specific LDL cholesterol cutoff points (<70, 70 to 100, and >100 mg per deciliter [<1.8, 1.8 to 2.6, and >2.6 mmol per liter]). This analysis was adjusted for treatment, sex, age as a continuous variable, smoking status, body-mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose level, the triglyceride level at month 3, and the presence or absence of a history of diabetes, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. A separate analysis of patients receiving statins in the lowest LDL stratum (<70 mg per deciliter) was performed according to quintile of HDL cholesterol level during statin therapy, likewise adjusted for the variables listed above.
The relationships between the quintile of the ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol at month 3, the quintile of the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol at month 3, and the incidence of major cardiovascular events were also summarized overall and according to treatment group. Finally, the relationship between continuous HDL cholesterol levels (both at baseline and at 3 months) and time to a first major cardiovascular event was determined in univariate and multivariate Cox regression models, including all covariates listed above as well as treatment assignment.
Results
Baseline Characteristics
The baseline characteristics and lipid levels of the subjects in each of the quintiles of HDL cholesterol level during statin treatment (month 3) are shown in Table 1Table 1
Baseline Characteristics of the Patients According to Quintile of HDL Cholesterol Level at Month 3.. Subjects with higher HDL cholesterol levels were older, more likely to be female, and leaner than those with lower HDL cholesterol levels. Current smokers were less common in the higher quintiles of HDL cholesterol levels, and subjects with higher HDL cholesterol levels were more likely to have never smoked. The proportion of past smokers was similar in all quintiles.As expected, subjects with higher HDL cholesterol levels during statin treatment (month 3) had higher concentrations of apolipoprotein A-I (a structural component of HDL) and lower plasma triglyceride levels. The concentration of apolipoprotein B (a structural component of the non-HDL lipoproteins) declined slightly with increasing HDL cholesterol levels (P<0.001). The prevalence of diabetes in the lowest quintile of HDL cholesterol levels was double that in the highest quintile. There were no significant differences in any of these baseline characteristics between the two atorvastatin treatment groups within each HDL cholesterol group.
Cardiovascular Events According to Quintile of HDL Cholesterol Level
The expected 5-year risk of major cardiovascular events was determined for each quintile of HDL cholesterol level in patients receiving statins across the entire TNT trial cohort. In the univariate model, the event rate was reduced by 40% in the highest quintile relative to the lowest. When the analysis included adjustments for covariates (Figure 1AFigure 1
Multivariate Analysis of the Relationship between HDL Cholesterol Levels at Month 3 and the Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events.), the quintile of HDL cholesterol level remained a significant predictor of major cardiovascular events, with a reduction in major cardiovascular events from 95% in the lowest quintile to 7.1% in the highest quintile, a 25% reduction in risk (hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60 to 0.95). The risk of major cardiovascular events differed significantly across HDL cholesterol quintiles (P=0.04).The relationship between HDL cholesterol levels in patients receiving statins and the frequency of major cardiovascular events seen in the overall cohort was also apparent in each of the two atorvastatin treatment groups. The incidence of major cardiovascular events was substantially lower in the group receiving 80 mg of atorvastatin per day than in the group receiving 10 mg per day in all quintiles. However, in each treatment group, the frequency of major cardiovascular events increased with decreasing levels of HDL cholesterol (Figure 1B). After adjustment for covariates, among subjects assigned to 10 mg of atorvastatin, those in the highest quintile were significantly less likely to have a major cardiovascular event than those in the lowest quintile (hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.96). In subjects assigned to 80 mg of atorvastatin, the difference in cardiovascular risk between the highest and the lowest quintile did not reach significance (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.58 to 1.14).
Effect of LDL Cholesterol Level
We performed a stratified regression analysis to determine the interaction between HDL and LDL cholesterol levels in patients receiving statins. In a multivariate model (Figure 2AFigure 2
Multivariate Analysis of the Relationship between Major Cardiovascular Events and Quintiles of HDL Cholesterol Levels.), the quintile of HDL cholesterol level was of borderline significance as a predictor of major cardiovascular events (P=0.05), with no evidence of interaction with the quintile of LDL cholesterol level (P=0.67). The hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for quintiles 2 through 5 of HDL cholesterol level (with quintile 1 as a reference) were 1.00 (95% CI, 0.82 to 1.21), 0.80 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.99), 0.92 (95% CI, 0.74 to 1.13) and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.60 to 0.95).A separate analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of HDL cholesterol on outcome among subjects in the lowest LDL cholesterol stratum (<70 mg per deciliter). In this group, according to multivariate analysis (Figure 2B), the risk of a major cardiovascular event differed significantly among quintiles of HDL cholesterol levels (P=0.03). Subjects in the highest HDL cholesterol quintile had a lower risk of major cardiovascular events than subjects in the lowest quintile (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.97).
Ratios of LDL Cholesterol and Total Cholesterol to HDL Cholesterol
The ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol at month 3 of the trial was also highly predictive of major cardiovascular events. There were major differences at the extremes: the event rate of 5.8% in subjects with the lowest ratio was less than half that in subjects with the highest ratio (13.5%). The ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol among patients receiving statins (month 3) remained highly predictive (P=0.006) of major cardiovascular events, even after adjustment (Figure 3AFigure 3
Relationship between Major Cardiovascular Events and Ratio of LDL Cholesterol to HDL Cholesterol at Month 3 (Panel A) and Ratio of Total Cholesterol to HDL Cholesterol at Month 3 (Panel B).). Subjects in the quintile with the highest ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol had a significantly greater risk of major cardiovascular events than did subjects in the lowest quintile (hazard ratio, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.32 to 2.51).The ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol at month 3 was also predictive of major cardiovascular events (Figure 3B). After adjustment, subjects in the quintile with the highest ratio were at significantly greater risk of major cardiovascular events than were those in the quintile with the lowest ratio, with a hazard ratio after adjustment for potential confounders of 1.72 (95% CI, 1.26 to 2.35).
Continuous HDL Cholesterol Levels
The risk of a major cardiovascular event was also determined for each increment of 1 mg per deciliter (0.03 mmol per liter) in HDL cholesterol level at baseline and during statin treatment (Table 2Table 2
Relationship between HDL Cholesterol Levels and the Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events.). In a model adjusted for covariates, an increase of 1 mg per deciliter in the HDL cholesterol level at month 3 could be expected to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events by 1.1% (P=0.003) (Table 2).In the multivariate analysis, the relationship between baseline HDL cholesterol level and the risk of major cardiovascular events was almost identical to that observed between HDL cholesterol level and the risk of major cardiovascular events during statin treatment. However, inclusion of the baseline ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A-I in the analysis model reduced the predictive relationship to nonsignificance (P=0.46).
Interaction tests indicated that relationships between HDL cholesterol levels at baseline or during statin treatment and the risk of major cardiovascular events did not depend on sex (P=0.11 for baseline levels, P=0.34 for levels during statin treatment), age (P=0.75 for baseline levels, P=0.31 for levels during statin treatment), smoking status (P=0.55 for baseline levels, P=0.64 for levels during statin treatment), body-mass index (P=0.13 for baseline levels, P=0.09 for levels during statin treatment), or any of the other covariates considered in the analysis (all P>0.10 for levels at baseline and during statin treatment).
Discussion
It has long been known that a low level of HDL cholesterol is a powerful predictor of increased cardiovascular risk,1-6 but it has not been clear whether a low HDL cholesterol level would remain a significant risk factor in people whose LDL cholesterol was reduced to very low levels. Indeed, it has been argued hypothetically that if the LDL cholesterol level were reduced sufficiently, the level of HDL cholesterol might become irrelevant.
In this post hoc analysis from the TNT trial, HDL cholesterol level was a significant predictor of major cardiovascular events across the entire study cohort, even after all other baseline risk factors, including baseline LDL cholesterol level, had been taken into account. This effect was more pronounced in the analyses using HDL cholesterol level as a continuous variable than in those using quintiles of HDL cholesterol levels at month 3 of the trial, a result suggesting that outlier HDL cholesterol levels may have had an important role in the relationship we observed.
The effect of LDL cholesterol levels during statin treatment on the predictive value of HDL cholesterol was examined. After adjustment for covariates, the predictive value of HDL cholesterol levels was of borderline significance, a result consistent with a suggestion that in patients with coronary heart disease, higher HDL cholesterol levels may offset the increased risk associated with higher LDL cholesterol levels.
In a further analysis, we examined the relationship between the quintile of HDL cholesterol level during statin treatment with risk in those patients in the lowest stratum of LDL cholesterol level (<70 mg per liter). This analysis demonstrated that even among patients in this very low LDL cholesterol stratum, the risk of major cardiovascular events was reduced in those with higher rather than lower HDL cholesterol levels.
Given that HDL and LDL cholesterol levels during statin treatment were both independently predictive of major cardiovascular events across the whole range of HDL and LDL cholesterol levels in this analysis, it was not surprising to find that the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol was also highly predictive of the risk of major cardiovascular events. A similar result was observed for the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol. These results are consistent with previous studies.20-23
There are several limitations of this study that should be considered when evaluating our findings. The groups of patients defined by quintile of HDL cholesterol level were not similar with respect to other cardiovascular risk factors (Table 1), and there may have been other differences that were not evaluated but that could have influenced the results of the analysis. We did not measure waist circumference or insulin levels in our study population, and thus we cannot determine to what degree the observed effect of HDL cholesterol level may be due to the coincidence of a low HDL cholesterol level with the metabolic syndrome. This relationship is suggested in our data by the fact that most of our study subjects who had low HDL cholesterol levels were also obese and had elevated plasma triglyceride levels.
In summary, this analysis from the TNT trial evaluated the effect of HDL cholesterol levels in patients with clinically evident coronary heart disease who were receiving statin therapy to reduce LDL cholesterol levels. Across the entire study cohort in multivariate analysis, HDL cholesterol levels were a significant inverse predictor of subsequent major cardiovascular events. When the effect of the LDL cholesterol level achieved in patients receiving therapy was taken into account, the role of HDL cholesterol was less marked, though still of borderline significance. The relationship remained significant even in patients whose LDL cholesterol level was less than 70 mg per deciliter.
Supported by Pfizer.
Dr. Barter reports receiving consulting fees from Pfizer and AstraZeneca, lecture fees from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Merck, and grant support from Pfizer. Dr. Gotto reports receiving consulting fees from Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, Arisaph Pharmaceuticals, DuPont, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Kowa, Schering-Plough, Novartis, and Reliant Pharmaceuticals, receiving lecture fees from Pfizer, Merck, Schering-Plough, Reliant Pharmaceuticals, and Sanofi-Aventis, and testifying before the Food and Drug Administration on behalf of Johnson & Johnson–Merck. Dr. LaRosa reports receiving consulting fees from Pfizer, Bayer, and Merck and lecture fees from Pfizer. Dr. Maroni and Mr. Szarek report being employees of Pfizer and owning equity in Pfizer. Dr. Grundy reports receiving consulting fees from Pfizer, Merck, Kos Pharmaceuticals, Abbott, Schering-Plough, Fournier Pharma, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Sanofi-Aventis, GlaxoSmithKline, Eli Lilly, and AstraZeneca and grant support from Kos Pharmaceuticals, Abbott, and Merck. Dr. Kastelein reports receiving consulting fees and lecture fees from Pfizer, Merck, Schering-Plough, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Daiichi Sankyo. Dr. Bittner reports receiving consulting fees from Pfizer, Reliant Pharmaceuticals, CV Therapeutics, and Novartis and grant support from Pfizer, AtheroGenics, Kos Pharmaceuticals, and Merck. Dr. Fruchart reports receiving consulting fees from Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, and Fournier Pharma and lecture fees from Pfizer, Merck, Schering-Plough, Reliant Pharmaceuticals, and Sanofi-Aventis. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Source Information
From the Heart Research Institute, Sydney (P.B.); the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York (A.M.G.); the State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn (J.C.L.); Pfizer, New York (J.M., M.S.); the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.M.G.); the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (J.J.P.K.); the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama, Birmingham (V.B.); and the Institut Pasteur, Lille, France (J.-C.F.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Barter at the Heart Research Institute, 145 Missenden Rd., Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia, or at barterp@hri.org.au.
Participants in the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
The following persons participated in the TNT Study: Steering Committee: J. LaRosa (chair), Brooklyn, NY; P. Barter, Sydney; J.-C. Fruchart, Lille, France; A.M. Gotto, New York; H. Greten, Hamburg, Germany; S.M. Grundy, Dallas; D. Hunninghake, Minneapolis; J. Kastelein, Amsterdam; J. Shepherd, Glasgow, Scotland; D. Waters, San Francisco; N. Wenger, Atlanta; End-Points Committee: L. Cohen (chair), New Haven, CT; J.-M. LaBlanche, Lille, France; H. Levine, Boston; U. Sechtem, Stuttgart, Germany; F. Welty, Boston; Data and Safety Monitoring Board: C. Hennekens (chair), Miami; V. Brown, Atlanta; R. Carmena, Valencia, Spain; R. D'Agostino, Boston; S. Haffner, San Antonio, TX; E. Leitersdorf, Jerusalem, Israel; Investigators (numbers of patients undergoing randomization in parentheses): Australia (608) — C. Aroney, P. Barter, J. Bradley, D. Colquhoun, A. Dart, M. d'Emden, J. Lefkovits, R. Minson, G. Nelson, R. O'Brien, P. Roberts-Thomson, A. Thomson, D. Sullivan, P. Thompson; Austria (29) — H. Drexel, H. Sinzinger, F. Stockenhuber; Belgium (300) — P. Chenu, G. Heyndrickx, J. Van Cleemput, A. Van Dorpe, W. Van Mieghem, P. Vermeersch; Canada (1052) — M. Arnold, R. Baigrie, J. Bergeron, C. Gagné, J. Davignon, J. Ducas, J. Genest, L. Higginson, G. Hoag, J. Bonet, A. Ignaszewski, L. Leiter, S. LePage, P. Ma, M. McQueen, D. Mymin, B. O'Neill, B. Sussex, P. Theroux, G. Tremblay, W. Tymchak, J. Warnica; France (207) — P. Attali, J. Bonnet, L. Caster, R. Constans, J. Demarcq, I. Ginon, J. Leymarie, J. Mansourati, J. Ollivier, F. Paillard, J. Ponsonnaille; Germany (144) — U. Beil, H. Fritz, D. Hüwel, W. Huppertz, W. Liebscher, K. Schussmann, E. Steinhagen-Thiessen; Ireland (53) — B. Buckley, P. Crean; Italy (75) — A. Branzi, P. Fioretti, G. Gensini, N. Mininni, G. Pinelli, E. Uslenghi; the Netherlands (788) — R. Anthonio, J. Bonnier, H. Crijns, H. Dohmen, P. Dunselman, M. Galjee, B. Hamer, J. Hoorntje, J. Jukema, A. Oude-Ophuis, H. Plokker, J. Posma, J. Ruiter, M. Trip, A. van Boven; South Africa (523) — A. Dalby, L. Disler, A. Doubell, J. King, E. Lloyd, J. Marx, P. Roux; Spain (525) — M. Anguita, C. Brotons, C. Calvo, J. Cruz-Fernandez, F. Fernandez-Aviles, A. Fernandez-Cruz, I. Ferreira, E. Gonzalez, E. Lage, P. Mata, J. Mostaza, R. Muñoz-Aguilera, E. Lopez de Sa, G. Pedro, G. Permanyer, A. Pozuelo, R. Querejeta, J. Ribera, E. Ros-Rahola, M. Vela; Switzerland (91) — W. Angehrn, L. Kappenberger, T. Moccetti, H. Saner; United Kingdom (299) — D. Brydie, A. Chauhan, R. Greenbaum, H. Kadr, C. Kaski, R. Mattu, W. McCrea, J. McMurray, D. Mikhailidis, A. Salmasi, N. Samani, M. Shiu, A. Timmis, S. Turley, J. Wictome; United States (5309) — R. Abadier, S. Alexander, B. Asbill, J. Bagdade, B. Beard, J. Becker, V. Bittner, R. Blumenthal, M. Bolton, W. Bremner, D. Brewer, C. Brown, K. Browne, J. Carstens, W. Cefalu, J. Chambers, J. Cohen, M. Collins, S. Crespin, M. Cressman, R. Curry, M. Davidson, G. De Gent, J. de Lemos, P. Deedwania, D. Dixon, J. Duncan, C. East, D. Edmundowicz, B. Effron, M. Elam, M. Ettinger, R. Feldman, D. Fiske, J. Forrester, G. Fraser, Z. Freedman, S. Freeman, V. Fonseca, D. Frid, K. Friday, J. Geohas, H. Ginsberg, A. Goldberg, E. Goldenberg, D. Goldner, D. Goldscher, B. Gordon, S. Gottlieb, M. Grayson, R. Guthrie, J. Guyton, J. Haas, F. Handel, R. Hartman, J. Henry, M. Hepp, R. Heuser, D. Herrington, M. Hibbard, C. Hjemdahl-Monsen, G. Hopkins, V. Howard, J. Hsia, D. Hunninghake, S. Jafri, P. Jones, P. Kakavas, J. Kane, L. Keilson, E. Kerut, R. Kloner, R. Knopp, J. Kostis, L. Kozlowski, R. Krasuski, A. Kugelmass, K. LaBresh, J. Larry, C. Lavie, B. Lewis, S. Lewis, M. Linton, P. Linz, R. Lloret, V. Lucarella, J. Maciejko, D. McElroy, J. McGhee, M. McGowan, W. McGuinn, M. Melucci, J. Merillat, M. Michalski, D. Miller, L. Miller, M. Miller, M. Mirro, V. Miscia, J. Mossberg, B. Musa, S. Nash, R. Nesto, M. Neustel, T. Noonan, J. O'Keefe, B. Olafsson, S. Oparil, T. Pearson, C. Pepine, G. Peterson, G. Pogson, K. Powers, D. Rader, R. Reeves, J. Reusch, G. Revtyak, D. Robertson, J. Robinson, W. Robinson, M. Rocco, J. Robinson, J. Rodgers, R. Rosenson, E. Roth, S. Sadanandan, K. Salisbury, D. Sato, J. Saucedo, E. Schaefer, H. Schrott, L. Seman, G. Schectman, C. Schmalfuss, D. Schneider, B. Sobel, R. Schneider, S. Schwartz, P. Seigel, M. Seyal, S. Sharp, D. Shindler, D. Smith, D. Sprecher, L. Solberg, E. Sontz, J. Stamper, E. Stein, V. Subbarao, A. Susmano, A. Talle, P. Thompson, J. Torelli, F. Torres, D. Triffon, G. Vetrovec, N. Vijay, W. Wickermeyer, K. Wool, M. Zakrzewski, S. Zarich, J. Zavoral, F. Zieve.
- References
References
1
Assmann G ,Schulte H ,von Eckardstein A ,Huang Y . High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a predictor of coronary heart disease risk: the PROCAM experience and pathophysiological implications for reverse cholesterol transport. Atherosclerosis 1996;124:Suppl:S11-S20
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Curb JD ,Abbott RD ,Rodriguez BL , et al. A prospective study of HDL-C and cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene mutations and the risk of coronary heart disease in the elderly. J Lipid Res 2004;45:948-953
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Sharrett AR ,Ballantyne CM ,Coady SA , et al. Coronary heart disease prediction from lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins A-I and B, and HDL density subfractions: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation 2001;104:1108-1113
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Gordon T ,Castelli WP ,Hjortland MC ,Kannel WB ,Dawber TR . High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease: the Framingham Study. Am J Med 1977;62:707-714
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Turner RC ,Millns H ,Neil HA , et al. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS: 23). BMJ 1998;316:823-828
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Gordon DJ ,Probstfield JL ,Garrison RJ , et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: four prospective American studies. Circulation 1989;79:8-15
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline7
Sever PS ,Dahlof B ,Poulter NR , et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:1149-1158
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Sacks FM ,Pfeffer MA ,Moye LA , et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1001-1009
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline9
Shepherd J ,Cobbe SM ,Ford I , et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1301-1307
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline10
Downs JR ,Clearfield M ,Weis S , et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA 1998;279:1615-1622
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-1389
Web of Science | Medline12
The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results
CrossRef | Web of Science13
Baigent C ,Keech A ,Kearney PM , et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366:1267-1278[Erratum, Lancet 2005;366:1358.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Sacks FM ,Tonkin AM ,Shepherd J , et al. Effect of pravastatin on coronary disease events in subgroups defined by coronary risk factors: the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling Project. Circulation 2000;102:1893-1900
Web of Science | Medline15
Nicholls SJ ,Tuzcu EM ,Sipahi I , et al. Statins, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and regression of coronary atherosclerosis. JAMA 2007;297:499-508
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
LaRosa JC ,Grundy SM ,Waters DD , et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1425-1435
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline17
Grundy SM ,Cleeman JI ,Merz CN , et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:720-732
CrossRef | Medline18
Smith SC Jr ,Allen J ,Blair SN , et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update: endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation 2006;113:2363-2372[Erratum, Circulation 2006;113:e847.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Waters DD ,Guyton JR ,Herrington DM ,McGowan MP ,Wenger NK ,Shear C . Treating to New Targets (TNT) Study: does lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels below currently recommended guidelines yield incremental clinical benefit? Am J Cardiol 2004;93:154-158
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Manninen V ,Tenkanen L ,Koskinen P , et al. Joint effects of serum triglyceride and LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol concentrations on coronary heart disease risk in the Helsinki Heart Study: implications for treatment. Circulation 1992;85:37-45
Web of Science | Medline21
Frost PH ,Davis BR ,Burlando AJ , et al. Serum lipids and incidence of coronary heart disease: findings from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). Circulation 1996;94:2381-2388
Web of Science | Medline22
Lamarche B ,Despres JP ,Moorjani S ,Cantin B ,Dagenais GR ,Lupien PJ . Triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol as risk factors for ischemic heart disease: results from the Québec cardiovascular study. Atherosclerosis 1996;119:235-245
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Wang TD ,Chen WJ ,Chien KL , et al. Efficacy of cholesterol levels and ratios in predicting future coronary heart disease in a Chinese population. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:737-743
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (278)
Citing Articles
1
Todd C. Villines, Andrew S. Kim, Rosco S. Gore, Allen J. Taylor. (2012) Niacin: The Evidence, Clinical Use, and Future Directions. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 14:1, 49-59
CrossRef2
Uchechukwu K. Sampson, Sergio Fazio, MacRae F. Linton. (2012) Residual Cardiovascular Risk Despite Optimal LDL Cholesterol Reduction with Statins: The Evidence, Etiology, and Therapeutic Challenges. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 14:1, 1-10
CrossRef3
Laia Salvadó, Lucía Serrano-Marco, Emma Barroso, Xavier Palomer, Manuel Vázquez-Carrera. (2012) Targeting PPARβ/δ for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets1-15
CrossRef4
Sud Ramachandran, Ahmed Abbas, Sanjay Saraf, Jessie Raju, Christina Jewkes, Alan F Jones. (2012) Significant Increase in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol with Fibrates Is Associated with Low Pretreatment High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: Findings from An Outpatient Clinic Setting. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders120127065325006
CrossRef5
Brian G. Drew, Kerry-Anne Rye, Stephen J. Duffy, Philip Barter, Bronwyn A. Kingwell. (2012) The emerging role of HDL in glucose metabolism. Nature Reviews Endocrinology
CrossRef6
Qianming Bai, Xin Zhang, Leyuan Xu, Genta Kakiyama, Douglas Heuman, Arun Sanyal, William M. Pandak, Lianhua Yin, Wen Xie, Shunlin Ren. (2012) Oxysterol sulfation by cytosolic sulfotransferase suppresses liver X receptor/sterol regulatory element binding protein–1c signaling pathway and reduces serum and hepatic lipids in mouse models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism
CrossRef7
Jing Liu, Wei Wang, Miao Wang, Jiayi Sun, Jun Liu, Yan Li, Yue Qi, Zhaosu Wu, Dong Zhao. (2012) Impact of diabetes, high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol on risk for ischemic cardiovascular disease varies by LDL cholesterol level: A 15-year follow-up of the Chinese Multi-provincial Cohort Study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
CrossRef8
Amanda J Hooper, John R Burnett. (2012) Anacetrapib , a cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 21:1, 103-109
CrossRef9
Kwang Kon Koh, Soo Lim, Ichiro Sakuma, Michael J. Quon. (2012) Caveats to aggressive lowering of lipids by specific statins. International Journal of Cardiology 154:2, 97-101
CrossRef10
Jiemin Pan, Fei Gao, Yuqian Bao, Lei Zhang, Yinfang Tu, Weiping Jia. (2012) Compared with traditional lipid parameters, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol was associated with albuminuria more closely in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients with normal renal function. Journal of Clinical Lipidology
CrossRef11
Xianhai Huang, Jing Su, Ashwin U. Rao, Haiqun Tang, Wei Zhou, Xiaohong Zhu, Xiao Chen, Zhidan Liu, Ying Huang, Sylvia Degrado, Dong Xiao, Jun Qin, Robert Aslanian, Brian A. McKittrick, Scott Greenfeder, Margaret van Heek, Madhu Chintala, Anandan Palani. (2012) SAR studies of C2 ethers of 2H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4,7(1H,3H)-triones as nicotinic acid receptor (NAR) agonist. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 22:2, 854-858
CrossRef12
The AIM-HIGH Investigators. (2011) Niacin in Patients with Low HDL Cholesterol Levels Receiving Intensive Statin Therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 365:24, 2255-2267
Full Text13
Rosalinda Posadas-Sánchez, Carlos Posadas-Romero, Enrique Mendoza-Pérez, Nacú Aureo Caracas-Portilla, Guillermo Cardoso-Saldaña, Aída Medina-Urrutia, Esteban Jorge-Galarza, Juan Gabriel Juárez-Rojas. (2011) Cholesterol Efflux and Metabolic Abnormalities Associated With Low High-Density-Lipoprotein-Cholesterol and High Triglycerides in Statin-Treated Coronary Men With Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol <70 mg/dl. The American Journal of Cardiology
CrossRef14
Alberto Cordero, Vicente Bertomeu-Martínez, Pilar Mazón, Diego Martín-Raymondi, Jose Luis Palma, Manuel Anguita, Iñaki Lekuona, Enrique Galve, José R. González-Juanatey. (2011) Short-term metabolic changes achieved by weight loss in hypertensive patients. International Journal of Cardiology 153:3, 286-290
CrossRef15
Kwok Leung Ong, Ben J. Wu, Bernard M.Y. Cheung, Philip J. Barter, Kerry-Anne Rye. (2011) Association of lower total bilirubin level with statin usage: The United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2008. Atherosclerosis 219:2, 728-733
CrossRef16
Paul J. W. H. Kappelle, Arie van Tol, Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel, Robin P. F. Dullaart. (2011) Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibition in Cardiovascular Risk Management: Ongoing Trials will End the Confusion. Cardiovascular Therapeutics 29:6, e89-e99
CrossRef17
Philip Barter, Kerry-Anne Rye. (2011) Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition to reduce cardiovascular risk: where are we now?. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 32:12, 694-699
CrossRef18
Stephen J. Nicholls. (2011) Apo A-I Modulating Therapies. Current Cardiology Reports 13:6, 537-543
CrossRef19
Salim S. Virani, Christie M. Ballantyne. (2011) Update on therapies targeting HDL. Current Opinion in Lipidology 22:6, 514-516
CrossRef20
Željko Reiner, Alberico L. Catapano, Guy De Backer, Ian Graham, Marja-Riitta Taskinen, Olov Wiklund, Stefan Agewall, Eduardo Alegría, M. John Chapman, Paul Durrington, Serap Erdine, Julian Halcox, Richard Hobbs, John Kjekshus, Pasquale Perrone Filardi, Gabriele Riccardi, Robert F. Storey, David Wood. (2011) Guía de la ESC/EAS sobre el manejo de las dislipemias. Revista Española de Cardiología 64:12, 1168.e1-1168.e60
CrossRef21
Pascale M. Ohnsorg, Jean-Luc Mary, Lucia Rohrer, Michael Pech, Jürgen Fingerle, Arnold von Eckardstein. (2011) Trimerized apolipoprotein A-I (TripA) forms lipoproteins, activates lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, elicits lipid efflux, and is transported through aortic endothelial cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1811:12, 1115-1123
CrossRef22
Stephen Cook, Rae Ellen W. Kavey. (2011) Dyslipidemia and Pediatric Obesity. Pediatric Clinics of North America 58:6, 1363-1373
CrossRef23
J. Ferrières. (2011) HDL: facteur causal de l’athérosclérose ? Arguments épidémiologiques. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Supplements 3:4, 246-253
CrossRef24
John Ikechukwu Ihedioha, Onyinyechukwu Ada Noel-Uneke, Thelma Ebele Ihedioha. (2011) Reference values for the serum lipid profile of albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) of varied ages and sexes. Comparative Clinical Pathology
CrossRef25
Hisato Takagi, Masafumi Matsui, Takuya Umemoto. (2011) High-density lipoprotein-dependent effects of statins on the risk of coronary heart disease deaths and events. International Journal of Cardiology 152:3, 377-379
CrossRef26
Michel Farnier, Jean Ducobu, Leszek Bryniarski. (2011) Long-term safety and efficacy of fenofibrate/pravastatin combination therapy in high risk patients with mixed hyperlipidemia not controlled by pravastatin monotherapy. Current Medical Research and Opinion 27:11, 2165-2173
CrossRef27
Alberto Cordero, José Moreno-Arribas, Vicente Bertomeu-González, Pilar Agudo, Beatriz Miralles, M. Dolores Masiá, Ramón López-Palop, Vicente Bertomeu-Martínez. (2011) Las concentraciones bajas de colesterol unido a las lipoproteínas de alta densidad se asocian de manera independiente a enfermedad coronaria aguda en pacientes que ingresan por dolor torácico. Revista Española de Cardiología
CrossRef28
Stephen J Nicholls. (2011) Will apoA-I-based therapies step up to cure coronary artery disease?. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 9:11, 1367-1370
CrossRef29
Tamio Teramoto. (2011) Pitavastatin: Clinical effects from the LIVES Study. Atherosclerosis Supplements 12:3, 285-288
CrossRef30
Philip Barter. (2011) HDL-C: Role as a risk modifier. Atherosclerosis Supplements 12:3, 267-270
CrossRef31
Philip Barter. (2011) Introduction. Atherosclerosis Supplements 12:3, 265-266
CrossRef32
Alberto Cordero, José Moreno-Arribas, Vicente Bertomeu-González, Pilar Agudo, Beatriz Miralles, M. Dolores Masiá, Ramón López-Palop, Vicente Bertomeu-Martínez. (2011) Low Levels of High-density Lipoproteins Cholesterol Are Independently Associated With Acute Coronary Heart Disease in Patients Hospitalized for Chest Pain. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)
CrossRef33
José Ramón González-Juanatey, Alberto Cordero, Gustavo C. Vitale, Belén González-Timón, Pilar Mazón, Vicente Bertomeu. (2011) Magnitud y características del riesgo residual lipídico en pacientes con antecedentes de revascularización coronaria: estudio ICP-Bypass. Revista Española de Cardiología 64:10, 862-868
CrossRef34
Rachel S. Newson, Janine F. Felix, Jan Heeringa, Albert Hofman, Jacqueline C. M. Witteman, Henning Tiemeier. (2011) Association Between Serum Cholesterol and Noncardiovascular Mortality in Older Age. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 59:10, 1779-1785
CrossRef35
Diego Vanuzzo. (2011) The epidemiological concept of residual risk. Internal and Emergency Medicine 6:S1, 45-51
CrossRef36
Kate McKeage, Gillian M. Keating. (2011) Fenofibrate. Drugs 71:14, 1917-1946
CrossRef37
Paul K. Witting, Changjie Song, Kenneth Hsu, Susan Hua, Sarah N. Parry, Roshanak Aran, Carolyn Geczy, Saul Benedict Freedman. (2011) The acute-phase protein serum amyloid A induces endothelial dysfunction that is inhibited by high-density lipoprotein. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 51:7, 1390-1398
CrossRef38
José Ramón González-Juanatey, Alberto Cordero, Gustavo C. Vitale, Belén González-Timón, Pilar Mazón, Vicente Bertomeu. (2011) Magnitude and Characteristics of Residual Lipid Risk in Patients With a History of Coronary Revascularization: The ICP-Bypass Study. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) 64:10, 862-868
CrossRef39
Michael H. Davidson, Christie M. Ballantyne, Terry A. Jacobson, Vera A. Bittner, Lynne T. Braun, Alan S. Brown, W.Virgil Brown, William C. Cromwell, Ronald B. Goldberg, James M. McKenney, Alan T. Remaley, Allan D. Sniderman, Peter P. Toth, Sotirios Tsimikas, Paul E. Ziajka, Kevin C. Maki, Mary R. Dicklin. (2011) Clinical utility of inflammatory markers and advanced lipoprotein testing: Advice from an expert panel of lipid specialists. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 5:5, 338-367
CrossRef40
Jesús Millán Núñez-Cortés, Juan Pedro-Botet Montoya, Xavier Pintó Sala. (2011) Riesgo residual vascular de origen lipídico. Estrategias para el tratamiento del riesgo residual por dislipidemia aterogénica. Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis 23:5, 230-239
CrossRef41
Zhi-Hao Wang, Hui-Ping Gong, Yuan-Yuan Shang, Meng-Xiong Tang, Ning-Ning Fang, Gui-Hua Jiang, Yun Zhang, Ming Zhong, Wei Zhang. (2011) An integrative view on the carotid artery alterations in metabolic syndrome. European Journal of Clinical Investigationno-no
CrossRef42
Yuhua Liu, Chongren Tang. (2011) Regulation of ABCA1 functions by signaling pathways. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
CrossRef43
Avishay Elis, David Pereg, Paul Froom, Michael Lishner, David Segev, Doron Hermoni. (2011) HDL-C Levels and Revascularization Procedures in Coronary Heart Disease Patients Treated With Statins to Target LDL-C Levels. Clinical Cardiology 34:9, 572-576
CrossRef44
Douwe J. Mulder, Jan Freark de Boer, Reindert Graaff, Rindert de Vries, Wijtske Annema, Joop D. Lefrandt, Andries J. Smit, Uwe J.F. Tietge, Robin P.F. Dullaart. (2011) Skin autofluorescence is inversely related to HDL anti-oxidative capacity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 218:1, 102-106
CrossRef45
Zhi-Gang She, Hou-Zao Chen, Yunfei Yan, Hongliang Li, De-Pei Liu. (2011) The Human Paraoxonase Gene Cluster as a Target in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling110825105839008
CrossRef46
Protasio L da Luz, Raul C Maranhão. (2011) Novel aspects of HDL level and function in a clinical setting. Clinical Lipidology 6:4, 357-360
CrossRef47
Philip Joseph, Koon Teo. (2011) Optimal Medical Therapy, Lifestyle Intervention, and Secondary Prevention Strategies for Cardiovascular Event Reduction in Ischemic Heart Disease. Current Cardiology Reports 13:4, 287-295
CrossRef48
Ian Tietjen, G. Kees Hovingh, Roshni Singaraja, Chris Radomski, Jason McEwen, Elden Chan, Maryanne Mattice, Annick Legendre, John J.P. Kastelein, Michael R. Hayden. (2011) Increased risk of coronary artery disease in Caucasians with extremely low HDL cholesterol due to mutations in ABCA1, APOA1, and LCAT. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
CrossRef49
Gillian M. Keating. (2011) Fenofibrate. American Journal Cardiovascular Drugs 11:4, 227-247
CrossRef50
Klaus G Parhofer. (2011) Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidemia: implications for atherogenesis and treatment. Clinical Lipidology 6:4, 401-411
CrossRef51
Terry A. Jacobson. (2011) Opening a New Lipid “Apo-thecary”: Incorporating Apolipoproteins as Potential Risk Factors and Treatment Targets to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 86:8, 762-780
CrossRef52
Meng Lee, Jeffrey L. Saver, Amytis Towfighi, Jessica Chow, Bruce Ovbiagele. (2011) Efficacy of fibrates for cardiovascular risk reduction in persons with atherogenic dyslipidemia: A meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 217:2, 492-498
CrossRef53
Yoshiyuki Kawano, Akira Tamura, Junichi Kadota. (2011) Association between the severity of obstructive sleep apnea and the ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Metabolism
CrossRef54
E. Ferrannini, D. J. Betteridge, J. A. Dormandy, B. Charbonnel, R. G. Wilcox, R. Spanheimer, E. Erdmann, R. A. DeFronzo, M. Laakso. (2011) High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and not HbA1c was directly related to cardiovascular outcome in PROactive. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 13:8, 759-764
CrossRef55
, , Z. Reiner, A. L. Catapano, G. De Backer, I. Graham, M.-R. Taskinen, O. Wiklund, S. Agewall, E. Alegria, M. J. Chapman, P. Durrington, S. Erdine, J. Halcox, R. Hobbs, J. Kjekshus, P. P. Filardi, G. Riccardi, R. F. Storey, D. Wood, , J. Bax, A. Vahanian, A. Auricchio, H. Baumgartner, C. Ceconi, V. Dean, C. Deaton, R. Fagard, G. Filippatos, C. Funck-Brentano, D. Hasdai, R. Hobbs, A. Hoes, P. Kearney, J. Knuuti, P. Kolh, T. McDonagh, C. Moulin, D. Poldermans, B. A. Popescu, Z. Reiner, U. Sechtem, P. A. Sirnes, M. Tendera, A. Torbicki, P. Vardas, P. Widimsky, S. Windecker, D. Reviewers:, C. Funck-Brentano, D. Poldermans, G. Berkenboom, J. De Graaf, O. Descamps, N. Gotcheva, K. Griffith, G. F. Guida, S. Gulec, Y. Henkin, K. Huber, Y. A. Kesaniemi, J. Lekakis, A. J. Manolis, P. Marques-Vidal, L. Masana, J. McMurray, M. Mendes, Z. Pagava, T. Pedersen, E. Prescott, Q. Rato, G. Rosano, S. Sans, A. Stalenhoef, L. Tokgozoglu, M. Viigimaa, M. E. Wittekoek, J. L. Zamorano. (2011) ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). European Heart Journal 32:14, 1769-1818
CrossRef56
Christian Besler, Kathrin Heinrich, Lucia Rohrer, Carola Doerries, Meliana Riwanto, Diana M. Shih, Angeliki Chroni, Keiko Yonekawa, Sokrates Stein, Nicola Schaefer, Maja Mueller, Alexander Akhmedov, Georgios Daniil, Costantina Manes, Christian Templin, Christophe Wyss, Willibald Maier, Felix C. Tanner, Christian M. Matter, Roberto Corti, Clement Furlong, Aldons J. Lusis, Arnold von Eckardstein, Alan M. Fogelman, Thomas F. Lüscher, Ulf Landmesser. (2011) Mechanisms underlying adverse effects of HDL on eNOS-activating pathways in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of Clinical Investigation 121:7, 2693-2708
CrossRef57
Alberico L. Catapano, Željko Reiner, Guy De Backer, Ian Graham, Marja-Riitta Taskinen, Olov Wiklund, Stefan Agewall, Eduardo Alegria, M. John Chapman, Paul Durrington, Serap Erdine, Julian Halcox, Richard Hobbs, John Kjekshus, Pasquale Perrone Filardi, Gabriele Riccardi, Robert F. Storey, David Wood. (2011) ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. Atherosclerosis 217:1, 3-46
CrossRef58
H.-T. Kang, J.-H. Yoon, J.-Y. Kim, S.-K. Ahn, J.A. Linton, S.-B. Koh, J.-K. Kim. (2011) The association between the ratio of triglyceride to HDL-C and insulin resistance according to waist circumference in a rural Korean population. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases
CrossRef59
Alberico L. Catapano, Željko Reiner, Guy De Backer, Ian Graham, Marja-Riitta Taskinen, Olov Wiklund, Stefan Agewall, Eduardo Alegria, M. John Chapman, Paul Durrington, Serap Erdine, Julian Halcox, Richard Hobbs, John Kjekshus, Pasquale Perrone Filardi, Gabriele Riccardi, Robert F. Storey, David Wood. (2011) ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. Atherosclerosis 217, 1-44
CrossRef60
Katey J. Rayner, Frederick J. Sheedy, Christine C. Esau, Farah N. Hussain, Ryan E. Temel, Saj Parathath, Janine M. van Gils, Alistair J. Rayner, Aaron N. Chang, Yajaira Suarez, Carlos Fernandez-Hernando, Edward A. Fisher, Kathryn J. Moore. (2011) Antagonism of miR-33 in mice promotes reverse cholesterol transport and regression of atherosclerosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 121:7, 2921-2931
CrossRef61
Kensuke Toyama, Seigo Sugiyama, Hideki Oka, Yuri Iwasaki, Hitoshi Sumida, Tomoko Tanaka, Shinji Tayama, Hideaki Jinnouchi, Kunihiko Matsui, Hisao Ogawa. (2011) Rosuvastatin combined with regular exercise preserves coenzyme Q10 levels associated with a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 217:1, 158-164
CrossRef62
Matilda Florentin, Evangelos N Liberopoulos, Dimitri P Mikhailidis, Moses S Elisaf. (2011) Emerging options in the treatment of dyslipidemias: a bright future?. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 16:2, 247-270
CrossRef63
Bruno Vergès. (2011) Combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 12:9, 1393-1403
CrossRef64
Bernhard Föger. (2011) Lipid lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 161:11-12, 289-296
CrossRef65
Sridevi Devaraj, Ishwarlal Jialal. (2011) Novel Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitors: Promising Therapy for Dyslipidemia?. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 9:3, 163-165
CrossRef66
Gissette Reyes-Soffer, Carlos Rondon-Clavo, Henry N Ginsberg. (2011) Combination therapy with statin and fibrate in patients with dyslipidemia associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 12:9, 1429-1438
CrossRef67
M. J. Chapman, H. N. Ginsberg, P. Amarenco, F. Andreotti, J. Boren, A. L. Catapano, O. S. Descamps, E. Fisher, P. T. Kovanen, J. A. Kuivenhoven, P. Lesnik, L. Masana, B. G. Nordestgaard, K. K. Ray, Z. Reiner, M.-R. Taskinen, L. Tokgozoglu, A. Tybjaerg-Hansen, G. F. Watts, . (2011) Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence and guidance for management. European Heart Journal 32:11, 1345-1361
CrossRef68
Tarek AN Ahmed, Ioannis Karalis, J Wouter Jukema. (2011) Emerging drugs for coronary artery disease. From past achievements and current needs to clinical promises. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 16:2, 203-233
CrossRef69
Robert S. Rosenson. (2011) Systemic Inflammation and the Dynamics of HDL Cholesterol–Associated Residual Cardiovascular Risk. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 13:3, 187-189
CrossRef70
Michael Derks, Hitoshi Kawamura, Markus Abt, Georgina Meneses-Lorente, Mary Phelan, Tomohiro Ishikawa. (2011) Effects of Food Intake on the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Dalcetrapib: Findings From Three Phase I, Single-Dose Crossover Studies in Healthy Volunteers. Clinical Therapeutics 33:6, 754-765
CrossRef71
Carlos G. Santos-Gallego, Chiara Giannarelli, Juan José Badimón. (2011) Experimental Models for the Investigation of High-Density Lipoprotein–Mediated Cholesterol Efflux. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 13:3, 266-276
CrossRef72
Melvyn Rubenfire, Deepthi Vodnala, Sangeetha M. Krishnan, Robert L. Bard, Elizabeth A. Jackson, Donald Giacherio, Robert D. Brook. (2011) Lipoprotein (a): Perspectives from a lipid-referral program. Journal of Clinical Lipidology
CrossRef73
Cheng-cheng YI, WEN-wen LIU, Ying-qiu ZHANG, Zhi-jun GUO, Xiang-yun WANG, Zhi-zhong YUAN, Chang-lin ZHOU, Ren-fu YIN. (2011) Relationship of low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with atherosclerosis. Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University 31:2, 224-226
CrossRef74
Yusuke Fukuda, Shin-ichiro Miura, Yoshihiro Tsuchiya, Yukiko Inoue-Sumi, Kazumitsu Kubota, Yousuke Takamiya, Takashi Kuwano, Hitomi Ohishi, Amane Ike, Ken Mori, Daizaburo Yanagi, Hiroaki Nishikawa, Kazuyuki Shirai, Keijiro Saku, Hidenori Urata. (2011) Lower frequency of non-target lesion intervention in post-successful percutaneous coronary intervention patients with an LDL to HDL cholesterol ratio below 1.5. International Journal of Cardiology 149:1, 120-122
CrossRef75
D. John Betteridge. (2011) Lipid control in patients with diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Cardiology 8:5, 278-290
CrossRef76
Michel Farnier. (2011) Safety review of combination drugs for hyperlipidemia. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 10:3, 363-371
CrossRef77
Rosália Rubel, Herta S. Dalla Santa, Luiz Cláudio Fernandes, Sandro J. R. Bonatto, Sérgio Bello, Bonald C. Figueiredo, José Hermenio C. Lima Filho, Cid Aimbiré M. Santos, Carlos Ricardo Soccol. (2011) Hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss:Fr) Karst used as a dietary supplement. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 27:5, 1083-1089
CrossRef78
J. E. Feig, J. X. Rong, R. Shamir, M. Sanson, Y. Vengrenyuk, J. Liu, K. Rayner, K. Moore, M. Garabedian, E. A. Fisher. (2011) HDL promotes rapid atherosclerosis regression in mice and alters inflammatory properties of plaque monocyte-derived cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108:17, 7166-7171
CrossRef79
Dick C. Chan, Theodore W. K. Ng, Gerald F. Watts. (2011) Apolipoprotein A-II: Evaluating its significance in dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis. Annals of Medicine1-12
CrossRef80
Carlos G Santos-Gallego, Francisco Torres, Juan José Badimón. (2011) The beneficial effects of HDL-C on atherosclerosis: rationale and clinical results. Clinical Lipidology 6:2, 181-208
CrossRef81
Tharmarajan Ramprasath, Ponniah Senthil Murugan, Ashok Daniel Prabakaran, Pannerselvam Gomathi, Andiappan Rathinavel, Govindan Sadasivam Selvam. (2011) Potential risk modifications of GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1 (glutathione-S-transferases) variants and their association to CAD in patients with type-2 diabetes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 407:1, 49-53
CrossRef82
Ibrahim Al-Zakwani, Kadhim Sulaiman, Khalid Al-Rasadi, Dimitri P. Mikhailidis. (2011) Prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as a marker of residual cardiovascular risk among acute coronary syndrome patients from Oman. Current Medical Research and Opinion 27:4, 879-885
CrossRef83
Benoit J. Arsenault, S. Matthijs Boekholdt, John J. P. Kastelein. (2011) Lipid parameters for measuring risk of cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology 8:4, 197-206
CrossRef84
Michael Derks, Judith Anzures-Cabrera, Lynn Turnbull, Mary Phelan. (2011) Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Dalcetrapib Following Single and Multiple Ascending Doses in Healthy Subjects. Clinical Drug Investigation1
CrossRef85
Jesús Millán, Juan Pedro-Botet, Anna Muñoz, Emili Corbella, Alipio Mangas, Manuel Zúñiga, Antonio Hernández-Mijares, Xavier Pintó. (2011) Perfil lipídico residual en la cardiopatía isquémica recurrente. Medicina Clínica
CrossRef86
Jennifer G Robinson. (2011) Is there a future for CETP-inhibitor therapy?. Clinical Investigation 1:3, 367-370
CrossRef87
Christoph H Saely, Veronika Drexel, Alexander Vonbank, Heinz Drexel. (2011) Lipid management in Type 2 diabetes: the case for combination therapy?. Therapy 8:2, 129-141
CrossRef88
(2011) The role of niacin in raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to reduce cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and optimally treated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. American Heart Journal 161:3, 471-477.e2
CrossRef89
Guido Franceschini, Monica Gomaraschi, Laura Calabresi. 2011. HDL, Reverse Cholesterol Transport, and Atherosclerosis. , 159-165.
CrossRef90
Margrit Schwarz, Jae B. Kim. 2011. Emerging Therapeutic Approaches for Dyslipidemias Associated with High LDL and Low HDL. , 199-234.
CrossRef91
Arie Shirom, Sharon Toker, Samuel Melamed, Itzhak Shapira. (2011) The Relationships Between Self-Rated Health and Serum Lipids Across Time. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine
CrossRef92
Marion Rouvre, Sylviane Vol, Gaëlle Gusto, Catherine Born, Olivier Lantieri, Jean Tichet, Pierre Lecomte. (2011) Low High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: Prevalence and Associated Risk-Factors in a Large French Population. Annals of Epidemiology 21:2, 118-127
CrossRef93
Helena Vaverkova. (2011) LDL-C or apoB as the best target for reducing coronary heart disease: should apoB be implemented into clinical practice?. Clinical Lipidology 6:1, 35-48
CrossRef94
Aysha Inankur, Stephen J. Nicholls, Anisa Jahangiri. (2011) High-Density Lipoprotein: Is the Good Cholesterol Turning Bad?. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 5:1, 18-28
CrossRef95
T. A. Jacobson. (2011) ‘Trig-onometry’: non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a therapeutic target in dyslipidaemia. International Journal of Clinical Practice 65:1, 82-101
CrossRef96
Mika Enomoto, Hisashi Adachi, Yuji Hirai, Ako Fukami, Akira Satoh, Maki Otsuka, Shun-Ichi Kumagae, Yasuki Nanjo, Kuniko Yoshikawa, Eishi Esaki, Eita Kumagai, Kinuka Ogata, Akiko Kasahara, Eri Tsukagawa, Kanako Yokoi, Kyoko Ohbu-Murayama, Tsutomu Imaizumi. (2011) LDL-C/HDL-C Ratio Predicts Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression Better Than HDL-C or LDL-C Alone. Journal of Lipids 2011, 1-6
CrossRef97
Antonio Pérez, Cintia González Blanco, Miguel Ángel Hernández-Presa, José Chaves. (2011) Therapeutic approach to dyslipidemia and goal achievement in a Spanish population with type 2 diabetes without cardiovascular disease. Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition) 58:6, 283-290
CrossRef98
Noboru Hiratsuka, Chizumi Yamada, Toshitake Mitsuhashi, Fumiyo Inabe, Nami Araida, Eiko Takahashi. (2011) Significance of High HDL Cholesterol Levels in Japanese Men with Metabolic Syndrome. Internal Medicine 50:19, 2113-2120
CrossRef99
Michel Farnier, Armin Steinmetz, Kjetil Retterstøl, Albert Császár. (2011) Fixed-Dose Combination Fenofibrate/Pravastatin 160/40 mg Versus Simvastatin 20 mg Monotherapy in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Mixed Hyperlipidemia Uncontrolled With Simvastatin 20 mg: A Double-Blind, Randomized Comparative Study. Clinical Therapeutics 33:1, 1-12
CrossRef100
Michel Farnier, Qian Dong, Arvind Shah, Amy O Johnson-Levonas, Philippe Brudi. (2011) Low incidence of paradoxical reductions in HDL-C levels in dyslipidemic patients treated with fenofibrate alone or in combination with ezetimibe or ezetimibe/simvastatin. Lipids in Health and Disease 10:1, 212
CrossRef101
Ajaz Ahmad Malik, Mohd Lateef Wani, Shahid Iqbal Tak, Ifat Irshad, Nayeem Ul-Hassan. (2011) Association of dyslipidaemia with cholilithiasis and effect of cholecystectomy on the same. International Journal of Surgery 9:8, 641-642
CrossRef102
Takao Maruyama, Masanori Takada, Yoshiharu Nishibori, Kouichi Fujita, Koujirou Miki, Shigeki Masuda, Tetsuo Horimatsu, Toshiaki Hasuike. (2011) Comparison of Preventive Effect on Cardiovascular Events With Different Statins. Circulation Journal 75:8, 1951-1959
CrossRef103
Jennifer L. Jarvie, Caitlin E. Johnson, Yun Wang, Farhan Aslam, Leonidas V. Athanasopoulos, Irene Pollin, JoAnne M. Foody. (2011) Geographic Variance of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Community Women: The National Sister to Sister Campaign. Journal of Women's Health 20:1, 11-19
CrossRef104
Jesús Millán Núñez-Cortés, Juan Pedro-Botet Montoya, Xavier Pintó Salas, Antonio Hernández Mijares, Vincent J. Carey, Michel P. Hermans, Frank M. Sacks, Jean-Charles Fruchart. (2011) The REALIST (REsiduAl risk, LIpids and Standard Therapies) study: an analysis of residual risk attributable to lipid profile in acute coronary syndrome. Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition) 58:1, 38-47
CrossRef105
Chi-Hang Lee, Bee-Choo Tai, Gek-Hsiang Lim, Mark Y. Chan, Adrian F. Low, Kathryn C. Tan, Boon-Lock Chia, Huay-Cheem Tan. (2011) Correlation between high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and remodeling index in patients with coronary artery disease: IDEAS (IVUS diagnostic evaluation of atherosclerosis in Singapore)-HDL study. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging
CrossRef106
Anne Vlek, Frank Visseren, Ale Algra, Sabita Soedamah-Muthu, Frans Moll, Pieter Doevendans, Jaap Kappelle, Yolanda van der Graaf. (2010) Trends in vascular risk factors and medication use in patients with various manifestations of vascular diseases or type 2 diabetes mellitus from 1996 to 2007. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 17:6, 628-636
CrossRef107
Michel P Hermans, Jean-Charles Fruchart. (2010) Reducing residual vascular risk in patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia: where do we go from here?. Clinical Lipidology 5:6, 811-826
CrossRef108
Michel Farnier. (2010) Extended-release niacin and laropiprant in the management of dyslipidemias. Clinical Lipidology 5:6, 783-791
CrossRef109
Kathryn CB Tan. (2010) Treating diabetic dyslipidemia: What have we learnt from recent clinical trials?. Journal of Diabetes Investigation 1:6, 229-231
CrossRef110
Christoph H Saely, Alexander Vonbank, Heinz Drexel. (2010) HDL cholesterol and residual risk of first cardiovascular events. The Lancet 376:9754, 1738
CrossRef111
Katherine J. E. Sattler, Şehriban Elbasan, Petra Keul, Miriam Elter-Schulz, Constantin Bode, Markus H. Gräler, Martina Bröcker-Preuss, Thomas Budde, Raimund Erbel, Gerd Heusch, Bodo Levkau. (2010) Sphingosine 1-phosphate levels in plasma and HDL are altered in coronary artery disease. Basic Research in Cardiology 105:6, 821-832
CrossRef112
Paul M Ridker, Jacques Genest, John JP Kastelein. (2010) HDL cholesterol and residual risk of first cardiovascular events – Authors' reply. The Lancet 376:9754, 1738-1739
CrossRef113
Peter P. Toth. (2010) Pharmacomodulation of High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism as a Therapeutic Intervention for Atherosclerotic Disease. Current Cardiology Reports 12:6, 481-487
CrossRef114
Prediman K Shah. (2010) Evolving concepts on benefits and risks associated with therapeutic strategies to raise HDL. Current Opinion in Cardiology 25:6, 603-608
CrossRef115
Kathleen Burns, Bobbie Gross, Margaret Zanin. (2010) Cardiovascular Risk Study: A Comparison Between Northeast Ohio Cardiovascular Nurses and the Nation. Journal of Community Health Nursing 27:4, 187-196
CrossRef116
Ioannis K. Karalis, Sandrin C. Bergheanu, Ron Wolterbeek, Geesje M. Dallinga-Thie, Hiroaki Hattori, Arie van Tol, Anho H. Liem, J. Wouter Jukema. (2010) Effect of increasing doses of Rosuvastatin and Atorvastatin on apolipoproteins, enzymes and lipid transfer proteins involved in lipoprotein metabolism and inflammatory parameters. Current Medical Research and Opinion 26:10, 2301-2313
CrossRef117
Sang-Hyun Kim, Kyungil Park, Soon-Joon Hong, Young-Seok Cho, Ji-Dong Sung, Geon-Woong Moon, Myung-Ho Yoon, Moo-Yong Lee, Min-Su Hyon, Dong-Woon Kim, Hyo-Soo Kim. (2010) Efficacy and tolerability of a generic and a branded formulation of atorvastatin 20 mg/d in hypercholesterolemic Korean adults at high risk for cardiovascular disease: A multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy clinical trial. Clinical Therapeutics 32:11, 1896-1905
CrossRef118
Sanni Söderlund, Hiroshi Watanabe, Christian Ehnholm, Matti Jauhiainen, Marja-Riitta Taskinen. (2010) Increased apolipoprotein E level and reduced high-density lipoprotein mean particle size associate with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and features of metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 59:10, 1502-1509
CrossRef119
Markku Ahotupa, Jukka-Pekka Suomela, Timo Vuorimaa, Tommi Vasankari. (2010) Lipoprotein-specific transport of circulating lipid peroxides. Annals of Medicine 42:7, 521-529
CrossRef120
Arjang Djamali, Carolynn E Pietrangeli, Robert D Gordon, Christophe Legendre. (2010) Potential of emerging immunosuppressive strategies to improve the posttransplant cardiovascular risk profile. Kidney International 78, S15-S21
CrossRef121
Miao Zhang, Xiang Gao, Jianxiang Wu, Dongmei Liu, Houan Cai, Lili Fu, Changlin Mei. (2010) Oxidized high-density lipoprotein enhances inflammatory activity in rat mesangial cells. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 26:6, 455-463
CrossRef122
Chris J Packard. (2010) Optimizing lipid-lowering therapy in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 3:5, 649-661
CrossRef123
Sergio Fazio, MacRae F. Linton. (2010) High-density lipoprotein therapeutics and cardiovascular prevention. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 4:5, 411-419
CrossRef124
Ahmad Al-Sarraf, Khalid Al-Ghofaili, David R. Sullivan, Kishor M. Wasan, Robert Hegele, Jiri Frohlich. (2010) Complete Apo AI Deficiency in an Iraqi Mandaean Family: Case studies and review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 4:5, 420-426
CrossRef125
Stephen J. Nicholls, Kiyoko Uno, E. Murat Tuzcu, Steven E. Nissen. (2010) Lessons from Coronary Intravascular Ultrasound on the Importance of Raising High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12:5, 301-307
CrossRef126
Smita Negi, Christie M. Ballantyne. (2010) Insights from recent meta-analysis: Role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in reducing cardiovascular events and rates of atherosclerotic disease progression. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 4:5, 365-370
CrossRef127
Vincent J. Carey, Louise Bishop, Nancy Laranjo, Benjamin J. Harshfield, Carolyn Kwiat, Frank M. Sacks. (2010) Contribution of High Plasma Triglycerides and Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol to Residual Risk of Coronary Heart Disease After Establishment of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Control. The American Journal of Cardiology 106:6, 757-763
CrossRef128
Peter P. Toth, Michael H. Davidson. (2010) High-density lipoproteins: Marker of cardiovascular risk and therapeutic target. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 4:5, 359-364
CrossRef129
Shun Kohsaka, Zhezhen Jin, Tatjana Rundek, Shunichi Homma, Ralph L. Sacco, Marco R. Di Tullio. (2010) Relationship between serum lipid values and atherosclerotic burden in the proximal thoracic aorta. International Journal of Stroke 5:4, 257-263
CrossRef130
Marc Dorais, Diana Chirovsky, Baishali Ambegaonkar, Vasilisa Sazonov, Glenn Davies, Susan Grant, Jacques LeLorier. (2010) Utilization patterns of extended-release niacin in Canada: Analysis of an administrative claims database. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 26:7, e229-e235
CrossRef131
Shin-ichiro Miura, Keijiro Saku. (2010) Is a blood pressure rise the only deleterious off-target effect of cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors?. Journal of Hypertension 28:8, 1614-1616
CrossRef132
Stephen J. Nicholls, Kiyoko Uno, E. Murat Tuzcu, Steven E. Nissen. (2010) Intracoronary Ultrasound in Assessing Efficacy of Cardiovascular Drugs. Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports 3:4, 190-196
CrossRef133
J.C. Fruchart, F.M. Sacks, M.P. Hermans. (2010) Implications of the ACCORD Lipid study: perspective from the Residual Risk Reduction Initiative (R 3 i). Current Medical Research and Opinion 26:8, 1793-1797
CrossRef134
Kunal N. Bhatt, Bryan J. Wells, Laurence S. Sperling, Jefferson T. Baer. (2010) High-Density Lipoprotein Therapy: Is There Hope?. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 12:4, 315-328
CrossRef135
Ruitang Deng, Te-Jin Chow. (2010) Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, and Antiinflammatory Activities of Microalgae Spirulina. Cardiovascular Therapeutics 28:4, e33-e45
CrossRef136
Derek J Hausenloy, Lionel Opie, Derek M Yellon. (2010) Dissociating HDL cholesterol from cardiovascular risk. The Lancet 376:9738, 305-306
CrossRef137
Karen L Andrews, Xiao L Moore, Jaye PF Chin-Dusting. (2010) Anti-atherogenic effects of high-density lipoprotein on nitric oxide synthesis in the endothelium. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 37:7, 736-742
CrossRef138
Xavier Pintó, Jesús Millán, Anna Muñoz, Emili Corbella, Antonio Hernández-Mijares, Manuel Zuñiga, Alipio Mangas, Juan Pedro-Botet. (2010) A Very High Prevalence of Low HDL Cholesterol in Spanish Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes. Clinical Cardiology 33:7, 418-423
CrossRef139
Jesús Millán Núñez-Cortés, Juan Pedro Botet Montoya, Xavier Pintó Sala. (2010) Dislipemia aterogénica: una llamada de atención sobre su papel en el riesgo residual. Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis 22:4, 162-166
CrossRef140
Paul M Ridker, Jacques Genest, S Matthijs Boekholdt, Peter Libby, Antonio M Gotto, Børge G Nordestgaard, Samia Mora, Jean G MacFadyen, Robert J Glynn, John JP Kastelein. (2010) HDL cholesterol and residual risk of first cardiovascular events after treatment with potent statin therapy: an analysis from the JUPITER trial. The Lancet 376:9738, 333-339
CrossRef141
Marie-Laure Ancelin, Isabelle Carrière, Jean-Philippe Boulenger, Alain Malafosse, Robert Stewart, Jean-Paul Cristol, Karen Ritchie, Isabelle Chaudieu, Anne-Marie Dupuy. (2010) Gender and Genotype Modulation of the Association Between Lipid Levels and Depressive Symptomatology in Community-Dwelling Elderly (The ESPRIT Study). Biological Psychiatry 68:2, 125-132
CrossRef142
Feng Gao, Tong Yan, Yan Zhao, Fan Yin, Cuining Hu. (2010) A possible mechanism linking hyperglycemia and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in diabetes. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Medical Sciences] 30:3, 318-321
CrossRef143
Kulpreet Barn, Mark Laftavi, Drew Pierce, Chin Ying, William E. Boden, Oleh Pankewycz. (2010) Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: an independent risk factor for late adverse cardiovascular events in renal transplant recipients. Transplant International 23:6, 574-579
CrossRef144
Ron Waksman, Rebecca Torguson, Kenneth M. Kent, Augusto D. Pichard, William O. Suddath, Lowell F. Satler, Brenda D. Martin, Timothy J. Perlman, Jo-Ann B. Maltais, Neil J. Weissman, Peter J. Fitzgerald, H. Bryan Brewer. (2010) A First-in-Man, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety and Feasibility of Autologous Delipidated High-Density Lipoprotein Plasma Infusions in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55:24, 2727-2735
CrossRef145
M. John Chapman, Jan S. Redfern, Mark E. McGovern, Philippe Giral. (2010) Niacin and fibrates in atherogenic dyslipidemia: Pharmacotherapy to reduce cardiovascular risk. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 126:3, 314-345
CrossRef146
Soili M. Lehto, Leo Niskanen, Tommi Tolmunen, Jukka Hintikka, Heimo Viinamäki, Tuula Heiskanen, Kirsi Honkalampi, Marja Kokkonen, Heli Koivumaa-Honkanen. (2010) Low serum HDL-cholesterol levels are associated with long symptom duration in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 64:3, 279-283
CrossRef147
Dana Bailey, Ravi Jahagirdar, Allan Gordon, Anouar Hafiane, Steven Campbell, Safia Chatur, Gregory S. Wagner, Henrik C. Hansen, Fabrizio S. Chiacchia, Jan Johansson, Larbi Krimbou, Norman C.W. Wong, Jacques Genest. (2010) RVX-208. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55:23, 2580-2589
CrossRef148
Haseeb Jafri, Alawi A. Alsheikh-Ali, Richard H. Karas. (2010) Baseline and On-Treatment High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and the Risk of Cancer in Randomized Controlled Trials of Lipid-Altering Therapy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55:25, 2846-2854
CrossRef149
Eric Bruckert, Julien Labreuche, Pierre Amarenco. (2010) Meta-analysis of the effect of nicotinic acid alone or in combination on cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 210:2, 353-361
CrossRef150
MARIA JANIEIRE NAZARÉ NUNES ALVES, MARCELO RODRIGUES DOS SANTOS, RODRIGO GONÇALVES DIAS, CÉSAR ABREU AKIHO, MATEUS CAMAROTI LATERZA, MARIA URBANA PINTO BRANDÃO RONDON, REGINA LUCIA DE MORAES MOREAU, CARLOS EDUARDO NEGRÃO. (2010) Abnormal Neurovascular Control in Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Users. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42:5, 865-871
CrossRef151
Makiko Tamada, Shinji Makita, Akihiko Abiko, Yujirou Naganuma, Mizuyoshi Nagai, Motoyuki Nakamura. (2010) Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio as a useful marker for early-stage carotid atherosclerosis. Metabolism 59:5, 653-657
CrossRef152
Satoshi Imaizumi, Yoshihiro Kiya, Shin-Ichiro Miura, Bo Zhang, Yoshino Matsuo, Yoshinari Uehara, Kerry-Anne Rye, Keijiro Saku. (2010) Pharmacological Intervention Using Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein Changes in the Lipid Profile in Spontaneously Hypersensitive Rats. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 32:3, 202-208
CrossRef153
Bart Staels. (2010) Fibrates in CVD: a step towards personalised medicine. The Lancet 375:9729, 1847-1848
CrossRef154
T. Hucko, K. Graf. (2010) Auf der Suche nach der richtigen Therapie. Der Kardiologe 4:2, 149-151
CrossRef155
Michael Miller. (2010) Managing Mixed Dyslipidemia in Special Populations. Preventive Cardiology 13:2, 78-83
CrossRef156
Anisa Jahangiri. (2010) High-density lipoprotein and the acute phase response. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 17:2, 156-160
CrossRef157
E. Ros. (2010) Inhibidores de la proteína transferidora de ésteres de colesterol. ¿Cuál es su futuro?. Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis 22, 55-58
CrossRef158
David L. Laitinen, Shivaji Manthena, Silky Webb. (2010) Association between HDL-C concentration and risk for a major cardiovascular event. Current Medical Research and Opinion 26:4, 933-941
CrossRef159
P. Aguiar-Souto, J.R. González-Juanatey. (2010) Torcetrapib: una perspectiva histórica. Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis 22, 49-54
CrossRef160
David L. Laitinen, Shivaji Manthena. (2010) Impact of change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol from baseline on risk for major cardiovascular events. Advances in Therapy 27:4, 233-244
CrossRef161
Rafael Carmena, Juan F. Ascaso. (2010) Tratamiento integral de la dislipidemia diabética: beneficios y nuevas alternativas terapéuticas. Medicina Clínica 134:9, 406-411
CrossRef162
C. Lahoz Rallo. (2010) Lipoproteína de alta densidad como marcador de riesgo residual en pacientes tratados con estatinas: prevalencia y trascendencia clínica. Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis 22, 9-11
CrossRef163
Arnold von Eckardstein. (2010) Implications of torcetrapib failure for the future of HDL therapy: is HDL-cholesterol the right target?. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 8:3, 345-358
CrossRef164
Juan José Badimón, Borja Ibáñez. (2010) Incremento de las HDL como arma terapéutica en la aterotrombosis. Revista Española de Cardiología 63:3, 323-333
CrossRef165
Pradeep Natarajan, Kausik K. Ray, Christopher P. Cannon. (2010) High-Density Lipoprotein and Coronary Heart Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55:13, 1283-1299
CrossRef166
Walter F. Riesen. (2010) Commentary to factors predicting cardiovascular events in statin-treated diabetic and non-diabetic patients with coronary atherosclerosis (1). Atherosclerosis 208:2, 332-333
CrossRef167
Heinz Drexel, Stefan Aczel, Thomas Marte, Alexander Vonbank, Christoph H. Saely. (2010) Factors predicting cardiovascular events in statin-treated diabetic and non-diabetic patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 208:2, 484-489
CrossRef168
M. Tracy Bekx, Ellen C. Connor, David B. Allen. (2010) Characteristics of Adolescents Presenting to a Multidisciplinary Clinic for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 23:1, 7-10
CrossRef169
Željko Reiner. (2010) Combined therapy in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 24:1, 19-28
CrossRef170
Shizuya Yamashita, Kazumi Tsubakio-Yamamoto, Tohru Ohama, Yumiko Nakagawa-Toyama, Makoto Nishida. (2010) Molecular Mechanisms of HDL-Cholesterol Elevation by Statins and Its Effects on HDL Functions. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 17:5, 436-451
CrossRef171
Hidenori Arai, Takafumi Hiro, Takeshi Kimura, Takeshi Morimoto, Katsumi Miyauchi, Yoshihisa Nakagawa, Masakazu Yamagishi, Yukio Ozaki, Kazuo Kimura, Satoshi Saito, Tetsu Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki Daida, Masunori Matsuzaki. (2010) More Intensive Lipid Lowering is Associated with Regression of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Diabetic Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome –Sub-Analysis of JAPAN-ACS Study. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 17:10, 1096-1107
CrossRef172
Juan José Badimón, Carlos G. Santos-Gallego, Lina Badimón. (2010) Importancia del colesterol HDL en la aterotrombosis. ¿De dónde venimos? ¿Hacia dónde vamos?. Revista Española de Cardiología 63, 20-35
CrossRef173
Vasilisa Sazonov, Joel Beetsch, Hemant Phatak, Chuck Wentworth, Marc Evans. (2010) Association between dyslipidemia and vascular events in patients treated with statins: Report from the UK General Practice Research Database. Atherosclerosis 208:1, 210-216
CrossRef174
Shigemasa Tani, Ken Nagao, Takeo Anazawa, Hirofumi Kawamata, Shingo Furuya, Hiroshi Takahashi, Kiyoshi Iida, Michiaki Matsumoto, Takehiko Washio, Narimichi Kumabe, Atsushi Hirayama. (2010) Coronary Plaque Regression and Lifestyle Modification in Patients Treated With Pravastatin. Circulation Journal 74:5, 954-961
CrossRef175
Ingar Holme, Bengt Fellstrom, Alan Jardine, Hallvard Holdaas. (2010) Comparison of predictive ability of lipoprotein components to that of traditional risk factors of coronary events in renal transplant recipients. Atherosclerosis 208:1, 234-239
CrossRef176
Gregory G. Schwartz, Anders G. Olsson, Christie M. Ballantyne, Phillip J. Barter, Ingar M. Holme, David Kallend, Lawrence A. Leiter, Eran Leitersdorf, John J.V. McMurray, Prediman K. Shah, Jean-Claude Tardif, Bernard R. Chaitman, Regina Duttlinger-Maddux, John Mathieson. (2009) Rationale and design of the dal-OUTCOMES trial: Efficacy and safety of dalcetrapib in patients with recent acute coronary syndrome. American Heart Journal 158:6, 896-901.e3
CrossRef177
Catherine Fiévet, Bart Staels. (2009) Combination therapy of statins and fibrates in the management of cardiovascular risk. Current Opinion in Lipidology 20:6, 505-511
CrossRef178
Stephen J Nicholls. (2009) Relationship between LDL, HDL, blood pressure and atheroma progression in the coronaries. Current Opinion in Lipidology 20:6, 491-496
CrossRef179
Peter H Jones. (2009) Fenofibric acid plus statin combination therapy for the treatment of mixed dyslipidemia. Clinical Lipidology 4:6, 699-711
CrossRef180
Vasileios Petoumenos, Georg Nickenig, Nikos Werner. (2009) High-density lipoprotein exerts vasculoprotection via endothelial progenitor cells. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 13:11-12, 4623-4635
CrossRef181
Raul D. Santos, David D. Waters, Lisa Tarasenko, Michael Messig, J. Wouter Jukema, Jean Ferrières, Juan Verdejo, Cheng-Wen Chiang. (2009) Low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment in dyslipidemic women: The Lipid Treatment Assessment Project (L-TAP) 2. American Heart Journal 158:5, 860-866
CrossRef182
Jacques Genest, Ruth McPherson, Jiri Frohlich, Todd Anderson, Norm Campbell, André Carpentier, Patrick Couture, Robert Dufour, George Fodor, Gordon A. Francis, Steven Grover, Milan Gupta, Robert A. Hegele, David C. Lau, Lawrence Leiter, Gary F. Lewis, Eva Lonn, G.B. John Mancini, Dominic Ng, Glen J. Pearson, Allan Sniderman, James A. Stone, Ehud Ur. (2009) 2009 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult – 2009 recommendations. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 25:10, 567-579
CrossRef183
M.T. Cooney, A. Dudina, D. De Bacquer, L. Wilhelmsen, S. Sans, A. Menotti, G. De Backer, P. Jousilahti, U. Keil, T. Thomsen, P. Whincup, I.M. Graham. (2009) HDL cholesterol protects against cardiovascular disease in both genders, at all ages and at all levels of risk. Atherosclerosis 206:2, 611-616
CrossRef184
George Steiner. (2009) How Can We Improve the Management of Vascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Insights from FIELD. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 23:5, 403-408
CrossRef185
R Olufadi, SH Wild, CD Byrne. 2009. Cholesterol Metabolism and Vascular Disease. .
CrossRef186
Alberto Cordero, Vicente Bertomeu-Martínez, Pilar Mazón, Juan Quiles, Joaquín Aznar, Héctor Bueno. (2009) Differences in Medical Treatment of Chronic Coronary Heart Disease Patients According to Medical Specialities. Cardiovascular Therapeutics 27:3, 173-180
CrossRef187
Ž. Reiner. (2009) How to improve cardiovascular diseases prevention in Europe?. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 19:7, 451-454
CrossRef188
Yadong Cui, Douglas J. Watson, Cynthia J. Girman, Deborah R. Shapiro, Antonio M. Gotto, Patricia Hiserote, Michael B. Clearfield. (2009) Effects of Increasing High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Decreasing Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol on the Incidence of First Acute Coronary Events (from the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study). The American Journal of Cardiology 104:6, 829-834
CrossRef189
Antonio Coca, Luis Cea-Calvo, José V. Lozano, Verónica Inaraja, Cristina Fernández-Pérez, Jorge Navarro, Álvaro Bonet, Josep Redón. (2009) Colesterol HDL y enfermedad cardiovascular en mujeres hipertensas de España. Estudio RIMHA. Revista Española de Cardiología 62:9, 1022-1031
CrossRef190
K.-D. Nusken, M. Petrasch, M. Rauh, W. Stohr, E. Nusken, H. Schneider, J. Dotsch. (2009) Active visfatin is elevated in serum of maintenance haemodialysis patients and correlates inversely with circulating HDL cholesterol. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 24:9, 2832-2838
CrossRef191
M. Miller. (2009) Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk: the importance of early prevention. QJM 102:9, 657-667
CrossRef192
G. R. Hajer, Y. van der Graaf, M. L. Bots, A. Algra, F. L. J. Visseren, . (2009) Low plasma HDL-c, a vascular risk factor in high risk patients independent of LDL-c. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 39:8, 680-688
CrossRef193
Anselm K. Gitt, Claus Juenger, Christina Jannowitz, Barbara Karmann, Juergen Senges, Kurt Bestehorn. (2009) Guideline-oriented ambulatory lipid-lowering therapy of patients at high risk for cardiovascular events by cardiologists in clinical practice: the 2L cardio registry. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 16:4, 438-444
CrossRef194
Kwang Kon Koh, Michael J. Quon. (2009) The importance of considering alternative or combination strategies for lowering LDL-C. International Journal of Cardiology 136:2, 115-119
CrossRef195
Diana R. Chirovsky, Veronika Fedirko, Yadong Cui, Vasilisa Sazonov, Philip Barter. (2009) Prospective studies on the relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular risk: a systematic review. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 16:4, 404-423
CrossRef196
Giuseppe Derosa, Pamela Maffioli, Sibilla A. T. Salvadeo, Ilaria Ferrari, Alessia Gravina, Roberto Mereu, Ilaria Palumbo, Angela D'angelo, Arrigo F. G. Cicero. (2009) Fenofibrate, simvastatin and their combination in the management of dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetic patients. Current Medical Research and Opinion 25:8, 1973-1983
CrossRef197
Karen J McConnell, Kari L Olson, Thomas Delate, John A Merenich. (2009) Factors Associated with Recurrent Coronary Events Among Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Pharmacotherapy 29:8, 906-913
CrossRef198
Amit V. Khera, Daniel J. Rader. (2009) Discovery and Validation of New Molecular Targets in Treating Dyslipidemia: The Role of Human Genetics. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 19:6, 195-201
CrossRef199
A. Murray, C. Cluett, S. Bandinelli, A. M. Corsi, L. Ferrucci, J. Guralnik, A. Singleton, T. Frayling, D. Melzer. (2009) Common lipid-altering gene variants are associated with therapeutic intervention thresholds of lipid levels in older people. European Heart Journal 30:14, 1711-1719
CrossRef200
Catherine Fiévet, Bart Staels. (2009) Efficacy of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists in diabetes and coronary artery disease. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 11:4, 281-288
CrossRef201
Evan A. Stein, Erik S.G. Stroes, George Steiner, Brendan M. Buckley, Alessandro M. Capponi, Tracy Burgess, Eric J. Niesor, David Kallend, John J.P. Kastelein. (2009) Safety and Tolerability of Dalcetrapib. The American Journal of Cardiology 104:1, 82-91
CrossRef202
Danielle Duffy, Daniel J. Rader. (2009) Update on strategies to increase HDL quantity and function. Nature Reviews Cardiology 6:7, 455-463
CrossRef203
Jean-Charles Fruchart. (2009) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα): At the crossroads of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 205:1, 1-8
CrossRef204
Lu Luo, De-Zai Dai, Yu-Fen Zheng, Yin Dai. (2009) Hypercholesterolaemia induces early renal lesions characterized by upregulation of MMP-9 and iNOS and ETAR: alleviated by a dual endothelin receptor antagonist CPU0213 and simvastatin. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 61:6, 775-780
CrossRef205
David Preiss, Naveed Sattar. (2009) Lipids, lipid modifying agents and cardiovascular risk: a review of the evidence. Clinical Endocrinology 70:6, 815-828
CrossRef206
Bernd Stratmann, Diethelm Tschoepe. (2009) Atherogenesis and atherothrombosis – focus on diabetes mellitus. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 23:3, 291-303
CrossRef207
Marie Therese Cooney, Alexandra Dudina, Dirk De Bacquer, Anthony Fitzgerald, Ronan Conroy, Susana Sans, Alessandro Menotti, Guy De Backer, Pekka Jousilahti, Ulrich Keil, Troels Thomsen, Peter Whincup, Ian Graham. (2009) How much does HDL cholesterol add to risk estimation? A report from the SCORE investigators. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 16:3, 304-314
CrossRef208
P. Conthe, P. Gómez-Fernández, F. de Álvaro, C. Fernández-Pérez, J. González-Esteban, L. Cea-Calvo. (2009) Colesterol HDL y enfermedad cardiovascular en una población con hipertensión y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Estudio RICARHD. Revista Clínica Española 209:5, 227-233
CrossRef209
R. López Menchaca, C. Suárez Fernández. (2009) Nuevos retos en el tratamiento de las dislipidemias y del riesgo cardiovascular. Revista Clínica Española 209:5, 241-244
CrossRef210
David D. Waters. (2009) Clinical Insights From the Treating to New Targets Trial. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 51:6, 487-502
CrossRef211
David Seo, Pascal Goldschmidt-Clermont. (2009) The paraoxonase gene family and atherosclerosis. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 11:3, 182-187
CrossRef212
Gianna Fabbri, Aldo Pietro Maggioni. (2009) Cardiovascular risk reduction: What do recent trials with rosuvastatin tell us?. Advances in Therapy 26:5, 469-487
CrossRef213
Ziyad B. Ghazzal, Saurabh S. Dhawan, Abdul Sheikh, John S. Douglas, Emir Veledar, Kreton Mavromatis, F. Khan Pohlel, Viola Vaccarino. (2009) Usefulness of Serum High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level as an Independent Predictor of One-Year Mortality After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. The American Journal of Cardiology 103:7, 902-906
CrossRef214
William Insull, Jan N. Basile, Anthony N. Vo, Ping Jiang, Roopal Thakkar, Robert J. Padley. (2009) Efficacy and safety of combination therapy with niacin extended-release and simvastatin versus atorvastatin in patients with dyslipidemia: The SUPREME Study. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 3:2, 109-118
CrossRef215
Tara L. Dall, Harold Bays. (2009) Addressing Lipid Treatment Targets Beyond Cholesterol: A Role for Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acid Therapy. Southern Medical Journal 102:4, 390-396
CrossRef216
Tamar Polonsky, Theodore Mazzone, Michael Davidson. (2009) The Clinical Implications of the CHICAGO Study for the Management of Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 19:3, 94-99
CrossRef217
Hua Ling, Dawn M. Waterworth, Heide A. Stirnadel, Toni I. Pollin, Philip J. Barter, Y. Antero Kesäniemi, Robert W. Mahley, Ruth McPherson, Gérard Waeber, Thomas P. Bersot, Jonathan C. Cohen, Scott M. Grundy, Vincent E. Mooser, Braxton D. Mitchell. (2009) Genome-wide Linkage and Association Analyses to Identify Genes Influencing Adiponectin Levels: The GEMS Study. Obesity 17:4, 737-744
CrossRef218
Peter P. Toth. (2009) Novel Therapies for Increasing Serum Levels of HDL. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 38:1, 151-170
CrossRef219
Li Zeng, Rui Chen, Fengxia Liang, Hiroshi Tsuchiya, Hiroshi Murai, Takeshi Nakahashi, Kunimitsu Iwai, Takashi Takahashi, Tsugiyasu Kanda, Shigeto Morimoto. (2009) Silent information regulator, Sirtuin 1, and age-related diseases. Geriatrics & Gerontology International 9:1, 7-15
CrossRef220
M. Rizzo, K. Berneis, G. A. Spinas, G. B. Rini, N. K. Kapur. (2009) Quantitative and qualitative effects of rosuvastatin on LDL-cholesterol: what is the clinical significance?. International Journal of Clinical Practice 63:3, 478-485
CrossRef221
Douglas Triffon, Erminia Guarneri. 2009. Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis. .
CrossRef222
André J. Scheen, Nicolas Paquot. (2009) Use of cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 23:1, 103-116
CrossRef223
Mary G Sorci-Thomas, Shaila Bhat, Michael J Thomas. (2009) Activation of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase by HDL ApoA-I central helices. Clinical Lipidology 4:1, 113-124
CrossRef224
Annapoorna S. Kini, Paul Muntner, Pedro R. Moreno, Devin Mann, Prakash Krishnan, Michael C. Kim, Oana C. Rafael, Michael E. Farkouh, Samin K. Sharma. (2009) Relation of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol to Mortality After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Patients With Low-Density Lipoprotein <70 mg/dl. The American Journal of Cardiology 103:3, 350-354
CrossRef225
Robert A. Vogel, Michael Miller. (2009) Cholesterol Goals: Moving from Numbers to Treatment. Clinical Cardiology 32:2, 106-108
CrossRef226
L. Cea-Calvo, J. V. Lozano, C. Fernández-Pérez, J. L. Llisterri, J. C. Martí-Canales, J. Aznar, V. Gil-Guillén, J. Redón, . (2009) Prevalence of low HDL cholesterol, and relationship between serum HDL and cardiovascular disease in elderly Spanish population: the PREV-ICTUS study. International Journal of Clinical Practice 63:1, 71-81
CrossRef227
Yuan-Chi Lee, Kuo-Liong Chien, Bai-Chin Lee, Hung-Ju Lin, Hsiu-Ching Hsu, Ming-Fong Chen. (2009) High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Trajectory Pattern, Associated Lifestyle and Biochemical Factors Among Taiwanese. Circulation Journal 73:10, 1887-1892
CrossRef228
Tamio Teramoto, Hitoshi Shimano, Koutaro Yokote, Mitsuyoshi Urashima. (2009) Effects of Pitavastatin (LIVALO Tablet) on High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) in Hypercholesterolemia Sub-Analysis of LIVALO Effectiveness and Safety (LIVES) Study. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 16:5, 654-661
CrossRef229
Masunori Matsuzaki, Mitsuhiro Yokoyama, Yasushi Saito, Hideki Origasa, Yuichi Ishikawa, Shinichi Oikawa, Jun Sasaki, Hitoshi Hishida, Hiroshige Itakura, Toru Kita, Akira Kitabatake, Noriaki Nakaya, Toshiie Sakata, Kazuyuki Shimada, Kunio Shirato, Yuji Matsuzawa, The JELIS Investigators. (2009) Incremental Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Cardiovascular Events in Statin-Treated Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation Journal 73:7, 1283-1290
CrossRef230
H. Phatak, C. Wentworth, V. Sazonov, T. Burke. (2009) Prevalence and predictors of lipid abnormalities in patients treated with statins in the UK general practice. Atherosclerosis 202:1, 225-233
CrossRef231
Ilan Goldenberg, Michal Benderly, Roy Sidi, Valentina Boyko, Alexander Tenenbaum, David Tanne, Shlomo Behar. (2009) Relation of Clinical Benefit of Raising High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol to Serum Levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease (from the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Trial). The American Journal of Cardiology 103:1, 41-45
CrossRef232
Babak B. Navi, Alan Z. Segal. (2009) The role of cholesterol and statins in stroke. Current Cardiology Reports 11:1, 4-11
CrossRef233
Michael T. McDermott. 2009. Lipid Disorders. , 65-75.
CrossRef234
Göran Nilsson, John Öhrvik, Ingemar Lönnberg, Pär Hedberg. (2009) Ten-Year Survival in 75-Year-Old Men and Women: Predictive Ability of Total Cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research 2009, 1-7
CrossRef235
D John Betteridge. (2008) Lipid lowering in diabetes mellitus. Current Opinion in Lipidology 19:6, 579-584
CrossRef236
Arnold von Eckardstein. (2008) HDL – a difficult friend. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms 5:3-4, e315-e324
CrossRef237
K. Sattler, B. Levkau. (2008) Sphingosine-1-phosphate as a mediator of high-density lipoprotein effects in cardiovascular protection. Cardiovascular Research 82:2, 201-211
CrossRef238
Peter P. Toth. (2008) When high is low: Raising low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Current Cardiology Reports 10:6, 488-496
CrossRef239
J. Delgado Alves, E. Steinhagen-Thiessen, R. Darioli, U. Hostalek, A. Vogt. (2008) Influence of the timing of low-dose aspirin on tolerability of prolonged-release nicotinic acid in patients at elevated cardiovascular risk. Current Medical Research and Opinion 24:10, 2815-2820
CrossRef240
George Bakris, Michael Böhm, Gilles Dagenais, Hans-Christoph Diener, Toshiro Fujita, Philip Gorelick, Sverre Erik Kjeldsen, Markku Laakso, Giuseppe Mancia, Bertram Pitt, Arya Sharma, Peter Sleight, Koon Teo, Thomas Unger, Michael Weber, Bryan Williams, Faiez Zannad. (2008) Cardiovascular protection for all individuals at high risk: evidence-based best practice. Clinical Research in Cardiology 97:10, 713-725
CrossRef241
C. Recarte García-Andrade, L.A. Álvarez-Sala Walther, J. Millán Núñez-Cortés. (2008) Alteraciones del metabolismo de las lipoproteínas. Mecanismos etiopatogénicos. Consecuencias fisiopatológicas. Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado 10:19, 1227-1234
CrossRef242
John C. LaRosa, Scott M. Grundy, David D. Waters. 2008. TNT Trial. .
CrossRef243
Manish P. Ponda, Irina Barash. (2008) Lipid Metabolism in Dialysis Patients-The Story Gets More Complicated. Seminars in Dialysis 21:5, 390-394
CrossRef244
Gösta Rutger Persson, Rigmor Elisabeth Persson. (2008) Cardiovascular disease and periodontitis: an update on the associations and risk. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35, 362-379
CrossRef245
Jonathan Belsey, Simon de Lusignan, Tom Chan, Jeremy van Vlymen, Nigel Hague. (2008) Abnormal lipids in high-risk patients achieving cholesterol targets: a cross-sectional study of routinely collected UK general practice data. Current Medical Research and Opinion 24:9, 2551-2560
CrossRef246
Bin Zhang, Joe Menzin, Mark Friedman, Jonathan R. Korn, Russel T. Burge. (2008) Predicted coronary risk for adults with coronary heart disease and low HDL-C: an analysis from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Current Medical Research and Opinion 24:9, 2711-2717
CrossRef247
Fergus McTaggart, Peter Jones. (2008) Effects of Statins on High-Density Lipoproteins: A Potential Contribution to Cardiovascular Benefit. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 22:4, 321-338
CrossRef248
Alberto Cordero, Martín Laclaustra, Montserrat León, José A. Casasnovas, Alberto Grima, Emilio Luengo, Beatriz Ordoñez, Clara Bergua, María Bes, Isaac Pascual, Eduardo Alegría. (2008) Comparison of Serum Lipid Values in Subjects With and Without the Metabolic Syndrome. The American Journal of Cardiology 102:4, 424-428
CrossRef249
Soili M. Lehto, Jukka Hintikka, Leo Niskanen, Tommi Tolmunen, Heli Koivumaa-Honkanen, Kirsi Honkalampi, Heimo Viinamäki. (2008) Low HDL cholesterol associates with major depression in a sample with a 7-year history of depressive symptoms. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 32:6, 1557-1561
CrossRef250
James K. Liao. (2008) Clinical trials report. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 10:4, 281-283
CrossRef251
William H. Frishman, Rakhi Shah Barkowski. (2008) Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibition for Coronary Heart Disease Prevention: Real Hope or Despair?. The American Journal of Medicine 121:8, 644-646
CrossRef252
Gerald F Watts, P Hugh R Barrett, Dick C Chan. (2008) HDL metabolism in context: looking on the bright side. Current Opinion in Lipidology 19:4, 395-404
CrossRef253
Mohamed H. Ahmed. (2008) Torcetrapib as Potential Treatment of Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: No Longer a Pipe Dream?. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 10:4, 328-329
CrossRef254
Madlaina Costa-Scharplatz, Krishnan Ramanathan, Tony Frial, Bruce Beamer, Sanjay Gandhi. (2008) Cost-effectiveness analysis of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin from a Canadian health system perspective. Clinical Therapeutics 30:7, 1345-1357
CrossRef255
Raghda K Elsayed, Jeffery D Evans. (2008) Emerging lipid-lowering drugs: squalene synthase inhibitors. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 13:2, 309-322
CrossRef256
Robert S. Rosenson. (2008) Off-target toxicity: Risks associated with adrenal corticoid activation in ILLUMINATE. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 10:3, 227-229
CrossRef257
Michele Mietus-Snyder, Ronald M. Krauss. (2008) Lipid metabolism in children and adolescents: Impact on vascular biology. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2:3, 127-137
CrossRef258
Patrick Duriez. (2008) Treating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: A return to inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein?. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 10:3, 177-179
CrossRef259
Anatol Kontush, Maryse Guérin, M John Chapman. (2008) Spotlight on HDL-raising therapies: insights from the torcetrapib trials. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 5:6, 329-336
CrossRef260
M. T. Roe, F.-S. Ou, K. P. Alexander, L. K. Newby, J. M. Foody, W. B. Gibler, W. E. Boden, E. M. Ohman, S. C. Smith, E. D. Peterson. (2008) Patterns and prognostic implications of low high-density lipoprotein levels in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. European Heart Journal 29:20, 2480-2488
CrossRef261
Rakhi Shah Barkowski, William H. Frishman. (2008) HDL Metabolism and CETP Inhibition. Cardiology in Review 16:3, 154-162
CrossRef262
Alan R. Tall, Laurent Yvan-Charvet, Naoki Terasaka, Tamara Pagler, Nan Wang. (2008) HDL, ABC Transporters, and Cholesterol Efflux: Implications for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Cell Metabolism 7:5, 365-375
CrossRef263
Madiha Abdel-Maksoud, Vasilisa Sazonov, Stephen W Gutkin, John E Hokanson. (2008) Effects of Modifying Triglycerides and Triglyceride-rich Lipoproteins on Cardiovascular Outcomes. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 51:4, 331-351
CrossRef264
F. Paillard, M. Mosnier. (2008) Étude d’utilisation de l’acide nicotinique a libération prolongée en France chez des patients en prévention secondaire sous statine avec persistance d’un taux bas de HDL-c. Annales de Cardiologie et d'Angéiologie 57:2, 121-126
CrossRef265
Roeland Huijgen, Maud N Vissers, Joep C Defesche, Peter J Lansberg, John JP Kastelein, Barbara A Hutten. (2008) Familial hypercholesterolemia: current treatment and advances in management. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 6:4, 567-581
CrossRef266
Vasilios G Athyros, Anna Kakafika, Konstantinos Tziomalos, Asterios Karagiannis, Dimitri P Mikhailidis. (2008) Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition and HDL increase: has the dream ended?. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 17:4, 445-449
CrossRef267
Yasmine S Ali, MacRae F Linton, Sergio Fazio. (2008) Targeting cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes: management of dyslipidemia. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 15:2, 142-146
CrossRef268
Farhan Majeed, Michael Miller. (2008) Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: an important consideration in coronary heart disease risk assessment. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 15:2, 175-181
CrossRef269
Jonathan M. Meyer, Vicki G. Davis, Donald C. Goff, Joseph P. McEvoy, Henry A. Nasrallah, Sonia M. Davis, Robert A. Rosenheck, Gail L. Daumit, John Hsiao, Marvin S. Swartz, T. Scott Stroup, Jeffrey A. Lieberman. (2008) Change in metabolic syndrome parameters with antipsychotic treatment in the CATIE Schizophrenia Trial: Prospective data from phase 1. Schizophrenia Research 101:1-3, 273-286
CrossRef270
Javier Sanz, Pedro R. Moreno, Valentin Fuster. (2008) The Year in Atherothrombosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51:9, 944-955
CrossRef271
José V. Lozano, Vicente Pallarés, Luis Cea-Calvo, José L. Llisterri, Cristina Fernández-Pérez, Juan C. Martí-Canales, Jose Aznar, Vicente Gil-Guillén, Josep Redón. (2008) Serum lipid profiles and their relationship to cardiovascular disease in the elderly: the PREV-ICTUS study. Current Medical Research and Opinion 24:3, 659-670
CrossRef272
(2008) Low HDL despite statin-lowered LDL cholesterol levels raises risk of cardiovascular events. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 5:2, 66-66
CrossRef273
Jacques Genest. (2008) The Yin and Yang of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51:6, 643-644
CrossRef274
Carl J. Lavie, Richard V. Milani. (2008) Shedding Light on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51:1, 56-58
CrossRef275
Peter H Jones, Harold E Bays, Michael H Davidson, Maureen T Kelly, Susan M Buttler, Carolyn M Setze, Darryl J Sleep, James C Stolzenbach. (2008) Evaluation of a New Formulation of Fenofibric Acid, ABT-335, Co-Administered with Statins. Clinical Drug Investigation 28:10, 625-634
CrossRef276
Emil M. deGoma, Nicholas J. Leeper, Paul A. Heidenreich. (2008) Clinical Significance of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients With Low Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51:1, 49-55
CrossRef277
BC Mathew, RS Daniel. (2008) CHOLESTEROL: A CENTURY OF RESEARCH AND DEBATE. Libyan Journal of Medicine 3:2, 64-64
CrossRef278
Barter, Philip J., Caulfield, Mark, Eriksson, Mats, Grundy, Scott M., Kastelein, John J.P., Komajda, Michel, Lopez-Sendon, Jose, Mosca, Lori, Tardif, Jean-Claude, Waters, David D., Shear, Charles L., Revkin, James H., Buhr, Kevin A., Fisher, Marian R., Tall, Alan R., Brewer, Bryan, . (2007) Effects of Torcetrapib in Patients at High Risk for Coronary Events. New England Journal of Medicine 357:21, 2109-2122
Full Text
