Original Article
Rescue Use of Beclomethasone and Albuterol in a Single Inhaler for Mild Asthma
N Engl J Med 2007; 356:2040-2052May 17, 2007
- Abstract
Background
Treatment guidelines recommend the regular use of inhaled corticosteroids for patients with mild persistent asthma. We investigated whether the symptom-driven use of a combination of beclomethasone dipropionate and albuterol (also known as salbutamol) in a single inhaler would be as effective as the regular use of inhaled beclomethasone and superior to the as-needed use of inhaled albuterol.
Methods
We conducted a 6-month, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, parallel-group trial. After a 4-week run-in, patients with mild asthma were randomly assigned to receive one of four inhaled treatments: placebo twice daily plus 250 μg of beclomethasone and 100 μg of albuterol in a single inhaler as needed (as-needed combination therapy); placebo twice daily plus 100 μg of albuterol as needed (as-needed albuterol therapy); 250 μg of beclomethasone twice daily and 100 μg of albuterol as needed (regular beclomethasone therapy); or 250 μg of beclomethasone and 100 μg of albuterol in a single inhaler twice daily plus 100 μg of albuterol as needed (regular combination therapy). The primary outcome was the morning peak expiratory flow rate.
Results
In 455 patients with mild asthma who had a forced expiratory volume in 1 second of 2.96 liters (88.36% of the predicted value), the morning peak expiratory flow rate during the last 2 weeks of the 6-month treatment was higher (P=0.04) and the number of exacerbations during the 6-month treatment was lower (P=0.002) in the as-needed combination therapy group than in the as-needed albuterol therapy group, but the values in the as-needed combination therapy group were not significantly different from those in the groups receiving regular beclomethasone therapy or regular combination therapy. The cumulative dose of inhaled beclomethasone was lower in the as-needed combination therapy group than in the groups receiving regular beclomethasone therapy or regular combination therapy (P<0.001 for both comparisons).
Conclusions
In patients with mild asthma, the symptom-driven use of inhaled beclomethasone (250 μg) and albuterol (100 μg) in a single inhaler is as effective as regular use of inhaled beclomethasone (250 μg twice daily) and is associated with a lower 6-month cumulative dose of the inhaled corticosteroid. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00382889.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Study Design.Figure 2
Screening, Randomization, and Study Completion.Article Activity
- Article
Treatment guidelines for asthma1,2 recommend regular treatment with inhaled corticosteroids for patients with mild persistent asthma, since this treatment regimen provides control of asthma,3-7 suppresses airway inflammation,8,9 and may prevent the progression of asthma.4-6,10 Although the doubling of the dose of inhaled corticosteroids has been reported to be ineffective in preventing exacerbation of asthma,11,12 high-dose inhaled corticosteroids administered at the onset of an exacerbation have been reported to enhance the control of asthma.13 In addition, the control of mild persistent asthma achieved with the use of short courses of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids is similar to that achieved with the regular use of low-dose inhaled corticosteroids.14 In patients with moderate-to-severe asthma, the use of a combination of an inhaled long-acting β2-agonist and an inhaled corticosteroid for both maintenance and relief provides better asthma control than does use of the same combination for maintenance and use of a short-acting or long-acting β2-agonist for relief.15,16
Short-acting β2-agonists are recommended for the relief of asthma symptoms, even though the symptoms are associated not only with bronchoconstriction but also with enhanced airway inflammation.17 Furthermore, inhaled corticosteroids may rapidly exert their antiinflammatory effects,18,19 may enhance the effect of β2-agonists,20,21 and may be as effective as systemic corticosteroids in treating asthma exacerbations,22 even if they are not consistently so in cases of severe exacerbation. On this basis, we hypothesized that the symptom-driven rescue use of a short-acting β2-agonist in combination with a relatively high-dose inhaled corticosteroid is as effective in providing control of mild persistent asthma as is regular treatment with the same dose of the same inhaled corticosteroid twice daily plus a short-acting β2-agonist as needed.
Methods
Study Design
Details of the methods and statistical analysis are provided in the Supplementary Appendix (available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org). The study was designed by two academic authors, both of whom vouch for the accuracy and completeness of the data reported, and by an employee of the sponsor. All other authors had input into the study design and also helped to perform the trial. Statistical analyses were conducted at Contract Research Organization Statistics and Data Management and were reviewed by an academic author. All authors had full access to the data. The sponsor had no input in the writing of the manuscript.
Patients
Patients were recruited between August 2002 and September 2004 in 25 centers. The inclusion criteria were a history of mild persistent asthma (according to published guidelines23) for at least 6 months, an age of 18 to 65 years, a prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of 75% or more of the predicted value, associated with either an increase in FEV1 of 12% or more of the predicted value after inhalation of 200 μg of albuterol (known as salbutamol outside the United States) or a positive methacholine challenge (in which a methacholine concentration of <8 mg per milliliter, or a methacholine dose of <1 mg, provokes a 20% decrease in the FEV1). Exclusion criteria are reported in the Supplementary Appendix. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board at each study site, and written informed consent was obtained from each participant.
Protocol
This was a multinational, multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, four-group, parallel group, drug-controlled trial (Figure 1Figure 1
Study Design. and Figure 2Figure 2Screening, Randomization, and Study Completion.). Patients were instructed in the use of a peak flow meter (Mini-Wright, Clement Clarke) and were told to record the following data in diary cards daily: rate of peak expiratory flow in the morning and evening, asthma symptoms, number of nocturnal awakenings, intake of study drugs, and number of puffs of rescue medication. Daytime symptoms were evaluated in the evening, and nighttime symptoms in the morning, with the use of a four-point scale.24 Daytime symptom scores ranged from 0 (no symptoms) to 4 (symptoms occurring for most of the day and affecting normal daily activities); nighttime symptom scores ranged from 0 (no symptoms) to 4 (symptoms so severe that they did not allow any sleep).Patients entered a 4-week run-in period during which they received 250 μg of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate twice daily and albuterol on an as-needed basis for the relief of symptoms. Patients then entered the study if their asthma was controlled, as defined as an absence of any of the following events during the last 2 weeks of the run-in period25: diurnal variation in the peak expiratory flow rate of more than 20% on 2 consecutive days, use of four or more puffs of rescue albuterol per day on 2 consecutive days, use of oral corticosteroids, and at least 80% adherence to use of the diary and the medications.
On entry into the study, patients were randomly assigned to receive one of four inhaled treatments: placebo twice daily plus 250 μg of beclomethasone and 100 μg of albuterol in a single inhaler as needed (as-needed combination therapy); placebo twice daily plus 100 μg of albuterol as needed (as-needed albuterol therapy, as a control); 250 μg of beclomethasone twice daily and 100 μg of albuterol as needed (regular beclomethasone therapy); or 250 μg of beclomethasone and 100 μg of albuterol in a single inhaler twice daily plus 100 μg of albuterol as needed (regular combination therapy). Patients were not given a written plan of action to guide the as-needed use of study drugs but were simply instructed orally to use them any time they were needed for relief of symptoms.
Patients were randomly assigned to a treatment group according to a list prepared with the use of a random-number generator and a balanced-block design stratified according to center. Each investigator assigned each patient the lowest number available at the site, according to chronologic order of entry into the study at the randomization visit.
Clinic visits took place at the beginning (visit 1) and end (visit 2) of the run-in period and thereafter on study weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24, for a total of 8 visits. During each visit, the investigator reviewed the diary cards and verified compliance with the assigned treatment. Compliant patients were considered to be those who had taken at least 80% of the study medication prescribed since the last visit and had filled in the diary cards consistently since the last visit.
Outcome Variables
The primary outcome for comparison across treatment groups was the mean rate of morning peak expiratory flow during weeks 23 and 24. Secondary outcomes included other functional variables, symptom scores, and the number and severity of exacerbations (see the Supplementary Appendix).
During each visit, the clinician reviewed the diary cards to assess the number and severity of exacerbations, as previously defined.25 A mild exacerbation was defined as awakening at night owing to asthma or as a decrease in the morning peak expiratory flow rate to more than 20% below the baseline value, the use of more than three additional puffs per day of rescue medication (either albuterol or beclomethasone and albuterol) as compared with during the baseline period (the last week of the run-in period) for 2 or more consecutive days, or both. Single, isolated days on which mild exacerbation occurred were not counted. A severe exacerbation was defined as a decrease in the morning peak expiratory flow rate to more than 30% below the baseline value on 2 consecutive days or more than eight puffs per day of rescue medication for 3 consecutive days or the need for treatment with oral corticosteroids, as judged by the investigator. Days on which severe exacerbations occurred were excluded from the count of days with mild exacerbations.
Statistical Analysis
Our equivalence study was designed to investigate whether the effects of as-needed combination therapy with beclomethasone and albuterol (the investigational treatment) would be clinically similar to those of either the regular use of beclomethasone plus albuterol as needed (regular beclomethasone therapy, the recommended treatment according to standard guidelines) or the regular use of a beclomethasone and albuterol plus as-needed albuterol (regular combination therapy).
Equivalence was determined on the basis of the two-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) of the difference between treatment groups in the mean morning peak expiratory flow rate during the last 2 weeks of treatment. The maximum difference considered to indicate clinical equivalence between groups was 40 liters per minute (i.e., 10% of the expected mean morning peak expiratory flow rate of 400 liters per minute at the end of the study). This limit was selected a priori (and denoted in the protocol) on the basis of guidelines23 suggesting that treatment should not be changed if the peak expiratory flow rate varies by less than 20% for a given patient. Thus, we speculated that there would be no clinical consequences of a difference of less than 10% between two groups at the end of the study.
We calculated that we would need to enroll 480 patients, on the basis of an expected mean morning peak expiratory flow rate of 400 liters per minute with an unadjusted SD of 95 liters per minute, a statistical power of the study of 80%, and a two-sided alpha of 0.05. To account for an estimated 15% dropout rate, we calculated that a sample of 552 patients would be required to have data that could be evaluated for 480 patients. After the final data were collected, we adjusted the standard deviation of the mean morning peak expiratory flow rate for the corresponding baseline values (see the Supplementary Appendix). The hypothesis of equivalence for the primary efficacy variable was tested with use of an analysis-of-covariance (ANCOVA) model. The 95% bilateral CI for the difference in least-squares means was evaluated to demonstrate equivalence. We then estimated that the actual statistical power of our study was more than 80% to detect a difference of 23 liters per minute (5.75%) in the mean morning peak expiratory flow rate between treatment groups.
As proof of sensitivity, our trial was also designed to demonstrate efficacy by showing the superiority of as-needed combination therapy over as-needed albuterol therapy, to verify whether asthma symptoms improved after additional treatment with beclomethasone. We also tested the superiority of regular beclomethasone over as-needed albuterol. Using a total of 480 patients, a two-sided test, and an alpha of 0.05, we estimated the statistical power to be more than 80% to detect a significant difference between these treatments and an effect size of 0.42. The effect size is a dimensionless variable expressing the standardized difference (i.e., the mean difference divided by standard deviation) between, in our study, the mean morning peak expiratory flow rate after as-needed combination therapy and after as-needed albuterol therapy.
We first tested for the superiority of as-needed combination therapy over as-needed albuterol therapy with regard to morning peak expiratory flow. If superiority was shown, we tested for equivalence of rates of morning peak expiratory flow after as-needed combination therapy and after regular beclomethasone therapy. If this equivalence was shown, we then tested for equivalence of as-needed combination therapy and regular combination therapy.
Although in our original statistical plan we used the last-observation-carried-forward method to handle missing data, in the final analysis, the maximum-likelihood method of analysis was also used to test the hypothesis of superiority or equivalence with regard to primary and secondary efficacy variables (see the Supplementary Appendix). We used an ANCOVA model with terms for treatment group, geographic region, and baseline values as covariates. The 95% CI for the difference in least-squares means was evaluated to demonstrate equivalence. P values of less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.
Results
Of the 510 patients screened during the 4-week run-in period, 466 were randomly assigned to a treatment group. Of these patients, 11 had no evidence of drug intake (2 receiving as-needed combination therapy, 1 receiving as-needed albuterol therapy, 4 receiving regular beclomethasone therapy, and 4 receiving regular combination therapy). Thus, data from only the remaining 455 patients were available for a modified intention-to-treat analysis. Since the results were essentially the same in the modified and full intention-to-treat populations, we report the results of the modified analysis only. We report the results of prespecified analyses performed with the use of the last-observation-carried-forward method. In addition, we report the results of post hoc analyses performed with the use of the maximum-likelihood method.
A total of 73 patients were withdrawn after randomization. The number of patients withdrawn did not differ significantly between groups (P=0.76) (Figure 2), and 393 patients completed the study. The treatment groups were well matched regarding demographic and clinical characteristics (Table 1Table 1
Characteristics of Patients at Baseline.).Lung Function
We examined 455 patients with mild asthma who had an FEV1 of 2.96 liters (88.36% of the predicted value). In the analysis of the primary-outcome data, as compared with the control group receiving as-needed albuterol therapy, the morning peak expiratory flow rate at 6 months was significantly higher both among patients receiving as-needed combination therapy and among those receiving regular beclomethasone therapy (Table 2Table 2
Lung Function and Clinical Variables at the End of the Study in the Modified Intention-to-Treat Population.). In contrast, the morning peak expiratory flow rate did not differ significantly after as-needed combination therapy and after regular beclomethasone therapy or regular combination therapy (Table 2). As compared with the group receiving as-needed albuterol therapy, evening peak expiratory flow rate was significantly higher in the group receiving regular beclomethasone therapy but not in the group receiving as-needed combination therapy (Table 2). As compared with as-needed albuterol therapy, the prebronchodilator FEV1 and forced vital capacity (FVC) were significantly higher after as-needed combination therapy but not after regular beclomethasone therapy (Table 2); these values did not differ significantly between patients receiving as-needed combination therapy and those receiving regular beclomethasone therapy or regular combination therapy.In the group receiving as-needed albuterol therapy, the morning peak expiratory flow rate was lower during the first 2 weeks of treatment, as compared with baseline, and remained lower until the end of the study (Figure 3Figure 3
Mean (±SE) Morning Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) Rates in the Modified Intention-to-Treat Population., and Tables A and B of the Supplementary Appendix). According to maximum-likelihood analysis, the morning peak expiratory flow rate was significantly higher during weeks 17 and 18 and onward, as compared with baseline, in the group receiving regular beclomethasone therapy but not in the other three groups (Figure 3B, and Table B of the Supplementary Appendix). As compared with baseline, the FEV1 and FVC increased significantly, both in the as-needed combination group and in the regular combination group, and evening peak expiratory flow rate increased significantly in the regular combination group. According to the maximum-likelihood analysis only, the evening peak expiratory flow rate and FEV1 (percentage of the predicted value) increased significantly in the regular beclomethasone group (Supplementary Appendix).Symptoms and Use of Rescue Medication
As compared with the group receiving as-needed albuterol therapy, the group receiving as-needed combination therapy had fewer nocturnal awakenings, and the group receiving regular beclomethasone had less daily use of rescue medication (Table 2). According to the last-observation-carried-forward analysis only, the percentage of symptom-free days was significantly higher in the group receiving regular beclomethasone therapy than in the group receiving as-needed albuterol therapy (Table 2). As compared with baseline values, the percentage of symptom-free days increased significantly in all groups except the group receiving as-needed albuterol therapy, in which the number of nocturnal awakenings increased significantly (Tables A and B of the Supplementary Appendix). According to the maximum-likelihood analysis only, the regular beclomethasone group had fewer daytime asthma symptoms at 6 months than at baseline.
Exacerbations
A total of 237 exacerbations (17 of which were severe) occurred during the study, 38 (none severe) in patients receiving as-needed combination therapy, 83 (including 10 severe) in those receiving as-needed albuterol therapy, 33 (including 4 severe) in those receiving regular beclomethasone therapy, and 83 (3 severe) in those receiving regular combination therapy. The mean number of exacerbations per patient per year was lower in the as-needed combination group (0.74) and in the regular beclomethasone group (0.71) than in the as-needed albuterol group (1.63, P<0.001) and in the regular combination group (1.76, P<0.001) (Table C in the Supplementary Appendix). The percentage of patients with at least one exacerbation was not significantly different in the group receiving as-needed combination therapy (4.92%) and the group receiving regular beclomethasone therapy (5.66%, P=0.802) or the group receiving regular combination therapy (10.09%, P=0.133). The percentage of patients with at least one exacerbation was significantly lower both in the group receiving as-needed combination therapy and in the group receiving regular beclomethasone therapy than in the group receiving as-needed albuterol therapy (17.80%) (P=0.002 and P=0.005, respectively) (Table C and Fig. 1 in the Supplementary Appendix). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the time to first exacerbation differed significantly between groups, with the shortest time to first exacerbation in the as-needed albuterol group (P=0.003 by the log-rank test) (Figure 4Figure 4
Kaplan–Meier Estimates of the Time to First Asthma Exacerbation in the Modified Intention-to-Treat Population.).Intake of Study Drug
The cumulative dose (mean ±SD) of as-needed short-acting β2-agonists was lower among patients receiving as-needed combination therapy (7.39±10.10 mg) than among those receiving as-needed albuterol therapy (9.74±14.17 mg) and was similar to that among patients receiving regular beclomethasone therapy (6.59±9.02 mg) and those receiving regular combination therapy (7.25±10.50 mg), but the differences were not significant (overall P=0.06).
The cumulative dose of inhaled beclomethasone was significantly lower in the group receiving as-needed combination therapy (18.48±25.25 mg) than in the group receiving regular beclomethasone therapy (76.97±17.35 mg, P<0.001) or the group receiving regular combination therapy (77.07±17.55 mg, P<0.001) (Fig. 2 of the Supplementary Appendix).
Safety
The number of adverse events did not differ significantly between the treatment groups (see the Supplementary Appendix). Serious adverse events were reported in only two patients: one patient receiving as-needed combination therapy had hemoptysis of undetermined cause, and one patient receiving regular beclomethasone therapy had myocardial ischemia.
Discussion
We found that symptom-driven rescue use of a combination of a short-acting β2-agonist (albuterol, 100 μg per puff) and a corticosteroid (beclomethasone, 250 μg per puff) in a single inhaler is equivalent to regular treatment with inhaled beclomethasone (250 μg twice daily) in controlling mild persistent asthma. This finding suggests that mild persistent asthma may not require regular treatment with inhaled corticosteroids, but rather only as-needed use of an inhaled corticosteroid and an inhaled bronchodilator, although the dose of inhaled beclomethasone in our study was relatively high.
Regular beclomethasone therapy and as-needed combination therapy with beclomethasone and albuterol were superior to as-needed albuterol therapy with regard to morning peak expiratory flow and some clinical outcomes examined. This finding suggests that patients treated with albuterol as needed had symptoms of asthma after run-in treatment with regular beclomethasone was withdrawn. It seems likely that these patients required an additional controller treatment for more complete control of asthma. The differences between groups in the mean morning peak expiratory flow rates were small and fell within the CI of equivalence used to power the study. However, these differences were also associated with superiority with regard to some relevant clinical outcomes (e.g., number of exacerbations or nocturnal awakenings), a finding that suggests that they are clinically relevant. The same effects of regular beclomethasone were found with the as-needed use of a combination of beclomethasone and albuterol, which is a preferable option since it is simpler and is associated with a lower cumulative dose of inhaled corticosteroid.
Our results confirm and extend the conclusions of Boushey et al.,14 who showed that mild persistent asthma is equally controlled by intermittent and regular treatment with inhaled corticosteroids. In contrast to that study, which included a 10-day course of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids for exacerbations and as-needed albuterol for relief, we tested the simpler alternative of as-needed use of a combination of an inhaled corticosteroid and an inhaled bronchodilator, albeit with a relatively high dose of beclomethasone. Thus, our study went a step further than that of Boushey et al.: patients were not given a written action plan but rather were instructed orally to use the inhaled medications any time they needed relief from symptoms.
Previous studies have shown that the use of inhaled corticosteroids may reduce the rates of asthma-related hospitalization and death26,27 and that regular therapy with inhaled corticosteroids for mild asthma reduces the frequency of exacerbations and may reduce the rate of decline in lung function.4-6,10 However, these studies included patients with mild or moderate asthma, whereas our study included only those with mild persistent asthma. Our 6-month study was long enough to show that as-needed use of beclomethasone and albuterol is sufficient to control mild persistent asthma but was too short to determine whether the therapy affects the natural history of asthma. Since the role of inhaled corticosteroids in modifying the natural history of asthma is controversial, large, long-term studies will be needed to resolve this issue.
The simple, symptom-driven use of inhaled beclomethasone and albuterol may overcome one of the major problems in the treatment of chronic diseases such as asthma: poor compliance.28,29 Poor compliance is especially likely to occur in patients with mild asthma who have infrequent symptoms.30 In addition, even though regular low doses of inhaled corticosteroids are safe, prolonged intake is of some concern.31 In our study, as compared with the regular use of beclomethasone, the symptom-driven use of beclomethasone plus albuterol was associated with a lower cumulative dose of beclomethasone (18.48 mg in 6 months), equivalent to a regular daily dose of 100 μg. The exact reduction in the cumulative dose of inhaled corticosteroid could not be established in our study, since we did not titrate the dose of the inhaled beclomethasone and used a relatively high dose (250 μg twice daily) in the regular beclomethasone group. A relatively high dose of beclomethasone may be required when the drug is taken on an as-needed basis, whereas a dose lower than 250 μg twice daily might be sufficient to achieve the same degree of control; thus, the “corticosteroid-sparing” effect observed in this study may be an artifact of the study design.
Our data on exacerbations confirm that as-needed treatment with beclomethasone and albuterol, as well as regular treatment with beclomethasone, were superior to as-needed treatment with albuterol alone. However, these results should be interpreted with caution, since our study was not powered to detect the effect of treatment on asthma exacerbations.
The effects of regular treatment with a combination of beclomethasone and albuterol not only were similar to the effects of regular treatment with beclomethasone alone on most outcomes but also were associated with an increased incidence of exacerbations, which for unknown reasons contrasted with the improvement of almost all other end points. These findings suggest that regular treatment with a bronchodilator, particularly short-acting bronchodilators,7,32,33 not only is ineffective32 — even when given in combination with inhaled corticosteroids — but may be detrimental to patients with mild asthma.34-36
Presented in part at the VIth Annual Meeting of the Italian Union for Pneumology, Venice, Italy, October 27, 2005.
Supported by Chiesi Farmaceutici.
Dr. Papi reports receiving consulting fees from Chiesi Farmaceutici and GlaxoSmithKline; lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, and Merck Sharp & Dohme; and grant support from AstraZeneca, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and the Italian Ministry for University and Research. Dr. Canonica reports receiving consulting fees from Schering-Plough, Uriach, Almirall, Alk-Abello, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Menarini, and UCB; lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Glaxo-SmithKline, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Dompé, Almirall, AstraZeneca, UCB, Schering-Plough, Altana, and Gentili; and grant support from Gaalem, Altana, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Merck Sharp & Dohme, UCB, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Stallergenes, Alk-Abello, Schering-Plough, Uriach, and Almirall. Dr. Paggiaro reports receiving consulting fees from Altana Pharma; lecture fees from Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Dompé, and AstraZeneca; and grant support from Altana, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and AstraZeneca. Dr. Olivieri reports receiving consulting fees from Chiesi Farmaceutici, GlaxoSmithKline, Omni Medicamenta Pharma, and Pierre-Fabre; lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi Farmaceutici, GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer; and grant support from GlaxoSmithKline and Zambon. Dr. Pozzi reports receiving lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and GlaxoSmithKline. Dr. Morelli reports being the director of Contract Research Organization Statistics and Data Management, the contract research organization hired by Chiesi Farmaceutici for the statistical analysis. Dr. Nicolini reports being an employee of Chiesi Farmaceutici, the study sponsor. Dr. Fabbri reports receiving consulting fees and lecture fees from Altana Pharma, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi Farmaceutici, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Roche, and Pfizer and grant support from Altana Pharma, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Menarini, Miat, Schering-Plough, Chiesi Farmaceutici, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharp & Dohme, UCB, and Pfizer. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
We thank P.M. O'Byrne and M. FitzGerald for assistance with the design of the trial, G. Cremonesi and L. Cavalieri for their comments and contributions, O. Zerbini and M. Gonsalvi for assistance with the organization of the trial, M. McKenney for scientific assistance with the manuscript, and E. Veratelli for her scientific secretarial assistance.
Source Information
From Università di Ferrara, Ferrara (A.P.); Università di Genova, Genoa (G.W.C.); Università di Padova, Padua (P.M.); Università di Pisa, Pisa (P.P.); Università di Parma (D.O.) and Chiesi Farmaceutici (G.N.) — both in Parma; Università di Pavia, Pavia (E.P.); Università di Catania, Catania (N.C.); Università di Palermo, Palermo (A.M.V.); Contract Research Organization Statistics and Data Management, Verona (P.M.); and Università di Modena, Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena (L.M.F.) — all in Italy.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Fabbri at Clinica di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio, Dipartimento di Oncologia, Ematologia e Pneumologia, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo, 71-41100 Modena, Italy, or at fabbri.leonardo@unimore.it.
Dr. Vignola is deceased.
Members of the Beclomethasone plus Salbutamol Treatment (BEST) Study Group are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
Members of the Beclomethasone plus Salbutamol Treatment (BEST) Study Group were as follows: Italy — A. Papi, G.W. Canonica, P. Maestrelli, P. Paggiaro, A.M. Vignola (deceased), L.M. Fabbri, D. Olivieri, N. Crimi, and E. Pozzi; Austria — J. Zarkovic and N. Wetter; Spain — P. Lloberes, J. Serra, and S. Bardagí; Poland — I. Grzelewska-Rzymowska, Z. Siergiejko, M. Pelc, P. Górski, J. Kruszewski, R. Chazan, M. Szmidt, G. Pinis, C. Palczynski, W. Droszcz, and B. Swierczynska.
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Bhupendrasinh F Chauhan, Caroline Chartrand, Francine M Ducharme, Francine M Ducharme. 2012. Intermittent versus daily inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma in children and adults. .
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Michael Cabana. (2011) Inhaled corticosteroids are beneficial in treating asthma exacerbations in children with mild persistent asthma. The Journal of Pediatrics 159:3, 513-514
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Harold J Farber. (2010) Optimizing maintenance therapy in pediatric asthma. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 16:1, 25-30
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Alberto Papi. (2009) Treatment strategies in mild asthma. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 15:1, 29-34
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Rob Stirling. (2008) Airway inflammation: An important marker of control for asthma guidelines?. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 121:5, 1293
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D. Descalzi, C. Folli, G. Nicolini, A. M. Riccio, C. Gamalero, F. Scordamaglia, G. W. Canonica. (2008) Anti-proliferative and anti-remodelling effect of beclomethasone dipropionate, formoterol and salbutamol alone or in combination in primary human bronchial fibroblasts. Allergy 63:4, 432-437
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Harold J. Farber. (2008) What Color is Your Yellow Zone? Is There a Role for Escalation of Anti-inflammatory Therapy Short of an Oral Corticosteroid Burst?. Pediatric Asthma, Allergy & Immunology 21:1, 24-30
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C. Taube, R. Buhl. (2008) Therapie des Asthma bronchiale. Der Pneumologe 5:1, 24-31
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A. Papi, P. Paggiaro, G. Nicolini, A. M. Vignola, L. M. Fabbri, . (2007) Beclomethasone/formoterol vs fluticasone/salmeterol inhaled combination in moderate to severe asthma. Allergy 62:10, 1182-1188
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G. Laekeman. (2007) Mild persisterend astma behoeft geen dagelijkse behandeling: een inhalatieglucocorticosteroïd en salbutamol in dezelfde inhaler als noodmedicatie is voldoende. Medisch-Farmaceutische Mededelingen 45:9, 256-257
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(2007) Beclomethasone and Albuterol in Mild Asthma. New England Journal of Medicine 357:5, 506-507
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R Buhl, C Vogelmeier. (2007) Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy: a new treatment approach for adult patients with asthma. Current Medical Research and Opinion 23:8, 1867-1878
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Ahmed Liju, P. John Rees. (2007) The natural history of asthma. International Journal of Clinical Practice 61:8, 1246-1247
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Fredenburgh, Laura E., Campion, Edward W., Drazen, Jeffrey M., . (2007) Mild Persistent Asthma — Polling Results. New England Journal of Medicine 357:2, 179-180
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(2007) Treatment of Mild Persistent Asthma. New England Journal of Medicine 356:20, 2096-2100
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