Original Article
Salmeterol and Fluticasone Propionate and Survival in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
N Engl J Med 2007; 356:775-789February 22, 2007
- Abstract
Background
Long-acting beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids are used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but their effect on survival is unknown.
Methods
We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial comparing salmeterol at a dose of 50 μg plus fluticasone propionate at a dose of 500 μg twice daily (combination regimen), administered with a single inhaler, with placebo, salmeterol alone, or fluticasone propionate alone for a period of 3 years. The primary outcome was death from any cause for the comparison between the combination regimen and placebo; the frequency of exacerbations, health status, and spirometric values were also assessed.
Results
Of 6112 patients in the efficacy population, 875 died within 3 years after the start of the study treatment. All-cause mortality rates were 12.6% in the combination-therapy group, 15.2% in the placebo group, 13.5% in the salmeterol group, and 16.0% in the fluticasone group. The hazard ratio for death in the combination-therapy group, as compared with the placebo group, was 0.825 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.681 to 1.002; P=0.052, adjusted for the interim analyses), corresponding to a difference of 2.6 percentage points or a reduction in the risk of death of 17.5%. The mortality rate for salmeterol alone or fluticasone propionate alone did not differ significantly from that for placebo. As compared with placebo, the combination regimen reduced the annual rate of exacerbations from 1.13 to 0.85 and improved health status and spirometric values (P<0.001 for all comparisons with placebo). There was no difference in the incidence of ocular or bone side effects. The probability of having pneumonia reported as an adverse event was higher among patients receiving medications containing fluticasone propionate (19.6% in the combination-therapy group and 18.3% in the fluticasone group) than in the placebo group (12.3%, P<0.001 for comparisons between these treatments and placebo).
Conclusions
The reduction in death from all causes among patients with COPD in the combination-therapy group did not reach the predetermined level of statistical significance. There were significant benefits in all other outcomes among these patients. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00268216.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Enrollment of Patients and Completion of the Study.Figure 2
Outcomes.Article Activity
- Article
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of illness, death, and the use of health care resources globally.1-3 The disease causes approximately 2.75 million deaths annually, and the number is projected to increase.2 Treatment for COPD is focused on minimizing risk factors, improving symptoms, and preventing exacerbations.3 With the exception of smoking-cessation programs for patients with early disease,4 home oxygen treatment for persistent hypoxemia,5,6 and lung-reduction surgery for selected patients with emphysema,7 no treatment has been shown to reduce mortality.
Pulmonary inflammation is prominent in COPD.8 Antiinflammatory drugs such as inhaled corticosteroids have little or no effect on the rate of decline of lung function9,10 but may reduce the frequency of exacerbations,9 especially when combined with an inhaled long-acting beta-agonist.11 Retrospective analyses suggest that inhaled corticosteroids reduce the mortality rate among patients with COPD12 and that adding a long-acting beta-agonist might increase this effect.13 We hypothesized that the combination of the long-acting beta-agonist salmeterol and the inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone propionate would reduce mortality among patients with COPD, as compared with usual care. To test this hypothesis, we undertook the Towards a Revolution in COPD Health (TORCH) trial, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel-group study comparing salmeterol plus fluticasone propionate (the combination regimen) with each of the components alone and with placebo over a 3-year period.
Methods
Details of the study design and the analysis plan were published previously.14 The complete study protocol is in Supplementary Appendix 1, available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org.
Patients
We recruited patients who were current or former smokers with at least a 10-pack-year history. Eligible patients were 40 to 80 years of age and had received a diagnosis of COPD, with a prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of less than 60% of the predicted value,15 an increase of FEV1 with the use of 400 μg of albuterol of less than 10% of the predicted value for that patient, and a ratio of prebronchodilator FEV1 to forced vital capacity (FVC) equal to or less than 0.70. For the exclusion criteria, see Table 1 in Supplementary Appendix 2. All patients gave written informed consent. The study was approved by local ethics review committees and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines.
Study Design
This double-blind study was conducted at 444 centers in 42 countries; center and data auditing ensured the integrity of the data (see the study protocol in Supplementary Appendix 1). After a 2-week run-in period, eligible patients were randomly assigned, in permuted blocks with stratification according to country and smoking status, to treatment with the combination of salmeterol at a dose of 50 μg and fluticasone propionate at a dose of 500 μg (Advair Diskus, Seretide, GlaxoSmithKline) or salmeterol (Serevent, GlaxoSmithKline) alone at a dose of 50 μg, fluticasone propionate (Flovent Diskus, Flixotide, GlaxoSmithKline) alone at a dose of 500 μg, or placebo, all taken in the morning and the evening for 3 years. Study medications were administered as a dry powder with the use of an inhaler (Diskus, Accuhaler, GlaxoSmithKline). Inhalers were collected every 12 weeks, and the number of doses remaining in each inhaler was recorded to check adherence to the study regimen. Before the run-in period, all use of corticosteroids and inhaled long-acting bronchodilators was stopped, but patients could continue other medications for COPD.
After randomization, patients were seen every 12 weeks to confirm vital status, record any unscheduled visits to a health care provider, and note the occurrence of any adverse events. Postbronchodilator spirometry was performed and health status was assessed every 24 weeks. An independent safety and efficacy data monitoring committee performed safety reviews every 6 months, and two interim efficacy analyses were performed, the first after the first 358 deaths had occurred and the second after a total of 680 deaths had occurred.
Outcome Measurements
Vital status was assessed until 3 years after treatment had begun, regardless of whether the patients continued to take study medication. The primary end point was the time to death from any cause by 3 years. An independent clinical end point committee, whose members were unaware of the treatment assignments, determined the primary cause of death and whether death was related to COPD. The committee used information obtained from investigators, medical records, and other data, as available.
Secondary end points were the frequency of exacerbations, defined as a symptomatic deterioration requiring treatment with antibiotic agents, systemic corticosteroids, hospitalization, or a combination of these, and health status, as assessed according to scores on the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire.16 Scores are based on a scale of 0 to 100, with lower scores indicating better functioning; a change of 4 units is generally considered clinically relevant. The questionnaire was administered in the 28 countries where a validated translation was available. Lung function was assessed with the use of postbronchodilator spirometry. For patients who withdrew from the study prematurely, all data on exacerbations, health status, and lung function available at the time of a patient's withdrawal from the study were included in the analysis.
Safety Evaluation
Adverse events and medications were reviewed at each study visit. Additional information was collected about any fractures, classified as either traumatic or nontraumatic, with nontraumatic fractures considered to be caused by falls from less than standing height or falls occurring spontaneously. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at the hip and lumbar spine and slit-lamp examinations were performed on patients' entry into the study and annually thereafter in a safety substudy conducted in the United States and involving 658 patients.
Statistical Analysis
All reported data analyses were prespecified. Assuming a 17% mortality rate in the placebo group at 3 years,17 we estimated that 1510 patients would be needed for each study group to detect a reduction in mortality of 4.3 percentage points in the combination-therapy group, as compared with the placebo group (hazard ratio for death, 0.728), at a two-sided alpha level of 0.05 with 90% power. Two interim analyses of death from any cause were planned to assess whether there was overwhelming evidence of a benefit from the combination regimen, as compared with placebo, or of harm in any study group; these analyses were performed by the independent safety and efficacy data monitoring committee according to the method of Whitehead.18 As a consequence, the P value for the primary comparison between the combination regimen and placebo was adjusted upward to conserve an overall significance level of 0.050.
The difference in times to death from any cause between the combination-therapy group and the placebo group was analyzed with the use of the log-rank test (with stratification according to smoking status) and expressed as a hazard ratio. We used a Cox proportional-hazards model as a supportive secondary analysis.
The frequency of exacerbations was analyzed with the use of a generalized linear model (assuming a negative binomial distribution, which accounts for variability among patients in the number and frequency of exacerbations), with the number of exacerbations as the outcome and the logarithm of time during which treatment was received as an offset variable. Total scores on the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire and postbronchodilator FEV1 were analyzed as changes from baseline values with the use of repeated-measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Estimated differences between treatments at each visit were averaged with equal weights to determine the overall treatment effect during the 3-year study period. All efficacy analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Comparisons other than those between the combination regimen and placebo and between the combination regimen and salmeterol alone were exploratory.
Times to the first fracture, eye disorder, and pneumonia were compared among the study groups in the safety population with the use of Kaplan–Meier estimates and the log-rank test, with stratification according to smoking status. In the safety substudy, bone mineral density for the total hip and lumbar spine was analyzed by repeated measures of ANCOVA, and the development of cataracts was analyzed with the use of logistic regression. (For details of the statistical analysis, see Supplementary Appendixes 1 and 2.)
The steering committee, made up of six academic investigators and two employees of the sponsor, developed the design and concept of the study, approved the statistical plan, had full access to and interpreted the data, wrote the manuscript, and was responsible for the decision to publish the manuscript. An academic author wrote a draft of the manuscript; an employee of the sponsor performed the statistical analysis. The academic authors vouch for the veracity and completeness of the data and the data analysis. The sponsor did not place any restrictions on the academic authors regarding statements made in the final manuscript.
Results
Study Population
Of 8554 patients recruited, 6184 underwent randomization (Figure 1Figure 1
Enrollment of Patients and Completion of the Study.). Of these, 72 patients at five sites were excluded from the efficacy analysis because these sites failed to meet the standards of the study for Good Clinical Practice and ethical practices and were closed before the study ended (see Supplementary Appendix 2). These 72 patients were included in the safety analysis, and a total of 6112 patients were included in the efficacy population.Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of the efficacy population are shown in Table 1Table 1
Demographic and Baseline Clinical Characteristics of Patients in the Efficacy Population.. The mean age was 65 years, and the mean value of postbronchodilator FEV1 was 44% of the predicted value. During the year before entry into the study, more than half the patients had used inhaled corticosteroids, a long-acting beta-agonist, or both, and 57% of the patients had reported an exacerbation. The proportion of patients who withdrew from the study was significantly higher in the placebo group (44%) than in the three other groups, and the proportion was lowest in the combination-therapy group (34%) (Figure 2AFigure 2Outcomes.). The total number of years of exposure to the study drugs was 3678 in the combination-therapy group, 3238 in the placebo group, 3499 in the salmeterol group, and 3532 in the fluticasone group. The rate of adherence to treatment was similar in all groups, ranging from 88% to 89% of the prescribed doses taken.Mortality
Vital status was known at 3 years for 6111 of the 6112 patients included in the efficacy population. There were 875 deaths within 3 years after randomization. The proportions of deaths from any cause at 3 years were 12.6% in the combination-therapy group, 15.2% in the placebo group, 13.5% in the salmeterol group, and 16.0% in the fluticasone group. The absolute risk reduction for death in the combination-therapy group as compared with the placebo group was 2.6%, and the hazard ratio was 0.825 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.681 to 1.002; P=0.052), corresponding to a reduction in the risk of death at any time in the 3 years of 17.5% (95% CI, –0.2 to 31.9) (all adjusted for the interim analyses) (Figure 2B and Table 2Table 2
Results of the Mortality Analysis and the Efficacy Analysis for Exacerbation.).Prespecified secondary analyses for mortality were also performed: Cox proportional-hazards testing yielded a hazard ratio of 0.811 (95% CI, 0.670 to 0.982; P=0.03) (Table 2); log-rank testing, stratified according to smoking status and country of residence, yielded a hazard ratio of 0.815 (95% CI, 0.673 to 0.987; P=0.04) (see Table 2 in Supplementary Appendix 2). There was no interaction between treatment and age, sex, region of country, baseline FEV1 categorized by disease stage according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, body-mass index, or smoking status. Adjusting for exposure to smoking (pack-years) did not affect the results.
The risk of death in the salmeterol group and in the fluticasone group did not differ significantly from that in the placebo group (Table 2). The risk was similar among patients who died while receiving a study medication (data not shown) and those who died from COPD-related causes (Figure 2C). The risk of death in the combination-therapy group did not differ significantly from that in the salmeterol group, but patients receiving the combination regimen were less likely to die than those receiving fluticasone propionate (hazard ratio for death, 0.774 [95% CI, 0.641 to 0.934]; P=0.007). Overall, 27% of the deaths were adjudicated as due to cardiovascular causes, 35% to pulmonary causes, and 21% to cancer (for other causes of death, see Table 3 in Supplementary Appendix 2).
Exacerbations, Health Status, and Lung Function
According to our statistical models, the annual rate of exacerbations was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.80 to 0.90) in the combination-therapy group and 1.13 (95% CI, 1.07 to 1.20) in the placebo group, resulting in a rate ratio for exacerbations of 0.75 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.81; P<0.001), which is a reduction of 25% and corresponds to a number needed to treat of four to prevent one exacerbation in 1 year. Annual rates of exacerbations in the salmeterol group and the fluticasone group were significantly lower than in the placebo group (Table 2). Overall, 26% of the patients were hospitalized at least once during the 3-year study period. Annual admission rates were 17% lower in the combination-therapy and salmeterol groups than in the placebo group (P≤0.03) (Table 2), corresponding to a number needed to treat of 32 to prevent one hospitalization in 1 year.
Total scores on the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire initially improved from baseline in all groups, with the greatest changes occurring in the combination-therapy group (mean score at baseline, 48.7, with a mean reduction of 3.0 units averaged over 3 years), as compared with the placebo group (a mean score of 48.4 at baseline, with an increase of 0.2 unit in the placebo group) (Figure 2D and Table 3Table 3
Other Efficacy Outcomes.). Similarly, for lung function, the mean baseline FEV1 in the combination-therapy group was 1.236 liters with an average increase of 0.029 liter, whereas in the placebo group, the mean baseline FEV1 was 1.257 liters and a decrease of 0.062 liter. Averaged over 3 years, the health status (a reduction of 3.1 units in the score for the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire) and spirometric measurements (an increase in FEV1 of 0.092 liter) in the combination-therapy group were significantly better than in the groups receiving placebo, salmeterol alone, or fluticasone propionate alone (Figure 2E and Table 3).Adverse Events and Safety
Adverse events were reported by 90% of the patients in the study, and serious adverse events were reported by 41% of the patients (Table 4Table 4
Adverse Events among 6184 Patients in the Safety Population and 658 Patients in the Substudy of Bone Mineral Density.). (For mortality data for the safety population, see Fig. 1 and Table 4 in Supplementary Appendix 2.) The most frequently reported adverse event was an exacerbation of COPD. The probability of having pneumonia reported as an adverse event during the 3-year study period was significantly greater among patients receiving a study medication containing fluticasone propionate: the probability was 19.6% in the combination-therapy group, 12.3% in the placebo group, 13.3% in the salmeterol group, and 18.3% in the fluticasone group (P<0.001 for the comparison between both the combination-therapy and fluticasone groups and the placebo group). Among patients receiving study medications, there were 8 deaths from pneumonia in the combination-therapy group, 7 in the placebo group, 9 in the salmeterol group, and 13 in the fluticasone group. There was no significant difference in the probability of fractures among the groups (6.3% in the combination-therapy group, 5.1% in the placebo group, 5.1% in the salmeterol group, and 5.4% in the fluticasone group). There was no excess of cardiac disorders among patients treated with the combination regimen or salmeterol alone (reported event rates per study year, 0.087 in the combination-therapy group, 0.113 in the placebo group, 0.114 in the salmeterol group, and 0.102 in the fluticasone group). In the safety substudy, there were no significant differences in bone mineral density or in the numbers of patients in whom cataracts developed between the groups receiving active study drugs and the placebo group (Table 4).Discussion
In this trial, the reduction in mortality from any cause in the combination-therapy group, as compared with the placebo group, did not meet the predetermined level of statistical significance. During the 3 years of the study, treatment with the combination regimen resulted in significantly fewer exacerbations and improved health status and lung function, as compared with placebo.
There are two possible reasons why the reduction in mortality in the combination-therapy group, as compared with the placebo group, did not achieve statistical significance. The first is that there is no effect of salmeterol plus fluticasone propionate on survival. In this scenario, the data would suggest that the observed symptomatic and functional improvement derives from mechanisms other than those that prolong life. It could be that mortality is influenced mainly by factors that are currently unidentified and unresponsive to therapy with salmeterol plus fluticasone propionate.
The second possible reason, which we believe is the more likely one, is that salmeterol plus fluticasone propionate does have an effect on mortality but that our study was underpowered to detect this effect. Our power calculations were based on the Inhaled Steroids in Obstructive Lung Disease in Europe (ISOLDE) study, and there were fewer deaths in the placebo group than anticipated.14,17 The TORCH study was designed to have 90% power to detect an effect of 4.3 percentage points on overall mortality; in practice, we identified a reduction of 2.6 percentage points. In addition, there was a high withdrawal rate, which was highest among patients in the placebo group, who were free to receive active therapy subsequently. Furthermore, performing the second interim analysis so close to the final analysis increased the threshold required for significance. More studies are needed to determine whether either of these explanations or another explanation accounts for the primary finding.
Our data on the secondary outcomes are consistent with and extend previous observations in studies using combinations of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonists19-21 in showing that the combination regimen reduced exacerbations significantly, as compared with placebo, including those exacerbations requiring hospitalization. The combination regimen was also significantly better than each of its components alone in preventing exacerbations, and these benefits were accompanied by sustained improvements in health status and FEV1; the values for both were better at the end of the trial than at baseline. Unlike previous studies in which reductions in exacerbations and improvements in health status have also been reported,19,21 in our study there was no requirement of exacerbations during the year before entry into the trial. Furthermore, the greater number of patients withdrawing from the placebo group is likely to have resulted in an underestimation of the effect of the combination regimen on all the secondary outcomes. Nevertheless, the number needed to treat to prevent an exacerbation in 1 year was 4, and the number needed to treat to prevent a hospitalization was 32.
An important safety finding, identified because the size of the study was sufficient to detect infrequent events, was the excess of patients who received a diagnosis of pneumonia among those receiving study medications containing fluticasone propionate. This finding had not been previously reported in studies involving the use of inhaled corticosteroids by patients with COPD. Since the finding was unexpected, there was no prospective definition of pneumonia in the study protocol (e.g., confirmation on chest radiography). However, this finding was observed in the different subgroups, which suggests that it may be an important signal whose mechanism is currently unclear and requires further study. The increase in pneumonia did not appear to represent an increase in the number of deaths. As determined by the independent clinical end-point committee, among deaths attributed to pneumonia in patients in the safety population while they were receiving a study medication, there was one more death in the combination-therapy group and six more in the fluticasone group than in the placebo group.
The increase in oropharyngeal side effects among patients receiving fluticasone propionate or the combination regimen was expected, but there was no evidence of excess cardiac events among those receiving salmeterol alone or the combination regimen. The total number of fractures, including those associated with minimal trauma or none, did not differ significantly among the four groups. This finding was in keeping with the absence of a significant difference among the groups in bone mineral density among patients in the U.S. substudy. The prevalence of cataracts at baseline in all the study groups was high, but it was not influenced by treatment during the course of the study. However, exposure to the study medications for 3 years may not be long enough to detect differences in the occurrence of fractures and eye disorders.
The TORCH study recruited patients with COPD from around the world, and we think that our findings can therefore be generalized. The particular strengths of the study are the virtually complete survival data to 3 years and the independent adjudication of causes of death, which eliminated between-country variation in death certification. Although the TORCH study is a large COPD trial, as compared with studies of mortality associated with other major chronic illnesses such as cardiovascular disease,22-24 its size is modest. The results of our mortality analysis should be viewed in this context. The potential for a reduction in the risk of death of 2.6 percentage points among patients treated with salmeterol plus fluticasone propionate, as compared with placebo, and the 17.5% reduction in the risk of death that was identified in the study clearly merit further investigation in future large, prospective trials. Until such trials are completed, our data support the use of salmeterol plus fluticasone propionate in the clinical management of COPD.
Supported by GlaxoSmithKline.
Dr. Calverley reports receiving consulting fees from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Hoffmann–La Roche, speaking fees from Altana, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, and Pfizer, and grant support from Altana and GlaxoSmithKline; Dr. Celli, consulting fees and speaking fees from Altana, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and GlaxoSmithKline, and grant support from Boehringer Ingelheim and GlaxoSmithKline; Dr. Ferguson, consulting fees or speaking fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, and Schering-Plough, and grant support from Altana, Boehringer Ingelheim, Emphasys Medical, Mannkind, and Oscient; Dr. Jenkins, consulting fees and speaking fees from Altana Pharma, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and GlaxoSmithKline and grant support from GlaxoSmithKline; Dr. Jones, consulting fees from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, and Hoffmann–La Roche, speaking fees from AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline, and grant support from Boehringer Ingelheim and GlaxoSmithKline; and Dr. Vestbo, consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, and Hoffmann–La Roche, speaking fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and GlaxoSmithKline, and grant support from GlaxoSmithKline. Ms. Anderson and Ms. Yates are employees of and hold stock in GlaxoSmithKline. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
This study is dedicated to the memory of Professor Romain Pauwels, who played a major role in planning the TORCH investigation and led the investigators until his untimely death.
We thank Professor Neil Pride for important and material contributions to the design and direction of the study, the GlaxoSmithKline TORCH team, and David Cutler (Gardiner-Caldwell Communications), for technical support in the preparation of the manuscript.
Source Information
From University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, United Kingdom (P.M.A.C.); GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom (J.A.A.); Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston (B.C.); Pulmonary Research Institute of Southeast Michigan, Livonia (G.T.F.); Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney (C.J.); St. George's University of London, London (P.W.J.); GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC (J.C.Y.); and Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom, and Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark (J.V.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Calverley at the Department of Medicine, Clinical Science Centre, University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, United Kingdom, or at pmacal@liverpool.ac.uk.
Committee members of the Towards a Revolution in COPD Health (TORCH) trial are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
For a complete list of investigators of the Towards a Revolution in COPD Health (TORCH) study, see Supplementary Appendix 2. Committee members were as follows: Steering Committee: P.M.A. Calverley (chair), Liverpool, United Kingdom; J.A. Anderson, Greenford, United Kingdom; B. Celli, Boston; G.T. Ferguson, Livonia, MI; C. Jenkins, Sydney; P.W. Jones, London; K. Knobil, J.C. Yates, Research Triangle Park, NC; J. Vestbo, Manchester, United Kingdom. Safety and Efficacy Data Monitoring Committee: R. Cherniack, Denver; T. Similowski, Paris; J. Cleland, Hull, United Kingdom; A. Whitehead, Reading, United Kingdom. Clinical End Point Committee: R. Wise, Baltimore; L. McGarvey, Belfast, Northern Ireland; M. John, Berlin.
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