Original Article
Effects of Raloxifene on Cardiovascular Events and Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women
N Engl J Med 2006; 355:125-137July 13, 2006
- Abstract
Background
The effect of raloxifene, a selective estrogen-receptor modulator, on coronary heart disease (CHD) and breast cancer is not established.
Methods
We randomly assigned 10,101 postmenopausal women (mean age, 67.5 years) with CHD or multiple risk factors for CHD to 60 mg of raloxifene daily or placebo and followed them for a median of 5.6 years. The two primary outcomes were coronary events (i.e., death from coronary causes, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome) and invasive breast cancer.
Results
As compared with placebo, raloxifene had no significant effect on the risk of primary coronary events (533 vs. 553 events; hazard ratio, 0.95; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.84 to 1.07), and it reduced the risk of invasive breast cancer (40 vs. 70 events; hazard ratio, 0.56; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.38 to 0.83; absolute risk reduction, 1.2 invasive breast cancers per 1000 women treated for one year); the benefit was primarily due to a reduced risk of estrogen-receptor–positive invasive breast cancers. There was no significant difference in the rates of death from any cause or total stroke according to group assignment, but raloxifene was associated with an increased risk of fatal stroke (59 vs. 39 events; hazard ratio, 1.49; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.00 to 2.24; absolute risk increase, 0.7 per 1000 woman-years) and venous thromboembolism (103 vs. 71 events; hazard ratio, 1.44; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.06 to 1.95; absolute risk increase, 1.2 per 1000 woman-years). Raloxifene reduced the risk of clinical vertebral fractures (64 vs. 97 events; hazard ratio, 0.65; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.47 to 0.89; absolute risk reduction, 1.3 per 1000).
Conclusions
Raloxifene did not significantly affect the risk of CHD. The benefits of raloxifene in reducing the risks of invasive breast cancer and vertebral fracture should be weighed against the increased risks of venous thromboembolism and fatal stroke. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00190593.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Enrollment, Treatment Assignment, and Follow-up in the Trial.Figure 2
Cumulative Incidence of the Primary Outcomes of Coronary Events (Death from Coronary Causes, Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction, or Hospitalization for an Acute Coronary Syndrome Other Than Myocardial Infarction) (Panel A) and Invasive Breast Cancer (Panel B).Article Activity
- Article
Raloxifene is a nonsteroidal selective estrogen-receptor modulator (SERM) that binds to the estrogen receptor, leading to estrogen-agonist effects in some tissues and estrogen-antagonist effects in others.1 Raloxifene therapy has been associated with improvement in the levels of serum lipoprotein cholesterol,2,3 fibrinogen,3 and homocysteine.4 The favorable effect of raloxifene on markers of cardiovascular risk, coupled with evidence from observational studies that treatment with estrogen was associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in postmenopausal women,5,6 led to the design of the Raloxifene Use for The Heart (RUTH) trial to determine the effect of raloxifene on clinical coronary events. After the RUTH trial began in 1998, results of the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS)7 and the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trials8,9 showed no reduction in the risk of CHD after treatment with estrogen or estrogen plus progestin. A secondary analysis of data from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial (an osteoporosis-treatment trial) showed no significant overall effect of raloxifene on cardiovascular events but suggested a reduced risk among women who were at increased risk for cardiovascular events.10
Raloxifene has antiestrogenic effects in the breast, competitively blocking estrogen-induced DNA transcription11 and inhibiting the growth of estrogen-stimulated mammary cancers in animals.12 After the RUTH trial began, a secondary analysis of data from the MORE trial showed that raloxifene reduced the risk of invasive breast cancer by 72 percent.13
We conducted the RUTH trial to assess the risks and benefits of treatment with raloxifene in women with or at increased risk for CHD, with the primary aims of determining effects on coronary outcomes and invasive breast cancer.
Methods
RUTH was an international, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A detailed description of the design and study population has been published elsewhere.14,15 The two primary objectives were to determine the effect of raloxifene as compared with placebo on the incidence of coronary events (i.e., death from coronary causes, nonfatal [including silent] myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome other than myocardial infarction) and invasive breast cancer.
The executive committee developed the protocol in collaboration with the sponsor. An independent data and safety monitoring board with independent statistical support performed interim analyses of safety and efficacy. The data were analyzed by the sponsor according to the prespecified analysis plan. The executive committee had unrestricted request-based access to data, which were retained by the sponsor. All authors were involved in interpreting the data and drafting the manuscript and vouch for the accuracy and completeness of the reported data. Data reported are those available as of February 2, 2006.
The protocol was approved by the ethics review board at each investigative site. All women gave written informed consent for participation in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Study Population
Between June 1998 and August 2000, 10,101 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to treatment or placebo at 177 sites in 26 countries. Eligible women were 55 years of age or older, were one year or more postmenopausal, and had established CHD or were at increased risk for CHD.14 Participants were required to have a cardiovascular risk score of 4 or more, according to a point system that takes into account the presence of the following14: established CHD (4 points), arterial disease of the leg (4 points), an age of at least 70 years (2 points), diabetes mellitus (3 points), cigarette smoking (1 point), hypertension (1 point), and hyperlipidemia (1 point).
Exclusion criteria were a myocardial infarction, coronary-artery bypass grafting, or percutaneous coronary intervention within three months before randomization; a history of cancer or venous thromboembolism; a life expectancy of less than five years; unexplained uterine bleeding within six months before randomization; New York Heart Association class III or IV heart failure; chronic liver or renal disease; use of oral or transdermal estrogens within six months before randomization; or current use of other sex hormones or SERMs.
Treatment and Study Procedures
Eligible women were randomly assigned to 60 mg of raloxifene a day orally (Evista, Eli Lilly) or to identical-appearing placebo (Figure 1Figure 1
Enrollment, Treatment Assignment, and Follow-up in the Trial.). Randomization was performed with the use of an interactive voice-response telephone system stratified according to study site. At each biannual visit or telephone contact, adverse events, outcomes, and adherence to study medication were ascertained. Electrocardiography (ECG) was performed at baseline, year 2, year 4, and the final visit. Mammography and clinical breast examinations were performed at randomization and every two years thereafter. Serum lipid levels were measured after an overnight fast at baseline, year 1, year 5, and the final visit.Investigators, participants, laboratory staff, and the sponsor (Eli Lilly) were blinded to participants' treatment assignment. Treatment assignment was revealed to investigators only for reasons of participants' safety. The study drug was permanently discontinued when the treatment assignment was revealed to a participant (26 women) or breast cancer or venous thromboembolism was diagnosed. The study drug was temporarily discontinued during periods of prolonged immobilization or if the participant took estrogen-containing preparations, other hormonal agents, or SERMs.
Outcomes
Reported outcomes of coronary events, breast cancer, stroke, venous thromboembolism, and death were adjudicated by committees of experts who were unaware of participants' treatment assignment and who were not employees of the sponsor. Employees of the sponsor, who were unaware of the treatment assignment, adjudicated the secondary outcomes of fracture, myocardial revascularization, noncoronary arterial revascularization, amputation of a leg, and hospitalization for any cause.
Coronary Events
The primary coronary outcome was defined as the first of any of the following events: death from coronary causes (i.e., acute myocardial infarction, sudden or unwitnessed death, heart failure, or death related to a coronary-artery procedure), myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome other than myocardial infarction.14 Myocardial infarction was diagnosed if at least one of the following was present: ischemic symptoms and abnormal levels of cardiac enzymes, with or without new, equivocal changes on ECG; a new pathological Q wave, with or without ischemic symptoms or abnormal levels of cardiac enzymes; and new pathological Q waves or markedly abnormal levels of cardiac enzymes after invasive coronary procedures. Hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome was defined as hospitalization for or the development during hospitalization of cardiac symptoms with new changes in the ST-T segment on ECG or abnormal levels of cardiac enzymes or troponin.
Breast Cancer
Breast cancers were confirmed by pathology reports. They were classified as invasive or noninvasive and according to estrogen-receptor status.
Secondary Outcomes
Secondary mortality outcomes were death from coronary causes, death from cardiovascular causes (death from coronary causes and death from noncoronary cardiovascular causes such as cerebrovascular, venous thromboembolic, atherosclerotic noncoronary vascular disease, and other cardiovascular causes), and death from any cause (death from cardiovascular causes and death from noncardiovascular causes such as cancer, accident, suicide, homicide, or any other cause). The cause of death was assigned on the basis of available clinical information, the death certificate, or autopsy. Stroke was defined as the rapid onset of a persistent neurologic deficit lasting more than 24 hours, in most cases supported by findings on imaging studies. A venous thromboembolic event required clinical symptoms supported by relevant diagnostic studies. Revascularization included myocardial and noncoronary arterial revascularizations. Nontraumatic amputations of the leg included those above and those below the knee. All reported clinical fractures were validated by review of radiology reports. Hospitalization for any cause was defined as hospitalization for at least 24 hours.
Adverse Events
Adverse events were recorded by the investigator at each visit on the basis of unsolicited reporting by the participant. All adverse events were classified according to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA, a registered trademark of the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations), developed under the auspices of the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. Common adverse events were defined as events at the MedDRA Preferred Term level occurring in at least 2 percent of women assigned to raloxifene. Special search categories were established with the use of MedDRA terms to comprehensively describe adverse events of potential relevance to SERMs or hormone therapy.
Serious adverse events were defined as events that were life-threatening, severe, or permanently disabling; cancer; or clinically significant for any other reason. These were identified as primary or secondary outcomes or, in the case of cancer, through a special search category established with the use of MedDRA terms.
Statistical Analysis
Comparisons of baseline characteristics between treatment groups were performed with the use of one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables. Primary analyses used time-to-event methods on the basis of the intention-to-treat principle. Data on women who did not have an event were censored on the date when study information was last collected or on the date of death. Relative incidences of the primary outcomes of coronary events and invasive breast cancer were compared with the use of a log-rank test. Unadjusted Cox proportional-hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios with 95 percent confidence intervals for the primary and secondary outcomes.
Adverse events were analyzed with a Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test stratified according to country. If fewer than five events occurred, no statistical test was performed. Baseline laboratory values and percentage change from baseline to one year were analyzed with the use of an unadjusted ranked one-way analysis of variance.
Secondary analyses were performed for the primary outcomes in an “as-treated” population, defined as women who were at least 70 percent adherent to the study treatment on the basis of the pill count. The primary outcome of coronary events was assessed separately for those with CHD and for those at increased risk for CHD with the use of Cox proportional-hazards models.
All analyses were prespecified, except the interaction test of the primary outcome of coronary events in women with established CHD as compared with those at increased risk for CHD. Reported P values are two-sided. Statistical analyses were performed with the use of SAS software, version 8.2 (SAS Institute).
The power calculations were based on assumptions of a 20.0 percent relative reduction in the risk of coronary events and a 58.5 percent relative reduction in the risk of invasive breast cancer with raloxifene, given a statistical power of 80 percent and a two-sided alpha level of 0.0423 for coronary events and 0.008 for invasive breast cancer. Other outcomes were tested at a significance level of 0.05, except interaction effects, which were tested at a significance level of 0.10. No adjustments were made for multiple comparisons.
Results
For both treatment groups, the median duration of follow-up was 5.56 years (range, 0.01 to 7.06) and the median exposure to the study drug was 5.05 years. The study was completed by 79 percent of women in the placebo group and 80 percent in the raloxifene group (P=0.02). Overall, 71 percent of women in the placebo group and 70 percent in the raloxifene group took at least 70 percent of the assigned medication and were classified as adherent to treatment (P=0.62).
The treatment groups were similar with respect to baseline characteristics (Table 1Table 1
Baseline Characteristics of 10,101 Women.), except the raloxifene group had a slightly higher cardiovascular risk score and a higher proportion of women reporting coronary-artery bypass grafting. During the trial, both the placebo and raloxifene groups had increases in the use of statins (21 percent and 19 percent, respectively), antihypertensive agents (6 percent and 7 percent), and aspirin (13 percent and 15 percent) (P>0.05 for each comparison).Primary Outcomes
There was no significant difference between the raloxifene group and the placebo group in the incidence of the primary outcome of death from coronary causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome (hazard ratio, 0.95; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.84 to 1.07) (Table 2Table 2
Incidence of and Hazard Ratios for Primary (Combined Coronary End Point and Invasive Breast Cancer) and Secondary End Points. and Figure 2AFigure 2Cumulative Incidence of the Primary Outcomes of Coronary Events (Death from Coronary Causes, Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction, or Hospitalization for an Acute Coronary Syndrome Other Than Myocardial Infarction) (Panel A) and Invasive Breast Cancer (Panel B).), or for death from coronary causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome individually. The effect of treatment on the primary outcome of coronary events did not differ significantly among women with established CHD (hazard ratio, 0.97; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.83 to 1.12) or women at increased risk for CHD (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.74 to 1.11) (P value for the interaction=0.64). There were 18 other prespecified subgroup analyses for the primary coronary outcome (including age and the presence or absence of risk factors for CHD); there were no significant treatment-group interactions for any subgroup (P>0.10). The results of as-treated analyses were similar to those of the intention-to-treat analyses for the primary coronary outcome (hazard ratio for the comparison of the raloxifene group with the placebo group, 0.96; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.83 to 1.12; P=0.61) and its individual components (P>0.05 for each comparison).Raloxifene reduced the incidence of the primary outcome of invasive breast cancer (hazard ratio, 0.56; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.38 to 0.83) (Table 2 and Figure 2B), primarily because of a reduction in estrogen-receptor–positive invasive breast cancer (Table 2). The absolute risk reduction per 1000 women treated with raloxifene for one year was 1.2 cases of invasive breast cancer and 1.2 cases of estrogen-receptor–positive invasive breast cancer. The results of the as-treated analysis for invasive breast cancer were similar (hazard ratio for the comparison of the raloxifene group with the placebo group, 0.61; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.39 to 0.95; P=0.03). There was no significant difference between treatment groups in the incidence of estrogen-receptor–negative invasive breast cancer (Table 2).
The effect of treatment on invasive breast cancer did not differ significantly among women with a five-year estimated risk of invasive breast cancer of less than 1.66 percent on the basis of the Gail score16 (hazard ratio, 0.49; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.28 to 0.88) or 1.66 percent or more (hazard ratio, 0.65; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.38 to 1.09; P value for the interaction=0.50). There were eight other prespecified subgroup analyses for invasive breast cancer; there were no significant treatment-group interactions for any subgroup (P>0.1) except the ovariectomy subgroup analysis (P=0.07).
Secondary Outcomes
The overall incidence of stroke did not differ significantly between treatment groups, but the incidence of fatal stroke was 49 percent higher in the raloxifene group than in the placebo group (absolute risk increase, 0.7 per 1000 woman-years). The incidence of venous thromboembolic events was 44 percent higher in the raloxifene group than in the placebo group (absolute risk increase, 1.2 per 1000 woman-years). There was a 33 percent lower incidence of all breast cancers (absolute risk reduction, 0.9 per 1000 woman-years) and a 35 percent lower incidence of clinical vertebral fractures (absolute risk reduction, 1.3 per 1000 woman-years) in the raloxifene group (Table 2).
There was no significant difference between treatment groups in the rates of death from any cause or overall death from cardiovascular causes. The incidence of death from noncardiovascular causes was lower in the raloxifene group than in the placebo group (absolute risk reduction, 1.7 per 1000 woman-years); no specific disease category explained this finding. Fewer women in the raloxifene group than in the placebo group had one or more hospitalizations for any cause (52 percent vs. 54 percent; hazard ratio, 0.91; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.87 to 0.96; P=0.001).
Adverse Events
There was no significant difference between the treatment groups in the number of women with one or more reported adverse events (93 percent in both groups, P=0.71). More women in the raloxifene group than in the placebo group permanently discontinued use of the study drug because of an adverse event (22 percent vs. 20 percent, P=0.01).
Four common adverse events (an acute coronary syndrome, anxiety, constipation, and osteoporosis) were reported more frequently in the placebo group than in the raloxifene group, and seven (arthritis, cholelithiasis, dyspepsia, hot flush, intermittent claudication, muscle spasm, and peripheral edema) were reported more frequently in the raloxifene group than in the placebo group (P≤0.05). Hot flushes, leg cramps, peripheral edema, and gallbladder disease, all special search categories, were more common in women assigned to raloxifene than to placebo (Table 3Table 3
Adverse Events.). The rates of cholecystectomy did not differ significantly between the treatment groups (P=0.25). The incidences of endometrial cancer and all cancers other than breast cancer did not differ significantly between treatment groups.Changes in Lipoprotein Levels
From baseline to year 1, there was a 3.6 percent increase in the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the placebo group as compared with a 4.4 percent decrease in the level in the raloxifene group (P<0.001), and a 0.9 percent increase in the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the placebo group as compared with a 2.3 percent increase in the level in the raloxifene group (P<0.001).
Discussion
Treatment with raloxifene for a median of 5.6 years did not significantly affect the risk of coronary events. Such treatment decreased the risks of invasive breast cancer and clinical vertebral fracture and increased the risks of venous thromboembolic events and fatal stroke.
When the RUTH trial was designed, compelling evidence from many observational studies suggested that postmenopausal estrogen therapy was cardioprotective.5,6 However, three large trials of postmenopausal treatment with hormones7-9 subsequently failed to show a cardioprotective effect of estrogen, and the trials of estrogen plus progestin7,8 showed an early increased risk. We found that treatment with raloxifene did not significantly affect the risk of coronary events among women with CHD or among women at high risk for CHD, nor did it cause an early increase in the risk of CHD. These results confirm the results of the MORE trial, in which raloxifene had a null effect on coronary disease in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, but they do not provide support for the cardioprotective effect observed in a post hoc analysis of women in the MORE trial who were at high cardiovascular risk.10 The narrow 95 percent confidence interval for the effect of raloxifene on the primary coronary outcome suggests that raloxifene is unlikely to reduce coronary risk more than 16 percent or to increase coronary risk more than 7 percent.
Raloxifene had moderate effects on LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels that were of a lesser magnitude than the changes achieved by other medications shown to be cardioprotective.17 The use of lipid-lowering medications, antihypertensive agents, and antiplatelet agents was encouraged in the RUTH trial and increased during the trial. The use of cardioprotective medications did not differ significantly between the treatment groups and is unlikely to explain the null results. However, the lower-than-expected rate of coronary events may reflect the substantial use of these medications.
Women in the raloxifene group had a 55 percent lower risk of estrogen-receptor–positive invasive breast cancer than did women in the placebo group (absolute risk reduction, 1.2 estrogen-receptor–positive invasive breast cancers per 1000 women treated for one year). This reduction is consistent with that observed in postmenopausal women in the MORE trial.13 The relative reduction in the risk of invasive breast cancer was also similar to that seen among women at increased risk for invasive breast cancer treated with tamoxifen in the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial.18 The effect of treatment with raloxifene in the RUTH trial was similar, regardless of the five-year predicted risk of invasive breast cancer, on the basis of the Gail score.16
Although participants in the RUTH trial were not selected on the basis of an increased risk of breast cancer, 41 percent had a five-year predicted risk of 1.66 percent or greater16 (Table 1). This estimated risk would have made them eligible for the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial and the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR).18,19 The STAR results indicate that raloxifene is as effective as tamoxifen in reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer among women at increased risk for invasive breast cancer but is associated with fewer uterine cancers and venous thromboembolic events.19
Results of RUTH and previous trials13,20 show that raloxifene does not reduce the risk of estrogen-receptor–negative invasive breast cancer. The mechanism whereby raloxifene reduces the risk of estrogen-receptor–positive invasive breast cancer is not clear but is probably related to estrogen antagonism resulting in regression of subclinical estrogen-receptor–positive cancers.
Raloxifene did not increase the overall risk of stroke but was associated with a 49 percent increase in the incidence of fatal stroke. Raloxifene had no significant effect on the overall risk of death from cardiovascular causes or death from any cause. There was no effect of raloxifene on the risk of stroke in the MORE trial.10 Tamoxifen increased the risk of stroke in most18,21-23 but not all24 trials. In STAR,19 the incidence of stroke was similar in the raloxifene and tamoxifen groups.
In the WHI trials, estrogen alone or with a progestin increased the risk of stroke by approximately 40 percent in healthy postmenopausal women.8,9 Among women with a recent history of stroke or transient ischemic attack, estrogen did not affect the risk of nonfatal stroke but increased the risk of fatal stroke.25
Consistent with the findings of previous trials of estrogen and SERMs,7-9,18,26 we found that raloxifene use was associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolic events. There was a 35 percent reduction in the risk of clinical vertebral fractures but no significant reduction in nonvertebral fractures in the raloxifene group, consistent with results in the MORE trial.27
Hot flushes, leg cramps, and peripheral edema, all known to be associated with raloxifene use,20,28 were reported more frequently by women assigned to raloxifene. Raloxifene did not increase the risk of all nonbreast cancers, including endometrial cancer. The higher incidence of reported gallbladder disease was not observed in the study by Grady et al.26 but is a recognized complication of oral hormone therapy.29 Rates of cholecystectomy were unrelated to the treatment assignment.
In conclusion, in postmenopausal women with CHD or at increased risk for CHD, treatment with raloxifene for a median of 5.6 years reduced the risk of invasive breast cancer and did not change the incidence of coronary events. In these women, the difference in the absolute rates of events that were decreased (i.e., breast cancer and clinical vertebral fractures) was similar to the difference in the absolute rates of events that were increased (i.e., venous thromboembolic events and fatal strokes). When considering the use of raloxifene in a postmenopausal woman, the clinician should take into account the individual woman's risk of disease and her personal preferences and weigh potential benefits against risks and against the availability of alternative interventions.
Supported by Eli Lilly, Indianapolis.
Dr. Barrett-Connor reports having received salary support from Eli Lilly for serving as principal investigator and as an investigator at a clinical site for the RUTH trial; having served on paid advisory boards for Merck, Eli Lilly, Procter & Gamble, and Amgen; and having received grant support from Amgen. Dr. Mosca reports having received consulting fees from Eli Lilly and Organon. Dr. Collins reports having received consulting fees from Eli Lilly, Berlex, Merck, Pantarhei, and Pfizer; having received lecture fees from Berlex, Merck, Pfizer, Novo Nordisk, and Organon; and having received grant support from Eli Lilly, Organon, and Merck. Dr. Grady reports having received salary support, by means of contracts with the University of California, San Francisco, from Berlex, Eli Lilly, Merck, Pfizer, and Wyeth-Ayerst Research and consulting fees for chairing a data and safety monitoring board at Organon. Dr. Kornitzer reports having received grant support and lecture fees from Eli Lilly, Merck, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Sandoz, and AstraZeneca. Dr. Wenger reports having received salary support from Eli Lilly for serving as coprincipal investigator and as principal investigator at a clinical site for the RUTH trial; having received consulting fees from Eli Lilly, CV Therapeutics, NitroMed, Schering-Plough, and the Leadership Council for Improving Cardiovascular Care; having received speaker's fees from Pfizer, Novartis, Merck, Eli Lilly, and NitroMed; and having received research grants or contracts or having served on trial steering committees for Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, and Pfizer. Dr. Geiger and Ms. McNabb are full-time employees and stockholders of Eli Lilly. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
We are indebted to the 10,101 women, the investigators, and the staff for their dedication and commitment to the RUTH trial; to Lisa Houterloot and Steve Zheng for statistical programming; to Jingli Song and Messan Amewou-Atisso for statistical analysis; to Mindy Rance for assistance with figures and the preparation of the manuscript; and to Sherie Dowsett for input into the scientific content.
Source Information
From the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (E.B.-C.); the Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (L.M.); the Department of Cardiac Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.C.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (M.J.G., M.A.M.); the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (D.G.); the Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Brussels Free University, Brussels (M.K.); and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (N.K.W.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Barrett-Connor at the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0607, or at ebarrettconnor@ucsd.edu.
Investigators participating in the RUTH trial are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
The following people participated in the RUTH trial: Adjudicators: Coronary Primary Outcome Committee: Belgium — L. Pierard, H. Kulbertus; Italy — A. Maggioni, S. DiLuzio; United Kingdom — D. Julian (Chair), J. Hampton; United States — R. O'Rourke, R. Naidu, T. Ryan, D. Weiner; Central ECG Laboratory Committee: Germany — R. Schroeder; Breast Cancer Outcome Committee: United States — K. Miller (Chair), V. Jackson, S.C. Lottich; Secondary Outcome Committee: United Kingdom — K. Khaw (Chair); Stroke Committee: France — D. Leys; United States — D. Sherman; Venous Thromboembolism Outcome Committee: Canada — W. Geerts, A. Turpie; United Kingdom — N. Poulter; United States — D. Green; Data Safety Monitoring Board: France — J.-P. Boissel; United Kingdom — A. Howell; United States — J. Wittes (Chair), N. Davidson, D. DeMets, R. Frye, S. Oparil, E. Rappaport; Investigators: Argentina — A. Becerra, J.R. Zanchetta, N.O. Siseles; Belgium — M. Renard, C. Van de Weghe, F. Van den Branden, E. Weber, J. Bosmans, D. El Allaf, G. de Backer, G. Heyndrickx, J. Boland, J. Ducobu; Brazil — A. Afiune, A.C. Carvalho, C. Drumond, J.F. Ramirez, O.R. Coelho, O.T. Greco; Canada — A. Cheung, B. Abramson, C.K. Yuen, G. Tremblay, M. Arnold, N. Robitaille, R. Aronson, R.S. Boroditsky, R. Vexler, T.C. Monchesky, T.J. Anderson, V. Bernstein; Czech Republic — B. Filipensky, J. Bultas, J. Florian, J. Kvasnicka, L. Kamenik, M. Branny, M. Choura, M. Tomanova, O. Mayer, Sr., R. Cifkova; Denmark — A. Prange, C. Christiansen, G. Jensen, K. Kolendorf, K. Lyngborg, K. Sorensen, O. Faergemann, P. Grande, T. Jensen, T.L. Svendsen; Finland — H. Oksa, J. Melin, L. Voipio-Pulkki, M. Tikkanen, P. Satomaa; France — B. Charbonnel, B. Verges, F. Berthezene, C. Libersa, D. Thomas, F. Paillard, H. Hanaire-Broutin, I. Macquin-Mavier, J. Bonnet, J. Puel, P. Moulin; Germany — B. Grosch, B.O. Böhm, C. Gohlke-Baerwolf, H.G. Fritz, H. Klepzig, H. Sigel, J. Brachmann, J. Cyran, J. Senges, K.H. Usadel, K. Badenhoop, M. Gottwik, U. Sechtem, W. Delius; Hungary — F. Lakatos, G. Kakuk, I. Czuriga, I. Jszsef, J. Polyak, K. Karlocai, L. Gabos, P. Kempler; Ireland — B. Macmahon, F. Lavin; Israel — B.A. Lewis, B. Koifman, L. Reisin, M. Moriel, M. Shechter, N. Cohen-liel, N. Roguin, S. Caspi, Z. Vered; Italy — A. Branzi, A. L'Abbate, C. Fossati, D. Cucinotta, F. Santeusanio, G. Pozza, L. Saccà, M. Modena, R. Fanelli, R. Giorgino, S. Chierchia; Mexico — C. Aguilar, G. Llamas, J. Cervantes, R. Velasco, S. Olvera; the Netherlands — A.G. De Vries, A. Maas, D. Lok, H. Suryapranata, I. Stoel, J.H. Kingma, J.L. Posma, G. Bartels, M.A. Galjee, N. Holwerda, P. Dunselman; Norway — E.S. Oefjord, H. Haugland, J.A. Stakkestad, J. Halse, L. Woie, P. Lund-Johansen, T. Soerdal; Poland — E. Marcinowska-Suchowierska, J. Badurski, J. Klos, J. Ogonowski, K. Hoszowski, M. Krzeminska-Pakula, M. Tendera, W. Pluta, Z. Kornacewicz-Jach; Russia — A.A. Lyakishev, R.G. Oganov, V.O. Konstantinov, V.S. Gurevich; Singapore — Y.T. Lim; South Africa — J. Bayat, L.A. Distiller, M. Conradie, M.E. Seeber, P. Commerford, S. Cassim; Spain — A. Llacer, J. Cruz-Fernandez, J. Farrerons, J. Gomez Doblas, J. Velasco-Rami, L. Lopez-Bescos, L. Martin Jadraque, J.R. Rey Blás, R.M. Lidon, R. Martos Ferres; Sweden — E. Swahn, G. Samsioe, H. Berglund, J. Herlitz, K. Schenck-Gustafsson, K. Tolagen, N. Johnston, P. Henriksson; Switzerland — F. Follath, O. Bertel; Taiwan — J. Cheng, J.H. Chen, M. Mao-Young-Fu, W. Chen, W. Cherng, W. Sheu, Y. Lee; United States — C.S. Duvernoy, D. Herrington, E. Barrett-Connor (principal investigator), J.A. Cauley, K.E. Ensrud, M. Greenwald, N. Wenger (coprincipal investigator), L. Mosca, R. Knopp; United Kingdom — H.A. Last, J. Fraser, J. Robinson, P. Collins, R. Gray; Executive Committee: E. Barrett-Connor, P. Collins, D. Grady, M. Kornitzer, L. Mosca, N. Wenger.
- References
References
1
Fuchs-Young R ,Glasebrook AL ,Short LL , et al. Raloxifene is a tissue-selective agonist/antagonist that functions through the estrogen receptor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995;761:355-360
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Delmas PD ,Bjarnason NH ,Mitlak BH , et al. Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1641-1647
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline3
Walsh BW ,Kuller LH ,Wild RA , et al. Effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and coagulation factors in healthy postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998;279:1445-1451
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Walsh BW ,Paul S ,Wild RA , et al. The effects of hormone replacement therapy and raloxifene on C-reactive protein and homocysteine in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:214-218
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Stampfer MJ ,Colditz GA . Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence. Prev Med 1991;20:47-63
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Grady D ,Rubin SM ,Petitti DB , et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:1016-1037
Web of Science | Medline7
Hulley S ,Grady D ,Bush T , et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998;280:605-613
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Anderson GL ,Limacher M ,Assaf AR , et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:701-71210
Barrett-Connor E ,Grady D ,Sashegyi A , et al. Raloxifene and cardiovascular events in osteoporotic postmenopausal women: four-year results from the MORE (Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation) randomized trial. JAMA 2002;287:847-857
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Brzozowski AM ,Pike ACW ,Dauter Z , et al. Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor. Nature 1997;389:753-758
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Anzano MA ,Peer CW ,Smith JM , et al. Chemoprevention of mammary carcinogenesis in the rat: combined use of raloxifene and 9-cis-retinoic acid. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:123-125
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Cauley JA ,Norton L ,Lippman ME , et al. Continued breast cancer risk reduction in postmenopausal women treated with raloxifene: 4-year results from the MORE trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2001;65:125-134[Erratum, Breast Cancer Res Treat 2001;67:191.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Mosca L ,Barrett-Connor E ,Wenger NK , et al. Design and methods of the Raloxifene Use for The Heart (RUTH) study. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:392-395
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Wenger NK ,Barrett-Connor E ,Collins P , et al. Baseline characteristics of participants in the Raloxifene Use for The Heart (RUTH) trial. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:1204-1210
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Costantino JP ,Gail MH ,Pee D , et al. Validation studies for models projecting the risk of invasive and total breast cancer incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1541-1548
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Pasternak RC . The ALLHAT lipid lowering trial -- less is less. JAMA 2002;288:3042-3044
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Fisher B ,Costantino JP ,Wickerham DL , et al. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:1371-1388
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Vogel VG ,Costantino JP ,Wickerham DL , et al. Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: the NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial. JAMA 2006;295:2727-2741
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Martino S ,Cauley JA ,Barrett-Connor E , et al. Continuing outcomes relevant to Evista: breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal osteoporotic women in a randomized trial of raloxifene. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:1751-1761
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Braithwaite RS ,Col NF ,Wong JB . Estimating hip fracture morbidity, mortality and costs. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51:364-370
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Bushnell CD ,Goldstein LB . Risk of ischemic stroke with tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Neurology 2004;63:1230-1233
Web of Science | Medline23
Dignam JJ ,Fisher B . Occurrence of stroke with tamoxifen in NSABP B-24. Lancet 2000;355:848-849
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Geiger AM ,Fischberg GM ,Chen W ,Bernstein L . Stroke risk and tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:1528-1536
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Viscoli CM ,Brass LM ,Kernan WN ,Sarrel PM ,Suissa S ,Horwitz RI . A clinical trial of estrogen-replacement therapy after ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1243-1249
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline26
Grady D ,Ettinger B ,Moscarelli E , et al. Safety and adverse effects associated with raloxifene: multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:837-844
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
Delmas PD ,Ensrud KE ,Adachi JD , et al. Efficacy of raloxifene on vertebral fracture risk reduction in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: four-year results from a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:3609-3617
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
Ettinger B ,Black DM ,Mitlak BH , et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. JAMA 1999;282:637-645[Erratum, JAMA 1999;282:2124.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Cirillo DJ ,Wallace RB ,Rodabough RJ , et al. Effect of estrogen therapy on gallbladder disease. JAMA 2005;293:330-339
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (248)
Citing Articles
1
Waseem Khaliq, Kala Visvanathan. (2012) Breast Cancer Chemoprevention: Current Approachesand Future Directions. Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports
CrossRef2
S. Silverman, C. Christiansen. (2012) Individualizing osteoporosis therapy. Osteoporosis International
CrossRef3
Kate Maclaran, John C Stevenson. (2012) Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with HRT. Women's Health 8:1, 63-74
CrossRef4
Anders E.A. Dahm, Anette L. Eilertsen, Jelle Goeman, Ole Kristoffer Olstad, Reidun Øvstebø, Peter Kierulf, Marie-Christine Mowinckel, Grethe Skretting, Per Morten Sandset. (2012) A microarray study on the effect of four hormone therapy regimens on gene transcription in whole blood from healthy postmenopausal women. Thrombosis Research
CrossRef5
Gregory T. Wurz, Michael W. DeGregorio. 2011. Evolution of Selective Estrogen and Androgen Receptor Modulators: Status of Current Therapy and New Drug Development. .
CrossRef6
Ifeyinwa Obiorah, V. Craig Jordan. (2011) Progress in endocrine approaches to the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Maturitas 70:4, 315-321
CrossRef7
David P. Macfarlane, Ning Yu, Peter T. Donnan, Graham P. Leese. (2011) Should ‘Mild Primary Hyperparathyroidism’ be reclassified as ‘insidious’: is it time to reconsider?. Clinical Endocrinology 75:6, 730-737
CrossRef8
Santiago Palacios, Mark Brincat, C. Tamer Erel, Marco Gambacciani, Irene Lambrinoudaki, Mette H. Moen, Karin Schenck-Gustafsson, Florence Tremollieres, Svetlana Vujovic, Margaret Rees, Serge Rozenberg. (2011) EMAS clinical guide: Selective estrogen receptor modulators for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Maturitas
CrossRef9
Peter Vestergaard. (2011) Acute Myocardial Infarction and Atherosclerosis of the Coronary Arteries in Patients Treated with Drugs Against Osteoporosis: Calcium in the Vessels and not the Bones?. Calcified Tissue International
CrossRef10
M. Cohen, J. Jacquemier, C. Maestro, P. Pujol, E. Saada. (2011) Femmes à risque. Oncologie
CrossRef11
Marie Wetzel, Sandrine Marchais-Oberwinkler, Enrico Perspicace, Gabriele Möller, Jerzy Adamski, Rolf W. Hartmann. (2011) Introduction of an Electron Withdrawing Group on the Hydroxyphenylnaphthol Scaffold Improves the Potency of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 (17β-HSD2) Inhibitors. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54:21, 7547-7557
CrossRef12
Marie-Paule Lecart, Jean-Yves Reginster. (2011) Current options for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 12:16, 2533-2552
CrossRef13
Lluís Pérez Edo, Alberto Alonso Ruiz, Daniel Roig Vilaseca, Alberto García Vadillo, Nuria Guañabens Gay, Pilar Peris, Antonio Torrijos Eslava, Chesús Beltrán Audera, Jordi Fiter Aresté, Luis Arboleya Rodríguez, Jenaro Graña Gil, Jordi Carbonell Abelló, Joan Miquel Nolla, Susana Holgado Pérez, Esteban Salas Heredia, Jaime Zubieta Tabernero, Javier Del Pino Montes, Josep Blanch i Rubió, Manuel Caamaño Freire, Manuel Rodríguez Pérez, Santos Castañeda, Dacia Cerdá, Carmen Gómez Vaquero, Javier Calvo Catalá, Manel Ciria, Estíbaliz Loza. (2011) Actualización 2011 del consenso Sociedad Española de Reumatología de osteoporosis. Reumatología Clínica 7:6, 357-379
CrossRef14
Adriana Nunes Moraes, Sonia Alves Gouvêa, Washington Luiz Silva Gonçalves, Walckiria Garcia Romero, Margareth Ribeiro Moyses, Nazaré Souza Bissoli, José Guilherme Pinheiro Pires, Gláucia Rodrigues Abreu. (2011) Raloxifene Reduces Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Animals after Ovarian Hormone Deprivation. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 109:5, 334-338
CrossRef15
Kim Henriksen, Claus Christiansen, Morten Asser Karsdal. (2011) Serological biochemical markers of surrogate efficacy and safety as a novel approach to drug repositioning. Drug Discovery Today 16:21-22, 967-975
CrossRef16
P. Orcel, T. Funck-Brentano. (2011) Medical management following an osteoporotic fracture. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research
CrossRef17
William B. White, Deborah Grady, Linda C. Giudice, Scott M. Berry, Joanne Zborowski, Michael C. Snabes. (2011) A cardiovascular safety study of LibiGel (testosterone gel) in postmenopausal women with elevated cardiovascular risk and hypoactive sexual desire disorder. American Heart Journal
CrossRef18
Lluis Pérez Edo, Alberto Alonso Ruiz, Daniel Roig Vilaseca, Alberto García Vadillo, Nuria Guañabens Gay, Pilar Peris, Antonio Torrijos Eslava, Chesús Beltrán Audera, Jordi Fiter Aresté, Luis Arboleya Rodríguez, Jenaro Graña Gil, Jordi Carbonell Abelló, Joan Miquel Nolla, Susana Holgado Pérez, Esteban Salas Heredia, Jaime Zubieta Tabernero, Javier Del Pino Montes, Josep Blanch i. Rubió, Manuel Caamaño Freire, Manuel Rodríguez Pérez, Santos Castañeda, Dacia Cerdá, Carmen Gómez Vaquero, Javier Calvo Catalá, Manel Ciria, Estíbaliz Loza. (2011) 2011 Up-Date of the Consensus Statement of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology on Osteoporosis. Reumatolog ía Cl ínica (English Edition)
CrossRef19
David Ontjes. 2011. Hormone Actions in the Regulation of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism. .
CrossRef20
T. Luhmann, O. Germershaus, J. Groll, L. Meinel. (2011) Bone targeting for the treatment of osteoporosis. Journal of Controlled Release
CrossRef21
Yuuki Imai, Alexander Kouzmenko, Shigeaki Kato. (2011) Targeting Fas/FasL signaling, a new strategy for maintaining bone health. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 15:10, 1143-1145
CrossRef22
Yau-Chi Chan, Fung Ping Leung, Xiao Yu Tian, Lai Ming Yung, Chi Wai Lau, Zhen Yu Chen, Xiaoqiang Yao, Ismail Laher, Yu Huang. (2011) Raloxifene improves vascular reactivity in pressurized septal coronary arteries of ovariectomized hamsters fed cholesterol diet. Pharmacological Research
CrossRef23
Jian Sheng Chen, Philip N. Sambrook. (2011) Antiresorptive therapies for osteoporosis: a clinical overview. Nature Reviews Endocrinology
CrossRef24
Pei-Yu Lu, Chi-Feng Hsieh, Yi-Wen Tsai, Weng-Foung Huang. (2011) Alendronate and Raloxifene Use Related to Cardiovascular Diseases: Differentiation by Different Dosing Regimens of Alendronate. Clinical Therapeutics 33:9, 1173-1179
CrossRef25
René Rizzoli, Jean-Yves Reginster. (2011) Adverse drug reactions to osteoporosis treatments. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 4:5, 593-604
CrossRef26
Marie Wetzel, Emanuele M. Gargano, Stefan Hinsberger, Sandrine Marchais-Oberwinkler, Rolf W. Hartmann. (2011) Discovery of a new class of bicyclic substituted hydroxyphenylmethanones as 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-HSD2) inhibitors for the treatment of osteoporosis. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
CrossRef27
J. C. Stevenson, H. N. Hodis, J. H. Pickar, R. A. Lobo. (2011) HRT and breast cancer risk: a realistic perspective. Climacteric1-4
CrossRef28
Keisei Anan, Shoshu Mitsuyama, Yasuhiro Yanagita, Morihiko Kimura, Hiroyoshi Doihara, Kansei Komaki, Mikihiro Kusama, Tadashi Ikeda. (2011) Effects of toremifene and anastrozole on serum lipids and bone metabolism in postmenopausal females with estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer: the results of a 2-year multicenter open randomized study. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 128:3, 775-781
CrossRef29
Robert R. Recker, Laura Armas. (2011) The Effect of Antiresorptives on Bone Quality. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 469:8, 2207-2214
CrossRef30
René Rizzoli, Jean-Yves Reginster, Steven Boonen, Gérard Bréart, Adolfo Diez-Perez, Dieter Felsenberg, Jean-Marc Kaufman, John A. Kanis, Cyrus Cooper. (2011) Adverse Reactions and Drug–Drug Interactions in the Management of Women with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Calcified Tissue International 89:2, 91-104
CrossRef31
Slobodan Vukicevic, Lovorka Grgurević. (2011) The PEARL trial: lasofoxifene and incidence of fractures, breast cancer and cardiovascular events in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 6:4, 387-391
CrossRef32
I. Bozovic-Spasojevic, E. Azambuja, Worta McCaskill-Stevens, P. Dinh, F. Cardoso. (2011) Chemoprevention for breast cancer. Cancer Treatment Reviews
CrossRef33
Blake Cady, Maureen A. Chung. (2011) Preventing invasive breast cancer. Cancer 117:14, 3064-3068
CrossRef34
Mercè Roqué, Marta Sitges, Joan Sala, Victoria Delgado, Manuel Morales, Jaume Marrugat, Joan Vila, Isaac Subirana, Dolors Tàssies, Juan Carlos Reverter, Miriam Castro, Magdalena Duran. (2011) Effects of Raloxifene on Endothelial Function and Hemostasis in Women With Ischemic Heart Disease. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) 64:7, 572-578
CrossRef35
Mercè Roqué, Marta Sitges, Joan Sala, Victoria Delgado, Manuel Morales, Jaume Marrugat, Joan Vila, Isaac Subirana, Dolors Tàssies, Juan Carlos Reverter, Miriam Castro, Magdalena Duran. (2011) Efecto del raloxifeno en la función endotelial y la hemostasia en mujeres con enfermedad coronaria. Revista Española de Cardiología 64:7, 572-578
CrossRef36
Matthias R. Meyer, Eric R. Prossnitz, Matthias Barton. (2011) The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER/GPR30 as a regulator of cardiovascular function. Vascular Pharmacology 55:1-3, 17-25
CrossRef37
Goss, Paul E., Ingle, James N., Alés-Martínez, José E., Cheung, Angela M., Chlebowski, Rowan T., Wactawski-Wende, Jean, McTiernan, Anne, Robbins, John, Johnson, Karen C., Martin, Lisa W., Winquist, Eric, Sarto, Gloria E., Garber, Judy E., Fabian, Carol J., Pujol, Pascal, Maunsell, Elizabeth, Farmer, Patricia, Gelmon, Karen A., Tu, Dongsheng, Richardson, Harriet, . (2011) Exemestane for Breast-Cancer Prevention in Postmenopausal Women. New England Journal of Medicine 364:25, 2381-2391
Full Text38
Yelena Slinin, Terri Blackwell, Areef Ishani, Steven R. Cummings, Kristine E. Ensrud. (2011) Serum calcium, phosphorus and cardiovascular events in post-menopausal women. International Journal of Cardiology 149:3, 335-340
CrossRef39
Roger P. Smith, Xiao Ni, David Muram. (2011) Breast cancer risk assessment. Menopause 18:6, 621-624
CrossRef40
Angela Boldo, William B. White. (2011) Blood Pressure Effects of the Oral Contraceptive and Postmenopausal Hormone Therapies. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 40:2, 419-432
CrossRef41
Gloria Bachmann, Uel Crosby, Robert A. Feldman, Sheila Ronkin, Ginger D. Constantine. (2011) Effects of bazedoxifene in nonflushing postmenopausal women. Menopause 18:5, 508-514
CrossRef42
Jack Cuzick, Andrea DeCensi, Banu Arun, Powel H Brown, Monica Castiglione, Barbara Dunn, John F Forbes, Agnes Glaus, Anthony Howell, Gunter von Minckwitz, Victor Vogel, Heinz Zwierzina. (2011) Preventive therapy for breast cancer: a consensus statement. The Lancet Oncology 12:5, 496-503
CrossRef43
Angelina Sontag, Lawrence Wickerham, Xiao Ni, Beth D. Mitchell, Cameron Helt, David Muram. (2011) Estimated risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with and without family history of the disease. Menopause 18:5, 515-520
CrossRef44
V. Ziller, K. Wetzel, I. Kyvernitakis, B. Seker-Pektas, P. Hadji. (2011) Adherence and persistence in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis treated with raloxifene. Climacteric 14:2, 228-235
CrossRef45
Simon Spazzapan, Diana Crivellari, Philippe Bedard, Davide Lombardi, Gianmaria Miolo, Simona Scalone, Andrea Veronesi. (2011) Therapeutic management of breast cancer in the elderly. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 12:6, 945-960
CrossRef46
P. Vestergaard, K. Schwartz, E. M. Pinholt, L. Rejnmark, L. Mosekilde. (2011) Stroke in relation to use of raloxifene and other drugs against osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International 22:4, 1037-1045
CrossRef47
Pooneh Salari Sharif, Mohammad Abdollahi, Bagher Larijani. (2011) Current, new and future treatments of osteoporosis. Rheumatology International 31:3, 289-300
CrossRef48
Seung Sang Ko, V Craig Jordan. (2011) Treatment of osteoporosis and reduction in risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with raloxifene. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 12:4, 657-674
CrossRef49
Simak Ali, Laki Buluwela, R. Charles Coombes. (2011) Antiestrogens and Their Therapeutic Applications in Breast Cancer and Other Diseases. Annual Review of Medicine 62:1, 217-232
CrossRef50
Barbara C. Silva, John P. Bilezikian. (2011) New Approaches to the Treatment of Osteoporosis. Annual Review of Medicine 62:1, 307-322
CrossRef51
Naomi Suzuki, Xiaoping Liu, Y. R. Santosh Laxmi, Kanako Okamoto, Hyo Jeong Kim, Guangxiang Zhang, John J. Chen, Yoshinori Okamoto, Shinya Shibutani. (2011) Anti-breast cancer potential of SS5020, a novel benzopyran antiestrogen. International Journal of Cancer 128:4, 974-982
CrossRef52
Steven R Cummings, Michael McClung, Jean-Yves Reginster, David Cox, Bruce Mitlak, John Stock, Messan Amewou-Atisso, Trevor Powles, Paul Miller, José Zanchetta, Claus Christiansen. (2011) Arzoxifene for prevention of fractures and invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26:2, 397-404
CrossRef53
T. J. Villiers, A. A. Chines, S. Palacios, P. Lips, A. Z. Sawicki, A. B. Levine, C. Codreanu, N. Kelepouris, J. P. Brown. (2011) Safety and tolerability of bazedoxifene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results of a 5-year, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Osteoporosis International 22:2, 567-576
CrossRef54
Masanobu Kawai, Ulrike I. Mödder, Sundeep Khosla, Clifford J. Rosen. (2011) Emerging therapeutic opportunities for skeletal restoration. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 10:2, 141-156
CrossRef55
Marie Wetzel, Sandrine Marchais-Oberwinkler, Rolf W. Hartmann. (2011) 17β-HSD2 inhibitors for the treatment of osteoporosis: Identification of a promising scaffold. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 19:2, 807-815
CrossRef56
Lorenz C Hofbauer, Tilman D Rachner, Christine Hamann. (2011) From bone to breast and back - the bone cytokine RANKL and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research 13:3, 107
CrossRef57
Efser Oztas, Gulay Kurtay. (2011) Randomized, controlled study of the effects of raloxifene on high sensitivity C-reactive protein and serum lipids. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 283:1, 71-77
CrossRef58
J. Christopher Gallagher, Jeffrey P. Levine. (2011) Preventing osteoporosis in symptomatic postmenopausal women. Menopause 18:1, 109-118
CrossRef59
Michal L Melamed, Terri Blackwell, Joel Neugarten, Julia H Arnsten, Kristine E Ensrud, Areef Ishani, Steven R Cummings, Sharon R Silbiger. (2011) Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, is renoprotective: a post-hoc analysis. Kidney International 79:2, 241-249
CrossRef60
Karin Schenck-Gustafsson, Mark Brincat, C. Tamer Erel, Marco Gambacciani, Irene Lambrinoudaki, Mette H. Moen, Florence Tremollieres, Svetlana Vujovic Serge Rozenberg, Margaret Rees. (2011) EMAS position statement: Managing the menopause in the context of coronary heart disease. Maturitas 68:1, 94-97
CrossRef61
Xue-dong Li, Zhao-yong Liu, Bo Chang, Dong-xin Liu, Bin Chen, Chun Guo, Yun-guo Wang, Jian-kun Xu, Dong-yang Huang, Shi-xin Du. (2011) <i>Panax Notoginseng</i> Saponins Promote Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Through the ERK and P38 MAPK Signaling Pathways. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 28:2, 367-376
CrossRef62
K. Briot. (2011) Osteoporosis posmenopáusica. EMC - Aparato Locomotor 44:4, 1-11
CrossRef63
Satoshi Obayashi, Masakazu Terauchi, Kiyoko Kato, Mihoko Akiyoshi, Toshiro Kubota. (2010) Raloxifene temporarily reduces arterial stiffness. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 36:6, 1229-1235
CrossRef64
Victoria J. D. Swan, Celeste J. Hamilton, Sophie A. Jamal. (2010) Lasofoxifene in osteoporosis and its place in therapy. Advances in Therapy 27:12, 917-932
CrossRef65
James A. Simon. (2010) Reproductive endocrinology: Postmenopausal hormone therapy: risks versus benefits reassessed. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 6:12, 661-663
CrossRef66
Michael A. Bolognese. (2010) SERMs and SERMs with estrogen for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 11:4, 253-259
CrossRef67
A. Z. LaCroix, T. Powles, C. K. Osborne, K. Wolter, J. R. Thompson, D. D. Thompson, D. C. Allred, R. Armstrong, S. R. Cummings, R. Eastell, K. E. Ensrud, P. Goss, A. Lee, P. Neven, D. M. Reid, M. Curto, S. Vukicevic, . (2010) Breast Cancer Incidence in the Randomized PEARL Trial of Lasofoxifene in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 102:22, 1706-1715
CrossRef68
Efser Oztas, Gulay Kurtay. (2010) Effects of raloxifene on serum macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-18 levels in postmenopausal women younger than 60 years. Menopause 17:6, 1188-1193
CrossRef69
P. D. Miller, R. J. Derman. (2010) What is the best balance of benefits and risks among anti-resorptive therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis?. Osteoporosis International 21:11, 1793-1802
CrossRef70
Maria Tria Tirona, Rajesh Sehgal, Oscar Ballester. (2010) Prevention of Breast Cancer (Part II): Risk Reduction Strategies. Cancer Investigation 28:10, 1070-1077
CrossRef71
Y.R. Santosh Laxmi, Xiaoping Liu, Naomi Suzuki, Sung Yeon Kim, Kanako Okamoto, Hyo Jeong Kim, Guangxiang Zhang, John J. Chen, Yoshinori Okamoto, Shinya Shibutani. (2010) Anti-breast cancer potential of SS1020, a novel antiestrogen lacking estrogenic and genotoxic actions. International Journal of Cancer 127:7, 1718-1726
CrossRef72
Xixuan Li, Shulian Yan, Yixuan Zhang, Ling Ye. (2010) Study on the Interaction of Raloxifene and Bovine Serum Albumin by the Tachiya Model. Journal of Solution Chemistry 39:8, 1187-1199
CrossRef73
J.-J. Body, P. Bergmann, S. Boonen, Y. Boutsen, J.-P. Devogelaer, S. Goemaere, J.-M. Kaufman, S. Rozenberg, J.-Y. Reginster. (2010) Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a consensus document by the Belgian Bone Club. Osteoporosis International 21:10, 1657-1680
CrossRef74
James H. Pickar, Tanya MacNeil, Kathleen Ohleth. (2010) SERMs: Progress and future perspectives. Maturitas 67:2, 129-138
CrossRef75
Andrej Zavratnik, Branka Žegura, Janja Marc, Janez Preželj, Marija Pfeifer. (2010) XbaI polymorphism of the estrogen receptor alpha gene influences the effect of raloxifene on the endothelial function. Maturitas 67:1, 84-90
CrossRef76
P. Vestergaard, K. Schwartz, E. M. Pinholt, L. Rejnmark, L. Mosekilde. (2010) Use of bisphosphonates and raloxifene and risk of deep venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism. Osteoporosis International 21:9, 1591-1597
CrossRef77
Karen A. Johnson, Powel H. Brown. (2010) Drug Development for Cancer Chemoprevention: Focus on Molecular Targets. Seminars in Oncology 37:4, 345-358
CrossRef78
Claire S. Duvernoy, Adeline A. Yeo, Mayme Wong, David A. Cox, Hyungjin M. Kim. (2010) Antiplatelet Therapy Use and the Risk of Venous Thromboembolic Events in the Raloxifene Use for the Heart (RUTH) Trial. Journal of Women's Health 19:8, 1459-1465
CrossRef79
Marta Piñeiro-Núñez. 2010. Raloxifene, Evista: A Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM). , 307-327.
CrossRef80
Carl J. Fichtenbaum, Tzu-Min Yeh, Scott R. Evans, Judith A. Aberg. (2010) Treatment with pravastatin and fenofibrate improves atherogenic lipid profiles but not inflammatory markers in ACTG 5087. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 4:4, 279-287
CrossRef81
Santiago Palacios. (2010) Efficacy and safety of bazedoxifene, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Current Medical Research and Opinion 26:7, 1553-1563
CrossRef82
G. Breart, C. Cooper, O. Meyer, C. Speirs, N. Deltour, J. Y. Reginster. (2010) Osteoporosis and venous thromboembolism: a retrospective cohort study in the UK General Practice Research Database. Osteoporosis International 21:7, 1181-1187
CrossRef83
Vicki Osborne, Deborah Layton, Michael Perrio, Lynda Wilton, Saad A.W. Shakir. (2010) Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Users of Strontium Ranelate. Drug Safety 33:7, 579-591
CrossRef84
R. W. Downs, A. M. Moffett, A. Ghosh, D. A. Cox, S. A. Dowsett, K. Harper. (2010) Effects of arzoxifene on bone, lipid markers, and safety parameters in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. Osteoporosis International 21:7, 1215-1226
CrossRef85
Deborah Grady, Jane A. Cauley, John L. Stock, David A. Cox, Bruce H. Mitlak, Jingli Song, Steven R. Cummings. (2010) Effect of Raloxifene on All-cause Mortality. The American Journal of Medicine 123:5, 469.e1-469.e7
CrossRef86
Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia, Patrick Durez, Didier Oberweis, Michel Guillaume, Claude Remacle, Philippe Cauchie, Michel Vanhaeverbeek, Dany Brohée, Jean Ducobu, Catherine Gregoir. (2010) Effects of raloxifene treatment on the phenotype of blood monocytes. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 88:5, 601-605
CrossRef87
Jan L. Shifren, Isaac Schiff. (2010) Role of Hormone Therapy in the Management of Menopause. Obstetrics & Gynecology 115:4, 839-855
CrossRef88
T. Hattori, W. Fei, T. Kizawa, S. Nishida, H. Yoshikawa, Y. Kishida. (2010) The fixed herbal drug composition “Saikokaryukotsuboreito” prevents bone loss with an association of serum IL-6 reductions in ovariectomized mice model. Phytomedicine 17:3-4, 170-177
CrossRef89
Becker, Carolyn, . (2010) Another Selective Estrogen-Receptor Modulator for Osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine 362:8, 752-754
Full Text90
Cummings, Steven R., Ensrud, Kristine, Delmas, Pierre D., LaCroix, Andrea Z., Vukicevic, Slobodan, Reid, David M., Goldstein, Steven, Sriram, Usha, Lee, Andy, Thompson, John, Armstrong, Roisin A., Thompson, David D., Powles, Trevor, Zanchetta, Jose, Kendler, David, Neven, Patrick, Eastell, Richard, . (2010) Lasofoxifene in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine 362:8, 686-696
Full Text91
Elizebeth C. Turner, B. Therese Kinsella. (2010) Estrogen Increases Expression of the Human Prostacyclin Receptor within the Vasculature through an ERα-Dependent Mechanism. Journal of Molecular Biology 396:3, 473-486
CrossRef92
Jeffrey A. Dodge, Henry U. Bryant. 2010. Osteoporosis Therapy: Mechanistic Antiresorptives. .
CrossRef93
JoAnn V. Pinkerton, Steven R. Goldstein. (2010) Endometrial safety. Menopause1
CrossRef94
Melissa A. Crosby, David W. Chang. 2010. Adjuvant Therapy and Breast Reconstruction. , 19-28.
CrossRef95
Ken C.N. Chang, Yihe Wang, Peter V.N. Bodine, Sunil Nagpal, Barry S. Komm. (2010) Gene expression profiling studies of three SERMs and their conjugated estrogen combinations in human breast cancer cells: Insights into the unique antagonistic effects of bazedoxifene on conjugated estrogens. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 118:1-2, 117-124
CrossRef96
Diana Crivellari, Simon Spazzapan, Fabio Puglisi, Lucia Fratino, Simona Scalone, Andrea Veronesi. (2010) Hormone therapy in elderly breast cancer patients with comorbidities. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 73:1, 92-98
CrossRef97
Hiroyuki Sumino, Shuichi Ichikawa, Shu Kasama, Takashi Takahashi, Hisao Kumakura, Yoshiaki Takayama, Tsugiyasu Kanda, Masami Murakami, Masahiko Kurabayashi. (2010) Effects of raloxifene on the reninâangiotensinâaldosterone system and blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Geriatrics & Gerontology International 10:1, 70-77
CrossRef98
Hyoung Moo Park. (2010) Current use of drugs for osteoporosis in Korea. Korean Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 53:2, 152
CrossRef99
&NA;. (2010) Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Menopause 17:1, 25-54
CrossRef100
Nigel D. Toussaint, Grahame J. Elder, Peter G. Kerr. (2010) A Rational Guide to Reducing Fracture Risk in Dialysis Patients. Seminars in Dialysis 23:1, 43-54
CrossRef101
Kendall F. Moseley, Suzanne M. Jan de Beur. 2010. Osteoporosis in Men and Women. , 716-736.
CrossRef102
P. Orcel, T. Funck-Brentano. 2010. Prise en charge médicale après fracture ostéoporotique. , 304-319.
CrossRef103
Hilary V.O. Carswell, I. Mhairi Macrae, Tracy D. Farr. (2009) Complexities of oestrogen in stroke. Clinical Science 118:6, 375-389
CrossRef104
Leny Pearman, Risa Kagan, Jody Arsenault, David Muram. (2009) The effects of raloxifene on mammographic breast density. Menopause1
CrossRef105
Apostolos I Gogakos, Moira S Cheung, JH Duncan Bassett, Graham R Williams. (2009) Bone signaling pathways and treatment of osteoporosis. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 4:6, 639-650
CrossRef106
Victor G. Vogel. (2009) Altering the propensity for density. Menopause 16:6, 1079-1082
CrossRef107
E. Michael Lewiecki. (2009) Current and Emerging Pharmacologic Therapies for the Management of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Journal of Women's Health 18:10, 1615-1626
CrossRef108
Kyung Hee Kim, Jeffrey R. Bender. (2009) Membrane-initiated actions of estrogen on the endothelium. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 308:1-2, 3-8
CrossRef109
Hisashi Urushihara, Nobutaka Kikuchi, Mayumi Yamada, Fumito Yoshiki, Akimitsu Miyauchi. (2009) Raloxifene and stroke risks in Japanese postmenopausal women with osteoporosis on postmarketing surveillance. Menopause 16:5, 971-977
CrossRef110
Matteo Puntoni, Andrea Decensi. (2009) The rationale and potential of cancer chemoprevention with special emphasis on breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer 45, 346-354
CrossRef111
Juliet Compston. (2009) Clinical and therapeutic aspects of osteoporosis. European Journal of Radiology 71:3, 388-391
CrossRef112
Matthias R. Meyer, Elvira Haas, Eric R. Prossnitz, Matthias Barton. (2009) Non-genomic regulation of vascular cell function and growth by estrogen. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 308:1-2, 9-16
CrossRef113
P. BLAHA, P. DUBSKY, F. FITZAL, T. BACHLEITNER-HOFMANN, R. JAKESZ, M. GNANT, G. STEGER. (2009) Breast cancer chemoprevention - a vision not yet realized. European Journal of Cancer Care 18:5, 438-446
CrossRef114
Jeffrey A. Tice, Karla Kerlikowske. (2009) Screening and Prevention of Breast Cancer in Primary Care. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 36:3, 533-558
CrossRef115
Elizabeth Barrett-Connor, David A. Cox, Jingli Song, Bruce Mitlak, Lori Mosca, Deborah Grady. (2009) Raloxifene and Risk for Stroke Based on the Framingham Stroke Risk Score. The American Journal of Medicine 122:8, 754-761
CrossRef116
(2009) Chapter 4.1: Treatment of CKD–MBD targeted at lowering high serum phosphorus and maintaining serum calcium. Kidney International 76, S50-S99
CrossRef117
Mark S. Nanes, Caleb B. Kallen. (2009) Clinical assessment of fracture risk and novel therapeutic strategies to combat osteoporosis. Fertility and Sterility 92:2, 403-412
CrossRef118
JoAnn V Pinkerton, Dale W Stovall, Rebecca S Kightlinger. (2009) Advances in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Women's Health 5:4, 361-384
CrossRef119
Bart L Clarke, Sundeep Khosla. (2009) New selective estrogen and androgen receptor modulators. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 21:4, 374-379
CrossRef120
Ann M. Bode, Zigang Dong. (2009) Cancer prevention research — then and now. Nature Reviews Cancer 9:7, 508-516
CrossRef121
Alberto López García-Franco, Pablo Alonso Coello, Isabel del Cura González, Julia Ojuel Solsona, Lorenzo Arribas Mir, Mercè Fuentes Pujol, Emilia Bailón Muñoz, Blanca Gutierrez Teira, María José Iglesias Piñeiro. (2009) ¿Debemos cambiar de actitud sobre el tratamiento hormonal en la mujer posmenopáusica?. Atención Primaria 41:6, 295-297
CrossRef122
Cheryl Bushnell. (2009) Hormone therapy and stroke: Is it all about timing?. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 11:3, 241-250
CrossRef123
Toshiyuki Yasui, Hirokazu Uemura, Sari Hyodo, Masayo Yamada, Satoshi Yamamoto, Masahiko Maegawa, Naoko Tsuchiya, Masamichi Noguchi, Mitsutoshi Yuzurihara, Yoshio Kase, Minoru Irahara. (2009) Raloxifene reduces circulating levels of interleukin-7 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 204:2, 471-475
CrossRef124
, Hans Peter Dimai, Peter Pietschmann, Heinrich Resch, Elisabeth Preisinger, Astrid Fahrleitner-Pammer, Harald Dobnig, Klaus Klaushofer. (2009) Österreichischer Leitfaden zur medikamentösen Therapie der postmenopausalen Osteoporose – Update 2009. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 159:S122, 1-34
CrossRef125
Matthias Schaefers, Christoph Muysers, Peter Alexandersen, Claus Christiansen. (2009) Effect of microdose transdermal 17β-estradiol compared with raloxifene in the prevention of bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause 16:3, 559-565
CrossRef126
Hugh S. Taylor. (2009) Designing the ideal selective estrogen receptor modulator-an achievable goal?. Menopause 16:3, 609-615
CrossRef127
Jurij Trontelj, Janja Marc, Andrej Zavratnik, Marija Bogataj, Aleš Mrhar. (2009) Effects of UGT1A1*28 polymorphism on raloxifene pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 67:4, 437-444
CrossRef128
John R Benson, Ismail Jatoi, Martin Keisch, Francisco J Esteva, Andreas Makris, V Craig Jordan. (2009) Early breast cancer. The Lancet 373:9673, 1463-1479
CrossRef129
Marco Stramba-Badiale. (2009) Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 10:4, 303-309
CrossRef130
S. R. Cummings, J. A. Tice, S. Bauer, W. S. Browner, J. Cuzick, E. Ziv, V. Vogel, J. Shepherd, C. Vachon, R. Smith-Bindman, K. Kerlikowske. (2009) Prevention of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: Approaches to Estimating and Reducing Risk. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101:6, 384-398
CrossRef131
Steven R. Goldstein, Claire S. Duvernoy, Joaquim Calaf, Jonathan D. Adachi, John L. Mershon, Sherie A. Dowsett, Donato Agnusdei, Cynthia A. Stuenkel. (2009) Raloxifene use in clinical practice. Menopause 16:2, 413-421
CrossRef132
Tobias Johannes de Villiers. (2009) Bone health and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 23:1, 73-85
CrossRef133
Qiang Zhang, Tingting Tu, D. André d’Avignon, Michael L. Gross. (2009) Balance of Beneficial and Deleterious Health Effects of Quinones: A Case Study of the Chemical Properties of Genistein and Estrone Quinones. Journal of the American Chemical Society 131:3, 1067-1076
CrossRef134
Akihisa Ikeno, Hisao Minato, Chie Kohayakawa, Jun-ichi Tsuji. (2009) Effect of OS-0544, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, on endothelial function and increased sympathetic activity in ovariectomized rats. Vascular Pharmacology 50:1-2, 40-44
CrossRef135
Victor G Vogel. (2009) The NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) trial. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 9:1, 51-60
CrossRef136
Michael T. McDermott. 2009. Osteoporosis. , 89-98.
CrossRef137
Richard J. Santen. 2009. Breast Cancer. , 659-686.
CrossRef138
Ivana Sestak, Jack Cuzick. (2008) Breast cancer chemoprevention. Oncology Reviews 2:4, 223-228
CrossRef139
Eva Yuet-wah CHU, Shirley Wan-yin TSANG, Annie Wai-chee KUNG. (2008) Treatment options for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Asia. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases 11:4, 386-392
CrossRef140
C. M. Zubrinich, H. M. Omar Farouque, S. E. Rochford, M. F. Sutherland. (2008) Tako-tsubo-like cardiomyopathy after EpiPen administration. Internal Medicine Journal 38:11, 862-865
CrossRef141
Cheryl D. Bushnell. (2008) Stroke in Women: Risk and Prevention Throughout the Lifespan. Neurologic Clinics 26:4, 1161-1176
CrossRef142
Brian G. Choi, Gemma Vilahur, M. Urooj Zafar, Luis Cardoso, Daniel Yadegar, Borja Ibanez, James Tunstead, Juan F. Viles-Gonzalez, Mitchell B. Schaffler, Valentin Fuster, Juan J. Badimon. (2008) Selective estrogen receptor modulation influences atherosclerotic plaque composition in a rabbit menopause model. Atherosclerosis 201:1, 76-84
CrossRef143
K. Schaudig, A. Schwenkhagen. (2008) Selektive Östrogenrezeptormodulatoren (SERMs). Gynäkologische Endokrinologie 6:4, 205-212
CrossRef144
Ian R. Reid. (2008) Anti-resorptive therapies for osteoporosis. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 19:5, 473-478
CrossRef145
C M Wong, L M Yung, F P Leung, S-Y Tsang, C L Au, Z-Y Chen, X Yao, C H K Cheng, C-W Lau, M Gollasch, Y Huang. (2008) Raloxifene protects endothelial cell function against oxidative stress. British Journal of Pharmacology 155:3, 326-334
CrossRef146
Pilar J. Oviedo, Carlos Hermenegildo, Susana Novella, Juan J. Tarín, Antonio Cano. (2008) Are the serum levels of sCD40L modified by raloxifene in postmenopausal women?. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 140:2, 296-297
CrossRef147
U. Ravens. (2008) Hormonersatztherapie und kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen. Der Kardiologe 2:5, 435-448
CrossRef148
Shigehira Saji, Katsumasa Kuroi. (2008) Application of selective estrogen receptor modulators for breast cancer treatment according to their intrinsic nature. Breast Cancer 15:4, 262-269
CrossRef149
Michael T Yin, Elizabeth Shane, Kathryn Anastos. (2008) Clinical significance of HIV-associated bone loss: when and how to intervene. Future HIV Therapy 2:5, 465-478
CrossRef150
Erin A. Booth, Benedict R. Lucchesi. (2008) Estrogen-Mediated Protection in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cardiovascular Toxicology 8:3, 101-113
CrossRef151
T. A. Traina, I. Poggesi, M. Robson, A. Asnis, B. A. Duncan, A. Heerdt, C. Dang, D. Lake, M. Moasser, K. Panageas, P. Borgen, L. Norton, C. Hudis, M. N. Dickler. (2008) Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of exemestane in combination with raloxifene in postmenopausal women with a history of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 111:2, 377-388
CrossRef152
Cummings, Steven R., Ettinger, Bruce, Delmas, Pierre D., Kenemans, Peter, Stathopoulos, Victoria, Verweij, Pierre, Mol-Arts, Mirjam, Kloosterboer, Lenus, Mosca, Lori, Christiansen, Claus, Bilezikian, John, Kerzberg, Eduardo Mario, Johnson, Susan, Zanchetta, Jose, Grobbee, Diederich E., Seifert, Wilfried, Eastell, Richard, . (2008) The Effects of Tibolone in Older Postmenopausal Women. New England Journal of Medicine 359:7, 697-708
Full Text153
Gemma A. Figtree, Stuart M. Grieve, Bridget Speller, Mary-Jane Geiger, Bruce G. Robinson, Keith M. Channon, Jiannis Ragoussis, Peter Collins, Hugh Watkins. (2008) A commonly occurring polymorphism upstream of the estrogen receptor alpha alters transcription and is associated with increased HDL. Atherosclerosis 199:2, 354-361
CrossRef154
Kathryn M. Ryder, Steven R. Cummings, Lisa Palermo, Suzanne Satterfield, Douglas C. Bauer, Adrianne C. Feldstein, John T. Schousboe, Ann V. Schwartz, Kristine Ensrud, . (2008) Does a History of Non-Vertebral Fracture Identify Women Without Osteoporosis for Treatment?. Journal of General Internal Medicine 23:8, 1177-1181
CrossRef155
Anthony Howell. (2008) The endocrine prevention of breast cancer. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 22:4, 615-623
CrossRef156
Olga M. Olevsky, Silvana Martino. (2008) Randomized clinical trials of raloxifene. Menopause 15:Supplement, 790-796
CrossRef157
Leif Mosekilde. (2008) Primary hyperparathyroidism and the skeleton. Clinical Endocrinology 69:1, 1-19
CrossRef158
Valentina Martineti, Sandra Silvestri, Francesco Tonelli, Maria Luisa Brandi. (2008) Control of colon cancer development and progression by selected estrogen receptor modulators. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 3:4, 503-511
CrossRef159
Priya Rastogi. (2008) Chemoprevention in postmenopausal women. Menopause 15:Supplement, 810-815
CrossRef160
D. Grady, J. A. Cauley, M. J. Geiger, M. Kornitzer, L. Mosca, P. Collins, N. K. Wenger, J. Song, J. Mershon, E. Barrett-Connor, . (2008) Reduced Incidence of Invasive Breast Cancer With Raloxifene Among Women at Increased Coronary Risk. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 100:12, 854-861
CrossRef161
V. C. Jordan. (2008) The Rise of Raloxifene and the Fall of Invasive Breast Cancer. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 100:12, 831-833
CrossRef162
E. Michael Lewiecki. (2008) Prevention and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 35:2, 301-315
CrossRef163
Jean-Yves Reginster, Dieter Felsenberg, Steven Boonen, Adolfo Diez-Perez, Rene Rizzoli, Maria-Luisa Brandi, Tim D. Spector, Kim Brixen, Stefan Goemaere, Catherine Cormier, Adam Balogh, Pierre D. Delmas, Pierre J. Meunier. (2008) Effects of long-term strontium ranelate treatment on the risk of nonvertebral and vertebral fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis: Results of a five-year, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis & Rheumatism 58:6, 1687-1695
CrossRef164
A. L. EILERTSEN, L. SANDVIK, B. STEINSVIK, P. M. SANDSET. (2008) Differential impact of conventional-dose and low-dose postmenopausal hormone therapy, tibolone and raloxifene on C-reactive protein and other inflammatory markers. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 6:6, 928-934
CrossRef165
Wen-Ling Lee, Hsiang-Tai Chao, Ming-Huei Cheng, Peng-Hui Wang. (2008) Rationale for using raloxifene to prevent both osteoporosis and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 60:2, 92-107
CrossRef166
Luigi Gennari, Daniela Merlotti, Vincenzo De Paola, Ranuccio Nuti. (2008) Raloxifene in breast cancer prevention. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 7:3, 259-270
CrossRef167
Therese B Bevers. (2008) Raloxifene: an agent for breast cancer prevention. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 3:3, 277-285
CrossRef168
NI Ntukidem, AT Nguyen, V Stearns, M Rehman, A Schott, T Skaar, Y Jin, P Blanche, L Li, S Lemler, J Hayden, RM Krauss, Z Desta, DA Flockhart, DF Hayes. (2008) Estrogen Receptor Genotypes, Menopausal Status, and the Lipid Effects of Tamoxifen. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 83:5, 702-710
CrossRef169
Yoshinori Okamoto, Xiaoping Liu, Naomi Suzuki, Kanako Okamoto, Masashi Sekimoto, Y.R. Santosh Laxmi, Shinya Shibutani. (2008) Increased antitumor potential of the raloxifene prodrug, raloxifene diphosphate. International Journal of Cancer 122:9, 2142-2147
CrossRef170
Dale W Stovall, JoAnn V Pinkerton. (2008) Estrogen agonists/antagonists in combination with estrogen for prevention and treatment of menopause-associated signs and symptoms. Women's Health 4:3, 257-268
CrossRef171
J. González Macías, N. Guañabens Gay, C. Gómez Alonso, L. del Río Barquero, M. Muñoz Torres, M. Delgado, L. Pérez Edo, J. Bernardino Díaz López, E. Jódar Gimeno, F. Hawkins Carranza. (2008) Guías de práctica clínica en la osteoporosis posmenopáusica, glucocorticoidea y del varón. Sociedad Española de Investigación Ósea y del Metabolismo Mineral. Revista Clínica Española 208, 1-24
CrossRef172
Jennifer Tjia, Ellyn Micco, Katrina Armstrong. (2008) Interest in breast cancer chemoprevention among older women. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 108:3, 435-453
CrossRef173
Pierre D. Delmas. (2008) Clinical Potential of RANKL Inhibition for the Management of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis and Other Metabolic Bone Diseases. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 11:2, 325-338
CrossRef174
, J. A. Kanis, N. Burlet, C. Cooper, P. D. Delmas, J.-Y. Reginster, F. Borgstrom, R. Rizzoli. (2008) European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International 19:4, 399-428
CrossRef175
Aurelio B Castrellon, Stefan Glück. (2008) Chemoprevention of breast cancer. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 8:3, 443-452
CrossRef176
Cynthia A. Stuenkel. (2008) Does the yardstick of cardiovascular risk assessment really measure up?. Menopause 15:2, 212-214
CrossRef177
T. D. Farr, H. V. O. Carswell, D. J. McCann, M. Sato, H. U. Bryant, J. A. Dodge, I. M. Macrae. (2008) The Selective Oestrogen Receptor Modulator, LY362321, is Not Neuroprotective in a Rat Model of Transient Focal Ischaemia. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 20:3, 366-374
CrossRef178
Nanette K. Wenger. (2008) Preventing Cardiovascular Disease in Women: An Update. Clinical Cardiology 31:3, 109-113
CrossRef179
Jack Cuzick. (2008) Chemoprevention of breast cancer. Breast Cancer 15:1, 10-16
CrossRef180
John A. Kanis, Judith Adams, Fred Borgström, Cyrus Cooper, Bengt Jönsson, Danielle Preedy, Peter Selby, Juliet Compston. (2008) The cost-effectiveness of alendronate in the management of osteoporosis. Bone 42:1, 4-15
CrossRef181
S. Adami, J. San Martin, M. Muñoz-Torres, M. J. Econs, L. Xie, G. P. Dalsky, M. McClung, D. Felsenberg, J. P. Brown, M. L. Brandi, A. Sipos. (2008) Effect of raloxifene after recombinant teriparatide [hPTH(1–34)] treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International 19:1, 87-94
CrossRef182
Marit D Moen, Gillian M Keating. (2008) Raloxifene. Drugs 68:14, 2059-2083
CrossRef183
Jun Iwamoto, Yoshihiro Sato, Mitsuyoshi Uzawa, Tsuyoshi Takeda, Hideo Matsumoto. (2008) Comparison of Effects of Alendronate and Raloxifene on Lumbar Bone Mineral Density, Bone Turnover, and Lipid Metabolism in Elderly Women with Osteoporosis. Yonsei Medical Journal 49:1, 119
CrossRef184
Irene V. Lambrinoudaki, George E. Christodoulakos, Emmanuel V. Economou, Sofia A. Vlachou, Constantinos P. Panoulis, Andreas P. Alexandrou, Evangelia E. Kouskouni, George C. Creatsas. (2008) Circulating leptin and ghrelin are differentially influenced by estrogen/progestin therapy and raloxifene. Maturitas 59:1, 62-71
CrossRef185
Bryan Hennessy, Robert C. Bast, Ana Maria Gonzalez-Angulo, Gordon B. Mills. 2008. Early Detection of Cancer. , 335-347.
CrossRef186
Kristine E Ensrud, John L Stock, Elizabeth Barrett-Connor, Deborah Grady, Lori Mosca, Kay-Tee Khaw, Qingwen Zhao, Donato Agnusdei, Jane A Cauley. (2008) Effects of Raloxifene on Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women: The Raloxifene Use for The Heart Trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 23:1, 112-120
CrossRef187
Jaroslav Blahoš. (2007) Treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 157:23-24, 589-592
CrossRef188
C. J. Fabian. (2007) The what, why and how of aromatase inhibitors: hormonal agents for treatment and prevention of breast cancer. International Journal of Clinical Practice 61:12, 2051-2063
CrossRef189
E. Michael Lewiecki. (2007) Long dosing intervals in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Current Medical Research and Opinion 23:11, 2617-2625
CrossRef190
Cassia R. Overk, Kuan-Wei Peng, Rezene T. Asghodom, Irida Kastrati, Daniel D. Lantvit, Zhihui Qin, Jonna Frasor, Judy L. Bolton, Gregory R. J. Thatcher. (2007) Structure–Activity Relationships for a Family of Benzothiophene Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Including Raloxifene and Arzoxifene. ChemMedChem 2:10, 1520-1526
CrossRef191
Ramona F. Swaby, Catherine G. N. Sharma, V. Craig Jordan. (2007) SERMs for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 8:3, 229-239
CrossRef192
E.A. Nijland, W.C.M. Weijmar Schultz, S.R. Davis. (2007) Effects of tibolone and raloxifene on health-related quality of life and sexual function. Maturitas 58:2, 164-173
CrossRef193
Caroline Jochems, Ulrika Islander, Anna Kallkopf, Marie Lagerquist, Claes Ohlsson, Hans Carlsten. (2007) Role of raloxifene as a potent inhibitor of experimental postmenopausal polyarthritis and osteoporosis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 56:10, 3261-3270
CrossRef194
Peter Alexandersen, Morten A Karsdal, Claus Christiansen. (2007) Hormone replacement as the first-line prevention for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2:5, 689-700
CrossRef195
Andrew Grey. (2007) Emerging pharmacologic therapies for osteoporosis. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 12:3, 493-508
CrossRef196
Howard N. Hodis, Wendy J. Mack. (2007) Postmenopausal hormone therapy in clinical perspective. Menopause 14:5, 944-957
CrossRef197
Nicola Colacurci, Felice Fornaro, Luigi Cobellis, Pasquale De Franciscis, Marco Torella, Elena Sepe, Alessandro Arciello, Federico Cacciapuoti, Giuseppe Paolisso, Daniela Manzella. (2007) Raloxifene slows down the progression of intima-media thickness in postmenopausal women. Menopause 14:5, 879-884
CrossRef198
Maurizio Civelli, Alessandro Piero Monici Preti, Valentina Cenacchi, Ivano Rondelli, Daniele Guastalla, Antoine Tarral, Philippe Dostert, Yann Guillevic, Marie-Claude Homery. (2007) Single and multiple ascending dose studies of a novel tissue-selective oestrogen receptor modulator, CHF 4227, in healthy postmenopausal women. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 64:3, 304-316
CrossRef199
Victor G. Vogel. (2007) Chemoprevention Strategies 2006. Current Treatment Options in Oncology 8:1, 74-88
CrossRef200
S. Hadjadj, P. Gourdy, P. Zaoui, B. Guerci, N. Roudaut, J. F. Gautier, M. Chabin, G. Mauco, S. Ragot, . (2007) Effect of raloxifene?a selective oestrogen receptor modulator?on kidney function in post-menopausal women with Type
2 diabetes: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Diabetic Medicine 24:8, 906-910
CrossRef201
Jurij Trontelj, Marija Bogataj, Janja Marc, Aleš Mrhar. (2007) Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay for determination of raloxifene and its metabolites in human plasma. Journal of Chromatography B 855:2, 220-227
CrossRef202
Fernand Labrie. (2007) Drug Insight: breast cancer prevention and tissue-targeted hormone replacement therapy. Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism 3:8, 584-593
CrossRef203
S. Pruthi, K. R. Brandt, A. C. Degnim, M. P. Goetz, E. A. Perez, C. A. Reynolds, P. J. Schomberg, G. K. Dy, J. N. Ingle. (2007) A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Management of Breast Cancer, Part 1: Prevention and Diagnosis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82:8, 999-1012
CrossRef204
Wendy Y Chen, Graham A Colditz. (2007) Risk factors and hormone-receptor status: epidemiology, risk-prediction models and treatment implications for breast cancer. Nature Clinical Practice Oncology 4:7, 415-423
CrossRef205
Cynthia A. Stuenkel. (2007) Isoflavones and cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women. Menopause 14:4, 606-608
CrossRef206
Vera V Koledova, Raouf A Khalil. (2007) Sex hormone replacement therapy and modulation of vascular function in cardiovascular disease. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 5:4, 777-789
CrossRef207
Wendy Y. Chen, Bernard Rosner, Graham A. Colditz. (2007) Moving forward with breast cancer prevention. Cancer 109:12, 2387-2391
CrossRef208
Deborah Grady, Eric Vittinghoff, Feng Lin, Vladimir Hanes, Kristine Ensrud, Laurel A. Habel, Robert Wallace, Judith Macer, Steven R. Cummings, John Shepherd. (2007) Effect of ultra-low-dose transdermal estradiol on breast density in postmenopausal women. Menopause 14:3, 391-396
CrossRef209
Steven R. Cummings. (2007) Primary prevention of breast cancer: New approaches. Maturitas 57:1, 39-41
CrossRef210
Raouf A Khalil. (2007) Sex hormones, vascular function and the outcome of hormone replacement therapy in cardiovascular disease. Future Cardiology 3:3, 283-300
CrossRef211
Jeffrey J. Link, Anand Rohatgi, James A. de Lemos. (2007) HDL Cholesterol: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Management. Current Problems in Cardiology 32:5, 268-314
CrossRef212
Nanette K. Wenger. (2007) Clinical guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention: Should they differ by gender?. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 1:2, 148-152
CrossRef213
Lewis H Kuller. (2007) Hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease. Current Opinion in Lipidology 18:2, 230-233
CrossRef214
Therese B. Bevers. (2007) Raloxifene: A New Paradigm for Breast Cancer Prevention. Breast Diseases: A Year Book Quarterly 18:1, 24-25
CrossRef215
Thomas Dayspring, Gregory Pokrywka. (2007) Pharmacotherapeutic decisions in menopausal women with cardiovascular risk. Future Lipidology 2:2, 197-210
CrossRef216
Wendy J. Mack, Bala Dhungana, Sherie A. Dowsett, Cheryl A. Keech, Mei Feng, Yanjie Li, Howard N. Hodis. (2007) Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness after Raloxifene Treatment. Journal of Women's Health 16:3, 370-378
CrossRef217
Joyce Mckenzie, Miles Fisher. (2007) Hormone replacement therapy, cardiovascular risk and diabetes. Practical Diabetes International 24:3, 158-166
CrossRef218
Jo Wyeth, Lanh Green, Mark Avigan. (2007) U.S. Food and Drug Administration Analysis of Strokes Associated With Raloxifene. Obstetrics & Gynecology 109:4, 999
CrossRef219
Andrej Zavratnik, Janez Preželj, Andreja Kocijančič, Janja Marc. (2007) Exonic, but not intronic polymorphisms of ESR1 gene might influence the hypolipemic effect of raloxifene. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 104:1-2, 22-26
CrossRef220
Rachel Layman, Karin Olson, Catherine Van Poznak. (2007) Bisphosphonates for Breast Cancer: Questions Answered, Questions Remaining. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 21:2, 341-367
CrossRef221
V. C. Jordan. (2007) SERMs: Meeting the Promise of Multifunctional Medicines. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 99:5, 350-356
CrossRef222
Petra Šimić, Zlatko Giljević, Velimir Šimunić, Slobodan Vukičević, Mirko Koršić. (2007) Liječenje Osteoporoze. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 58:1, 55-71
CrossRef223
Victor G Vogel. (2007) Raloxifene: a selective estrogen receptor modulator for reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Women's Health 3:2, 139-153
CrossRef224
T. J. Powles, S. Ashley, A. Tidy, I. E. Smith, M. Dowsett. (2007) Twenty-Year Follow-up of the Royal Marsden Randomized, Double-Blinded Tamoxifen Breast Cancer Prevention Trial. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 99:4, 283-290
CrossRef225
Xiao-ping Gao, Fang Liu. (2007) New agents in development for breast cancer. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 19:1, 68-74
CrossRef226
Amos Pines, Yoram Levo. (2007) Why is the RUTH trial so important?. Maturitas 56:2, 111-112
CrossRef227
H. R. Vries. (2007) Raloxifeen en cardiale risico’s. Medisch-Farmaceutische Mededelingen 45:2, 63-64
CrossRef228
Sandra Lewis. (2007) Do endocrine treatments for breast cancer have a negative impact on lipid profiles and cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women?. American Heart Journal 153:2, 182-188
CrossRef229
Helen Jeanes, David Newby, Gillian A Gray. (2007) Cardiovascular risk in women: the impact of hormone replacement therapy and prospects for new therapeutic approaches. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 8:3, 279-288
CrossRef230
Paolo Raggi, Cecilia Giachelli, Antonio Bellasi. (2007) Interaction of vascular and bone disease in patients with normal renal function and patients undergoing dialysis. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 4:1, 26-33
CrossRef231
Benjamin Trzaskoma, Andreas Sashegyi. (2007) Predictive Probability of Success and the Assessment of Futility in Large Outcomes Trials. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics 17:1, 45-63
CrossRef232
C.L. Shapiro. (2007) Coronary Heart Disease Mortality After 5 Years of Adjuvant Tamoxifen Therapy: Results From a Randomized Trial. Breast Diseases: A Year Book Quarterly 17:4, 400
CrossRef233
Xavier García-Moll, Alfredo Bardají, Joaquín Alonso, Héctor Bueno. (2007) Actualización en cardiopatía isquémica 2006. Revista Española de Cardiología 60, 3-18
CrossRef234
Christa K Baumann, Monica Castiglione-Gertsch. (2007) Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Down Regulators. Drugs 67:16, 2335-2353
CrossRef235
V. Craig Jordan. (2007) Chemoprevention of breast cancer with selective oestrogen-receptor modulators. Nature Reviews Cancer 7:1, 46-53
CrossRef236
V. Craig Jordan, Joan Lewis-Wambi, Helen Kim, Heather Cunliffe, Eric Ariazi, Catherine G.N. Sharma, Heather A. Shupp, Ramona Swaby. (2007) Exploiting the apoptotic actions of oestrogen to reverse antihormonal drug resistance in oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer patients. The Breast 16, 105-113
CrossRef237
V. Craig Jordan, Angela M.H. Brodie. (2007) Development and evolution of therapies targeted to the estrogen receptor for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Steroids 72:1, 7-25
CrossRef238
(2007) Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 16:1, i-xii
CrossRef239
Trevor J Powles. (2006) Do we have a clinically useful breast cancer risk reduction agent for healthy women?. Nature Clinical Practice Oncology 3:12, 650-651
CrossRef240
Katherine Stemke-Hale, Bryan Hennessy, Gordon B. Mills, Rahul Mitra. (2006) Molecular screening for breast cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment planning: Combining biomarkers from DNA, RNA, and protein. Current Oncology Reports 8:6, 484-491
CrossRef241
Nirav R Shah, Tanping Wong. (2006) Current breast cancer risks of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 7:18, 2455-2463
CrossRef242
Namiko Yada-Hashimoto, Yukihiro Nishio, Masahide Ohmichi, Jun Hayakawa, Seiji Mabuchi, Koji Hisamoto, Yuki Nakatsuji, Hiroshi Sasaki, Hozumi Seino-Noda, Masahiro Sakata, Keiichi Tasaka, Yuji Murata. (2006) Estrogen and raloxifene inhibit the monocytic chemoattractant protein-1-induced migration of human monocytic cells via nongenomic estrogen receptor ??. Menopause 13:6, 935-941
CrossRef243
Jack Cuzick. (2006) Chemoprevention of breast cancer. Women's Health 2:6, 853-861
CrossRef244
U. A. LIBERMAN, M. C. HOCHBERG, P. GEUSENS, A. SHAH, J. LIN, A. CHATTOPADHYAY, P. D. ROSS. (2006) Hip and non-spine fracture risk reductions differ among antiresorptive agents: evidence from randomised controlled trials. International Journal of Clinical Practice 60:11, 1394-1400
CrossRef245
(2006) Raloxifene reduces breast cancer, but not cardiovascular, risk in women. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 3:11, 584-584
CrossRef246
Nanette K. Wenger. (2006) Tratamiento hormonal sustitutivo y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Revista Española de Cardiología 59:10, 1058-1069
CrossRef247
S. Ferrari. (2006) Clinical and Basic Research Papers - July 2006 Selections. International Bone and Mineral Society Knowledge Environment 3:8, 1-4
CrossRef248
Stefanick, Marcia L., . (2006) Risk–Benefit Profiles of Raloxifene for Women. New England Journal of Medicine 355:2, 190-192
Full Text
