Original Article
Bivalirudin for Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes
N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2203-2216November 23, 2006
- Abstract
Background
Current guidelines for patients with moderate- or high-risk acute coronary syndromes recommend an early invasive approach with concomitant antithrombotic therapy, including aspirin, clopidogrel, unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. We evaluated the role of thrombin-specific anticoagulation with bivalirudin in such patients.
Methods
We assigned 13,819 patients with acute coronary syndromes to one of three antithrombotic regimens: unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, bivalirudin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, or bivalirudin alone. The primary end points were a composite ischemia end point (death, myocardial infarction, or unplanned revascularization for ischemia), major bleeding, and the net clinical outcome, defined as the combination of composite ischemia or major bleeding.
Results
Bivalirudin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, as compared with heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, was associated with noninferior 30-day rates of the composite ischemia end point (7.7% and 7.3%, respectively), major bleeding (5.3% and 5.7%), and the net clinical outcome end point (11.8% and 11.7%). Bivalirudin alone, as compared with heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, was associated with a noninferior rate of the composite ischemia end point (7.8% and 7.3%, respectively; P=0.32; relative risk, 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93 to 1.24) and significantly reduced rates of major bleeding (3.0% vs. 5.7%; P<0.001; relative risk, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.65) and the net clinical outcome end point (10.1% vs. 11.7%; P=0.02; relative risk, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77 to 0.97).
Conclusions
In patients with moderate- or high-risk acute coronary syndromes who were undergoing invasive treatment with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, bivalirudin was associated with rates of ischemia and bleeding that were similar to those with heparin. Bivalirudin alone was associated with similar rates of ischemia and significantly lower rates of bleeding. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00093158.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Enrollment, Randomization, and Follow-up of the Patients in the Trial.Figure 2
Kaplan–Meier Time-to-Event Curves for the End Points of Net Clinical Outcome (Panel A), Composite Ischemia (Panel B), and Major Bleeding (Panel C).Article Activity
- Article
More than 1.4 million persons are admitted to hospitals in the United States every year with acute coronary syndromes (e.g., unstable angina or myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation).1 An early invasive strategy for patients with moderate- or high-risk acute coronary syndromes, consisting of angiography followed by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG), or medical management, results in higher rates of event-free survival than does conservative care2 and is recommended by the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology.3-5 Aspirin, clopidogrel, a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, and an antithrombotic agent (either unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin) are also recommended for patients for whom an invasive strategy is chosen.3-5 Nonetheless, the rates of death and myocardial infarction remain considerable, and this intensive adjunctive pharmacologic regimen results in frequent hemorrhagic complications that have been independently associated with early and late mortality rates.6-8
Bivalirudin (Angiomax, the Medicines Company) is a direct-acting synthetic antithrombotic agent that has been approved as an alternative to unfractionated heparin for patients with acute coronary syndromes who are undergoing PCI. In the Randomized Evaluation in PCI Linking Angiomax to Reduced Clinical Events 2 (REPLACE-2) trial, bivalirudin monotherapy, as compared with unfractionated heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, resulted in a significant reduction in rates of major and minor bleeding (as defined in the trial), with similar rates of ischemic events and death among patients with stable or unstable angina who were undergoing PCI.9,10 We examined the usefulness of bivalirudin as part of an early invasive strategy with optimal antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
Methods
Study Design
The Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy (ACUITY) trial was a prospective, open-label, randomized, multicenter trial in which we compared heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, bivalirudin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, and bivalirudin alone in patients with moderate- or high-risk acute coronary syndromes who were undergoing an early invasive strategy. The study protocol has been described previously in detail.11 The trial was sponsored by the Medicines Company and Nycomed.
The study was designed by Drs. Stone, Bertrand, Lincoff, Moses, Ohman, White, Pocock, and Ware in collaboration with the sponsors. The execution of the study was supervised by the sponsors in collaboration with the executive and steering committees (see the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org). Dr. Stone had full access to the entire study database and prepared the manuscript. Data analysis was performed by the study sponsors but was independently confirmed by the Cardiovascular Research Foundation, an affiliate of Columbia University Medical Center. Dr. Stone vouches for the accuracy and completeness of the data.
Patients
Patients 18 years of age or older with symptoms of unstable angina lasting at least 10 minutes within the preceding 24 hours were eligible for enrollment if one or more of the following criteria were met: new ST-segment depression or transient elevation of at least 1 mm; elevations in the troponin I, troponin T, or creatine kinase MB levels; known coronary artery disease; or all four other variables for predicting Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk scores for unstable angina.12 Exclusion criteria were myocardial infarction associated with acute ST-segment elevation or shock; bleeding diathesis or major bleeding episode within 2 weeks before the episode of angina; thrombocytopenia; a calculated creatinine clearance rate of less than 30 ml per minute; recent administration of abciximab, warfarin, fondaparinux, fibrinolytic agents, bivalirudin, or two or more doses of low-molecular-weight heparin; and allergy to any of the study drugs or to iodinated contrast medium that could not be controlled in advance with medication. The study was approved by the institutional review board or ethics committee at each participating center, and all patients provided written, informed consent.
Randomization and Study Protocol
Telephone randomization was performed in blocks of six, stratified according to the site and the use of or intent to administer a thienopyridine before angiography. Patients were assigned equally in open-label fashion to one of the following three antithrombotic regimens that were started immediately after randomization: heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (the control group), bivalirudin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, or bivalirudin alone (Figure 1Figure 1
Enrollment, Randomization, and Follow-up of the Patients in the Trial.). Either unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin was allowed in the control group. However, each site was required to prespecify one agent and then use it exclusively, unless one of the types of heparin had been administered before randomization, in which case that same agent was continued in order to minimize crossovers.13 Detailed antithrombotic dosing recommendations for the trial have been described previously.11 Unfractionated heparin was administered as an intravenous bolus of 60 IU per kilogram of body weight plus an infusion of 12 IU per kilogram per hour to achieve an activated partial-thromboplastin time of 50 to 75 seconds before angiography and an activated clotting time of 200 to 250 seconds during PCI. One milligram of enoxaparin per kilogram was administered subcutaneously twice a day before angiography. An intravenous bolus of an additional 0.3 mg per kilogram was administered before PCI if the most recent subcutaneous dose had been given more than 8 hours earlier, or an intravenous bolus of an additional 0.75 mg per kilogram was administered before PCI if the most recent subcutaneous dose had been given more than 16 hours earlier. Bivalirudin was begun before angiography, with an intravenous bolus of 0.1 mg per kilogram and an infusion of 0.25 mg per kilogram per hour.14,15 Before PCI, an additional intravenous bolus of 0.5 mg per kilogram was administered, and the infusion was increased to 1.75 mg per kilogram per hour.9 All antithrombotic agents were discontinued according to the protocol at the completion of angiography or PCI but could be continued at low doses at the discretion of the operator. Antithrombotic monitoring was not performed in patients who were treated with enoxaparin or bivalirudin.
Patients assigned to heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors or bivalirudin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were randomly assigned again in a two-by-two factorial design to treatment with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, in all patients immediately after randomization (the “upstream” group), or to deferred treatment with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, for use only in patients undergoing PCI starting in the cardiac catheterization laboratory (Figure 1).16-19 The results of this subrandomization are not reported here; the results are reported with the upstream and deferred subgroups pooled. The use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors was permitted before angiography in patients with severe breakthrough ischemia who were randomly assigned to deferred glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor use or bivalirudin monotherapy and was also permitted during PCI in patients receiving bivalirudin monotherapy who had procedural complications.11
Angiography was performed in all patients within 72 hours after randomization. Patients were then triaged to PCI, CABG, or medical management at the discretion of the physician. Aspirin, 300 to 325 mg orally or 250 to 500 mg intravenously, was administered daily during the initial hospitalization, followed by 75 to 325 mg daily indefinitely after discharge. The initial dose and timing of clopidogrel were left to the discretion of the investigator according to local standards, although a loading dose of 300 mg or more was recommended in all patients no later than 2 hours after PCI. A daily dose of 75 mg of clopidogrel was recommended for 1 year in all patients with coronary artery disease.
End Points
The following three primary 30-day end points, measured as cumulative events occurring within 25 to 35 days after randomization, were prespecified: a composite ischemia end point (death from any cause, myocardial infarction, or unplanned revascularization for ischemia), major bleeding (not related to CABG), and a net clinical outcome end point (defined as the occurrence of the composite ischemia end point or major bleeding). Definitions of the primary end points have been previously detailed.11 Major bleeding was defined as the cumulative occurrence within 25 to 35 days after randomization of intracranial or intraocular bleeding, hemorrhage at the access site requiring intervention, hematoma with a diameter of at least 5 cm, a reduction in hemoglobin levels of at least 4 g per deciliter without an overt bleeding source or at least 3 g per deciliter with such a source, reoperation for bleeding, or transfusion of a blood product. A clinical events committee that was unaware of the treatment assignments adjudicated all primary end-point events with the use of original source documents.
Statistical Analysis
The trial was powered for separate comparisons between the control group and each of the two investigational groups. We used sequential noninferiority and superiority analyses with hierarchical end-point testing, with the type I error controlled by the Benjamini and Hochberg procedure,20 as previously described.11 Noninferiority was declared if the upper limit of the one-sided 97.5% confidence interval (CI) for the event rate in the investigational group did not exceed a relative margin of 25% from the event rate in the control group, equivalent to a one-sided test with an alpha value of 0.025. A two-sided alpha value of 0.05 was used for superiority testing.
The anticipated 30-day event rates for the composite ischemia end point, major bleeding, and the net clinical outcome end point were 6.5%, 9.0%, and 12.4%, respectively, in the control group; 5.3%, 7.5%, and 10.3%, respectively, in the group receiving bivalirudin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors; and 6.5%, 6.0%, and 10.5%, respectively, in the group receiving bivalirudin alone.11 For the comparison of bivalirudin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors with heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, with 4600 patients in each group, the trial had more than 99% statistical power to demonstrate noninferiority for the three primary end points and 88% power to demonstrate superiority for the net clinical outcome end point. For the comparison of bivalirudin alone with heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, the trial had 87% power to demonstrate noninferiority for the composite ischemia end point, 99% power to demonstrate both noninferiority and superiority for major bleeding, and 99% and 81% power to demonstrate noninferiority and superiority, respectively, for the net clinical outcome end point.
Categorical variables were compared with the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Continuous variables were compared with the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Time-to-event distributions were displayed according to the Kaplan–Meier method and were compared with the use of the log-rank test. All outcomes were evaluated by intention-to-treat analyses.
Results
Patients
Between August 23, 2003, and December 5, 2005, we enrolled 13,819 patients with acute coronary syndromes at 450 centers in 17 countries. Baseline characteristics were well balanced among the study groups (Table 1Table 1
Baseline Characteristics of the Patients.). The median age of the patients was 63 years, and 70% were men. Myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation (elevated baseline creatine kinase MB or troponin levels) was present in 59% of patients, whereas 41% had unstable angina.Angiography was performed during the initial hospitalization in 99% of patients at a median of 19.6 hours after admission, after which 56% of the patients underwent PCI, 11% underwent CABG, and 33% received medical therapy (Table 2Table 2
Procedures and Study Medications.). Stents were used in 93% of patients undergoing PCI, 65% of whom received drug-eluting stents. In the control group, after randomization, unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin were selected with similar frequencies. The median maximum activated clotting time among patients undergoing PCI with unfractionated heparin was 239 seconds (interquartile range, 211 to 291).Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used during PCI in 9.1% of patients treated with bivalirudin alone (for procedural complications in 6.5%). The most common procedural complications leading to the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were the presence of new or suspected thrombus, slow flow (TIMI flow grade 2), or no reflow (TIMI flow grade 0 or 1).
In-Hospital Adverse Events
On the basis of on-site reporting without central adjudication, the most frequent nonprocedural adverse events during the initial hospitalization were chest pain (3.6% of patients), headache (3.1%), back pain (2.8%), and nausea (2.3%), which occurred with similar frequency in the three trial groups. Procedural complications were reported more frequently in the group assigned to bivalirudin alone than in the other two groups, a finding that was consistent with the protocol-specified requirement to provide an indication for provisional use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Blinded angiographic analyses performed at a core laboratory showed no significant differences in the incidence, nature, or angiographic outcome of procedural complications among the three groups.
Clinical Outcomes
Bivalirudin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, as compared with heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, resulted in noninferior 30-day rates of the composite ischemia end point (7.7% and 7.3%, respectively; P=0.39; relative risk, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.23), major bleeding (5.3% and 5.7%; P=0.38; relative risk, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.78 to 1.10), and the net clinical outcome end point (11.8% and 11.7%; P=0.93; relative risk, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.12). Bivalirudin alone, as compared with heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, resulted in a noninferior rate of the composite ischemia end point (7.8% and 7.3%, respectively; P=0.32; relative risk, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.24), a significantly reduced rate of major bleeding (3.0% and 5.7%; P<0.001; relative risk, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.65), and a reduced rate of the net clinical outcome end point (10.1% and 11.7%; P=0.02; relative risk, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77 to 0.97) (Table 3Table 3
Clinical Outcomes at 30 Days. and Figure 2Figure 2Kaplan–Meier Time-to-Event Curves for the End Points of Net Clinical Outcome (Panel A), Composite Ischemia (Panel B), and Major Bleeding (Panel C).). Bivalirudin monotherapy also decreased the rates of bleeding from any cause (including bleeding related to CABG), minor bleeding, major and minor bleeding according to the TIMI scale, and blood transfusion (Table 3).The treatment effects of bivalirudin monotherapy were consistent among multiple prespecified subgroups, including patients who had positive tests for biomarkers, those undergoing PCI, those who were randomly assigned to immediate or deferred treatment with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and those who did not undergo early angiography (Figure 3Figure 3
Selected Subgroup Analyses for the 30-Day Rates of Composite Ischemia (Panel A) and Major Bleeding (Panel B).; see also the figure in the Supplementary Appendix). Among the 2472 patients who underwent angiography or intervention more than 24 hours after randomization (median, 45.0 hours; interquartile range, 28.4 to 69.2), bivalirudin monotherapy, as compared with heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, resulted in a similar rate of the composite ischemia end point (8.9% and 9.1%, P=0.89), a reduced rate of major bleeding (3.3% and 8.9%, P<0.001), and a reduced rate of the net clinical outcome end point (11.4% and 16.4%, P=0.003).An interaction effect with borderline significance (P=0.054) was noted in only one subgroup analysis. Among patients receiving a thienopyridine before angiography or PCI, ischemic events occurred with similar frequency in the bivalirudin monotherapy group and in the group assigned to heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (7.0% and 7.3%, respectively; relative risk, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.17). In contrast, among patients who did not receive a thienopyridine before angiography or PCI, ischemic events were more frequent with bivalirudin monotherapy than with heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (9.1% and 7.1%; relative risk, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.63). Bivalirudin monotherapy, as compared with heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, reduced major bleeding regardless of whether patients were pretreated with a thienopyridine (Figure 3).
Patients in the control group who received unfractionated heparin and those who received enoxaparin had similar 30-day rates of the composite ischemia end point (6.8% and 7.7%, respectively; P=0.29), major bleeding (5.9% and 5.5%, P=0.55), and the net clinical outcome end point (11.5% and 11.8%, P=0.75). Baseline renal insufficiency was associated with an increased rate of hemorrhagic complications with all antithrombotic agents. However, the relative increase in the rate of major bleeding associated with a baseline calculated creatinine clearance of less than 60 ml per minute, as compared with 60 ml per minute or more, was similar among patients receiving enoxaparin, those receiving unfractionated heparin, and those receiving bivalirudin monotherapy (9.5% and 4.4%, 10.1% and 4.9%, and 6.2% and 2.4%, respectively).
Discussion
In this large-scale, prospective, randomized trial involving patients with moderate- or high-risk acute coronary syndromes who were undergoing early invasive management, the use of bivalirudin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor was associated with rates of ischemic and hemorrhagic complications that were noninferior to those associated with the use of heparin (either unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin) plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor. In contrast, bivalirudin monotherapy, with provisional use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in less than 10% of patients, was associated with rates of ischemic events that were noninferior to those associated with heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition but was associated with a significantly reduced incidence of major bleeding.
Formal subgroup analysis revealed no significant interactions between the primary study end points and numerous important demographic and treatment variables, with the possible exception of the administration of a thienopyridine before angiography or PCI. Although the time from administration of the study drug to angiography was relatively short (reflecting the growing recognition that clinical outcomes are optimized with rapid catheterization in acute coronary syndromes),21 bivalirudin monotherapy was also associated with a significantly lower risk of bleeding and similar rates of ischemia in the subgroup of patients for whom the interval from randomization to angiography or intervention was more than 24 hours.
In approximately 64% of patients, a thienopyridine (clopidogrel in most instances) was already in use or was administered before angiography or PCI. In such patients, the point estimate for composite ischemic events was similar with bivalirudin monotherapy and with heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. In contrast, the point estimate for adverse ischemic events was slightly greater with bivalirudin monotherapy than with heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients who were not pretreated with a thienopyridine. Information about the exact timing of pretreatment with clopidogrel was not available for all patients, and platelet responsiveness testing was not performed, precluding an in-depth examination of the relationship between inhibition of the P2Y12 platelet receptor and the efficacy of bivalirudin. Moreover, given the borderline statistical significance of the interaction (P=0.054) and the risk of a spurious finding from examination of multiple subgroups, caution against overinterpretation is warranted.22 Nonetheless, the administration of a thienopyridine before angiography may be desirable to optimize outcomes with a regimen of bivalirudin monotherapy, an approach that is consistent with experimental observations.23,24
Several limitations of the present study deserve comment. First, the logistic complexities of the trial necessitated an open-label design, which introduced the potential for bias. However, the frequency of the provisional use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors for procedural complications related to PCI among patients in the group receiving bivalirudin monotherapy was nearly identical to that in the double-blind REPLACE-2 trial,9 and all end-point events were adjudicated by an independent committee that was unaware of the treatment assignments.
Second, 59% of the study cohort presented with myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation, a percentage lower than that in the Superior Yield of the New Strategy of Enoxaparin, Revascularization and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors (SYNERGY) trial (which specifically recruited only high-risk patients),13 though similar to the percentage in other recent large-scale trials of acute coronary syndromes.25,26 Nevertheless, adverse composite ischemic events occurred with nearly identical frequency in patients in the control and bivalirudin-monotherapy groups, even among the highest-risk patients enrolled (i.e., 2449 patients with a TIMI risk score of 5 to 7). Bivalirudin monotherapy was also particularly effective in the subgroup of patients with baseline TIMI risk scores of 0 to 2. However, enrollment criteria were such that 80.1% of this subgroup met the classic high-risk criteria for either positive biomarkers or ST-segment deviation at baseline. The results of the present study do not apply, however, to patients with acute coronary syndromes that are managed either solely with a noninvasive strategy, without diagnostic angiography and intended revascularization, or for a prolonged period (>72 hours) before catheterization. Further study is also required to determine the optimal pharmacologic regimen for patients with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance, <30 ml per minute), who were excluded from enrollment.
Third, as in other recent acute coronary syndrome trials,13 a significant proportion of patients were pretreated with either unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin before randomization. Protocol procedures limited the rate of intragroup crossovers from treatment before to treatment after randomization to less than 6% in the control group, whereas more than 60% of patients assigned to bivalirudin were exposed to heparin before randomization. Nonetheless, the effects of bivalirudin monotherapy as compared with heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor were consistent, regardless of whether an antithrombotic crossover occurred, as demonstrated in subgroup analyses.
Fourth, the 25% noninferiority margin that we used may be considered wide. Because the observed rate of ischemic events in the control group was 7.3 percent, an estimated ischemic-event rate as high as 9.1% in the test groups would have been considered noninferior, even though it might be regarded as clinically important. However, given the observed event rates and confidence intervals, there was a 95.0% likelihood that the incidence of composite ischemia in the bivalirudin-monotherapy group is less than 20% higher than the incidence in the control group.
In summary, we found that in patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation who were undergoing early invasive management, the rates of ischemic events and bleeding were similar with the use of either bivalirudin or heparin when combined with the planned use of a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor. When bivalirudin was used without a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, the frequency of ischemic events was similar to that with heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, but the frequency of major bleeding was significantly reduced.
Supported by the Medicines Company and Nycomed.
Dr. Stone reports receiving consulting fees from the Medicines Company, Boston Scientific, Guidant, Abbott, Volcano, St. Jude, and BMS Imaging and lecture fees from the Medicines Company, Boston Scientific, Nycomed, Guidant, Medtronic, and Abbott; Dr. Cox, consulting fees and lecture fees from the Medicines Company, Boston Scientific, Guidant, St. Jude, and Cordis; Dr. Bertrand, consulting fees and lecture fees from Servier and Sanofi-Aventis; Dr. Lincoff, consulting fees from the Medicines Company, Mitsubishi Pharmaceuticals, and PrognostiX, lecture fees from the Medicines Company, and grant support from the Medicines Company, Pfizer, and Sanofi-Synthelabo; Dr. Moses, consulting fees from Cordis Johnson & Johnson and lecture fees from AstraZeneca; Dr. White, consulting fees and lecture fees from the Medicines Company and Sanofi-Aventis and grant support from the Medicines Company, Sanofi-Aventis, Procter & Gamble, Schering-Plough, Eli Lilly, Alexion, Merck, Neuren Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Roche, Fournier Laboratories, and Johnson & Johnson; Dr. Pocock, consulting fees from the Medicines Company; and Dr. Ware, consulting fees from the Medicines Company, Biogen, InfraReDx, and Schering-Plough. Dr. Feit reports having equity interests in the Medicines Company, Johnson & Johnson, and Millennium Pharmaceuticals, and receiving consulting fees from the Medicines Company. Dr. Aylward reports receiving consulting fees and lecture fees from Sanofi-Aventis, Bristol-Myers Squibb and CSL Limited and grant support from the Medicines Company, Sanofi-Aventis, Procter & Gamble, Alexion, Schering-Plough, and Eli Lilly; Dr. Darius, advisory board fees from Nycomed, Sanofi-Aventis, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Essex Pharma and lecture fees from Sanofi-Aventis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Nycomed, and AstraZeneca; and Dr. Desmet, consulting fees from Nycomed and grant support from Medtronic, Guidant, and Eli Lilly. Dr. Ebrahimi reports having received consulting fees from the Medicines Company, Sanofi-Aventis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Guerbet, having equity interests in the Medicines Company and Sanofi-Aventis, and receiving lecture fees from the Medicines Company, Sanofi-Aventis, and Bristol-Myers Squibb and grant support from Abbott. Dr. Hamon reports receiving advisory board fees from Nycomed, consulting fees from Terumo, Cordis, Guidant, and Biotronik, and lecture fees from Nycomed, Merck, Sanofi-Synthelabo, AstraZeneca, Boston Scientific, Guidant, Terumo, Cordis, Medtronic, and Biotronik; Dr. Rasmussen, advisory board fees and lecture fees from Nycomed; Dr. Rupprecht, consulting fees and lecture fees from Nycomed, GlaxoSmithKline, Eli Lilly, and Sanofi-Aventis; Dr. Hoekstra, consulting fees from the Medicines Company, Sanofi-Aventis, and Schering-Plough, lecture fees from the Medicines Company, Sanofi-Aventis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Schering-Plough, and grant support from the Medicines Company and Schering-Plough; and Dr. Mehran, lecture fees from the Medicines Company, Cordis, and Boston Scientific. Dr. Ohman reports receiving consulting fees from the Medicines Company, Sanofi-Aventis, Liposcience, Inovise Medical, Response Biomedical, and Savacor, having equity interest in Medtronic and Savacor, having received lecture fees from Schering-Plough, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Datascope, and receiving grant support from Schering-Plough, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Berlex. Drs. Stone, Moses, and Mehran report that grant support from the Medicines Company has been received by the Cardiovascular Research Foundation, a public charity of which they are directors but from which they receive no compensation. Dr. Lincoff reports that grant support from the following sources has been received by the Cleveland Clinic Cardiovascular Coordinating Center, an academic research organization within the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine at the Cleveland Clinic, of which Dr. Lincoff is the director: Alexion, American Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Atherogenics, Aventis, Biosite, Centocor, Converge Medical, Cordis, Eli Lilly, Glaxo Wellcome, GlaxoSmithKline, Guilford, the Medicines Company, Medtronic, Novartis, Orphan Therapeutics, Pfizer, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Philips, Sankyo, Sanofi, Sanofi-Synthelabo, Scios, Takeda America, and Vasogenix. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Source Information
From Columbia University Medical Center and the Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York (G.W.S., J.W.M., R.M.); AnMed Health, Anderson, SC (B.T.M.); Mid Carolina Cardiology, Charlotte, NC (D.A.C.); Hôpital Cardiologique, Lille, France (M.E.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (H.D.W.); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.); Harvard University, Boston (J.H.W.); New York University School of Medicine, New York (F.F.); Ospedale San Raphael, Milan (A.C.); Flinders Medical Center, Adelaide, Australia (P.E.A.); Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona (A.R.C.); Krankenhaus Neukölln, Berlin (H.D.); University Hospital, Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (W.D.); UCLA and the Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.E.); University Hospital, Normandy, France (M.H.); Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (L.H.R.); GPR Klinikum Rüsselsheim, Rüsselsheim, Germany (H.-J.R.); Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC (J.H.); and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (E.M.O.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Stone at Columbia University Medical Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, 111 E. 59th St., 11th Fl., New York, NY 10022, or at gs2184@columbia.edu.
The names of the participants in the Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy (ACUITY) trial appear in the Supplementary Appendix (available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org).
- References
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, C. W. Hamm, J.-P. Bassand, S. Agewall, J. Bax, E. Boersma, H. Bueno, P. Caso, D. Dudek, S. Gielen, K. Huber, M. Ohman, M. C. Petrie, F. Sonntag, M. S. Uva, R. F. Storey, W. Wijns, D. Zahger, , J. J. Bax, A. Auricchio, H. Baumgartner, C. Ceconi, V. Dean, C. Deaton, R. Fagard, C. Funck-Brentano, D. Hasdai, A. Hoes, J. Knuuti, P. Kolh, T. McDonagh, C. Moulin, D. Poldermans, B. A. Popescu, Z. Reiner, U. Sechtem, P. A. Sirnes, A. Torbicki, A. Vahanian, S. Windecker, , S. Windecker, S. Achenbach, L. Badimon, M. Bertrand, H. E. Botker, J.-P. Collet, F. Crea, N. Danchin, E. Falk, J. Goudevenos, D. Gulba, R. Hambrecht, J. Herrmann, A. Kastrati, K. Kjeldsen, S. D. Kristensen, P. Lancellotti, J. Mehilli, B. Merkely, G. Montalescot, F.-J. Neumann, L. Neyses, J. Perk, M. Roffi, F. Romeo, M. Ruda, E. Swahn, M. Valgimigli, C. J. Vrints, P. Widimsky. (2011) ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal 32:23, 2999-3054
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Charles Knight, Adam D. Timmis. (2011) Almanac 2011: Acute coronary syndromes. The national society journals present selected research that has driven recent advances in clinical cardiology. Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia
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Rainer Wessely. (2011) Initial Experience With an Institutional Bridging Protocol for Patients With Recent Coronary Stent Implantation Requiring Discontinuation of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Resulting From Urgent Surgery. American Journal of Therapeutics 18:6, e280-e282
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Zenon Huczek, Krzysztof J. Filipiak, Janusz Kochman, Marcin Michalak, Marek Roik, Marcin Grabowski, Grzegorz Opolski. (2011) Medium on-treatment platelet reactivity to ADP is favorable in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing coronary stenting. Platelets 22:7, 521-529
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Masataka Ikeda, Haruki Tanaka, Kenji Sadamatsu. (2011) Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage as a complication of dual antiplatelet therapy for acute coronary syndrome. Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine 12:6, 407-411
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Michael S. Lee, Hsini Liao, Tae Yang, Jashdeep Dhoot, Jonathan Tobis, Gregg Fonarow, Ehtisham Mahmud. (2011) Comparison of bivalirudin versus heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients undergoing an invasive strategy: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. International Journal of Cardiology 152:3, 369-374
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Charles V. Pollack, Gerard X. Brogan, Marc Cohen, Deborah Diercks, Cindy Grines, Timothy D. Henry, Neal S. Kleiman, Robert P. Giugliano. (2011) ED to catheterization laboratory: a roundtable integrating trials with practice. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 29:9, 1203-1216
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David H. Fitchett, Pierre Theroux, James M. Brophy, Warren J. Cantor, Jafna L. Cox, Milan Gupta, Heather Kertland, Shamir R. Mehta, Robert C. Welsh, Shaun G. Goodman. (2011) Assessment and Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS): A Canadian Perspective on Current Guideline-Recommended Treatment – Part 1: Non-ST–Segment Elevation ACS. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 27:6, S387-S401
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Sukhdeep S. Basra, Peter Tsai, Nasser M. Lakkis. (2011) Safety and Efficacy of Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:22, 2263-2269
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Inder M. Singh, David R. Holmes. (2011) Myocardial Revascularization by Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Past, Present, and the Future. Current Problems in Cardiology 36:10, 375-401
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H. Benjamin Starnes, Ankit A. Patel, George A. Stouffer. (2011) Optimal Use of Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonists in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. Drugs 71:15, 2009-2030
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Elias B. Hanna, Anita Y. Chen, Matthew T. Roe, Stephen D. Wiviott, Caroline S. Fox, Jorge F. Saucedo. (2011) Characteristics and In-Hospital Outcomes of Patients With Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions 4:9, 1002-1008
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Daniel P. Kessler, Eugene Kroch, Mark A. Hlatky. (2011) The effect of bivalirudin on costs and outcomes of treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal 162:3, 494-500.e2
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Allison Burnett, Jason Cohen, David A. Garcia. 2011. Hemorrhagic Complications of Anticoagulants in Hospitalized Patients. , 291-330.
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Sanjit S Jolly, John Cairns, Shamir R Mehta. (2011) Radial versus femoral access in acute coronary syndromes – Authors' reply. The Lancet 378:9792, 661-662
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Beau M Hawkins, Jorge F Saucedo, Sunil V Rao. (2011) The rationale and evidence for triple antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes. Clinical Investigation 1:8, 1155-1165
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