Original Article
Dopamine Agonists and the Risk of Cardiac-Valve Regurgitation
N Engl J Med 2007; 356:29-38January 4, 2007
- Abstract
Background
Case reports and echocardiographic studies suggest that the ergot-derived dopamine agonists pergolide and cabergoline, used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and the restless legs syndrome, may increase the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation.
Methods
We used data from the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database to identify a population-based cohort comprising 11,417 subjects 40 to 80 years of age who were prescribed antiparkinsonian drugs between 1988 and 2005. We conducted a nested case–control analysis within this cohort in which each patient with newly diagnosed cardiac-valve regurgitation was matched with up to 25 control subjects from the cohort, according to age, sex, and year of entry into the cohort. Incidence-rate ratios for cardiac-valve regurgitation with the use of different dopamine agonists were estimated by conditional logistic-regression analysis.
Results
Of 31 case patients with newly diagnosed cardiac-valve regurgitation, 6 were currently exposed to pergolide, 6 were currently exposed to cabergoline, and 19 had not been exposed to any dopamine agonist within the previous year. The rate of cardiac-valve regurgitation was increased with current use of pergolide (incidence-rate ratio, 7.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3 to 22.3) and cabergoline (incidence-rate ratio, 4.9; 95% CI, 1.5 to 15.6), but not with current use of other dopamine agonists.
Conclusions
In this study, use of the dopamine agonists pergolide and cabergoline was associated with an increased risk of newly diagnosed cardiac-valve regurgitation.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Study Cohort and Reasons for Exclusion.Table 1
Characteristics of Case Patients and Control Subjects.Article Activity
- Article
About 1% of members of the U.S. population who are older than 60 years have Parkinson's disease.1 Dopamine agonists are first-line agents for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.1 They are also prescribed for patients with the restless legs syndrome2 and for those with hyperprolactinemic disorders.
An association has been reported between treatment with the dopamine agonist pergolide (Permax, Eli Lilly) and the development of fibrotic valvular heart disease, particularly when pergolide was administered in high doses over long periods.3-7 On echocardiography, patients had mild-to-severe cardiac-valve regurgitation, often involving more than one valve. Histologic findings have been found to resemble those of valvulopathies related to the carcinoid syndrome and the use of ergot derivatives or fenfluramine.5-7 In several cases, the valvulopathy improved when pergolide was discontinued.3,5,8 Two recent case reports have also suggested that cabergoline (Dostinex, Pfizer) is associated with an increased risk of valvular heart disease.5,9 A case of severe tricuspid-valve regurgitation was reported after 5 years of therapy with bromocriptine (Parlodel, Novartis).10
There are mechanistic grounds for believing that not all dopamine agonists are equally likely to be implicated in the development of cardiac-valve regurgitation. Pergolide and cabergoline are potent agonists of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor expressed on heart valves,11,12 whereas other agents in this class, such as bromocriptine and lisuride (Dopergine, Schering), have antagonistic properties.12,13 Pramipexole (Mirapex, Boehringer Ingelheim) and ropinirole (ReQuip, GlaxoSmithKline) have low affinity to the human 5-HT2B receptor.14 Preferential activation of this receptor has been shown to induce prolonged mitogenic effects in cardiac fibromyoblasts, which could lead to inducing valvular fibroplasia.11,15-17
We conducted a cohort study with a nested case–control analysis to investigate the risk of newly diagnosed cardiac-valve regurgitation associated with the use of different dopamine agonists. The hypothesis was that pergolide and cabergoline, but not the other agents, would be associated with an increased risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation.
Methods
Source of Data
Data were obtained from the General Practice Research Database (GPRD), which includes computerized medical records of more than 6.3 million patients from more than 350 general practices in the United Kingdom. Contributing general practitioners initially received 12 months of instruction in the standardized recording of medical information on computers. The information recorded includes the patient's demographic characteristics, symptoms, history, medical diagnoses, and drug prescriptions, as well as details of referrals to specialists and hospitals. More detailed clinical information (e.g., on test results and from hospital discharge summaries and letters from specialists), entered separately by the general practitioner in free text fields, is available on request. The completeness and validity of the recorded information on diagnoses and drug exposures, as checked on an ongoing basis by staff of the GPRD, have been shown in several studies.18-20 The database has been used for the study of numerous diseases, including valvular heart disease.21
Acquisition of access to the database for this study was funded by a grant from the Canadian Foundation for Innovation and by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, and an unrestricted grant from Schering. These sources of the funding were not involved in the design or realization of the study, the analysis of the data, or the decision to publish the results. The scientific and ethics advisory group of the GPRD approved the study. Because anonymized electronic records were used as the source of data, written informed consent was not required.
Study Cohort
We identified all patients in the database who were between 40 and 80 years of age and had received at least two prescriptions for antiparkinsonian medications between January 1, 1988, and August 31, 2005. The antiparkinsonian drugs qualifying a patient for entry into the study cohort included the dopamine precursor levodopa, the monoamine oxidase inhibitor selegiline (Eldepryl, Somerset; Zelapar, Valeant Pharm), and the dopamine agonists bromocriptine, cabergoline, pergolide, lisuride, pramipexole, and ropinirole.
The date of the second prescription of an antiparkinsonian medication was defined as the date of entry into the study cohort. Patients with a history of rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, endocarditis or myocarditis, the carcinoid syndrome, intravenous drug abuse, or heart-valve abnormalities (including mitral-valve prolapse and cardiac murmurs) before entry into the cohort were excluded. Also excluded were patients who had received fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, phentermine (Adipex-P, Teva; Ionamine, UCB), ergotamine (Ergomar, Harvest Pharms), dihydroergotamine (DHE-45; Migranal, Valeant), or methysergide.
The date of exit from the cohort (exit date) was defined as the date of the first occurrence of the following events: a diagnosis of valvular heart disease; a condition or an event that was one of the exclusion criteria, with the exception of congestive heart failure (which may precede a diagnosis of valvular heart disease); death; the end of registration with the practice; cessation of the contribution of data to the GPRD by the general practice; or the end of the study period (August 31, 2005).
Identification of Case Patients and Controls
We used diagnostic codes compatible with valvular regurgitation, cardiac-valve interventions, and cardiac murmurs to identify possible new cases of cardiac-valve regurgitation during follow-up in the study cohort of patients taking antiparkinsonian medications. Patients who had had a myocardial infarction within 3 years before receiving a diagnosis of valvular regurgitation were excluded, since this condition may be a cause of valvular insufficiency. For each patient with a recorded diagnosis suggestive of valvular regurgitation, we requested more detailed clinical information available in the database that was related to cardiologic findings (including results of the clinical examination, echocardiography, and heart catheterization), hospital discharge summaries, and letters from specialists. This information was independently reviewed by a senior consulting cardiologist and two trained physicians who were unaware of the patient's history of use of a dopamine agonist. Patients were considered to have newly diagnosed cardiac-valve regurgitation if they had no history of a cardiac-valve abnormality and if they had received a diagnosis of cardiac-valve regurgitation on the basis of echocardiography, heart catheterization, or clinical examination. The index date was defined as the first date of recorded cardiac-valve regurgitation or a related symptom.
For each case patient, we randomly selected up to 25 controls from the study cohort of patients taking antiparkinsonian medications. Controls were matched to case patients according to sex, age (within 2 years), and year of entry into the study cohort. The date that resulted in the same duration of follow-up for the case patient and the control was designated the index date for the control. Patients with a myocardial infarction within 3 years before the index date were not selected as controls. For both case patients and controls, recorded data had to be available for at least 12 months before the index date.
Exposure
For all case patients and controls, we identified exposure to all dopamine agonists during the 12 months before the index date. Case patients and controls were stratified according to the medication prescribed: bromocriptine, cabergoline, pergolide, lisuride, pramipexole, or ropinirole.
We defined two periods of exposure on the basis of the timing of the prescription of a dopamine agonist. Current use was defined as a prescription that was still in effect within 6 months before the index date, and recent use as a prescription that ended between 6 and 12 months before the index date. No current or recent use was defined as no use of any dopamine agonist within the 12 months before the index date. Those who had received more than one dopamine agonist in the year before their index date were grouped according to the dopamine agonist prescribed for the longest period during the 12 months. If two or more dopamine agonists had been taken for the same number of months, the patients were grouped according to the most recent use. Case patients and controls who had taken more than one dopamine agonist during the 6 months before their index date (defined as current multiple use) were excluded from the analysis.
We quantified exposure to a dopamine agonist in two ways. First, we categorized the cumulative duration of current use of a dopamine agonist as less than 6 months or 6 or more months. Second, we calculated the daily dose of a dopamine agonist for patients currently using pergolide or cabergoline by multiplying the tablet strength by the prescribed number of tablets per day and categorized the dose as 3 mg or less daily or more than 3 mg daily (with the defined daily dose [the average maintenance dose per day] used as the cutoff value, as designated by the World Health Organization).
Statistical Analysis
The incidence-rate ratio (the ratio of the incidence rate of newly diagnosed cardiac-valve regurgitation among the patients currently exposed to a dopamine agonist under study to the incidence rate among patients who had not been exposed to a dopamine agonist) was estimated from odds ratios calculated with the use of conditional logistic regression. We constructed separate models characterizing case patients and controls according to the last daily dose of a dopamine agonist and the cumulative duration of current use of pergolide or cabergoline. The model included the use of all dopamine agonists and considered the following covariates: body-mass index; smoking status; the presence or absence of hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, Parkinson's disease, restless legs syndrome, and hyperprolactinemia; and the use of antiparkinsonian drugs other than the dopamine agonists under study. We used a backward-selection procedure, including variables in our final model that led to a change of more than 15% in the risk estimates for valvular regurgitation associated with current use of pergolide or cabergoline, as compared with no current or recent use of any dopamine agonist. The reference category for the analysis comprised case patients or controls who had not been exposed to any dopamine agonist under study during the 12 months before the index date. All reported P values are two-tailed, with a significance level of 0.05, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for all incidence-rate ratios. The excess risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation incurred by current use of pergolide or cabergoline was calculated by multiplying the incidence-rate ratio minus 1 by the incidence rate among patients who had not been exposed to a dopamine agonist.
Results
A total of 11,417 patients were included in the final cohort, all of whom had received at least two prescriptions for antiparkinsonian drugs and met all the inclusion and exclusion criteria (Figure 1Figure 1
Study Cohort and Reasons for Exclusion.). The mean age at entry into the study cohort was 69 years, and the mean duration of follow-up (from entry to exit from the study cohort) was 4.2 years. The numbers of patients taking dopamine agonists at any time during follow-up and the respective duration (person-years) of exposure during follow-up were as follows: 828 patients taking bromocriptine (1683 person-years), 61 taking lisuride (88 person-years), 931 taking pergolide (2031 person-years), 1228 taking cabergoline (1812 person-years), 492 taking pramipexole (648 person-years), and 993 taking ropinirole (1565 person-years). Patients may have been included in more than one of these categories of exposure because of changes in their use of dopamine agonists during follow-up. The total number of person-years of no exposure to dopamine agonists was 34,548. There were 7702 patients who were never exposed to any dopamine agonist during follow-up, accounting for 28,892 person-years.Cardiac-valve abnormalities were recorded for 81 patients in the study cohort, of whom 31 were validated as case patients with newly diagnosed cardiac-valve regurgitation (Figure 1 and Table 1Table 1
Characteristics of Case Patients and Control Subjects.). Details on which valves were involved and how the diagnosis was confirmed are presented in Table 2Table 2
Characteristics of 31 Case Patients with Cardiac-Valve Regurgitation, According to Use of a Dopamine Agonist.. For one case patient, only 11 months of recorded data before the index date were available in the database. We included this case patient in the analysis, since the inclusion did not materially change the results of the analysis. Among the 31 case patients, 6 were currently exposed to pergolide, 6 were currently exposed to cabergoline, and 19 had no current or recent exposure to a dopamine agonist (Table 2). The resulting incidence rates of newly diagnosed cardiac-valve regurgitation were 30 per 10,000 per year for pergolide, 33 per 10,000 per year for cabergoline, and 5.5 per 10,000 per year for no exposure to any dopamine agonist.A total of 666 controls who could be matched to the case patients were identified in the study cohort. Of these controls, 3 were excluded because of current use of multiple dopamine agonists, leaving 663 controls (Figure 1 and Table 1). The mean age of case patients and controls was 73 and 74 years, respectively. The primary diagnosis was Parkinson's disease in case patients (94%) and controls (86%). Except for current use of amantadine (Symmetrel, Endo Pharms), there was no significant difference in characteristics between case patients and controls (Table 1). Of the five case patients who were currently exposed to amantadine, three also had current exposure to cabergoline and one had current exposure to pergolide.
The rate of cardiac-valve regurgitation was elevated among patients who were currently exposed to either pergolide (adjusted incidence-rate ratio, 7.1; 95% CI, 2.3 to 22.3) or cabergoline (adjusted incidence-rate ratio, 4.9; 95% CI, 1.5 to 15.6) (Table 3Table 3
Current Use of Dopamine Agonists and the Risk of Cardiac-Valve Regurgitation.), but not among those who were currently exposed to other dopamine agonists. For amantadine, the only concurrent medication found to have a significant association with cardiac-valve regurgitation, the adjusted incidence-rate ratio was 3.5 (95%, CI, 1.1 to 11.3). The adjusted incidence-rate ratios were particularly elevated for daily doses greater than 3 mg of pergolide (37.1; 95% CI, 5.1 to 270.6) and 3 mg of cabergoline (50.3; 95% CI, 6.6 to 381.4), as well as for a duration of use of 6 months or more (Table 4Table 4
Influence of the Daily Dose of Pergolide or Cabergoline and the Cumulative Duration of Use on the Risk of Cardiac-Valve Regurgitation.).Although current use of amantadine was the only other significant risk factor identified, the small number of case patients reduced the likelihood of the detection of additional risk factors of potential importance to the analysis. We therefore created a model that included body-mass index, smoking status, and the presence or absence of hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, Parkinson's disease, restless legs syndrome, and hyperprolactinemia. In this analysis, the adjusted incidence-rate ratios were 6.0 (95% CI, 1.7 to 21.3) for pergolide and 6.9 (95% CI, 1.9 to 25.9) for cabergoline. The excess risks of cardiac-valve regurgitation for current use of pergolide and for current use of cabergoline were 33 and 21 additional case patients per 10,000 persons exposed per year, respectively.
We did not have systematic clinical follow-up data on the case patients with cardiac-valve regurgitation identified in this analysis. One patient had echocardiographic evidence of regression of aortic regurgitation after discontinuation of cabergoline. Valve replacement was considered in another patient, who had been exposed to pergolide, but the procedure was not performed.
Discussion
Our study showed that the use of pergolide or cabergoline was associated with a significantly increased risk of newly diagnosed cardiac-valve regurgitation. This risk was particularly high among patients who had taken daily doses of pergolide or cabergoline that exceeded 3 mg; the risk was increased only among those who had taken either drug for 6 or more months. The risk was not increased among patients treated with other ergot-derived dopamine agonists or with dopamine agonists that are not derived from ergot.
Our finding of an increased risk of valvular regurgitation with pergolide is supported by a number of case reports3-7,22 and echocardiographic studies.3,8 One echocardiographic study showed an odds ratio of 3.7 (95% CI, 0.7 to 19.2) and 4.0 (95% CI, 1.3 to 12.2) for clinically significant aortic or mitral regurgitation, respectively, and an odds ratio of 18.4 (95% CI, 1.2 to 283) for clinically significant tricuspid regurgitation among 46 patients treated with pergolide, as compared with an age-matched historical control group.3 Evidence of an increased risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation with cabergoline consists primarily of case reports.5,9 However, a recent echocardiographic study showed a similar prevalence of cardiac-valve regurgitation among patients exposed to cabergoline and pergolide23: clinically significant regurgitation was present in 6 of 13 patients (46%) taking cabergoline and in 9 of 29 patients (31%) taking pergolide, but in only 6 of 49 (12%) age-matched controls who did not have Parkinson's disease. In contrast, another retrospective evaluation of cardiopulmonary fibrotic side effects in 234 patients treated with cabergoline showed a low risk of fibrotic side effects, particularly cardiac valvulopathy (in 1 patient).24
In our study, no patients with newly diagnosed valve regurgitation were identified among those treated with bromocriptine or lisuride (ergot-derived dopamine agonist) or with ropinirole or pramipexole (dopamine agonists that are not derived from ergot) within the 12 months before the patients' index dates. Among the controls, the prevalence of exposure to pramipexole, ropinirole, and bromocriptine was similar to that of exposure to pergolide and cabergoline (Table 3). Nevertheless, the upper bounds of the 95% CIs derived from the size of the population studied and the absence of observed events suggest an upper bound to the rates that is compatible with values up to 17.8 events per 10,000 persons per year for bromocriptine, 19.1 events per 10,000 per year for ropinirole, 46.1 events per 10,000 per year for pramipexole, and 334.7 events per 10,000 per year for lisuride. Differences in the affinity of the various dopamine agonists for valvular 5-HT2B receptors11-15 could explain the differences in risk observed in our study. The unexpected finding of an increased risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation associated with amantadine use requires further investigation, since this drug is not known to activate 5-HT2B receptors.
Some limitations of our study need to be considered. All information was recorded prospectively, ruling out recall bias. Selection bias in the choice of control subjects is unlikely, because we used a nested case–control design in a defined cohort of both case patients and controls. Detection bias could be of concern, since pergolide was discussed as a possible cause of cardiac valvulopathy before the end of the study period. The British Committee on Safety of Medicines published an alert on pergolide-associated valvulopathy in September 2003,25 and this alert may have led to an increased use of diagnostic measures in patients receiving pergolide in order to detect valvulopathies. To investigate this potential source of bias, we conducted a subgroup analysis involving only patients in whom cardiac-valve regurgitation had been diagnosed before September 2003. This analysis did not materially change our results.
Our study may have underestimated the incidence of asymptomatic cases, since it was not based on echocardiographic monitoring of all patients in the cohort. If asymptomatic cases associated with the use of pergolide or cabergoline were underdiagnosed in the study, our reported estimates would, in fact, be underestimates of the true risks. Since we did not have data on echocardiography or heart catheterization for all the case patients, we conducted a subgroup analysis involving 16 case patients for whom confirmation of the diagnosis by echocardiography or heart catheterization was recorded. This subgroup analysis also showed an increase in the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation associated with pergolide and cabergoline, although the results were not significant because of the reduced power of this analysis.
In conclusion, our study showed that treatment with either pergolide or cabergoline, particularly at daily doses greater than 3 mg and for periods of 6 months or longer, was associated with a substantially increased risk of newly diagnosed cardiac-valve regurgitation. There was no evidence of such an increase in risk with the use of other dopamine agonists.
Dr. Schade reports receiving a grant from Schering; Dr. Suissa, receiving consulting fees from GlaxoSmithKline and Schering, lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and Pfizer, grant support from the Canadian Institute of Health Research, AstraZeneca, and Organon, and fees for serving as an expert witness for Schering; Dr. Haverkamp, receiving consulting fees from Schering, GlaxoSmithKline, and Pfizer and lecture fees from Novartis; and Dr. Garbe, receiving consulting fees and an unrestricted grant from Schering for acquisition of access to the GPRD. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
We thank the general practitioners who contribute data to the GPRD for their continued participation and care of patients.
Source Information
From the Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Charité Campus Mitte (R.S., F.A., E.G.), and the Department of Cardiology, Charité Campus Virchow (W.H.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; and the McGill Pharmacoepidemiology Research Unit, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (S.S.).
- References
References
1
Nutt JG ,Wooten GF . Diagnosis and initial management of Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1021-1027
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline2
Earley CJ . Restless legs syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2103-2109
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline3
Baseman DG ,O'Suilleabhain PE ,Reimold SC ,Laskar SR ,Baseman JG ,Dewey RB Jr . Pergolide use in Parkinson disease is associated with cardiac valve regurgitation. Neurology 2004;63:301-304
Web of Science | Medline4
Flowers CM ,Racoosin JA ,Lu SL ,Beitz JG . The US Food and Drug Administration's registry of patients with pergolide-associated valvular heart disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:730-731
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Horvath J ,Fross RD ,Kleiner-Fisman G , et al. Severe multivalvular heart disease: a new complication of the ergot derivative dopamine agonists. Mov Disord 2004;19:656-662
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Pritchett AM ,Morrison JF ,Edwards WD ,Schaff HV ,Connolly HM ,Espinosa RE . VaIvular heart disease in patients taking pergolide. Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:1280-1286
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline7
Van Camp G ,Flamez A ,Cosyns B ,Goldstein J ,Perdaens C ,Schoors D . Heart valvular disease in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with high-dose pergolide. Neurology 2003;61:859-861
Web of Science | Medline8
Van Camp G ,Flamez A ,Cosyns B , et al. Treatment of Parkinson's disease with pergolide and relation to restrictive valvular heart disease. Lancet 2004;363:1179-1183
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Pinero A ,Marcos-Alberca P ,Fortes J . Cabergoline-related severe restrictive mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1976-1977
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline10
Serratrice J ,Disdier P ,Habib G ,Viallet F ,Weiller PJ . Fibrotic valvular heart disease subsequent to bromocriptine treatment. Cardiol Rev 2002;10:334-336
CrossRef | Medline11
Setola V ,Hufeisen SJ ,Grande-Allen KJ , et al. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) induces fenfluramine-like proliferative actions on human cardiac valvular interstitial cells in vitro. Mol Pharmacol 2003;63:1223-1229
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Newman-Tancredi A ,Cussac D ,Quentric Y , et al. Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. III. Agonist and antagonist properties at serotonin, 5-HT(1) and 5-HT(2), receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;303:815-822
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Jahnichen S ,Horowski R ,Pertz HH . Agonism at 5-HT2B receptors is not a class effect of the ergolines. Eur J Pharmacol 2005;513:225-228
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Millan MJ ,Maiofiss L ,Cussac D ,Audinot V ,Boutin JA ,Newman-Tancredi A . Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;303:791-804
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Lopez-Ilasaca M . Signaling from G-protein-coupled receptors to mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-kinase cascades. Biochem Pharmacol 1998;56:269-277
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Fitzgerald LW ,Burn TC ,Brown BS , et al. Possible role of valvular serotonin 5-HT(2B) receptors in the cardiopathy associated with fenfluramine. Mol Pharmacol 2000;57:75-81
Web of Science | Medline17
Rothman RB ,Baumann MH ,Savage JE , et al. Evidence for possible involvement of 5-HT(2B) receptors in the cardiac valvulopathy associated with fenfluramine and other serotonergic medications. Circulation 2000;102:2836-2841
Web of Science | Medline18
Jick H ,Jick SS ,Derby LE . Validation of information recorded on general practitioner based computerized data resource in the United Kingdom. BMJ 1991;302:766-768
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Jick SS ,Kaye JA ,Vasilakis-Scaramozza C , et al. Validity of the General Practice Research Database. Pharmacotherapy 2003;23:686-689
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Walley T ,Mantgani A . The UK General Practice Research Database. Lancet 1997;350:1097-1099
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Jick H ,Vasilakis C ,Weinrauch LA ,Meier CR ,Jick SS ,Derby LE . A population-based study of appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation. N Engl J Med 1998;339:719-724
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline22
Chung EJ ,Yoon WT ,Kim JY ,Lee WY . Valvular heart disease in a patient with Parkinson's disease treated with a low daily dose and a low cumulative dose of pergolide. Mov Disord 2006;21:586-587
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Peralta C ,Wolf E ,Alber H , et al. Valvular heart disease in Parkinson's disease vs. controls: an echocardiographic study. Mov Disord 2006;21:1109-1113
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Dhawan V ,Medcalf P ,Stegie F , et al. Retrospective evaluation of cardio-pulmonary fibrotic side effects in symptomatic patients from a group of 234 Parkinson's disease patients treated with cabergoline. J Neural Transm 2005;112:661-668
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Committee on Safety of Medicines. Pergolide (Celance) and cardiac valvulopathy. Current problems in pharmacovigilance bulletin. Vol. 29. London: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, 2003:7.
- Citing Articles (172)
Citing Articles
1
Huilin Tang, Tamara Hunter, Yongfang Hu, Suo-Di Zhai, Xiaoyan Sheng, Roger J Hart, Huilin Tang. 2012. Cabergoline for preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. .
CrossRef2
Gianluca Trifirò, M. Mostafa Mokhles, Jeanne P. Dieleman, Eva M. van Soest, Katia Verhamme, Giampiero Mazzaglia, Ron Herings, Cynthia de Luise, Douglas Ross, Guy Brusselle, Annamaria Colao, Wilhelm Haverkamp, Rene Schade, Guy van Camp, Renzo Zanettini, Miriam C. Sturkenboom. (2012) Risk of Cardiac Valve Regurgitation with Dopamine Agonist use in Parkinsonʼs Disease and Hyperprolactinaemia. Drug Safety 35:2, 159-171
CrossRef3
Ashok Krishnaswami, Kathleen B. Albers, Robin D. Fross, James J. Jang, Sarah B. Berkheimer, Valerie C. Kwai Ben, Stephen K. VanDenEeden. (2012) Valvular heart disease in patients exposed to pergolide: insights from the clinical presentation. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safetyn/a-n/a
CrossRef4
Christel Renoux, Sophie Dell'Aniello, James M. Brophy, Samy Suissa. (2012) Dopamine agonist use and the risk of heart failure. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 21:1, 34-41
CrossRef5
Maurits E. L. Arbouw, Kris L. L. Movig, Henk-Jan Guchelaar, Cees Neef, Toine C. G. Egberts. (2012) Dopamine agonists and ischemic complications in Parkinson’s disease: a nested case–control study. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 68:1, 83-88
CrossRef6
Hlynur. Georgsson, Brian J. Murray. 2012. Sleep Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonian Syndromes. , 330-344.
CrossRef7
Renzo Zanettini, Angelo Antonini, Gemma Gatto, Rosa Gentile, Silvana Tesei, Gianni Pezzoli. (2011) Regression of Cardiac Valvulopathy Related to Ergot-Derived Dopamine Agonists. Cardiovascular Therapeutics 29:6, 404-410
CrossRef8
Amal Shibli-Rahhal, Janet Schlechte. (2011) Hyperprolactinemia and Infertility. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 40:4, 837-846
CrossRef9
Alessandra Fusco, Francesca Lugli, Eugenia Sacco, Laura Tilaro, Antonio Bianchi, Flavia Angelini, Anna Tofani, Angela Barini, Libero Lauriola, Giulio Maira, Alfredo Pontecorvi, Laura Marinis. (2011) Efficacy of the combined cabergoline and octreotide treatment in a case of a dopamine-agonist resistant macroprolactinoma. Pituitary 14:4, 351-357
CrossRef10
Judith Dams, Bernhard Bornschein, Jens Peter Reese, Annette Conrads-Frank, Wolfgang H. Oertel, Uwe Siebert, Richard Dodel. (2011) Modelling the Cost Effectiveness of Treatments for Parkinsonʼs Disease. PharmacoEconomics 29:12, 1025-1049
CrossRef11
C. D. Gibson, W. Karmally, D. J. McMahon, S. L. Wardlaw, J. Korner. (2011) Randomized pilot study of cabergoline, a dopamine receptor agonist: effects on body weight and glucose tolerance in obese adults. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolismno-no
CrossRef12
C. Becker, S. S. Jick, C. R. Meier. (2011) NSAID use and risk of Parkinson disease: a population-based case-control study. European Journal of Neurology 18:11, 1336-1342
CrossRef13
F. Delgado-Rosas, R. Gomez, H. Ferrero, F. Gaytan, J. Garcia-Velasco, C. Simon, A. Pellicer. (2011) The effects of ergot and non-ergot-derived dopamine agonists in an experimental mouse model of endometriosis. Reproduction 142:5, 745-755
CrossRef14
Joshua D. Hutcheson, Vincent Setola, Bryan L. Roth, W. David Merryman. (2011) Serotonin receptors and heart valve disease—It was meant 2B. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 132:2, 146-157
CrossRef15
Y. Baba, M.-A. Higuchi, K. Fukuyama, H. Abe, Y. Uehara, T. Inoue, T. Yamada. (2011) Effect of chronic kidney disease on excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson disease. European Journal of Neurology 18:11, 1299-1303
CrossRef16
M. Mostafa Mokhles, Gianluca Trifirò, Jeanne P. Dieleman, Mendel D. Haag, Eva M. van Soest, Katia M.C. Verhamme, Giampiero Mazzaglia, Ron Herings, Cynthia de Luise, Douglas Ross, Guy Brusselle, Annamaria Colao, Willem Haverkamp, Rene Schade, Guy van Camp, Renzo Zanettini, Miriam C.J.M. Sturkenboom. (2011) The risk of new onset heart failure associated with dopamine agonist use in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacological Research
CrossRef17
Alin Ciobica, Zenovia Olteanu, Manuela Padurariu, Lucian Hritcu. (2011) The effects of pergolide on memory and oxidative stress in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry
CrossRef18
Adam Hargreaves, Johannes Harleman. (2011) Preclinical risk assessment of drug-induced hypo- and hyperprolactinemia. Journal of Applied Toxicology 31:7, 599-607
CrossRef19
Philippe Huot, Susan H. Fox, Jonathan M. Brotchie. (2011) The serotonergic system in Parkinson's disease. Progress in Neurobiology 95:2, 163-212
CrossRef20
Stephen Toovey, Susan S. Jick, Christoph R. Meier. (2011) Parkinson’s disease or Parkinson symptoms following seasonal influenza. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5:5, 328-333
CrossRef21
Muriel Babey, Rahel Sahli, Istvan Vajtai, Robert H. Andres, Rolf W. Seiler. (2011) Pituitary surgery for small prolactinomas as an alternative to treatment with dopamine agonists. Pituitary 14:3, 222-230
CrossRef22
A. Boudes, C. Lavoute, J.-F. Avierinos, Y. Le Dolley, C. Villacampa, A. Salem, A. D. Loundou, N. Michel, S. Renard, G. Habib. (2011) Valvular heart disease associated with benfluorex therapy: high prevalence in patients with unexplained restrictive valvular heart disease. European Journal of Echocardiography 12:9, 688-695
CrossRef23
Urban M. Fietzek, Lina Riedl, Andres O. Ceballos-Baumann. (2011) Risk assessment and follow-up of valvular regurgitation in Parkinson patients treated with cabergoline. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
CrossRef24
A.P. Pease, H.C. Schott, E.B. Howey, J.S. Patterson. (2011) Computed Tomographic Findings in the Pituitary Gland and Brain of Horses with Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 25:5, 1144-1151
CrossRef25
Cesar Luiz Boguszewski, Carlos Mauricio Correa Santos, Kelly Suga Sakamoto, Lilian Cassia Marini, Admar Moraes Souza, Monalisa Azevedo. (2011) A comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine on the risk of valvular heart disease in patients with prolactinomas. Pituitary
CrossRef26
Haotian Gu, Sara Luck, Paul V. Carroll, Jake Powrie, John Chambers. (2011) Cardiac valve disease and low-dose dopamine agonist therapy: an artefact of reporting bias?. Clinical Endocrinology 74:5, 608-610
CrossRef27
F. Nawroth. (2011) Prolaktin. Gynäkologische Endokrinologie 9:2, 121-129
CrossRef28
Nicholas A. Tritos, Beverly M. K. Biller, Brooke Swearingen. (2011) Management of Cushing disease. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 7:5, 279-289
CrossRef29
Annamaria Colao, Silvia Savastano. (2011) Medical treatment of prolactinomas. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 7:5, 267-278
CrossRef30
Samantha A Hollingworth, Amanda Rush, Wayne D Hall, Mervyn J Eadie. (2011) Utilization of anti-Parkinson drugs in Australia: 1995-2009. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 20:5, 450-456
CrossRef31
Mark Sherlock, Conor Woods, Michael C. Sheppard. (2011) Medical therapy in acromegaly. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 7:5, 291-300
CrossRef32
Laura E Berall, Jonathan R Choptiany, Sudeep S Gill, Chaim M Bell, Paula A Rochon, Andrea Gruneir. (2011) Conceptualizing drug therapies as risk factors for chronic disease. Aging Health 7:2, 173-178
CrossRef33
Jonathan T. Butcher, Gretchen J. Mahler, Laura A. Hockaday. (2011) Aortic valve disease and treatment: The need for naturally engineered solutions. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 63:4-5, 242-268
CrossRef34
Nobuhiro Ooba, Takuhiro Yamaguchi, Kiyoshi Kubota. (2011) The Impact in Japan of Regulatory Action on Prescribing of Dopamine Receptor Agonists. Drug Safety 34:4, 329-338
CrossRef35
W. Alexander Mann. (2011) Treatment for prolactinomas and hyperprolactinaemia: a lifetime approach. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 41:3, 334-342
CrossRef36
Soo S. Rhee, Elizabeth N. Pearce. (2011) Sistema endocrino y corazón: una revisión. Revista Española de Cardiología 64:3, 220-231
CrossRef37
C. Becker, G. P. Brobert, S. Johansson, S. S. Jick, C. R. Meier. (2011) Risk of incident depression in patients with Parkinson disease in the UK. European Journal of Neurology 18:3, 448-453
CrossRef38
John A. Allen, Bryan L. Roth. (2011) Strategies to Discover Unexpected Targets for Drugs Active at G Protein–Coupled Receptors. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 51:1, 117-144
CrossRef39
C. M. Ogilvie, S. R. Milsom. (2011) Dopamine agonists in the treatment of prolactinoma: are they still first choice?. Internal Medicine Journal 41:2, 156-161
CrossRef40
Sachiko Nakaoka, Tatsuro Ishizaki, Hisashi Urushihara, Toshihiko Satoh, Shunya Ikeda, Kaoru Morikawa, Takeo Nakayama. (2011) Echocardiography for the Detection of Valvulopathy Associated with the Use of Ergot-Derived Dopamine Agonists in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Internal Medicine 50:7, 687-694
CrossRef41
Stanley Fahn, Joseph Jankovic, Mark Hallett. 2011. Medical treatment of Parkinson disease. , 119-156.
CrossRef42
Mary P. Gillam, Mark E. Molitch. 2011. Prolactinoma. , 475-531.
CrossRef43
Shlomo Melmed. 2011. Acromegaly. , 433-474.
CrossRef44
Eran Chemerinski, Larry J. Siever. 2010. The Schizophrenia Spectrum Personality Disorders. , 62-90.
CrossRef45
Maryann C. Deak, John W. Winkelman. (2010) The Pharmacologic Management of Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Leg Movement Disorder. Sleep Medicine Clinics 5:4, 675-687
CrossRef46
R. I. G. Holt, A. H. Barnett, C. J. Bailey. (2010) Bromocriptine: old drug, new formulation and new indication. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 12:12, 1048-1057
CrossRef47
Mark J. Millan. (2010) From the cell to the clinic: A comparative review of the partial D2/D3 receptor agonist and α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, piribedil, in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 128:2, 229-273
CrossRef48
Christopher J. Earley, Michael H. Silber. (2010) Restless legs syndrome: Understanding its consequences and the need for better treatment. Sleep Medicine 11:9, 807-815
CrossRef49
M. A. F. M. Youssef, M. van Wely, M. A. Hassan, H. G. Al-Inany, M. Mochtar, S. Khattab, F. van der Veen. (2010) Can dopamine agonists reduce the incidence and severity of OHSS in IVF/ICSI treatment cycles? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update 16:5, 459-466
CrossRef50
Tricia Tan, Ines Z. Cabrita, Davina Hensman, Joanna Grogono, Waljit S. Dhillo, Kevin C. Baynes, Joseph Eliahoo, Karim Meeran, Stephen Robinson, Petros Nihoyannopoulos, Niamh M. Martin. (2010) ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Assessment of cardiac valve dysfunction in patients receiving cabergoline treatment for hyperprolactinaemia. Clinical Endocrinology 73:3, 369-374
CrossRef51
Miguel Debono, John Newell-Price. (2010) New formulations and approaches in the medical treatment of acromegaly. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 17:4, 350-355
CrossRef52
Smith, Steven R., Weissman, Neil J., Anderson, Christen M., Sanchez, Matilde, Chuang, Emil, Stubbe, Scott, Bays, Harold, Shanahan, William R., the Behavioral Modification and Lorcaserin for Overweight and Obesity Management (BLOOM) Study Group. (2010) Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Lorcaserin for Weight Management. New England Journal of Medicine 363:3, 245-256
Full Text53
Neil A. Hanley. 2010. Endocrine Disorders that Cause Diabetes. , 279-297.
CrossRef54
Huilin Tang, Tamara Hunter, Yongfang Hu, Suo-Di Zhai, Xiaoyan Sheng, Roger J Hart, Huilin Tang. 2010. Cabergoline for preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. .
CrossRef55
Steven Droogmans, Guy Van Camp. (2010) Pharmacotherapy: Valvulopathy in patients treated for hyperprolactinemia?. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 6:7, 357-358
CrossRef56
F L Arnold, M Kusama, S Ono. (2010) Exploring Differences in Drug Doses Between Japan and Western Countries. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 87:6, 714-720
CrossRef57
Ariel Barkan, Marcello D. Bronstein, Oscar D. Bruno, Alejandro Cob, Ana Laura Espinosa-de-los-Monteros, Monica R. Gadelha, Gloria Garavito, Mirtha Guitelman, Ruth Mangupli, Moisés Mercado, Lesly Portocarrero, Michael Sheppard. (2010) Management of acromegaly in Latin America: expert panel recommendations. Pituitary 13:2, 168-175
CrossRef58
Margaret M McClure, Philip D Harvey, Marianne Goodman, Joseph Triebwasser, Antonia New, Harold W Koenigsberg, Larry J Sprung, Janine D Flory, Larry J Siever. (2010) Pergolide Treatment of Cognitive Deficits Associated with Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Continued Evidence of the Importance of the Dopamine System in the Schizophrenia Spectrum. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:6, 1356-1362
CrossRef59
Klibanski, Anne, . (2010) Prolactinomas. New England Journal of Medicine 362:13, 1219-1226
Full Text60
M. S. B. Huda, N. B. Athauda, M. M. Teh, P. V. Carroll, J. K. Powrie. (2010) Factors determining the remission of microprolactinomas after dopamine agonist withdrawal. Clinical Endocrinology 72:4, 507-511
CrossRef61
Claudia Becker, Gunnar P. Brobert, Saga Johansson, Susan S. Jick, Christoph R. Meier. (2010) Cancer risk in association with Parkinson disease: A population-based study. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 16:3, 186-190
CrossRef62
Lisa B. Nachtigall, Elena Valassi, Janet Lo, David McCarty, Jonathan Passeri, Beverly M. K. Biller, Karen K. Miller, Andrea Utz, Steven Grinspoon, Elizabeth A. Lawson, Anne Klibanski. (2010) Gender effects on cardiac valvular function in hyperprolactinaemic patients receiving cabergoline: a retrospective study. Clinical Endocrinology 72:1, 53-58
CrossRef63
Stanley Fahn. (2010) Parkinson's disease: 10 years of progress, 1997-2007. Movement Disorders 25:S1, S2-S14
CrossRef64
Claudia Becker, Susan S. Jick, Christoph R. Meier. (2010) Risk of stroke in patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 16:1, 31-35
CrossRef65
Sophie Vallette, Karim Serri, Omar Serri. (2010) Cabergoline therapy for prolactinomas: is valvular heart disease a real safety concern?. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 8:1, 49-54
CrossRef66
Luigi Ferini-Strambi, Mauro Manconi. (2009) Treatment of restless legs syndrome. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 15, S65-S70
CrossRef67
K. Ray Chaudhuri, Kartik Logishetty. (2009) Dopamine receptor agonists and sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 15, S101-S104
CrossRef68
Paul M. Stewart, Stephan Petersenn. (2009) 3 Rationale for treatment and therapeutic options in Cushing's disease. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 23, S15-S22
CrossRef69
Ubaldo Bonuccelli, Paolo Del Dotto, Olivier Rascol. (2009) Role of dopamine receptor agonists in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 15, S44-S53
CrossRef70
Annamaria Colao. (2009) The prolactinoma. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 23:5, 575-596
CrossRef71
Wandana Nanhoe-Mahabier, Karlijn F. de Laat, Jasper E. Visser, Jan Zijlmans, Frank-Erik de Leeuw, Bastiaan R. Bloem. (2009) Parkinson disease and comorbid cerebrovascular disease. Nature Reviews Neurology 5:10, 533-541
CrossRef72
Steven Droogmans, Bram Roosens, Bernard Cosyns, Céline Degaillier, Sophie Hernot, Caroline Weytjens, Christian Garbar, Vicky Caveliers, Miriam Pipeleers-Marichal, Philippe R. Franken, Axel Bossuyt, Danny Schoors, Tony Lahoutte, Guy Camp. (2009) Dose Dependency and Reversibility of Serotonin-Induced Valvular Heart Disease in Rats. Cardiovascular Toxicology 9:3, 134-141
CrossRef73
Tina C. Stummann, Mario Beilmann, Göran Duker, Berengere Dumotier, J. Magnus Fredriksson, Robin L. Jones, Marina Hasiwa, Y. James Kang, Carl-Fredrik Mandenius, Thomas Meyer, Giorgio Minotti, Y. Jean-Pierre Valentin, Bernd J. Zünkler, Susanne Bremer. (2009) Report and Recommendations of the Workshop of the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods for Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Cardiovascular Toxicology 9:3, 107-125
CrossRef74
Sophie Vallette, Karim Serri, Juan Rivera, Patricia Santagata, Sophie Delorme, Natasha Garfield, Nora Kahtani, Hugues Beauregard, Nahla Aris-Jilwan, Ghislaine Houde, Omar Serri. (2009) Long-term cabergoline therapy is not associated with valvular heart disease in patients with prolactinomas. Pituitary 12:3, 153-157
CrossRef75
Dianne Cheung, Anthony Heaney. (2009) Dopamine agonists and valvular heart disease. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 16:4, 316-320
CrossRef76
Sanjeev Bhattacharyya, Anthony H Schapira, Dimitri P Mikhailidis, Joseph Davar. (2009) Drug-induced fibrotic valvular heart disease. The Lancet 374:9689, 577-585
CrossRef77
Chirag G. Patil, Melanie Hayden, Laurence Katznelson, Steven D. Chang. (2009) Non-surgical management of hormone-secreting pituitary tumors. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 16:8, 985-993
CrossRef78
Chloe I. BLOOM, Graeme E. WILSON. (2009) Rounded atelectasis and respiratory compromise secondary to pergolide use. Respirology 14:6, 906-907
CrossRef79
Sakima A. Smith, Alan D. Waggoner, Lisa de las Fuentes, Victor G. Davila-Roman. (2009) Role of Serotoninergic Pathways in Drug-Induced Valvular Heart Disease and Diagnostic Features by Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 22:8, 883-889
CrossRef80
Susan H. Fox, Rosalind Chuang, Jonathan M. Brotchie. (2009) Serotonin and Parkinson's disease: On movement, mood, and madness. Movement Disorders 24:9, 1255-1266
CrossRef81
Jacques Hamon, Steven Whitebread, Valerie Techer-Etienne, Helene Le Coq, Kamal Azzaoui, Laszlo Urban. (2009) In vitro safety pharmacology profiling: what else beyond hERG?. Future Medicinal Chemistry 1:4, 645-665
CrossRef82
Michael Powell. (2009) Microscope and endoscopic pituitary surgery. Acta Neurochirurgica 151:7, 723-728
CrossRef83
F. Chagué, I. Belleville, B. Boujon, J.-M. Petit. (2009) Une insuffisance aortique diagnostiquée sous cabergoline. Annales de Cardiologie et d'Angéiologie 58:3, 189-191
CrossRef84
C. Bruin, R. A. Feelders, S. W. J. Lamberts, L. J. Hofland. (2009) Somatostatin and dopamine receptors as targets for medical treatment of Cushing’s Syndrome. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 10:2, 91-102
CrossRef85
S. Droogmans, D. Kerkhove, B. Cosyns, G. Van Camp. (2009) Role of echocardiography in toxic heart valvulopathy. European Journal of Echocardiography 10:4, 467-476
CrossRef86
Hideki Ohno, Masashi Nakajima, Shinsuke Fujioka, Kohnosuke Iwamoto, Mitsuru Kawamura. (2009) Overnight switching from ergot-derived dopamine agonists to pramipexole in patients with Parkinson’s disease: An open preliminary trial in Japan. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 16:6, 790-792
CrossRef87
Giorgio Arnaldi, Marina Cardinaletti, Laura Trementino, Giacomo Tirabassi, Marco Boscaro. (2009) Pituitary-directed medical treatment of Cushing’s disease. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 4:3, 263-272
CrossRef88
Joanne J. Spinks, Fiona J. Ryan. (2009) Cabergoline Resistance in Pediatric Prolactinomas. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 31:5, 377-379
CrossRef89
(2009) Dopamine agonists, Dopplers and doubt: cabergoline-associated cardiac valvulopathy. Internal Medicine Journal 39:4, 213-215
CrossRef90
(2009) Low-dose cabergoline causing valvular heart disease in a patient treated for prolactinoma. Internal Medicine Journal 39:4, 266-267
CrossRef91
M. Luedde, B. Helmke, H.A. Katus, N. Frey. (2009) Severe mitral valve regurgitation with fatal cardiogenic shock in a patient on long-term cabergoline treatment. International Journal of Cardiology 133:3, e97-e98
CrossRef92
Narong Simakajornboon, Leila Kheirandish-Gozal, David Gozal. (2009) Diagnosis and management of restless legs syndrome in children. Sleep Medicine Reviews 13:2, 149-156
CrossRef93
Sampath Satish Kumar, John Ayuk, Robert D. Murray. (2009) Current therapy and drug pipeline for the treatment of patients with acromegaly. Advances in Therapy 26:4, 383-403
CrossRef94
Steven R. Smith, Warren A. Prosser, David J. Donahue, Michael E. Morgan, Christen M. Anderson, William R. Shanahan. (2009) Lorcaserin (APD356), a Selective 5-HT2C Agonist, Reduces Body Weight in Obese Men and Women. Obesity 17:3, 494-503
CrossRef95
E. Novella-Maestre, C. Carda, I. Noguera, A. Ruiz-Sauri, J. A. Garcia-Velasco, C. Simon, A. Pellicer. (2009) Dopamine agonist administration causes a reduction in endometrial implants through modulation of angiogenesis in experimentally induced endometriosis. Human Reproduction 24:5, 1025-1035
CrossRef96
Louis C.S. Tan, Kenneth K.C. Ng, Wing-Lok Au, Raymond K.K. Lee, Yiong-Huak Chan, Nigel C.K. Tan. (2009) Bromocriptine use and the risk of valvular heart disease. Movement Disorders 24:3, 344-349
CrossRef97
Tomoko Oeda, Motoko Masaki, Kenji Yamamoto, Eiji Mizuta, Naoyuki Kitagawa, Tsuyoshi Isono, Satoshi Taniguchi, Kiyoshi Doi, Hitoshi Yaku, Chikao Yutani, Takashi Kawamura, Sadako Kuno, Hideyuki Sawada. (2009) High risk factors for valvular heart disease from dopamine agonists in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neural Transmission 116:2, 171-178
CrossRef98
Malcolm Steiger, W. Jost, F. Grandas, G. Camp. (2009) Risk of valvular heart disease associated with the use of dopamine agonists in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Journal of Neural Transmission 116:2, 179-191
CrossRef99
Miles Berger, John A. Gray, Bryan L. Roth. (2009) The Expanded Biology of Serotonin. Annual Review of Medicine 60:1, 355-366
CrossRef100
Manuel Haro-Estarriol, Gladis Sabater-Talaverano, Francisco Rodríguez-Jerez, Anton Obrador-Lagares, David Genís-Batlle, Salvi Sendra-Salillas. (2009) Derrame pleural e hipertensión pulmonar en un paciente con enfermedad de Parkinson en tratamiento con cabergolina. Archivos de Bronconeumología 45:2, 100-102
CrossRef101
Frank Andersohn, Edeltraut Garbe. (2009) Cardiac and noncardiac fibrotic reactions caused by ergot-and nonergot-derived dopamine agonists. Movement Disorders 24:1, 129-133
CrossRef102
Alice Y. Chang, Richard J Auchus. 2009. Endocrine Disturbances Affecting Reproduction. , 561-575.
CrossRef103
Neil Herring, Cezary Szmigielski, Harald Becher, Niki Karavitaki, John A. H. Wass. (2009) Valvular heart disease and the use of cabergoline for the treatment of prolactinoma. Clinical Endocrinology 70:1, 104-108
CrossRef104
Mark E. Molitch. 2009. Prolactin in Human Reproduction. , 57-78.
CrossRef105
Jens Bollerslev, Stine L Fougner, Jens P Berg. (2009) New directions in pharmacological treatment of acromegaly. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 18:1, 13-22
CrossRef106
Daihiko Hakuno, Naritaka Kimura, Masatoyo Yoshioka, Keiichi Fukuda. (2009) Molecular mechanisms underlying the onset of degenerative aortic valve disease. Journal of Molecular Medicine 87:1, 17-24
CrossRef107
Shin-ichi Ono, Kohji Hirai, Ei-ichi Tokuda. (2009) Effects of Pergolide Mesilate on Metallothionein mRNAs Expression in a Mouse Model for Parkinson Disease. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 32:10, 1813-1817
CrossRef108
Mark E Molitch. 2008. The Patient with prolactinoma. , 179-190.
CrossRef109
F. Bogazzi, S. Buralli, L. Manetti, V. Raffaelli, T. Cigni, M. Lombardi, F. Boresi, S. Taddei, A. Salvetti, E. Martino. (2008) Treatment with low doses of cabergoline is not associated with increased prevalence of cardiac valve regurgitation in patients with hyperprolactinaemia. International Journal of Clinical Practice 62:12, 1864-1869
CrossRef110
Frank Andersohn, E. Garbe. (2008) Pharmakoepidemiologische Forschung mit Routinedaten des Gesundheitswesens. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 51:10, 1135-1144
CrossRef111
Riccardo Ruffoli, Paola Soldani, Livia Pasquali, Stefano Ruggieri, Antonio Paparelli, Francesco Fornai. (2008) Methamphetamine Fails to Alter the Noradrenergic Integrity of the Heart. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1139:1, 337-344
CrossRef112
Fausto Bogazzi, Martina Lombardi, Chiara Cosci, Chiara Sardella, Sandra Brogioni, Enrica Talini, Vitantonio Di Bello, Luigi Bartalena, Enio Martino. (2008) Identification, treatment and management of cardiovascular risks in patients with acromegaly. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 3:5, 603-614
CrossRef113
Chheng-Orn Evans, Carlos S. Moreno, Xianquan Zhan, Michael T. McCabe, Paula M. Vertino, Dominic M. Desiderio, Nelson M. Oyesiku. (2008) Molecular pathogenesis of human prolactinomas identified by gene expression profiling, RT-qPCR, and proteomic analyses. Pituitary 11:3, 231-245
CrossRef114
J. C. Möller, K. M. Eggert, M. Unger, P. Odin, K. R. Chaudhuri, W. H. Oertel. (2008) Clinical risk-benefit assessment of dopamine agonists. European Journal of Neurology 15, 15-23
CrossRef115
A. De Bellis, A. Colao, A. Savoia, C. Coronella, D. Pasquali, M. Conte, R. Pivonello, A. Bellastella, A. A. Sinisi, A. Bizzarro, G. Lombardi, G. Bellastella. (2008) Effect of long-term cabergoline therapy on the immunological pattern and pituitary function of patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia positive for antipituitary antibodies. Clinical Endocrinology 69:2, 285-291
CrossRef116
Rashmi R. Shah. (2008) If a drug deemed ‘safe’ in nonclinical tests subsequently prolongs QT in phase 1 studies, how can its sponsor convince regulators to allow development to proceed?. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 119:2, 215-221
CrossRef117
Gianluca Trifirò, Rodolfo Savica, Letterio Morgante, Nicola Vanacore, Michele Tari, Salvatore Moretti, Mariella Galdo, Edoardo Spina, Achille P. Caputi, Vincenzo Arcoraci. (2008) Prescribing pattern of anti-Parkinson drugs in Southern Italy: Cross-sectional analysis in the years 2003–2005. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 14:5, 420-425
CrossRef118
D. Dupuy, J. P. Lesbre, P. Gérard, M. Andrejak, O. Godefroy. (2008) Valvular heart disease in patients with Parkinson’s disease treated with pergolide. Course following treatment modifications. Journal of Neurology 255:7, 1045-1048
CrossRef119
Philippe Chanson. (2008) Emerging drugs for acromegaly. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 13:2, 273-293
CrossRef120
S. Droogmans, B. Cosyns, G. Van Camp. (2008) Pergolide and valvular heart disease: the lower the better?. European Journal of Echocardiography 9:6, 717-718
CrossRef121
V. G. Rasmussen, S. H. Poulsen, E. Dupont, K. Ostergaard, G. Safikhany, H. Egeblad. (2008) Ergotamine-derived dopamine agonists and left ventricular function in Parkinson patients: systolic and diastolic function studied by conventional echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging, and two-dimensional speckle tracking. European Journal of Echocardiography 9:6, 803-808
CrossRef122
Krystallenia I Alexandraki, Ashley B Grossman. (2008) Pituitary-targeted medical therapy of Cushing's disease. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 17:5, 669-677
CrossRef123
Ferdinand Roelfsema, Nienke R Biermasz, Alberto M Pereira, Johannes A Romijn. (2008) The role of pegvisomant in the treatment of acromegaly. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 8:5, 691-704
CrossRef124
Marcello D Bronstein. (2008) Long-term control of macroprolactinomas. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 3:3, 361-376
CrossRef125
Shilpa Chitnis. (2008) Ropinirole treatment for restless legs syndrome. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 4:5, 655-664
CrossRef126
Shailendra Kapoor. (2008) The relationship between restless legs syndrome and cardiovascular disease. European Journal of Neurology 15:5, e42-e42
CrossRef127
Kersi J. Bharucha, Steve M. Blevins. (2008) Sclerosing mesenteritis: An ergot-related complication of pergolide therapy in Parkinson's disease?. Movement Disorders 23:6, 922-923
CrossRef128
Olof Sydow. (2008) Parkinson’s disease: recent development in therapies for advanced disease with a focus on deep brain stimulation (DBS) and duodenal levodopa infusion. FEBS Journal 275:7, 1370-1376
CrossRef129
Richard K Bogan. (2008) Ropinirole treatment for restless legs syndrome. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 9:4, 611-623
CrossRef130
Tatiana Mancini, Felipe F. Casanueva, Andrea Giustina. (2008) Hyperprolactinemia and Prolactinomas. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 37:1, 67-99
CrossRef131
Anat Ben-Shlomo, Shlomo Melmed. (2008) Acromegaly. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 37:1, 101-122
CrossRef132
Mark E. Molitch. (2008) Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumors and Pituitary Incidentalomas. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 37:1, 151-171
CrossRef133
Keith A. Houck, Robert J. Kavlock. (2008) Understanding mechanisms of toxicity: Insights from drug discovery research. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 227:2, 163-178
CrossRef134
Ubaldo Bonuccelli, Roberto Ceravolo. (2008) The safety of dopamine agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 7:2, 111-127
CrossRef135
John D. Carmichael, Vivien S. Bonert. (2008) Medical therapy: Options and uses. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 9:1, 71-81
CrossRef136
Gianluca Trifirò, Letterio Morgante, Michele Tari, Vincenzo Arcoraci, Rodolfo Savica. (2008) BURDEN OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN ELDERLY WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE WHO START A DOPAMINE AGONIST AGENT. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 56:2, 371-373
CrossRef137
Giovanni Merlino, Anna Serafini, Francesca Robiony, Mariarosaria Valente, Gian Luigi Gigli. (2008) Clinical experience with pramipexole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 4:2, 225-235
CrossRef138
Shahbudin H. Rahimtoola. (2008) The Year in Valvular Heart Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51:7, 760-770
CrossRef139
Shigeki Kuzuhara. (2008) Treatment of Parkinson's disease at present and in the future. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 48:11, 835-843
CrossRef140
(2008) Evidence to Support the Regulation Decision for the Usage of Pergolide in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease in Taiwan. Drug Safety 31:10, 885-960
CrossRef141
ROBERT L. ROSENFIELD, DAVID W. COOKE, SALLY RADOVICK. 2008. Puberty and Its Disorders in the Female. , 530-609.
CrossRef142
Karla M Eggert, Jens P Reese, Wolfgang H Oertel, Richard Dodel. (2008) Cost Effectiveness of Pharmacotherapies in Early Parkinson’s Disease. CNS Drugs 22:10, 841-860
CrossRef143
Gurutz Linazasoro. (2008) Conversion From Dopamine Agonists to Cabergoline. Clinical Neuropharmacology 31:1, 19-24
CrossRef144
Adam M. Mirot, Edward G. Tessier, Michael J. Germain, Lewis M. Cohen. 2008. Neuropsychiatric Complications and Psychopharmacology of End-Stage Renal Disease. , 795-817.
CrossRef145
Mark Stacy, Andrew Galbreath DO. (2008) Optimizing Long-Term Therapy for Parkinson Disease. Clinical Neuropharmacology 31:1, 51-56
CrossRef146
I. Belleville, F. Chague, J.-M. Petit, B. Boujon. (2007) Insuffisance aortique sous faibles doses de cabergoline pour hyperprolactinémie non tumorale. Annales d'Endocrinologie 68:6, 464-466
CrossRef147
V. G. Rasmussen, S. H. Poulsen, E. Dupont, K. Østergaard, G. Safikhany, H. Egeblad. (2007) Heart valve disease associated with treatment with ergot-derived dopamine agonists: a clinical and echocardiographic study of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Internal Medicine 0:0, 071127165449003-???
CrossRef148
Giorgio Arnaldi, Marina Cardinaletti, Marco Boscaro. (2007) Advances in medical treatment of Cushing’s disease. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 2:6, 735-743
CrossRef149
E. Růžička, H. Línková, M. Pěnička, O. Ulmanová, L. Nováková, J. Roth. (2007) Low incidence of restrictive valvulopathy in patients with Parkinson's disease on moderate dose of pergolide. Journal of Neurology 254:11, 1575-1578
CrossRef150
Steven Droogmans, Bernard Cosyns, Hugo D’haenen, Edwin Creeten, Caroline Weytjens, Philippe R. Franken, Benjamin Scott, Danny Schoors, Arsène Kemdem, Laurent Close, Jean-Luc Vandenbossche, Serge Bechet, Guy Van Camp. (2007) Possible Association Between 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Abuse and Valvular Heart Disease. The American Journal of Cardiology 100:9, 1442-1445
CrossRef151
Mark Sherlock, Richard Steeds, Andy A. Toogood. (2007) Dopamine agonist therapy and cardiac valve dysfunction. Clinical Endocrinology 67:5, 643-644
CrossRef152
Gregor Simonis, Joerg T. Fuhrmann, Ruth H. Strasser. (2007) Meta-analysis of heart valve abnormalities in Parkinson's disease patients treated with dopamine agonists. Movement Disorders 22:13, 1936-1942
CrossRef153
Ubaldo Bonuccelli, Nicola Pavese. (2007) Role of dopamine agonists in Parkinson’s disease: an update. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 7:10, 1391-1399
CrossRef154
(2007) An Interview with Bryan Roth, M.D., Ph.D. Professor, Department of Pharmacology & Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy; and Director, NIMH Psychoactive North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC. ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies 5:5, 593-598
CrossRef155
Angelo Antonini, Werner Poewe. (2007) Fibrotic heart-valve reactions to dopamine-agonist treatment in Parkinson's disease. The Lancet Neurology 6:9, 826-829
CrossRef156
Mitsutoshi Yamamoto, Tadahisa Uesugi. (2007) Dopamine agonists and valvular heart disease in patients with Parkinson's disease: evidence and mystery. Journal of Neurology 254:S5, 74-78
CrossRef157
Masahiro Nagai, Noriko Nishikawa, Hayato Yabe, Hiroyoko Moritoyo, Takashi Moritoyo, Yuji Shigematsu, Masahiro Nomoto. (2007) Dopamine agonists and valvular heart disease in Japanese patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology 254:S4, IV54-IV57
CrossRef158
WR Wayne Martin. (2007) Dopamine agonists and the risk of valvular heart disease. Nature Clinical Practice Neurology 3:8, 426-427
CrossRef159
Marianne Andersen. (2007) The role of lanreotide Autogel ® in the treatment of acromegaly. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 2:4, 433-441
CrossRef160
E. Does. (2007) Geneesmiddelen en hartklepafwijkingen. MFM 45:6, 187-188
CrossRef161
Colin Davidson, Rupa Gopalan, Cassandra Ahn, Qiang Chen, Paolo Mannelli, Ashwin A. Patkar, G. Daniel Weese, Tong H. Lee, Everett H. Ellinwood. (2007) Reduction in methamphetamine induced sensitization and reinstatement after combined pergolide plus ondansetron treatment during withdrawal. European Journal of Pharmacology 565:1-3, 113-118
CrossRef162
Gülay Kenangil, Sibel Özekmekçi, Lale Koldas, Taylan Sahin, Ethem Erginöz. (2007) Assessment of valvulopathy in Parkinson's disease patients on pergolide and/or cabergoline. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 109:4, 350-353
CrossRef163
(2007) Dopamine Agonists and Valvular Heart Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 356:16, 1676-1680
Full Text164
Kurt Samson. (2007) Elevated Rates of Heart Valve Problems Reported in PD Patients Taking Ergot-Derived Dopamine Agonists. Neurology Today 7:3, 1
CrossRef165
Roger M Pinder. (2007) Pathological gambling and dopamine agonists: A phenotype?. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 3:1, 1-2
CrossRef166
Roth, Bryan L., . (2007) Drugs and Valvular Heart Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 356:1, 6-9
Full Text167
Joseph Jankovic, Mark Stacy. (2007) Medical Management of Levodopa-Associated Motor Complications in Patients with Parkinson???s Disease. CNS Drugs 21:8, 677-692
CrossRef168
Rashmi R Shah. (2007) Cardiac Repolarisation and Drug Regulation. Drug Safety 30:12, 1093-1110
CrossRef169
Hiroyuki Arai, Junko Minami. (2007) Pharmacological profiles and clinical effects of ropinirole hydrochloride (ReQuip®). Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 130:4, 313-319
CrossRef170
Wolfgang H. Oertel, Claudia Trenkwalder, Marco Zucconi, Heike Benes, Diego Garcia Borreguero, Claudio Bassetti, Markku Partinen, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, Karin Stiasny-Kolster. (2007) State of the art in restless legs syndrome therapy: Practice recommendations for treating restless legs syndrome. Movement Disorders 22:S18, S466-S475
CrossRef171
W.H. Frishman. (2007) Dopamine agonists and cardiac valvulopathy in Parkinson disease: A case–control study. Yearbook of Medicine 2007, 366-367
CrossRef172
Jack J Chen, Hubert H Fernandez. (2007) Community and Long-Term Care Management of Parkinson???s Disease in the Elderly. Drugs & Aging 24:8, 663-680
CrossRef
- Letters
