Original Article
Soluble Endoglin and Other Circulating Antiangiogenic Factors in Preeclampsia
N Engl J Med 2006; 355:992-1005September 7, 2006
- Abstract
Background
Alterations in circulating soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1), an antiangiogenic protein, and placental growth factor (PlGF), a proangiogenic protein, appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Since soluble endoglin, another antiangiogenic protein, acts together with sFlt1 to induce a severe preeclampsia-like syndrome in pregnant rats, we examined whether it is associated with preeclampsia in women.
Methods
We performed a nested case–control study of healthy nulliparous women within the Calcium for Preeclampsia Prevention trial. The study included all 72 women who had preterm preeclampsia (<37 weeks), as well as 480 randomly selected women — 120 women with preeclampsia at term (at ≥37 weeks), 120 women with gestational hypertension, 120 normotensive women who delivered infants who were small for gestational age, and 120 normotensive controls who delivered infants who were not small for gestational age.
Results
Circulating soluble endoglin levels increased markedly beginning 2 to 3 months before the onset of preeclampsia. After the onset of clinical disease, the mean serum level in women with preterm preeclampsia was 46.4 ng per milliliter, as compared with 9.8 ng per milliliter in controls (P<0.001). The mean serum level in women with preeclampsia at term was 31.0 ng per milliliter, as compared with 13.3 ng per milliliter in controls (P<0.001). Beginning at 17 weeks through 20 weeks of gestation, soluble endoglin levels were significantly higher in women in whom preterm preeclampsia later developed than in controls (10.2 ng per milliliter vs. 5.8 ng per milliliter, P<0.001), and at 25 through 28 weeks of gestation, the levels were significantly higher in women in whom term preeclampsia developed than in controls (8.5 ng per milliliter vs. 5.9 ng per milliliter, P<0.001). An increased level of soluble endoglin was usually accompanied by an increased ratio of sFlt1:PlGF. The risk of preeclampsia was greatest among women in the highest quartile of the control distributions for both biomarkers but not for either biomarker alone.
Conclusions
Rising circulating levels of soluble endoglin and ratios of sFlt1:PlGF herald the onset of preeclampsia.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Mean (±SE) Levels of Soluble Endoglin According to Gestational Age.Figure 2
Mean (±SE) Levels of Soluble Endoglin According to Weeks before the Onset of Preeclampsia.Article Activity
- Article
Preeclampsia, characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation, complicates 3 to 5 percent of pregnancies and results in substantial maternal and neonatal complications and deaths.1,2 It seems to be precipitated by the release of circulating factors from the placenta that induce endothelial dysfunction.3,4
Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) (also known as soluble vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] receptor 1 [sVEGFR1]), a circulating antiangiogenic protein that sequesters the proangiogenic proteins placental growth factor (PlGF) and VEGF, is increased before the onset of clinical disease in the circulation of women with preeclampsia. Circulating levels of sFlt1 correlate with the severity of preeclampsia and proximity to the onset of hypertension or proteinuria.5-11 Serum free PlGF and free VEGF levels are decreased before the development of preeclampsia.5,12-15 Overexpression of sFlt1 in pregnant rats results in a preeclampsia-like phenotype.8 Furthermore, anti-VEGF therapy in patients with cancer has been associated with hypertension, proteinuria, and the reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, which are hallmarks of preeclampsia and eclampsia.16-18 Therefore, an imbalance in circulating angiogenic factors may be associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction and the maternal syndrome of preeclampsia.19
Endoglin, a coreceptor for transforming growth factor β1 and β3 (TGF-β1 and TGF-β3, respectively), is highly expressed on cell membranes of vascular endothelium and syncytiotrophoblasts.20,21 Placental endoglin is up-regulated in preeclampsia, releasing soluble endoglin into the maternal circulation.22 Soluble endoglin is an antiangiogenic protein that may inhibit TGF-β1 signaling in vasculature.22,23 In one study, overexpression of soluble endoglin in rodents by means of adenoviral vectors led to increased vascular permeability and induced modest hypertension without significant proteinuria.22 Adenoviral-mediated overexpression of both sFlt1 and soluble endoglin caused severe vascular damage, nephrotic-range proteinuria, severe hypertension, a syndrome similar to the HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets), and fetal growth restriction.22 Thus, soluble endoglin and sFlt1, two antiangiogenic proteins operating through separate mechanisms, may combine to produce endothelial dysfunction and severe preeclampsia.
We performed a nested case–control study within the Calcium for Preeclampsia Prevention (CPEP) trial24 to determine gestational patterns of circulating soluble endoglin in women with normal pregnancies and in those with preeclampsia. We hypothesized that serum soluble endoglin levels would be elevated before the onset of clinical preeclampsia and would correlate with the severity of the disease and proximity to the onset of clinical manifestations.
Methods
Participants and Specimens
The CPEP trial was a randomized, double-blind trial conducted from 1992 to 1995 in healthy nulliparous women with singleton pregnancies to evaluate the effects of daily supplementation with calcium or placebo on the incidence and severity of preeclampsia.24,25
Of the 4589 women enrolled in the CPEP trial, we excluded 333 who had incomplete information about outcomes, whose pregnancy ended before 20 weeks, or who had a stillbirth5; 102 with no serum specimen before enrollment; and 524 whose pre-enrollment serum specimen may have been dated inaccurately, since the date on the specimen label was more than 2 days after the date recorded by the research nurse. Among the remaining 3630 women, 2469 were normotensive throughout pregnancy and delivered infants who were appropriately sized or large for gestational age (controls), 225 were normotensive but delivered small-for-gestational-age infants, 651 had gestational hypertension, 72 had preeclampsia before 37 weeks of gestation (preterm preeclampsia), and 213 had preeclampsia at or after 37 weeks (term preeclampsia). We randomly selected 120 from each group except the group with preterm preeclampsia; we included all 72 women in this group. We analyzed all serum specimens obtained before labor or delivery. Calcium supplementation did not affect levels of angiogenic factors (data not shown).
Although 87 women (30 with preterm preeclampsia, 52 with term preeclampsia, 4 controls, and 1 who was normotensive and had an infant who was small for gestational age) had been included in a previous study,5 aliquots not thawed previously were used to conduct new analyses of angiogenic factors. Of the 552 women, 41 (7.4%) had one serum specimen available for analysis, 119 (21.6%) had two, 333 (60.3%) had three, 56 (10.1%) had four, and 3 (0.5%) had five. Since three or fewer specimens were available for most women, we analyzed the data largely in a cross-sectional manner using all available specimens within intervals of gestational age and according to the time before the onset of preeclampsia. Within these 3-to-5-week intervals, the numbers of women and specimens were generally equal.
Analyses according to the severity of preeclampsia were conducted within larger intervals (21 through 32 or 33 through 42 weeks of gestation). In these intervals of gestational age, when more than one specimen existed per woman, the earliest was used. After the onset of clinical disease, specimens were available from 40 of the 72 women in whom preterm preeclampsia developed and from 32 of the 120 in whom term preeclampsia developed. In paired comparisons, specimens were matched within 1 week of gestational age at the time of collection of the specimen. Although specimens were obtained from 32 women with term preeclampsia after the clinical onset of the condition, only 16 matched controls were found for these women.
Preeclampsia was defined as hypertension (i.e., diastolic blood pressure of at least 90 mm Hg on two occasions 4 to 168 hours apart) and proteinuria, characterized as one of the following: urine dipstick results of at least 1+ (30 mg per deciliter) on two occasions 4 to 168 hours apart; a protein:creatinine ratio of at least 0.35; urine dipstick results of at least 2+ (100 mg per deciliter); or a 24-hour urine specimen containing at least 300 mg of protein. Severe preeclampsia was defined as the HELLP syndrome, eclampsia, or preeclampsia with either severe hypertension (diastolic blood pressure of ≥110 mm Hg) or severe proteinuria (urinary protein excretion of ≥3.5 g per 24 hours or urine dipstick results of ≥3+ [300 mg per deciliter]). Gestational hypertension was defined as hypertension without proteinuria.24,25 The onset of preeclampsia or gestational hypertension was considered to be the time of the first elevated blood-pressure or urinary-protein measurement leading to diagnosis. A small-for-gestational-age infant had a birth weight below the 10th percentile according to U.S. tables of birth weight for gestational age that take into account race, parity, and sex of the infant.26
Because the study used specimens that were collected as part of the CPEP trial and could not be linked to identifiable women, the Office of Human Subjects Research of the National Institutes of Health granted the study an exemption from the requirement for review and approval by the institutional review board.
Procedures
Specimens were randomly ordered for analysis, and assays were performed by personnel who were unaware of the outcome of the pregnancy. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for human soluble endoglin, sFlt1, and free PlGF were conducted in duplicate with the use of commercial kits (R&D Systems). These assays have been validated by recovery studies from the serum of pregnant women. Minimal detectable levels in the assays for soluble endoglin, sFlt1, and PlGF were 7 pg per milliliter, 5 pg per milliliter, and 7 pg per milliliter, respectively, and interassay coefficients of variation in our laboratory were 12 percent, 13 percent, and 5 percent, respectively. We previously reported on sFlt1 and PlGF in preeclampsia5; in the present study we sought to compare these proteins with soluble endoglin using their ratio. The ratio of sFlt1:PlGF is an index of antiangiogenic activity that reflects both increased sFlt1 and decreased PlGF in women in whom preeclampsia develops and predicts preeclampsia more reliably than either protein alone.27,28
Statistical Analysis
Chi-square tests were used for the comparison of categorical variables, and t-tests were used for the comparison of continuous variables. Although the arithmetic mean levels of angiogenic proteins are reported in the text and figures, statistical testing was conducted after logarithmic transformation. All P values are two-tailed. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was also applied to comparisons within the gestational-age and weeks-before-preeclampsia intervals and provided P values indicating similar significance. Risk was calculated with the use of odds ratios, multivariable analyses were performed with logistic-regression analysis, and log-likelihood ratios were examined to assess model fit.
Results
Characteristics of the Women
Severe preeclampsia occurred in 44 of 72 women with preterm preeclampsia (61.1%) and 30 of 120 women with term preeclampsia (25.0%). Consistent with published literature, women with preeclampsia or gestational hypertension had greater body-mass index, higher blood pressure at enrollment, were more often black, and were less likely to smoke than normotensive women with appropriately sized or large-for-gestational-age infants (Table 1Table 1
Characteristics of Controls, Normotensive Women with Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants, and Women with Gestational Hypertension, Preterm Preeclampsia, or Term Preeclampsia at Enrollment in the CPEP Trial and Characteristics of Their Infants and Serum Specimens.).1,2 Women who were normotensive during pregnancy and delivered small-for-gestational-age infants were smaller in stature and more likely to smoke than were women in the control group. Specimens from women with small-for-gestational-age infants or preterm preeclampsia had been stored slightly longer at −70°C than had specimens from women in the control group.Levels of Soluble Endoglin
We first confirmed that serum levels of soluble endoglin were altered in women with clinical signs of preeclampsia. Among 40 paired specimens, mean soluble endoglin levels were elevated in women with preterm preeclampsia as compared with matched controls (46.4 ng per milliliter vs. 9.8 ng per milliliter, P<0.001). Findings were similar among 16 specimens from women with term preeclampsia and matched controls (31.0 ng per milliliter and 13.3 ng per milliliter, respectively; P<0.001).
To evaluate gestational patterns, we performed a cross-sectional analysis within 4-week intervals of gestational age. Levels of soluble endoglin among controls were stable until 33 through 36 weeks of gestation and then increased by an average of 0.69 ng per milliliter per week until labor or delivery (Figure 1AFigure 1
Mean (±SE) Levels of Soluble Endoglin According to Gestational Age.). In specimens obtained before the onset of preeclampsia from women in whom preterm preeclampsia subsequently developed, soluble endoglin began to rise at 17 weeks through 20 weeks of gestation, to 10.2 ng per milliliter, compared with 5.8 ng per milliliter in controls (P<0.001), and had a steep rise at 33 through 36 weeks. Among women in whom term preeclampsia developed, soluble endoglin levels increased slightly beginning at 25 weeks through 28 weeks, to 8.5 ng per milliliter, as compared with 5.9 ng per milliliter in controls (P<0.001), and increased greatly beginning at 33 weeks through 36 weeks.Women in whom gestational hypertension later developed had significantly higher levels of soluble endoglin at 33 through 36 weeks than did controls (Figure 1B), but levels were lower than those among women with subsequent term preeclampsia both at 33 through 36 weeks (P=0.006) and at 37 through 42 weeks (P=0.01). After the onset of gestational hypertension, levels were similar to those in women who had clinical signs of term preeclampsia. Among women who were normotensive during pregnancy and had small-for-gestational-age infants, soluble endoglin levels increased slightly beginning at 17 through 20 weeks, to 7.2 ng per milliliter, as compared with 5.8 ng per milliliter in controls (P=0.03), with a large increase at 37 through 42 weeks, to 26.5 ng per milliliter as compared with 12.9 ng per milliliter in controls (P=0.01). Although soluble endoglin levels at 33 through 36 weeks in women who were normotensive during pregnancy and had small-for-gestational-age infants were lower (P<0.001) than those in the group with term preeclampsia, at 37 through 42 weeks there were no significant differences between the two groups.
Longitudinal levels of soluble endoglin in individual women increased in controls during late gestation. The levels increased in women with preterm preeclampsia earlier and to a greater extent (Figure 1C).
Levels of soluble endoglin in specimens from women in whom preterm preeclampsia later developed, as compared with matched controls, increased with proximity to the onset of signs of preeclampsia, beginning 9 through 11 weeks before onset (Figure 2AFigure 2
Mean (±SE) Levels of Soluble Endoglin According to Weeks before the Onset of Preeclampsia.). A similar pattern but with less magnitude was observed for women with term preeclampsia, beginning 12 through 14 weeks before onset (Figure 2B).Ratios of sFlt1:PlGF
We performed cross-sectional analyses of the ratio of sFlt1:PlGF with the use of serum from the samples analyzed for soluble endoglin (Figure 3AFigure 3
Mean sFlt1:PlGF Ratios According to Weeks of Gestation and Weeks before the Onset of Preeclampsia.). In controls, the sFlt1:PlGF ratio was greatest at 10 through 12 weeks of gestation, decreased until 29 through 32 weeks, and then rose slowly until term. In women in whom preeclampsia developed, the pattern was similar to that of soluble endoglin levels. The sFlt1:PlGF ratio was greater beginning at 17 weeks through 20 weeks among women in whom preterm preeclampsia subsequently developed and at 25 through 28 weeks among those in whom term preeclampsia developed than in the controls.Women with subsequent gestational hypertension did not differ significantly from controls except at 33 through 36 weeks, when ratios were significantly greater (Figure 3B); ratios were lower than those among women in whom term preeclampsia later developed at 33 through 36 weeks (P=0.006) and 37 through 42 weeks (P=0.004). Ratios after the onset of gestational hypertension were greater than those among the controls but lower than those among women with clinical onset of term preeclampsia (P=0.02). Among women who were normotensive during pregnancy and who delivered small-for-gestational-age infants, the sFlt1:PlGF ratio did not differ significantly from that in controls and was lower at 33 through 36 weeks (P<0.001) and at 37 through 42 weeks (P=0.01) than the ratios among women in whom term preeclampsia later developed. As compared with matched controls, the ratio increased beginning 9 through 11 weeks before preterm preeclampsia (Figure 3C), as with soluble endoglin levels, but only 5 weeks or less before term preeclampsia (Figure 3D).
Relationship of the Soluble Endoglin Level and the sFlt1:PlGF Ratio to the Severity of Preeclampsia
At 21 through 32 weeks of gestation, women in whom severe preterm preeclampsia later developed had significantly higher soluble endoglin levels than did women in whom mild preterm preeclampsia developed (22.1 ng per milliliter vs. 13.5 ng per milliliter, P=0.007), but their sFlt1:PlGF ratios were not significantly greater (28.4 vs. 24.4, P=0.10). Women who had subsequent preterm preeclampsia and small-for-gestational-age infants had greater abnormalities in the level of angiogenic factors than those who subsequently had preterm preeclampsia and appropriately sized infants (25.0 ng per milliliter vs. 15.6 ng per milliliter for soluble endoglin, P=0.009; 47.9 vs. 17.2 for the sFlt1:PlGF ratio, P<0.001). Values of soluble endoglin and sFlt1:PlGF ratios were substantially lower in controls (6.1 ng per milliliter and 2.8, respectively) than in all the preterm-preeclampsia subtypes described above (P<0.001 for all comparisons).
Later in pregnancy, at 33 through 42 weeks, the levels of soluble endoglin did not differ significantly between women in whom severe term preeclampsia subsequently developed and those in whom mild term preeclampsia developed (27.9 ng per milliliter and 20.3 ng per milliliter, respectively; P=0.06), nor did the ratios of sFlt1:PlGF (31.4 and 26.2, respectively; P=0.06). However, these factors did differ significantly between women who subsequently had term preeclampsia with small-for-gestational-age infants and those who had term preeclampsia without small-for-gestational-age infants (39.8 ng per milliliter and 19.2 ng per milliliter for soluble endoglin, respectively; P<0.001; 57.4 and 22.2 for sFlt1:PlGF, respectively; P<0.001). Soluble endoglin values and sFlt1:PlGF ratios obtained at 33 through 42 weeks were substantially lower in controls (11.4 ng per milliliter and 9.7 ng per milliliter, respectively) than in all the term-preeclampsia subtypes described above (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Two women with preterm HELLP syndrome had higher soluble endoglin levels and a greater sFlt1:PlGF ratio than did controls and women with preterm preeclampsia without the HELLP syndrome.
Effects of Smoking on Circulating Angiogenic Proteins
Since smoking is associated with a reduced risk of preeclampsia,29,30 we examined whether smoking was associated with levels of angiogenic factors in controls. Levels of sFlt1 were lower throughout gestation in women who reported smoking during pregnancy or having quit smoking after the last menstrual period but before enrollment in the study than in women who reported that they had never smoked or had quit before the last menstrual period (1112 pg per milliliter vs. 1412 pg per milliliter at 10 through 20 weeks, P=0.03; 978 pg per milliliter vs. 1543 pg per milliliter at 21 through 32 weeks, P<0.001; and 2119 pg per milliliter vs. 2823 pg per milliliter at 33 through 42 weeks, P=0.02). As compared with women who reported not smoking during pregnancy, those who reported smoking had lower soluble endoglin levels (5.7 ng per milliliter vs. 6.8 ng per milliliter, P=0.004) and higher PlGF levels (200 pg per milliliter vs. 139 pg per milliliter, P=0.007), but only at 10 through 20 weeks.
Multivariable Analysis of Soluble Endoglin Levels and sFlt1:PlGF Ratios and the Risk of Preeclampsia
We computed adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for preeclampsia in the highest quartile of the distribution of control soluble endoglin levels with respect to the lower three quartiles after adjustment for race or ethnic group, body-mass index, and gestational age at specimen collection (Table 2Table 2
Odds Ratios for Preterm or Term Preeclampsia or Preeclampsia with a Small-for-Gestational-Age Infant According to Quartile of Soluble Endoglin Level, sFlt1:PlGF Ratio, and the Ratio of (sFlt1+Soluble Endoglin):PlGF.). Substantial increases in the risk of preterm and term preeclampsia were observed only close to the onset of disease in quartile 4 as compared with the other three quartiles, at 21 through 32 weeks (adjusted odds ratio, 9.4; 95% CI, 4.3 to 20.7) and at 33 through 42 weeks (adjusted odds ratio, 7.0; 95% CI, 3.4 to 14.4), respectively. Similarly, women in the highest quartile of the ratio of sFlt1:PlGF had a substantially increased risk of preterm preeclampsia at 21 through 32 weeks and term preeclampsia at 33 through 42 weeks. Large increases in the risk of preeclampsia with a small-for-gestational-age infant at 21 through 32 weeks and at 33 through 42 weeks were associated with the highest quartile of soluble endoglin or the ratio of sFlt1:PlGF.Levels of soluble endoglin and the sFlt1:PlGF ratios tended to track together, with correlation coefficients among controls, among women with subsequent preterm preeclampsia, and among women with subsequent term preeclampsia of 0.38, 0.59, and 0.53, respectively. Nevertheless, in multivariable models that included both log-transformed soluble endoglin levels and log-transformed sFlt1:PlGF ratios, as well as race or ethnic group, body-mass index, and gestational age at specimen collection, soluble endoglin levels and the ratios of sFlt1:PlGF were each associated with preeclampsia. The adjusted odds ratio for preterm preeclampsia in specimens obtained at 21 through 32 weeks was 16.2 (95% CI, 3.8 to 68.9) for a one-unit increase of soluble endoglin on the logarithmic scale adjusted for log sFlt1:PlGF and 2.7 (95% CI, 1.4 to 5.2) for a one-unit increase of sFlt1:PlGF on the logarithmic scale adjusted for log soluble endoglin. Corresponding values for term preeclampsia at 33 through 42 weeks were 5.4 (95% CI, 2.2 to 13.3) and 2.2 (95% CI, 1.4 to 3.5), respectively. Furthermore, the log-likelihood test showed a significant improvement (P<0.001) in the fit of the multivariable model when both the sFlt1:PlGF ratios and soluble endoglin levels were included, as compared with either one alone.
Because experimental data indicated an interaction between the soluble endoglin and sFlt1 pathways,22 we performed the quartile analysis (Table 2) using the ratio of sFlt1 plus soluble endoglin to PlGF as a measure of the balance between antiangiogenic and proangiogenic proteins. Large increases in the risk of preterm preeclampsia (adjusted odds ratio, 6.1; 95% CI, 2.4 to 15.4) and the risk of preeclampsia and a small-for-gestational-age infant (adjusted odds ratio, 8.1; 95% CI, 2.6 to 24.8) were observed at 13 through 20 weeks of gestation for women in the highest quartile as compared with the lower three quartiles. Still larger increases in the risk of these conditions were observed at 21 through 32 weeks (adjusted odds ratio, 16.0; 95% CI, 6.7 to 38.0; and adjusted odds ratio, 18.5; 95% CI, 6.1 to 55.4, respectively).
Finally, we examined the risk among women with high or low (highest or lower quartiles) levels of soluble endoglin, ratios of sFlt1:PlGF, or both. We used women with low levels of soluble endoglin and low sFlt1:PlGF ratios as the reference group and adjusted for race or ethnic group, body-mass index, and gestational age at the time of specimen collection. Women with high levels of a single biomarker usually had only small elevations in the risk of preterm or term preeclampsia in specimens obtained at 21 through 32 weeks or at 33 through 42 weeks (Figure 4Figure 4
Adjusted Odds Ratios for Preterm (Panel A) or Term (Panel B) Preeclampsia According to sFlt1:PlGF Ratios and Soluble Endoglin Levels.). However, among women with high levels of both, the risk of preeclampsia was high (adjusted odds ratio at 21 through 32 weeks, 31.6; 95% CI, 10.7 to 93.4; and adjusted odds ratio at 33 through 42 weeks, 30.8; 95% CI, 10.8 to 87.6). Most women in whom preterm preeclampsia developed had high levels of both biomarkers.Discussion
Our findings are consistent with a role for soluble endoglin in the pathogenesis and prediction of preeclampsia. Serum levels of soluble endoglin rose during the last two months of normal pregnancy. Levels of soluble endoglin rose earlier and more steeply in women in whom preeclampsia developed, reaching a peak at the onset of clinical disease. Elevations in soluble endoglin were particularly pronounced — therefore, potentially most useful for prediction — among women in whom preterm preeclampsia developed or women in whom preeclampsia developed and who had a small-for-gestational-age infant. Women with soluble endoglin levels in the highest quartile of the control distribution at 21 through 32 weeks had an increased risk of preterm preeclampsia, women with soluble endoglin levels in the highest quartile of the control distribution at 33 through 42 weeks had an increased risk of term preeclampsia, and at both intervals had an increased risk of preeclampsia with a small-for-gestational-age infant.
The data can be interpreted to imply that soluble endoglin levels and the sFlt1:PlGF ratio both contribute to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Although the gestational pattern of the soluble endoglin level tended to parallel the trajectory of the sFlt1:PlGF ratio, multivariate analysis indicated that each was associated with preeclampsia. Indeed, a composite measure incorporating all three molecules — the ratio of (sFlt1+soluble endoglin):PlGF — was more strongly predictive of preeclampsia than were individual biomarkers. Furthermore, analyses of soluble endoglin levels and sFlt1:PlGF ratios with the use of cutoff points suggested that an interaction did exist, and formal testing for modification of effects was significant with respect to preterm preeclampsia. Elevations of soluble endoglin alone did not seem to be sufficient for the development of the syndrome. In women with term preeclampsia, soluble endoglin levels were significantly higher beginning about 3 months before hypertension or proteinuria developed, whereas the sFlt1:PlGF ratio rose much closer to the onset of clinical disease. The women who were normotensive during pregnancy and had a small-for-gestational-age infant were characterized by small, early, sustained elevations in soluble endoglin without an increase in the sFlt1:PlGF ratio. Together these observations suggest that both elevated levels of soluble endoglin and increased sFlt1:PlGF ratios may best predict the onset of preeclampsia. Consistent with renal-biopsy studies,31,32 gestational hypertension seemed to be a mild form of term preeclampsia, with similar elevations of soluble endoglin but smaller increases in the sFlt1:PlGF ratio.
Serum sFlt1 levels were lower in smokers than in nonsmokers throughout normal pregnancy, confirming the findings of others,11,33,34 and levels of soluble endoglin were lower and PlGF higher at 10 through 20 weeks. We speculate that smoking may protect against preeclampsia through effects of nicotine on angiogenic proteins.35,36 Moreover, the rise in sFlt1 and soluble endoglin levels during the last 2 months of normal pregnancy may explain the increasing incidence of preeclampsia with advancing gestational age.
In summary, circulating levels of soluble endoglin increase markedly beginning 2 to 3 months before the onset of preeclampsia, accompanied by increases in the sFlt1:PlGF ratio. Taken together with experimental evidence in rodents,22 these data suggest that circulating soluble endoglin and sFlt1, each of which causes endothelial dysfunction by a different mechanism, may both contribute to the syndrome of preeclampsia. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to assess whether these biomarkers can predict the imminent onset of clinical disease.
Supported by funds from the intramural research program of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health. The CPEP trial was supported by contracts (N01-HD-1-3121, -3122, -3123, -3124, -3125, and -3126; N01-HD-3154; and N01-HD-5-3246) with the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cofunding from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Dr. Karumanchi is supported by a grant (R01 DK-065997) from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and a grant (R01 HL-079594) from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Dr. Thadhani is supported by a grant (R01 HD-39223) from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and a grant (R01 DK-67397) from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
Drs. Maynard and Karumanchi report being named coinventors on multiple provisional patents that have been filed by Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center for the diagnosis and treatment of preeclampsia. These patents have been nonexclusively licensed to several companies. Dr. Karumanchi reports having served as a consultant to Abbott, Beckman Coulter, and Johnson & Johnson. Dr. Thadhani reports being named a coinventor on a provisional patent filed by the Massachusetts General Hospital on the role of sex hormone–binding globulin and PlGF for the prediction of preeclampsia that has been licensed to several companies and having served as a consultant to Abbott, Beckman Coulter, and Johnson & Johnson. Dr. Sachs reports having served as a consultant to Johnson & Johnson. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
We are indebted to the patients who participated in the study; to Michelle Letarte, Vikas Sukhatme, Kee-Hak Lim, and Hannah Elson for helpful discussions; and to Patricia Moyer for assistance with figures.
Source Information
From the Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research (R.J.L., K.F.Y.) and the Perinatology Research Branch (R.R.), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD; the Center for Vascular Biology, Renal and Molecular and Vascular Medicine Divisions, Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (C.L., B.P.S., F.H.E., S.A.K.); Allied Technology Group, Rockville, MD (C.Q.); the Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (S.E.M.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.M.S.); Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit (R.R.); and the Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.T.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Levine at the NIH/NICHD, Bldg. 6100, Rm. 7B03, Bethesda, MD 20892, or at levinerj@mail.nih.gov or to Dr. Karumanchi at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave., RW 663B, Boston, MA 02215, or at sananth@bidmc.harvard.edu.
Members of the Calcium for Preeclampsia Prevention (CPEP) Study Group are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
The following were members of the CPEP Study Group: University of Alabama at Birmingham — J.C. Hauth, R. Goldenberg, B.S. Stofan; University of New Mexico at Albuquerque — L.B. Curet, G.M. Joffe, V. Dorato; University of Tennessee at Memphis — B.M. Sibai, S.A. Friedman, B.M. Mercer, T. Carr; Case Western Reserve University at MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland — P.M. Catalano, A.S. Petrulis, L. Barabach; Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland — C. Morris, S.-L. Jacobson, K. McCracken; the Emmes Corp., Rockville, MD — J.R. Esterlitz, M.G. Ewell, D.M. Brown; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development — R.J. Levine, R. DerSimonian, J.D. Clemens, M.A. Klebanoff, E.G. Raymond, J.G. Rigau-Perez, H. Shifrin; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute — J.A. Cutler, D.E. Bild; and Data and Safety Monitoring Board — M. Lindheimer, C. Begg, T. Chalmers, M. Druzin, R. Sokol.
- References
References
1
Sibai B ,Dekker G ,Kupferminc M . Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 2005;365:785-799
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Redman CW ,Sargent IL . Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia. Science 2005;308:1592-1594
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Roberts JM ,Taylor RN ,Musci TJ ,Rodgers GM ,Hubel CA ,McLaughlin MK . Preeclampsia: an endothelial cell disorder. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:1200-1204
Web of Science | Medline4
Fisher SJ . The placental problem: linking abnormal cytotrophoblast differentiation to the maternal symptoms of preeclampsia. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004;2:53-53
CrossRef | Medline5
Levine RJ ,Maynard SE ,Qian C , et al. Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 2004;350:672-683
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline6
Chaiworapongsa T ,Romero R ,Kim YM , et al. Plasma soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 concentration is elevated prior to the clinical diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2005;17:3-18
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline7
Hertig A ,Berkane N ,Lefevre G , et al. Maternal serum sFlt1 concentration is an early and reliable predictive marker of preeclampsia. Clin Chem 2004;50:1702-1703
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Maynard SE ,Min JY ,Merchan J , et al. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J Clin Invest 2003;111:649-658
Web of Science | Medline9
Koga K ,Osuga Y ,Yoshino O , et al. Elevated serum soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sVEGFR-1) levels in women with preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2348-2351
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Chaiworapongsa T ,Romero R ,Espinoza J , et al. Evidence supporting a role for blockade of the vascular endothelial growth factor system in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190:1541-1547
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Powers RW ,Roberts JM ,Cooper KM , et al. Maternal serum soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 concentrations are not increased in early pregnancy and decrease more slowly postpartum in women who develop preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:185-191
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Taylor RN ,Grimwood J ,Taylor RS ,McMaster MT ,Fisher SJ ,North RA . Longitudinal serum concentrations of placental growth factor: evidence for abnormal placental angiogenesis in pathologic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:177-182
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Tidwell SC ,Ho HN ,Chiu WH ,Torry RJ ,Torry DS . Low maternal serum levels of placenta growth factor as an antecedent of clinical preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1267-1272
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Chappell LC ,Seed PT ,Briley A , et al. A longitudinal study of biochemical variables in women at risk of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:127-136
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Polliotti BM ,Fry AG ,Saller DN ,Mooney RA ,Cox C ,Miller RK . Second-trimester maternal serum placental growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor for predicting severe, early-onset preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:1266-1274
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome and bevacizumab. N Engl J Med 2006;354:980-982
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline17
Hinchey J ,Chaves C ,Appignani B , et al. A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996;334:494-500
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline18
Yang JC ,Haworth L ,Sherry RM , et al. A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:427-434
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline19
Bdolah Y ,Sukhatme VP ,Karumanchi SA . Angiogenic imbalance in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia: newer insights. Semin Nephrol 2004;24:548-556
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Cheifetz S ,Bellon T ,Cales C , et al. Endoglin is a component of the transforming growth factor-beta receptor system in human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1992;267:19027-19030
Web of Science | Medline21
Gougos A ,St Jacques S ,Greaves A , et al. Identification of distinct epitopes of endoglin, an RGD-containing glycoprotein of endothelial cells, leukemic cells, and syncytiotrophoblasts. Int Immunol 1992;4:83-92
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Venkatesha S ,Toporsian M ,Lam C , et al. Soluble endoglin contributes to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Nat Med 2006;12:642-649
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Toporsian M ,Gros R ,Kabir MG , et al. A role for endoglin in coupling eNOS activity and regulating vascular tone revealed in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Circ Res 2005;96:684-692
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Levine RJ ,Hauth JC ,Curet LB , et al. Trial of calcium to prevent preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 1997;337:69-76
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline25
Levine RJ ,Esterlitz JR ,Raymond EG , et al. Trial of Calcium for Preeclampsia Prevention (CPEP): rationale, design, and methods. Control Clin Trials 1996;17:442-469
CrossRef | Medline26
Zhang J ,Bowes WA Jr . Birth-weight-for-gestational-age patterns by race, sex, and parity in the United States population. Obstet Gynecol 1995;86:200-208
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
Levine RJ ,Thadhani R ,Qian C , et al. Urinary placental growth factor and risk of preeclampsia. JAMA 2005;293:77-85
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
Buhimschi CS ,Norwitz ER ,Funai E , et al. Urinary angiogenic factors cluster hypertensive disorders and identify women with severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:734-741
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Conde-Agudelo A ,Althabe F ,Belizan JM ,Kafury-Goeta AC . Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1026-1035
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline30
England LJ ,Levine RJ ,Qian C , et al. Smoking before pregnancy and risk of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:1035-1040
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline31
Strevens H ,Wide-Swensson D ,Hansen A , et al. Glomerular endotheliosis in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. BJOG 2003;110:831-836
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline32
Fisher KA ,Luger A ,Spargo BH ,Lindheimer MD . Hypertension in pregnancy: clinical-pathological correlations and remote prognosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1981;60:267-276
Web of Science | Medline33
Belgore FM ,Lip GY ,Blann AD . Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor, Flt-1, in smokers and non-smokers. Br J Biomed Sci 2000;57:207-213
Web of Science | Medline34
Schmidt-Lucke C ,Belgore F ,Reinhold D , et al. Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor, soluble VEGF receptor Flt-1 and endothelial function in healthy smokers. Int J Cardiol 2005;100:207-212
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline35
Heeschen C ,Jang JJ ,Weis M , et al. Nicotine stimulates angiogenesis and promotes tumor growth and atherosclerosis. Nat Med 2001;7:833-839
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline36
Cooke JP ,Bitterman H . Nicotine and angiogenesis: a new paradigm for tobacco-related diseases. Ann Med 2004;36:33-40
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (296)
Citing Articles
1
Jimmy Espinoza. (2012) Recent biomarkers for the identification of patients at risk for preeclampsia: the role of uteroplacental ischemia. Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics1-10
CrossRef2
M. Nasir Uddin, Steven R. Allen, Richard O. Jones, David C. Zawieja, Thomas J. Kuehl. (2012) Pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia: marinobufagenin and angiogenic imbalance as biomarkers of the syndrome. Translational Research
CrossRef3
Eileen R. Fowles, Lorraine O. Walker, C. Nathan Marti, Roberta Jeanne Ruiz, Joel Wommack, Miranda Bryant, SungHun Kim, Gayle M. Timmerman. (2012) Relationships among maternal nutrient intake and placental biomarkers during the 1st trimester in low-income women. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
CrossRef4
Jason J. S. Waugh, Maria C. Smith. 2012. Hypertensive Disorders. , 99-110.
CrossRef5
Stefan Verlohren, Holger Stepan, Ralf Dechend. (2012) Angiogenic growth factors in the diagnosis and prediction of pre-eclampsia. Clinical Science 122:2, 43-52
CrossRef6
Saswati Banerjee, Sujoy K. Dhara, Methode Bacanamwo. (2012) Endoglin is a novel endothelial cell specification gene. Stem Cell Research 8:1, 85-96
CrossRef7
Merzaka Lazdam, Esther F. Davis, Adam J. Lewandowski, Stephanie A. Worton, Yvonne Kenworthy, Brenda Kelly, Paul Leeson. (2012) Prevention of Vascular Dysfunction after Preeclampsia: A Potential Long-Term Outcome Measure and an Emerging Goal for Treatment. Journal of Pregnancy 2012, 1-8
CrossRef8
Eric M. George, Drew Colson, Jeremy Dixon, Ana C. Palei, Joey P. Granger. (2012) Heme Oxygenase-1 Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced sFlt-1 and Oxidative Stress in Placental Villi through Its Metabolic Products CO and Bilirubin. International Journal of Hypertension 2012, 1-6
CrossRef9
Tu'uhevaha J. Kaitu'u-Lino, Kirsten R. Palmer, Clare L. Whitehead, Elizabeth Williams, Martha Lappas, Stephen Tong. (2012) MMP-14 Is Expressed in Preeclamptic Placentas and Mediates Release of Soluble Endoglin. The American Journal of Pathology
CrossRef10
Eric M. George, Ana C. Palei, Joey P. Granger. (2012) Endothelin as a final common pathway in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension1
CrossRef11
M.C. Paasche Roland, B. Lorentzen, K. Godang, T. Henriksen. (2012) Uteroplacental arterio-venous difference in soluble VEGFR-1 (sFlt-1), but not in soluble endoglin concentrations in preeclampsia. Placenta
CrossRef12
Catherine L. Haggerty, Michael E. Seifert, Gong Tang, Jorn Olsen, Debra C. Bass, S. Ananth Karumanchi, Roberta B. Ness. (2012) Second trimester anti-angiogenic proteins and preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health
CrossRef13
Kristin Bixel, Michelle Silasi, Carolyn M. Zelop, Kee-Hak Lim, Zsuzsanna Zsengeller, Isaac E. Stillman, Sarosh Rana. (2011) Placental Origins of Angiogenic Dysfunction in Mirror Syndrome. Hypertension in Pregnancy1-7
CrossRef14
Wenda Ramma, Asif Ahmed. (2011) Is inflammation the cause of pre-eclampsia?. Biochemical Society Transactions 39:6, 1619-1627
CrossRef15
Caren G. Solomon, Ellen W. Seely. (2011) Hypertension in Pregnancy. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 40:4, 847-863
CrossRef16
U.D. Anderson, M.G. Olsson, K.H. Kristensen, B. Åkerström, S.R. Hansson. (2011) Review: Biochemical markers to predict preeclampsia. Placenta
CrossRef17
Uma C. Perni, Anna-Karin Wikström, Sven Cnattingius, Eduardo Villamor. (2011) Interpregnancy Change in Smoking Habits and Risk of Preeclampsia: A Population-Based Study. American Journal of Hypertension
CrossRef18
O. Sanchez, E. Llurba, G. Marsal, C. Dominguez, C. Aulesa, M. A. Sanchez-Duran, M. M. Goya, J. Alijotas-Reig, E. Carreras, L. Cabero. (2011) First trimester serum angiogenic/anti-angiogenic status in twin pregnancies: relationship with assisted reproduction technology. Human Reproduction
CrossRef19
Yves Giguère, Marc Charland, Sébastien Thériault, Emmanuel Bujold, Mélissa Laroche, François Rousseau, Julie Lafond, Jean-Claude Forest. (2011) Review: Linking preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease later in life. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine---
CrossRef20
Jimmy Espinoza, Andres F. Espinoza, Gordon G. Power. (2011) High fetal plasma adenosine concentration: a role for the fetus in preeclampsia?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 205:5, 485.e24-485.e27
CrossRef21
Giovanna Ogge, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa, Roberto Romero, Youssef Hussein, Juan Pedro Kusanovic, Lami Yeo, Chong Jai Kim, Sonia S. Hassan. (2011) Placental lesions associated with maternal underperfusion are more frequent in early-onset than in late-onset preeclampsia. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 39:6, 641-652
CrossRef22
Samantha J. Benton, Yuxiang Hu, Fang Xie, Kenneth Kupfer, Seok-Won Lee, Laura A. Magee, Peter von Dadelszen. (2011) Angiogenic factors as diagnostic tests for preeclampsia: a performance comparison between two commercial immunoassays. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 205:5, 469.e1-469.e8
CrossRef23
Jessica M. Faupel-Badger, Yuping Wang, S. Ananth Karumanchi, Frank Stanczyk, Michael Pollak, Thomas McElrath, Robert N. Hoover, Rebecca Troisi. (2011) Associations of pregnancy characteristics with maternal and cord steroid hormones, angiogenic factors, and insulin-like growth factor axis. Cancer Causes & Control 22:11, 1587-1595
CrossRef24
Neroli S. Sunderland, Sally E. Thomson, Scott J. Heffernan, Shirlene Lim, John Thompson, Robert Ogle, Paul McKenzie, Paul J. Kirwan, Angela Makris, Annemarie Hennessy. (2011) Tumor necrosis factor α induces a model of preeclampsia in pregnant baboons (Papio hamadryas). Cytokine 56:2, 192-199
CrossRef25
MARIA PALM, SAMAR BASU, ANDERS LARSSON, LISA WERNROTH, HELENA ÅKERUD, OVE AXELSSON. (2011) A longitudinal study of plasma levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1), placental growth factor (PlGF), sFlt1: PlGF ratio and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) in normal pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 90:11, 1244-1251
CrossRef26
V.L. Clifton, M.J. Stark, A. Osei-Kumah, N.A. Hodyl. (2011) Review: The feto-placental unit, pregnancy pathology and impact on long term maternal health. Placenta
CrossRef27
Han Sung Hwang, Han Sung Kwon, In Sook Sohn, Yong Won Park, Young Han Kim. (2011) Increased CXCL12 expression in the placentae of women with pre-eclampsia. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
CrossRef28
Karin A. Fox, Monica Longo, Esther Tamayo, Talar Kechichian, Egle Bytautiene, Gary D.V. Hankins, George R. Saade, Maged M. Costantine. (2011) Effects of pravastatin on mediators of vascular function in a mouse model of soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1–induced preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 205:4, 366.e1-366.e5
CrossRef29
Catherine M. Brown, Vesna D. Garovic. (2011) Mechanisms and Management of Hypertension in Pregnant Women. Current Hypertension Reports 13:5, 338-346
CrossRef30
Akiko Masuda, Tomoyuki Fujii, Yuki Iwasawa, Kazuhiro Nakamura, Ryunosuke Ohkawa, Koji Igarashi, Shinichi Okudaira, Hitoshi Ikeda, Shiro Kozuma, Junken Aoki, Yutaka Yatomi. (2011) Serum autotaxin measurements in pregnant women: Application for the differentiation of normal pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Clinica Chimica Acta 412:21-22, 1944-1950
CrossRef31
J. Espinoza, A. F. Espinoza. (2011) Pre-eclampsia: a maternal manifestation of a fetal adaptive response?. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 38:4, 367-370
CrossRef32
Jessica M. Faupel-Badger, Anne Cathrine Staff, Ravi Thadhani, Camille E. Powe, Nancy Potischman, Robert N. Hoover, Rebecca Troisi. (2011) Maternal angiogenic profile in pregnancies that remain normotensive. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 158:2, 189-193
CrossRef33
Abdelouahab Bakhti, Daniel Vaiman. (2011) Prevention of gravidic endothelial hypertension by aspirin treatment administered from the 8th week of gestation. Hypertension Research 34:10, 1116-1120
CrossRef34
Sascha Drewlo, Khrystyna Levytska, Mara Sobel, Dora Baczyk, Stephen J. Lye, John C.P. Kingdom. (2011) Heparin Promotes Soluble VEGF Receptor Expression in Human Placental Villi to Impair Endothelial VEGF Signaling. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasisno-no
CrossRef35
Jaume Alijotas-Reig, Carles Palacio-Garcia, Immaculada Farran-Codina, Mar Ruiz-Romance, Elisa Llurba, Miquel Vilardell-Tarres. (2011) Circulating Cell-Derived Microparticles in Severe Preeclampsia and in Fetal Growth Restriction. American Journal of Reproductive Immunologyno-no
CrossRef36
Etienne Ciantar, James J Walker. (2011) Pre-eclampsia, severe pre-eclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome: what is new?. Women's Health 7:5, 555-569
CrossRef37
Shigeru Saito, Akitoshi Nakashima, Mika Ito, Tomoko Shima. (2011) Clinical implication of recent advances in our understanding of IL-17 and reproductive immunology. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 7:5, 649-657
CrossRef38
Shih-Pin Chen, Jong-Ling Fuh, Shuu-Jiun Wang. (2011) Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: current and future perspectives. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 11:9, 1265-1276
CrossRef39
Samantha J. Benton, Yuxiang Hu, Fang Xie, Kenneth Kupfer, Seok-Won Lee, Laura A. Magee, Peter von Dadelszen. (2011) Can placental growth factor in maternal circulation identify fetuses with placental intrauterine growth restriction?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
CrossRef40
S Baweja, A Kent, R Masterson, S Roberts, LP McMahon. (2011) Prediction of pre-eclampsia in early pregnancy by estimating the spot urinary albumin: creatinine ratio using high-performance liquid chromatography. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 118:9, 1126-1132
CrossRef41
Eric M. George, Joey P. Granger. (2011) Mechanisms and Potential Therapies for Preeclampsia. Current Hypertension Reports 13:4, 269-275
CrossRef42
Andrea Balogh, Judit Pozsgay, János Matkó, Zhong Dong, Chong Jai Kim, Tibor Várkonyi, Marei Sammar, János Rigó, Hamutal Meiri, Roberto Romero, Zoltán Papp, Nándor Gábor Than. (2011) Placental protein 13 (PP13/galectin-13) undergoes lipid raft-associated subcellular redistribution in the syncytiotrophoblast in preterm preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 205:2, 156.e1-156.e14
CrossRef43
Genevieve Eastabrook, Mark Brown, Ian Sargent. (2011) The origins and end-organ consequence of pre-eclampsia. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 25:4, 435-447
CrossRef44
J. C. P. KINGDOM, M. WALKER, L. K. PROCTOR, S. KEATING, P. S. SHAH, A. MCLEOD, J. KEUNEN, R. C. WINDRIM, J. M. DODD. (2011) Unfractionated heparin for second trimester placental insufficiency: a pilot randomized trial. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 9:8, 1483-1492
CrossRef45
S.V. Ramesar, I. Mackraj, P. Gathiram, J. Moodley. (2011) Sildenafil citrate decreases sFlt-1 and sEng in pregnant l-NAME treated Sprague–Dawley rats. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 157:2, 136-140
CrossRef46
Cande V. Ananth, Anthony M. Vintzileos. (2011) Ischemic placental disease: epidemiology and risk factors. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
CrossRef47
Neil CAMPBELL, Robert OGLE, Charlene THORNTON, Annemarie HENNESSY, Jason ABBOTT. (2011) Urinary placental growth factor differentiates the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecologyno-no
CrossRef48
Deug-Chan Lee, Roberto Romero, Jung-Sun Kim, Adi L. Tarca, Daniel Montenegro, Beth L. Pineles, Ernest Kim, JoonHo Lee, Sun Young Kim, Sorin Draghici, Pooja Mittal, Juan Pedro Kusanovic, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa, Sonia S. Hassan, Chong Jai Kim. (2011) miR-210 Targets Iron-Sulfur Cluster Scaffold Homologue in Human Trophoblast Cell Lines. The American Journal of Pathology 179:2, 590-602
CrossRef49
Jana Rathouska, Lenka Vecerova, Zbynek Strasky, Martina Slanarova, Eva Brcakova, Zuzana Mullerova, Ctirad Andrys, Stanislav Micuda, Petr Nachtigal. (2011) Endoglin as a possible marker of atorvastatin treatment benefit in atherosclerosis. Pharmacological Research 64:1, 53-59
CrossRef50
Stefan Verlohren, Ignacio Herraiz, Olav Lapaire, Dietmar Schlembach, Manfred Moertl, Harald Zeisler, Pavel Calda, Wolfgang Holzgreve, Alberto Galindo, Theresa Engels, Barbara Denk, Holger Stepan. (2011) The sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in different types of hypertensive pregnancy disorders and its prognostic potential in preeclamptic patients. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
CrossRef51
Tomokazu Ikemoto, Yukihiro Hojo, Hideyuki Kondo, Nozomu Takahashi, Masahiro Hirose, Yoshioki Nishimura, Takaaki Katsuki, Kazuyuki Shimada, Kazuomi Kario. (2011) Plasma endoglin as a marker to predict cardiovascular events in patients with chronic coronary artery diseases. Heart and Vessels
CrossRef52
Karin Leslie, Basky Thilaganathan, Aris Papageorghiou. (2011) Early prediction and prevention of pre-eclampsia. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 25:3, 343-354
CrossRef53
Ivraym B. Barsoum, Stephen J. Renaud, Charles H. Graham. (2011) Glyceryl Trinitrate Inhibits Hypoxia-Induced Release of Soluble fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 and Endoglin from Placental Tissues. The American Journal of Pathology 178:6, 2888-2896
CrossRef54
Jason Gien, John P Kinsella. (2011) Pathogenesis and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 23:3, 305-313
CrossRef55
Annika J. Bock, Helene Tuft Stavnes, Janne Kærn, Aasmund Berner, Anne Cathrine Staff, Ben Davidson. (2011) Endoglin (CD105) expression in ovarian serous carcinoma effusions is related to chemotherapy status. Tumor Biology 32:3, 589-596
CrossRef56
Ulrik Dolberg Anderson, Magnus G. Olsson, Sigurbjörg Rutardóttir, Magnus Centlow, Karl Heby Kristensen, Per Erik Isberg, Baskaran Thilaganathan, Bo Åkerström, Stefan R. Hansson. (2011) Fetal hemoglobin and α1-microglobulin as first- and early second-trimester predictive biomarkers for preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 204:6, 520.e1-520.e5
CrossRef57
Kirsten Palmer, Burcu Saglam, Clare Whitehead, Owen Stock, Martha Lappas, Stephen Tong. (2011) Severe Early-Onset Preeclampsia Is Not Associated with a Change in Placental Catechol O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Expression. The American Journal of Pathology 178:6, 2484-2488
CrossRef58
Kim H. Chan, Martin K. C. Ng, Roland Stocker. (2011) Haem oxygenase-1 and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Clinical Science 120:12, 493-504
CrossRef59
Xin Luo, Zhen-wei Yao, Hong-bo Qi, Dan-dan Liu, Guo-qing Chen, Shuai Huang, Qing-shu Li. (2011) Gadd45α as an upstream signaling molecule of p38 MAPK triggers oxidative stress-induced sFlt-1 and sEng upregulation in preeclampsia. Cell and Tissue Research 344:3, 551-565
CrossRef60
Michelle Silasi, Sarosh Rana, Camille Powe, Bruce Cohen, Kee-Hak Lim, Zsuzsanna K. Zsengellér, S. Ananth Karumanchi, Isaac E. Stillman. (2011) Placental expression of angiogenic factors in Trisomy 13. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 204:6, 546.e1-546.e4
CrossRef61
Fernando D. Testai, Venkatesh Aiyagari, Maureen Hillmann, Sepideh Amin-Hanjani, Glyn Dawson, Philip Gorelick. (2011) Proof of Concept: Endogenous Antiangiogenic Factors Predict the Occurrence of Symptomatic Vasospasm Post Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurocritical Care
CrossRef62
R.G. Ahmed. (2011) Evolutionary interactions between diabetes and development. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 92:2, 153-167
CrossRef63
Olfat Gamil Shaker, Hany Shehata. (2011) Early Prediction of Preeclampsia in High-Risk Women. Journal of Women's Health 20:4, 539-544
CrossRef64
Medhat Alberry, Victoria Bills, Peter Soothill. (2011) An update on pre-eclampsia prediction research. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 13:2, 79-85
CrossRef65
Feng Yang, Chen Jin, Yong-jian Jiang, Ji Li, Yang Di, De-Liang Fu. (2011) Potential role of soluble VEGFR-1 in antiangiogenesis therapy for cancer. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 11:4, 541-549
CrossRef66
P K Aggarwal, N Chandel, V Jain, V Jha. (2011) The relationship between circulating endothelin-1, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and soluble endoglin in preeclampsia. Journal of Human Hypertension
CrossRef67
M. J. Cudmore, S. Ahmad, S. Sissaoui, W. Ramma, B. Ma, T. Fujisawa, B. Al-Ani, K. Wang, M. Cai, F. Crispi, P. W. Hewett, E. Gratacos, S. Egginton, A. Ahmed. (2011) Loss of Akt activity increases circulating soluble endoglin release in preeclampsia: identification of inter-dependency between Akt-1 and heme oxygenase-1. European Heart Journal
CrossRef68
B. Olav Asvold, L. J. Vatten, P. R. Romundstad, P. A. Jenum, S. A. Karumanchi, A. Eskild. (2011) Angiogenic Factors in Maternal Circulation and the Risk of Severe Fetal Growth Restriction. American Journal of Epidemiology 173:6, 630-639
CrossRef69
Yannick Bacq. (2011) Liver diseases unique to pregnancy: A 2010 update. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 35:3, 182-193
CrossRef70
Petra Gromova, Brian P Rubin, An Thys, Pierre Cullus, Christophe Erneux, Jean-Marie Vanderwinden. (2011) ENDOGLIN/CD105 is expressed in KIT positive cells in the gut and in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicineno-no
CrossRef71
Brett Young, Michele R. Hacker, Sarosh Rana. (2011) Physicians' Knowledge of Future Vascular Disease in Women with Preeclampsia. Hypertension in Pregnancy1-9
CrossRef72
T. Cindrova-Davies, D. A. Sanders, G. J. Burton, D. S. Charnock-Jones. (2011) Soluble FLT1 sensitizes endothelial cells to inflammatory cytokines by antagonizing VEGF receptor-mediated signalling. Cardiovascular Research 89:3, 671-679
CrossRef73
ANNEMARIE HENNESSY, ANGELA MAKRIS. (2011) Preeclamptic nephropathy. Nephrology 16:2, 134-143
CrossRef74
F. Romani, A. Lanzone, A. Tropea, F. Tiberi, S. Catino, R. Apa. (2011) Nicotine and cotinine affect the release of vasoactive factors by trophoblast cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Placenta 32:2, 153-160
CrossRef75
MINNA TIKKANEN. (2011) Placental abruption: epidemiology, risk factors and consequences. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 90:2, 140-149
CrossRef76
Edi Vaisbuch, Janice E. Whitty, Sonia S. Hassan, Roberto Romero, Juan Pedro Kusanovic, David B. Cotton, Yoram Sorokin, S. Ananth Karumanchi. (2011) Circulating angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in women with eclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 204:2, 152.e1-152.e9
CrossRef77
Xiaoping Qing, Patricia B Redecha, Melissa A Burmeister, Stephen Tomlinson, Vivette D D'Agati, Robin L Davisson, Jane E Salmon. (2011) Targeted inhibition of complement activation prevents features of preeclampsia in mice. Kidney International 79:3, 331-339
CrossRef78
Asif Ahmed. (2011) New insights into the etiology of preeclampsia: identification of key elusive factors for the vascular complications. Thrombosis Research 127, S72-S75
CrossRef79
Anna-Karin Wikström, Olof Stephansson, Sven Cnattingius. (2011) Previous preeclampsia and risks of adverse outcomes in subsequent nonpreeclamptic pregnancies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 204:2, 148.e1-148.e6
CrossRef80
Chikako Hirashima, Akihide Ohkuchi, Kayo Takahashi, Hirotada Suzuki, Mika Yoshida, Takako Ohmaru, Kazuo Eguchi, Haruko Ariga, Shigeki Matsubara, Mitsuaki Suzuki. (2011) Gestational hypertension as a subclinical preeclampsia in view of serum levels of angiogenesis-related factors. Hypertension Research 34:2, 212-217
CrossRef81
K. Kumasawa, M. Ikawa, H. Kidoya, H. Hasuwa, T. Saito-Fujita, Y. Morioka, N. Takakura, T. Kimura, M. Okabe. (2011) From the Cover: Pravastatin induces placental growth factor (PGF) and ameliorates preeclampsia in a mouse model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108:4, 1451-1455
CrossRef82
Isha Agarwal, S. Ananth Karumanchi. (2011) Preeclampsia and the anti-angiogenic state. Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health 1:1, 17-21
CrossRef83
Sharon E. Maynard, S. Ananth Karumanchi. (2011) Angiogenic Factors and Preeclampsia. Seminars in Nephrology 31:1, 33-46
CrossRef84
Zbynek Strasky, Lenka Vecerova, Jana Rathouska, Martina Slanarova, Eva Brcakova, Zdenka Kudlackova, Ctirad Andrys, Stanislav Micuda, Petr Nachtigal. (2011) Cholesterol Effects on Endoglin and Its Downstream Pathways in ApoE/LDLR Double Knockout Mice. Circulation Journal 75:7, 1747-1755
CrossRef85
Virginia D. Winn, Matthew Gormley, Susan J. Fisher. (2011) The impact of preeclampsia on gene expression at the maternal–fetal interface. Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health 1:1, 100-108
CrossRef86
Anne Eskild. (2011) Kardanning er nært knyttet til fostervekst. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening 131:7, 658-658
CrossRef87
David Williams. (2011) Long-Term Complications of Preeclampsia. Seminars in Nephrology 31:1, 111-122
CrossRef88
Julie S. Rhee, Brett C. Young, Sarosh Rana. (2011) Angiogenic Factors and Renal Disease in Pregnancy. Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011, 1-4
CrossRef89
Anne Cathrine Staff. (2011) Circulating predictive biomarkers in preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health 1:1, 28-42
CrossRef90
Cheryl Bushnell, Monique Chireau. (2011) Preeclampsia and Stroke: Risks during and after Pregnancy. Stroke Research and Treatment 2011, 1-9
CrossRef91
S. Guller, Z. Tang, Y.Y. Ma, S. Di Santo, R. Sager, H. Schneider. (2011) Protein composition of microparticles shed from human placenta during placental perfusion: Potential role in angiogenesis and fibrinolysis in preeclampsia. Placenta 32:1, 63-69
CrossRef92
Giuseppe Castellano, Vincenzo Losappio, Loreto Gesualdo. (2011) Update on Pregnancy in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research 34:4, 253-260
CrossRef93
Berthold Huppertz. (2011) Trophoblast differentiation, fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health 1:1, 79-86
CrossRef94
Mitsuko Furuya, Kentaro Kurasawa, Kiyotaka Nagahama, Kae Kawachi, Akinori Nozawa, Tsuneo Takahashi, Ichiro Aoki. (2011) Disrupted Balance of Angiogenic and Antiangiogenic Signalings in Preeclampsia. Journal of Pregnancy 2011, 1-10
CrossRef95
Manuel V. Blanco, Hilda R. Vega, Rodolfo Giuliano, Daniel R. Grana, Francisco Azzato, Jorge Lerman, Jose Milei. (2011) Histomorphometry of Umbilical Cord Blood Vessels in Preeclampsia. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 13:1, 30-34
CrossRef96
Deborah B. Ehrenthal, Claudine Jurkovitz, Matthew Hoffman, Xiaozhang Jiang, William S. Weintraub. (2011) Prepregnancy Body Mass Index as an Independent Risk Factor for Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension. Journal of Women's Health 20:1, 67-72
CrossRef97
Kevin S. Heffernan, Jeffrey T. Kuvin, Ayan R. Patel, Richard H. Karas, Navin K. Kapur. (2011) Endothelial Function and Soluble Endoglin in Smokers With Heart Failure. Clinical Cardiologyn/a-n/a
CrossRef98
Jennifer E. Fugate, Alejandro A. Rabinstein. 2011. Postpartum Angiopathy and Related Disorders. , 69-77.
CrossRef99
Ana Sofia Cerdeira, S. Ananth Karumanchi. 2011. Biomarkers in Preeclampsia. , 385-426.
CrossRef100
Ben Davidson, Helene Tuft Stavnes, Mette Førsund, Aasmund Berner, Anne Cathrine Staff. (2010) CD105 (Endoglin) expression in breast carcinoma effusions is a marker of poor survival. The Breast 19:6, 493-498
CrossRef101
Reshef Tal, Aviv Shaish, Iris Barshack, Silvia Polak-Charcon, Arnon Afek, Alexander Volkov, Boris Feldman, Camila Avivi, Dror Harats. (2010) Effects of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Overexpression in Pregnant Mice. The American Journal of Pathology 177:6, 2950-2962
CrossRef102
Attila Molvarec, Mika Ito, Tomoko Shima, Satoshi Yoneda, Gergely Toldi, Balázs Stenczer, Barna Vásárhelyi, János Rigó, Shigeru Saito. (2010) Decreased proportion of peripheral blood vascular endothelial growth factor–expressing T and natural killer cells in preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 203:6, 567.e1-567.e8
CrossRef103
Antonio Farina, Cinzia Zucchini, Akihiko Sekizawa, Yuditiya Purwosunu, Paola de Sanctis, Giuseppe Santarsiero, Nicola Rizzo, Danila Morano, Takashi Okai. (2010) Performance of messenger RNAs circulating in maternal blood in the prediction of preeclampsia at 10-14 weeks. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 203:6, 575.e1-575.e7
CrossRef104
Linda Dexlin-Mellby, Anna Sandström, Magnus Centlow, Sara Nygren, Stefan R. Hansson, Carl A. K. Borrebaeck, Christer Wingren. (2010) Tissue proteome profiling of preeclamptic placenta using recombinant antibody microarrays. PROTEOMICS - Clinical Applications 4:10-11, 794-807
CrossRef105
Satyan Kalkunte, Roland Boij, Wendy Norris, Jennifer Friedman, Zhongbin Lai, Jonathan Kurtis, Kee-Hak Lim, James F. Padbury, Leif Matthiesen, Surendra Sharma. (2010) Sera from Preeclampsia Patients Elicit Symptoms of Human Disease in Mice and Provide a Basis for an in Vitro Predictive Assay. The American Journal of Pathology 177:5, 2387-2398
CrossRef106
Alexandre Hertig, Philippe Liere. (2010) New markers in preeclampsia. Clinica Chimica Acta 411:21-22, 1591-1595
CrossRef107
Hisashi Masuyama, Yuji Hiramatsu. (2010) Angiogenic proteins and adipocytokines as markers for prediction of preeclampsia. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 5:6, 717-725
CrossRef108
Vera Eremina, Susan E. Quaggin. (2010) Biology of Anti-Angiogenic Therapy–Induced Thrombotic Microangiopathy. Seminars in Nephrology 30:6, 582-590
CrossRef109
Ulrich Pecks, Franka Seidenspinner, Claudia Röwer, Toralf Reimer, Werner Rath, Michael O. Glocker. (2010) Multifactorial analysis of affinity-mass spectrometry data from serum protein samples: A strategy to distinguish patients with preeclampsia from matching control individuals. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 21:10, 1699-1711
CrossRef110
EJ Wortelboer, MPH Koster, HS Cuckle, Ph Stoutenbeek, PCJI Schielen, GHA Visser. (2010) First-trimester placental protein 13 and placental growth factor: markers for identification of women destined to develop early-onset pre-eclampsia. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 117:11, 1384-1389
CrossRef111
Manish Maski, Sarosh Rana, S. Ananth Karumanchi. 2010. Biomarkers in Obstetric Medicine. , 323-353.
CrossRef112
Vivek Shenoy, Keizo Kanasaki, Raghu Kalluri. (2010) Pre-eclampsia: connecting angiogenic and metabolic pathways. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 21:9, 529-536
CrossRef113
Attila Molvarec, András Szarka, Szilvia Walentin, Endre Szűcs, Bálint Nagy, János Rigó. (2010) Circulating angiogenic factors determined by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay in relation to the clinical features and laboratory parameters in women with pre-eclampsia. Hypertension Research 33:9, 892-898
CrossRef114
Eric M George, Joey P Granger. (2010) Recent insights into the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 5:5, 557-566
CrossRef115
Daniel B. DiGiulio, MariaTeresa Gervasi, Roberto Romero, Shali Mazaki-Tovi, Edi Vaisbuch, Juan Pedro Kusanovic, Kimberley S. Seok, Ricardo Gómez, Pooja Mittal, Francesca Gotsch, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa, Enrique Oyarzún, Chong Jai Kim, David A. Relman. (2010) Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in preeclampsia as assessed by cultivation and sequence-based methods. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 38:5, 503-513
CrossRef116
E. Laresgoiti-Servitje, N. Gomez-Lopez, D. M. Olson. (2010) An immunological insight into the origins of pre-eclampsia. Human Reproduction Update 16:5, 510-524
CrossRef117
Olav Lapaire, Andrew Shennan, Holger Stepan. (2010) The preeclampsia biomarkers soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and placental growth factor: current knowledge, clinical implications and future application. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 151:2, 122-129
CrossRef118
Shigeru Saito. (2010) Th17 cells and regulatory T cells: new light on pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Immunology and Cell Biology 88:6, 615-617
CrossRef119
Franklin D. West, Steve L. Terlouw, Dae Jin Kwon, Jennifer L. Mumaw, Sujoy K. Dhara, Kowser Hasneen, John R. Dobrinsky, Steven L. Stice. (2010) Porcine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Produce Chimeric Offspring. Stem Cells and Development 19:8, 1211-1220
CrossRef120
Joanna L James, Guy S Whitley, Judith E Cartwright. (2010) Pre-eclampsia: fitting together the placental, immune and cardiovascular pieces. The Journal of Pathology 221:4, 363-378
CrossRef121
Belinda Jim, Shuchita Sharma, Tewabe Kebede, Anjali Acharya. (2010) Hypertension in Pregnancy. Cardiology in Review 18:4, 178-189
CrossRef122
Jimmy Espinoza, John E. Uckele, Robert A. Starr, David E. Seubert, Andres F. Espinoza, Stanley M. Berry. (2010) Angiogenic imbalances: the obstetric perspective. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 203:1, 17.e1-17.e8
CrossRef123
A.M. Lynch, J.E. Salmon. (2010) Dysregulated Complement Activation as a Common Pathway of Injury in Preeclampsia and Other Pregnancy Complications. Placenta 31:7, 561-567
CrossRef124
J.K. Park, J.W. Jeong, M.Y. Kang, J.C. Baek, J.K. Shin, S.A. Lee, W.S. Choi, J.H. Lee, W.Y. Paik. (2010) Inhibition of the PI3K-Akt Pathway Suppresses sFlt1 Expression in Human Placental Hypoxia Models In Vitro. Placenta 31:7, 621-629
CrossRef125
Maged M. Costantine, Esther Tamayo, Fangxian Lu, Egle Bytautiene, Monica Longo, Gary D. V. Hankins, George R. Saade. (2010) Using Pravastatin to Improve the Vascular Reactivity in a Mouse Model of Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1–Induced Preeclampsia. Obstetrics & Gynecology 116:1, 114-120
CrossRef126
Ana Sofia Cerdeira, S. Ananth Karumanchi. (2010) Angiogenic proteins as aid in the diagnosis and prediction of preeclampsia. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation 70:s242, 73-78
CrossRef127
Sarah Nechuta, Nigel Paneth, Ellen M. Velie. (2010) Pregnancy characteristics and maternal breast cancer risk: a review of the epidemiologic literature. Cancer Causes & Control 21:7, 967-989
CrossRef128
Jacob A. Lykke, Jens Langhoff-Roos, Charles J. Lockwood, Elizabeth W. Triche, Michael J. Paidas. (2010) Mortality of mothers from cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes following pregnancy complications in first delivery. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 24:4, 323-330
CrossRef129
Patricia Alvarez-Muñoz, Michael Mauer, Youngki Kim, Stephen S. Rich, Michael E. Miller, Gregory B. Russell, José M. Lopez-Novoa, M. Luiza Caramori. (2010) Cellular basis of diabetic nephropathy: V. Endoglin expression levels and diabetic nephropathy risk in patients with Type 1 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 24:4, 242-249
CrossRef130
Christopher W. G. Redman, Sig-Linda Jacobson, Robin Russell. 2010. Hypertension in Pregnancy. , 153-181.
CrossRef131
Mark A. Brown, George J. Mangos, Michael Peek, Felicity Plaat. 2010. Renal Disease in Pregnancy. , 182-208.
CrossRef132
Alexandre Hertig, Julie Fort, Guillaume Lefevre, Nathalie Chabbert-Buffet, Martine Uzan, Eric Rondeau, Patrick Rozenberg. (2010) Soluble endoglin in preeclamptic patients with or without HELLP syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 202:6, 594.e1-594.e4
CrossRef133
François Audibert. (2010) Maternal serum screening for preeclampsia: Is performance enough?. Clinical Biochemistry 43:9, 707-708
CrossRef134
Shigeru Saito, Akitoshi Nakashima, Tomoko Shima, Mika Ito. (2010) Th1/Th2/Th17 and Regulatory T-Cell Paradigm in Pregnancy. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 63:6, 601-610
CrossRef135
Asmita V Kulkarni, Savita S Mehendale, Hemlata R Yadav, Anitha S Kilari, Vaishali S Taralekar, Sadhana R Joshi. (2010) Circulating angiogenic factors and their association with birth outcomes in preeclampsia. Hypertension Research 33:6, 561-567
CrossRef136
Michelle Silasi, Bruce Cohen, S. Ananth Karumanchi, Sarosh Rana. (2010) Abnormal Placentation, Angiogenic Factors, and the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 37:2, 239-253
CrossRef137
Astrid Bergmann, Shakil Ahmad, Melissa Cudmore, Achim D. Gruber, Petra Wittschen, Werner Lindenmaier, Gerhard Christofori, Volkmar Gross, Andrey Ch. da Costa Gonzalves, Hermann-Josef Gröne, Asif Ahmed, Herbert A. Weich. (2010) Reduction of circulating soluble Flt-1 alleviates preeclampsia-like symptoms in a mouse model. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 14:6b, 1857-1867
CrossRef138
Laura M. DiGiovanni. (2010) Ethical Issues in Obstetrics. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 37:2, 345-357
CrossRef139
Akihide Ohkuchi, Chikako Hirashima, Hirotada Suzuki, Kayo Takahashi, Mika Yoshida, Shigeki Matsubara, Mitsuaki Suzuki. (2010) Evaluation of a new and automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for plasma sFlt-1 and PlGF levels in women with preeclampsia. Hypertension Research 33:5, 422-427
CrossRef140
Sindhu K. Srinivas, Alanna C. Morrison, Christina M. Andrela, Michal A. Elovitz. (2010) Allelic variations in angiogenic pathway genes are associated with preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 202:5, 445.e1-445.e11
CrossRef141
Qi Chen, Limei Chen, Bonnia Liu, Chez Vialli, Peter Stone, Lai-Ming Ching, Lawrence Chamley. (2010) The role of autocrine TGFβ1 in endothelial cell activation induced by phagocytosis of necrotic trophoblasts: a possible role in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. The Journal of Pathology 221:1, 87-95
CrossRef142
Yanqing Zhang, Zhenyu Diao, Li Su, Haixiang Sun, Ruotian Li, Hengmi Cui, Yali Hu. (2010) MicroRNA-155 contributes to preeclampsia by down-regulating CYR61. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 202:5, 466.e1-466.e7
CrossRef143
Kazuya Mimura, Takuji Tomimatsu, Namuxila Sharentuya, Ekaterine Tskitishvili, Yukiko Kinugasa-Taniguchi, Takeshi Kanagawa, Tadashi Kimura. (2010) Nicotine restores endothelial dysfunction caused by excess sFlt1 and sEng in an in vitro model of preeclamptic vascular endothelium: a possible therapeutic role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists for preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 202:5, 464.e1-464.e6
CrossRef144
A Sekizawa, Y Purwosunu, A Farina, H Shimizu, M Nakamura, N Wibowo, N Rizzo, T Okai. (2010) Prediction of pre-eclampsia by an analysis of placenta-derived cellular mRNA in the blood of pregnant women at 15-20 weeks of gestation. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 117:5, 557-564
CrossRef145
Anne R. Hansen, Carmen M. Barnés, Judah Folkman, Thomas F. McElrath. (2010) Maternal Preeclampsia Predicts the Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. The Journal of Pediatrics 156:4, 532-536
CrossRef146
Edi Vaisbuch, Roberto Romero, Shali Mazaki-Tovi, Offer Erez, Sun Kwon Kim, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa, Francesca Gotsch, Nandor Gabor Than, Zhong Dong, Percy Pacora, Ronald Lamont, Lami Yeo, Sonia S. Hassan, Juan Pedro Kusanovic. (2010) Retinol binding protein 4 – a novel association with early-onset preeclampsia. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 38:2, 129-139
CrossRef147
Sinuhe Hahn, Paul Hasler, Irene Hoesli, Olav Lapaire. (2010) Preeclampsia: does it involve an imbalance in regulatory immune cells?. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 5:2, 165-168
CrossRef148
AM Lynch, JR Murphy, RS Gibbs, RJ Levine, PC Giclas, JE Salmon, VM Holers. (2010) The interrelationship of complement-activation fragments and angiogenesis-related factors in early pregnancy and their association with pre-eclampsia. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 117:4, 456-462
CrossRef149
E. Tskitishvili, N. Sharentuya, K. Temma-Asano, K. Mimura, Y. Kinugasa-Taniguchi, T. Kanagawa, H. Fukuda, T. Kimura, T. Tomimatsu, K. Shimoya. (2010) Oxidative stress-induced S100B protein from placenta and amnion affects soluble Endoglin release from endothelial cells. Molecular Human Reproduction 16:3, 188-199
CrossRef150
Stefan Verlohren, Alberto Galindo, Dietmar Schlembach, Harald Zeisler, Ignacio Herraiz, Manfred G. Moertl, Juliane Pape, Joachim W. Dudenhausen, Barbara Denk, Holger Stepan. (2010) An automated method for the determination of the sFlt-1/PIGF ratio in the assessment of preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 202:2, 161.e1-161.e11
CrossRef151
T. Chaiworapongsa, R. Romero, J. P. Kusanovic, P. Mittal, S. K. Kim, F. Gotsch, N. G. Than, S. Mazaki-Tovi, E. Vaisbuch, O. Erez, L. Yeo, S. S. Hassan, Y. Sorokin. (2010) Plasma soluble endoglin concentration in pre-eclampsia is associated with an increased impedance to flow in the maternal and fetal circulations. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 35:2, 155-162
CrossRef152
H Masuyama, T Segawa, Y Sumida, A Masumoto, S Inoue, Y Akahori, Y Hiramatsu. (2010) Different profiles of circulating angiogenic factors and adipocytokines between early- and late-onset pre-eclampsia. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 117:3, 314-320
CrossRef153
CS Buhimschi, MA Baumbusch, AT Dulay, S Lee, M Wehrum, G Zhao, MO Bahtiyar, CM Pettker, UA Ali, EF Funai, IA Buhimschi. (2010) The role of urinary soluble endoglin in the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia: comparison with soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 to placental growth factor ratio. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 117:3, 321-330
CrossRef154
Brett C. Young, Richard J. Levine, S. Ananth Karumanchi. (2010) Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease 5:1, 173-192
CrossRef155
Shiraz Sunderji, Emanuel Gaziano, Donald Wothe, Linda C. Rogers, Baha Sibai, S. Ananth Karumanchi, Cheryl Hodges-Savola. (2010) Automated assays for sVEGF R1 and PlGF as an aid in the diagnosis of preterm preeclampsia: a prospective clinical study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 202:1, 40.e1-40.e7
CrossRef156
Suseela Yelumalai, Sekaran Muniandy, Siti Zawiah Omar, Rajes Qvist. (2010) Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension and Preeclampsia: Levels of Angiogenic Factors in Malaysian Women. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 47:3, 191-197
CrossRef157
James S. McKinney, Steven R. Messé, Bryan A. Pukenas, Sudhakar R. Satti, John B. Weigele, Robert W. Hurst, Joshua M. Levine, Scott E. Kasner, Lauren H. Sansing. (2010) Intracranial Vertebrobasilar Artery Dissection Associated with Postpartum Angiopathy. Stroke Research and Treatment 2010, 1-5
CrossRef158
Su Yeon Jeon, Hyun-Jung Lee, Ji Myeong Park, Hyun Min Jung, Jung Ki Yoo, Hey-Jin Lee, Jong-Sung Lee, Dong-Hyun CHA, Jin Kyeoung Kim, Gi Jin Kim. (2010) Increased immortalization-upregulated protein 2 (IMUP-2) by hypoxia induces apoptosis of the trophoblast and pre-eclampsia. Journal of Cellular Biochemistryn/a-n/a
CrossRef159
Mamoru Morikawa, Takashi Yamada, Hisanori Minakami. (2009) Outcome of pregnancy in patients with isolated proteinuria. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 21:6, 491-495
CrossRef160
Christophe Van Steenkiste, Anja Geerts, Eline Vanheule, Hans Van Vlierberghe, Filip De Vos, Kim Olievier, Christophe Casteleyn, Debby Laukens, Martine De Vos, Jean–Marie Stassen, Peter Carmeliet, Isabelle Colle. (2009) Role of Placental Growth Factor in Mesenteric Neoangiogenesis in a Mouse Model of Portal Hypertension. Gastroenterology 137:6, 2112-2124.e6
CrossRef161
John H. Tinsley, Valorie L. Chiasson, Ashutosh Mahajan, Kristina J. Young, Brett M. Mitchell. (2009) Toll-Like Receptor 3 Activation During Pregnancy Elicits Preeclampsia-Like Symptoms in Rats. American Journal of Hypertension 22:12, 1314-1319
CrossRef162
Geralyn M. Lambert-Messerlian, Glenn E. Palomaki, Louis M. Neveux, Edward Chien, Alex Friedman, Karen Rosene-Montella, Meghan Hayes, Jacob A. Canick. (2009) Early onset preeclampsia and second trimester serum markers. Prenatal Diagnosis 29:12, 1109-1117
CrossRef163
Shahzya S Huda, Dilys J Freeman, Scott M Nelson. (2009) Short- and long-term strategies for the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 7:12, 1581-1594
CrossRef164
Xin Zeng, Yu Sun, Hui-xia Yang, Dong Li, Yu-xia Li, Qin-ping Liao, Yan-ling Wang. (2009) Plasma level of soluble c-Met is tightly associated with the clinical risk of preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 201:6, 618.e1-618.e7
CrossRef165
J.M. Foidart, J.P. Schaaps, F. Chantraine, C. Munaut, S. Lorquet. (2009) Dysregulation of anti-angiogenic agents (sFlt-1, PLGF, and sEndoglin) in preeclampsia—a step forward but not the definitive answer. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 82:2, 106-111
CrossRef166
Stephanie Pildner von Steinburg, Achim Krüger, Thorsten Fischer, Karl-Theodor Mario Schneider, Manfred Schmitt. (2009) Placental expression of proteases and their inhibitors in patients with HELLP syndrome. Biological Chemistry 390:11, 1199-1204
CrossRef167
M.B. Franz, P.W. Husslein, H. Zeisler. (2009) Neue Methoden zur Früherkennung der Präeklampsie. Der Gynäkologe 42:11, 872-876
CrossRef168
Michelle A. Hladunewich, Guy Steinberg, S. Ananth Karumanchi, Richard J. Levine, Sarah Keating, John Kingdom, Johannes Keunen. (2009) Angiogenic factor abnormalities and fetal demise in a twin pregnancy. Nature Reviews Nephrology 5:11, 658-662
CrossRef169
Antonio Farina, Danila Morano, Diego Arcelli, Paola De Sanctis, Akihiko Sekizawa, Yuditiya Purwosunu, Cinzia Zucchini, Giuliana Simonazzi, Takashi Okai, Nicola Rizzo. (2009) Gene expression in chorionic villous samples at 11 weeks of gestation in women who develop preeclampsia later in pregnancy: implications for screening. Prenatal Diagnosis 29:11, 1038-1044
CrossRef170
Q. Guo, J. J. Carrero, X. Yu, P. Barany, A. R. Qureshi, M. Eriksson, B. Anderstam, M. Chmielewski, O. Heimburger, P. Stenvinkel, B. Lindholm, J. Axelsson. (2009) Associations of VEGF and its receptors sVEGFR-1 and -2 with cardiovascular disease and survival in prevalent haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 24:11, 3468-3473
CrossRef171
Keizo Kanasaki, Raghu Kalluri. (2009) The biology of preeclampsia. Kidney International 76:8, 831-837
CrossRef172
Vishna D. Nadarajah, Richard G. L. Y. Min, John P. Judson, Ravindran Jegasothy, Elena H. P. Ling. (2009) Maternal plasma soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and placental growth factor levels as biochemical markers of gestational hypertension for Malaysian mothers. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 35:5, 855-863
CrossRef173
RT Blankley, SJ Gaskell, AD Whetton, C Dive, PN Baker, JE Myers. (2009) A proof-of-principle gel-free proteomics strategy for the identification of predictive biomarkers for the onset of pre-eclampsia. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 116:11, 1473-1480
CrossRef174
John H. Tinsley, Valorie L. Chiasson, Sanique South, Ashutosh Mahajan, Brett M. Mitchell. (2009) Immunosuppression Improves Blood Pressure and Endothelial Function in a Rat Model of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 22:10, 1107-1114
CrossRef175
E. Nakada, K.R. Walley, T. Nakada, Y. Hu, P. von Dadelszen, J.H. Boyd. (2009) Toll-like Receptor-3 Stimulation Upregulates sFLT-1 Production by Trophoblast Cells. Placenta 30:9, 774-779
CrossRef176
Jimmy Espinoza, John E. Uckele, Robert A. Starr, Robert P. Lorenz, Richard A. Bronsteen, Stanley M. Berry. (2009) Insights Into Angiogenic Imbalances During Pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 114:Supplement, 437-440
CrossRef177
Asma Khalil, Nicholas J. Cowans, Kevin Spencer, Sergey Goichman, Hamutal Meiri, Kevin Harrington. (2009) First trimester maternal serum placental protein 13 for the prediction of pre-eclampsia in women with a priori high risk. Prenatal Diagnosis 29:8, 781-789
CrossRef178
Masamitsu Nakamura, Akihiko Sekizawa, Yuditiya Purwosunu, Shiho Okazaki, Antonio Farina, Noroyono Wibowo, Hanako Shimizu, Takashi Okai. (2009) Cellular mRNA expressions of anti-oxidant factors in the blood of preeclamptic women. Prenatal Diagnosis 29:7, 691-696
CrossRef179
Katherine W Arendt, Vesna D Garovic. (2009) Association of deficiencies of catechol- O -methyltransferase and 2-methoxyestradiol with preeclampsia. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 4:4, 379-381
CrossRef180
Shali Mazaki-Tovi, Roberto Romero, Edi Vaisbuch, Juan Pedro Kusanovic, Offer Erez, Francesca Gotsch, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa, Nandor Gabor Than, Sun Kwon Kim, Chia-Ling Nhan-Chang, Cristiano Jodicke, Percy Pacora, Lami Yeo, Zhong Dong, Bo Hyun Yoon, Sonia S. Hassan, Pooja Mittal. (2009) Maternal serum adiponectin multimers in preeclampsia. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 37:4, 349-363
CrossRef181
Ronan J. Kelly, Bertrand Billemont, Olivier Rixe. (2009) Renal toxicity of targeted therapies. Targeted Oncology 4:2, 121-133
CrossRef182
Anne Gingery, Emma L Bahe, Jeffrey S Gilbert. (2009) Placental ischemia and breast cancer risk after preeclampsia: tying the knot. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 9:5, 671-681
CrossRef183
Ji Hyae Lim, Shin Young Kim, So Yeon Park, Moon Hee Lee, Jae Hyug Yang, Moon Young Kim, Jin Hoon Chung, Si Won Lee, Hyun Mee Ryu. (2009) Soluble endoglin and transforming growth factor-β1 in women who subsequently developed preeclampsia. Prenatal Diagnosis 29:5, 471-476
CrossRef184
Baha M. Sibai, Caroline L. Stella. (2009) Diagnosis and management of atypical preeclampsia-eclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 200:5, 481.e1-481.e7
CrossRef185
Joern R. Steinert, Amanda W. Wyatt, Ron Jacob, Giovanni E. Mann. (2009) Redox Modulation of Ca 2+ Signaling in Human Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells in Pre-Eclampsia. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 11:5, 1149-1163
CrossRef186
Shu-Qin Wei, Hairong Xu, Xu Xiong, Zhong-Cheng Luo, Francois Audibert, William D. Fraser. (2009) Tea consumption during pregnancy and the risk of pre-eclampsia. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 105:2, 123-126
CrossRef187
Young Nam Kim, Dae Shim Lee, Dae Hoon Jeong, Moon Su Sung, Ki Tae Kim. (2009) The relationship of the level of circulating antiangiogenic factors to the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia. Prenatal Diagnosis 29:5, 464-470
CrossRef188
Yuditiya Purwosunu, Akihiko Sekizawa, Shiho Okazaki, Antonio Farina, Noroyono Wibowo, Masamitsu Nakamura, Nicola Rizzo, Hiroshi Saito, Takashi Okai. (2009) Prediction of preeclampsia by analysis of cell-free messenger RNA in maternal plasma. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 200:4, 386.e1-386.e7
CrossRef189
Alexander M. Holston, Cong Qian, Kai F. Yu, Franklin H. Epstein, S. Ananth Karumanchi, Richard J. Levine. (2009) Circulating angiogenic factors in gestational proteinuria without hypertension. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 200:4, 392.e1-392.e10
CrossRef190
Philip N Baker, Jenny E Myers. (2009) Preeclamptic toxemia: a disease ripe for proteomic discovery. Expert Review of Proteomics 6:2, 107-110
CrossRef191
Cabot, Richard C.Harris, Nancy Lee, Shepard, Jo-Anne O., Rosenberg, Eric S., Cort, Alice M., Ebeling, Sally H.Peters, Christine C., Singhal, Aneesh B., Kimberly, W. Taylor, Schaefer, Pamela W., Hedley-Whyte, E. Tessa, . (2009) Case 8-2009. New England Journal of Medicine 360:11, 1126-1137
Full Text192
L. MYATT, R. P. WEBSTER. (2009) Vascular biology of preeclampsia. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 7:3, 375-384
CrossRef193
Holger Stepan, Thomas Ebert, Susanne Schrey, Constanze Reisenbüchler, Sebastian Stein, Ulrike Lossner, Matthias Bluher, Michael Stumvoll, Jürgen Kratzsch, Renaldo Faber, Mathias Fasshauer. (2009) Serum Levels of Angiopoietin-Related Growth Factor Are Increased in Preeclampsia. American Journal of Hypertension 22:3, 314-318
CrossRef194
MICHAEL J. STARK, VICKI L. CLIFTON, IAN M. R. WRIGHT. (2009) Neonates Born to Mothers With Preeclampsia Exhibit Sex-Specific Alterations in Microvascular Function. Pediatric Research 65:3, 291-295
CrossRef195
John N. Forrest. (2009) A tribute to Franklin H. Epstein. Journal of Clinical Investigation 119:2, 238-239
CrossRef196
Guy Steinberg, Eliyahu V. Khankin, S. Ananth Karumanchi. (2009) Angiogenic factors and preeclampsia. Thrombosis Research 123, S93-S99
CrossRef197
Y. Yu, A. J. Jenkins, A. J. Nankervis, K. F. Hanssen, H. Scholz, T. Henriksen, B. Lorentzen, T. Clausen, S. K. Garg, M. K. Menard, S. M. Hammad, J. C. Scardo, J. R. Stanley, A. Dashti, K. May, K. Lu, C. E. Aston, J. J. Wang, S. X. Zhang, J.-X. Ma, T. J. Lyons. (2009) Anti-angiogenic factors and pre-eclampsia in type 1 diabetic women. Diabetologia 52:1, 160-168
CrossRef198
AA Khalil, DJ Cooper, KF Harrington. (2009) Pulse wave analysis: a preliminary study of a novel technique for the prediction of pre-eclampsia. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 116:2, 268-277
CrossRef199
Marie-José Goumans, Zhen Liu, Peter ten Dijke. (2009) TGF-β signaling in vascular biology and dysfunction. Cell Research 19:1, 116-127
CrossRef200
KAMRAN BADIZADEGAN, JACQUELINE L. WOLF. 2009. Liver Pathology in Pregnancy. , 1231-1243.
CrossRef201
Stephen F. Thung, Errol R. Norwitz. 2009. Endocrine Diseases of Pregnancy. , 615-658.
CrossRef202
N. Berkane. 2009. Définitions et conséquences des hypertensions artérielles de la grossesse. , 1-10.
CrossRef203
V. Tsatsaris, T. Fournier, N. Winer. 2009. Physiopathologie de la prééclampsie. , 22-33.
CrossRef204
F. Bretelle, R. Ledu, J.-B. Haumonté, R. Shojai, C. d'Ercole, L. Boubli. 2009. Comment prédire la prééclampsie?. , 34-46.
CrossRef205
Chun Lam, S. Ananth Karumanchi. 2009. Pregnancy and the Kidney. , 483-513.
CrossRef206
S. Ananth Karumanchi, Isaac E. Stillman, Marshall D. Lindheimer. 2009. Angiogenesis and Preeclampsia. , 87-103.
CrossRef207
Rebecca Troisi, Kristin Braekke, Nina Kittelsen Harsem, Marianne Hyer, Robert N. Hoover, Anne Cathrine Staff. (2008) Blood pressure augmentation and maternal circulating concentrations of angiogenic factors at delivery in preeclamptic and uncomplicated pregnancies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 199:6, 653.e1-653.e10
CrossRef208
Tamara Majic, Venkatesh Aiyagari. (2008) Cerebrovascular Manifestations of Pheochromocytoma and the Implications of a Missed Diagnosis. Neurocritical Care 9:3, 378-381
CrossRef209
M. D. Savvidou, M. Noori, J. M. Anderson, A. D. Hingorani, K. H. Nicolaides. (2008) Maternal endothelial function and serum concentrations of placental growth factor and soluble endoglin in women with abnormal placentation. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 32:7, 871-876
CrossRef210
Sicco Scherjon. 2008. The immunology of early pregnancy. , 329-340.
CrossRef211
C.A. Johnson. (2008) Glucose homeostasis during canine pregnancy: Insulin resistance, ketosis, and hypoglycemia. Theriogenology 70:9, 1418-1423
CrossRef212
Cristina Catarino, Irene Rebelo, Luís Belo, Susana Rocha, Elisabeth B. Castro, Belmiro Patricio, Alexandre Quintanilha, Alice Santos-Silva. (2008) Relationship between maternal and cord blood hemostatic disturbances in preeclamptic pregnancies. Thrombosis Research 123:2, 219-224
CrossRef213
Jeffrey W. Pollard. (2008) Uterine DCs are essential for pregnancy. Journal of Clinical Investigation
CrossRef214
R Gonen, R Shahar, YI Grimpel, I Chefetz, M Sammar, H Meiri, Y Gibor. (2008) Placental protein 13 as an early marker for pre-eclampsia: a prospective longitudinal study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 115:12, 1465-1472
CrossRef215
Ralf Dechend, Friedrich C Luft. (2008) Angiogenesis factors and preeclampsia. Nature Medicine 14:11, 1187-1188
CrossRef216
A. Reddy, X.Y. Zhong, C. Rusterholz, S. Hahn, W. Holzgreve, C.W.G. Redman, I.L. Sargent. (2008) The Effect of Labour and Placental Separation on the Shedding of Syncytiotrophoblast Microparticles, Cell-free DNA and mRNA in Normal Pregnancy and Pre-eclampsia. Placenta 29:11, 942-949
CrossRef217
Ralf Dechend, Friedrich C. Luft. (2008) Are we getting closer to a Nobel Prize for unraveling preeclampsia?. Current Cardiology Reports 10:6, 440-447
CrossRef218
Jeffrey S Gilbert, Mark J Nijland, Penny Knoblich. (2008) Placental ischemia and cardiovascular dysfunction in preeclampsia and beyond: making the connections. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 6:10, 1367-1377
CrossRef219
Agnieszka Loboda, Agnieszka Jazwa, Anna Grochot-Przeczek, Andrzej J. Rutkowski, Jaroslaw Cisowski, Anupam Agarwal, Alicja Jozkowicz, Jozef Dulak. (2008) Heme Oxygenase-1 and the Vascular Bed: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 10:10, 1767-1812
CrossRef220
Antonio Farina, Akihiko Sekizawa, Paola De Sanctis, Yuditiya Purwosunu, Takashi Okai, Dong Hyun Cha, Jin Hee Kang, Claudia Vicenzi, Annalisa Tempesta, Noroyono Wibowo, Luisella Valvassori, Nicola Rizzo. (2008) Gene expression in chorionic villous samples at 11 weeks' gestation from women destined to develop preeclampsia. Prenatal Diagnosis 28:10, 956-961
CrossRef221
O. M. Faye-Petersen, T. M. Crombleholme. (2008) Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome: Part 1. Types and Pathogenesis. NeoReviews 9:9, e370-e379
CrossRef222
Baha M. Sibai, Matthew A. Koch, Salvio Freire, Joao Luiz Pinto e Silva, Marilza Vieira Cunha Rudge, Sérgio Martins-Costa, Janet Bartz, Cleide de Barros Santos, Jose Guilherme Cecatti, Roberto Costa, José Geraldo Ramos, Joseph A. Spinnato. (2008) Serum inhibin A and angiogenic factor levels in pregnancies with previous preeclampsia and/or chronic hypertension: are they useful markers for prediction of subsequent preeclampsia?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 199:3, 268.e1-268.e9
CrossRef223
Alexandre Hertig, Guillaume Lefevre, Karine Toumi, Eric Rondeau, Jacqueline Capeau, Serge Uzan, Nadia Berkane. (2008) Soluble endoglin levels during normotensive and hypertensive pregnancies. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 140:1, 138-140
CrossRef224
Caroline Signore, James L. Mills, Cong Qian, Kai F. Yu, Sarosh Rana, S. Ananth Karumanchi, Richard J. Levine. (2008) Circulating soluble endoglin and placental abruption. Prenatal Diagnosis 28:9, 852-858
CrossRef225
A.E.P. Heazell, I.P. Crocker. (2008) Live and Let Die – Regulation of Villous Trophoblast Apoptosis in Normal and Abnormal Pregnancies. Placenta 29:9, 772-783
CrossRef226
Alexandre Hertig, Suzanne Watnick, Helena Strevens, Henri Boulanger, Nadia Berkane, Eric Rondeau. (2008) How should women with pre-eclampsia be followed up? New insights from mechanistic studies. Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology 4:9, 503-509
CrossRef227
D. Dragun, A. Haase-Fielitz. (2008) Low catechol-O-methyltransferase and 2-methoxyestradiol in preeclampsia: more than a unifying hypothesis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 24:1, 31-33
CrossRef228
Roberto Romero, Juan Pedro Kusanovic, Nandor Gabor Than, Offer Erez, Francesca Gotsch, Jimmy Espinoza, Samuel Edwin, Ilana Chefetz, Ricardo Gomez, Jyh Kae Nien, Marei Sammar, Beth Pineles, Sonia S. Hassan, Hamutal Meiri, Yossi Tal, Ido Kuhnreich, Zoltan Papp, Howard S. Cuckle. (2008) First-trimester maternal serum PP13 in the risk assessment for preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 199:2, 122.e1-122.e11
CrossRef229
John R. Barton, Baha M. Sibai. (2008) Prediction and Prevention of Recurrent Preeclampsia. Obstetrics & Gynecology 112:2, Part 1, 359-372
CrossRef230
S. Ananth Karumanchi, Marshall D. Lindheimer. (2008) Advances in the understanding of eclampsia. Current Hypertension Reports 10:4, 305-312
CrossRef231
Cissy C Zhou, Yujin Zhang, Roxanna A Irani, Hong Zhang, Tiejuan Mi, Edwina J Popek, M John Hicks, Susan M Ramin, Rodney E Kellems, Yang Xia. (2008) Angiotensin receptor agonistic autoantibodies induce pre-eclampsia in pregnant mice. Nature Medicine 14:8, 855-862
CrossRef232
Yu-Ting Chang, Ming-Chu Chang, Shu-Chen Wei, Yu-Wen Tien, Chiun Hsu, Po-Chin Liang, Po-Nien Tsao, I-Shiow Jan, Jau-Min Wong. (2008) Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/Soluble Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1 Ratio Is an Independent Prognostic Marker in Pancreatic Cancer. Pancreas 37:2, 145-150
CrossRef233
Arun Jeyabalan, Robert W. Powers, Allison R. Durica, Gail F. Harger, James M. Roberts, Roberta B. Ness. (2008) Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Angiogenic Factors in Pregnancy and Preeclampsia. American Journal of Hypertension 21:8, 943-947
CrossRef234
Samir M Parikh, S Ananth Karumanchi. (2008) Putting pressure on pre-eclampsia. Nature Medicine 14:8, 810-812
CrossRef235
David M. Carty, Christian Delles, Anna F. Dominiczak. (2008) Novel Biomarkers for Predicting Preeclampsia. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 18:5, 186-194
CrossRef236
Charles J. Lockwood, Chih-Feng Yen, Murat Basar, Umit A. Kayisli, Maritza Martel, Irina Buhimschi, Catalin Buhimschi, S. Joseph Huang, Graciela Krikun, Frederick Schatz. (2008) Preeclampsia-Related Inflammatory Cytokines Regulate Interleukin-6 Expression in Human Decidual Cells. The American Journal of Pathology 172:6, 1571-1579
CrossRef237
Ji Hyae Lim, Shin Young Kim, So Yeon Park, Jae Hyug Yang, Moon Young Kim, Hyun Mee Ryu. (2008) Effective Prediction of Preeclampsia by a Combined Ratio of Angiogenesis-Related Factors. Obstetrics & Gynecology 111:6, 1403-1409
CrossRef238
Ignacio Cruz-Gonzalez, Pedro Pabón, Alicia Rodríguez-Barbero, Javier Martín-Moreiras, Miguel Pericacho, Pedro L Sánchez, Victor Ramirez, María Sánchez-Ledesma, Francisco Martín-Herrero, Javier Jiménez-Candil, Andrew O Maree, Angel Sánchez-Rodríguez, Cándido Martín-Luengo, José M López-Novoa. (2008) Identification of serum endoglin as a novel prognostic marker after acute myocardial infarction. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 12:3, 955-961
CrossRef239
Hui Yi Shan, Sarosh Rana, Franklin H. Epstein, Isaac E. Stillman, S. Ananth Karumanchi, Mark E. Williams. (2008) Use of Circulating Antiangiogenic Factors to Differentiate Other Hypertensive Disorders From Preeclampsia in a Pregnant Woman on Dialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 51:6, 1029-1032
CrossRef240
J. Wipff, J. Avouac, D. Borderie, D. Zerkak, H. Lemarechal, A. Kahan, C. Boileau, Y. Allanore. (2008) Disturbed angiogenesis in systemic sclerosis: high levels of soluble endoglin. Rheumatology 47:7, 972-975
CrossRef241
Baha M Sibai. (2008) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: the United States perspective. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 20:2, 102-106
CrossRef242
Virginia D Winn, Kristy Red-Horse, Susan J Fisher. 2008. Differentiation of the invasive cytotrophoblast lineage in normal pregnancy and in preeclampsia. , 454-465.
CrossRef243
Juan Pedro Kusanovic, Roberto Romero, Jimmy Espinoza, Jyh Kae Nien, Chong Jai Kim, Pooja Mittal, Sam Edwin, Offer Erez, Francesca Gotsch, Shali Mazaki-Tovi, Nandor G. Than, Eleazar Soto, Natalia Camacho, Ricardo Gomez, Ruben Quintero, Sonia S. Hassan. (2008) Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: an antiangiogenic state?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198:4, 382.e1-382.e8
CrossRef244
Yuval Bdolah, Chun Lam, Augustine Rajakumar, Venkatesha Shivalingappa, Walter Mutter, Benjamin P. Sachs, Kee Hak Lim, Tali Bdolah-Abram, Franklin H. Epstein, S. Ananth Karumanchi. (2008) Twin pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia: bigger placenta or relative ischemia?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198:4, 428.e1-428.e6
CrossRef245
Carl A. Nath, Cande V. Ananth, Celeste DeMarco, Anthony M. Vintzileos. (2008) Low birthweight in relation to placental abruption and maternal thrombophilia status. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198:3, 293.e1-293.e5
CrossRef246
F. Crispi, E. Llurba, C. Domínguez, P. Martín-Gallán, L. Cabero, E. Gratacós. (2008) Predictive value of angiogenic factors and uterine artery Doppler for early- versus late-onset pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 31:3, 303-309
CrossRef247
Peter Dijke, Marie-José Goumans, Evangelia Pardali. (2008) Endoglin in angiogenesis and vascular diseases. Angiogenesis 11:1, 79-89
CrossRef248
R.W. Redline. (2008) Placental Pathology: A Systematic Approach with Clinical Correlations. Placenta 29, 86-91
CrossRef249
Eric K. Moses, Matthew P. Johnson, Linda Tømmerdal, Siri Forsmo, Joanne E. Curran, Lawrence J. Abraham, Jac C. Charlesworth, Shaun P. Brennecke, John Blangero, Rigmor Austgulen. (2008) Genetic association of preeclampsia to the inflammatory response gene SEPS1. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198:3, 336.e1-336.e5
CrossRef250
Magdalena Grundmann, Alexander Woywodt, Torsten Kirsch, Bettina Hollwitz, Katrin Oehler, Uta Erdbruegger, Hermann Haller, Marion Haubitz. (2008) Circulating endothelial cells: a marker of vascular damage in patients with preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198:3, 317.e1-317.e5
CrossRef251
Milan Blaha, Melanie Cermanova, Vladimir Blaha, Petr Jarolim, Ctirad Andrys, Martin Blazek, Jaroslav Maly, Lukas Smolej, Jiri Zajic, Vladimir Masin, Renata Zimova, Vit Rehacek. (2008) Elevated serum soluble endoglin (sCD105) decreased during extracorporeal elimination therapy for familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 197:1, 264-270
CrossRef252
A. S.R. Maharaj, T. E. Walshe, M. Saint-Geniez, S. Venkatesha, A. E. Maldonado, N. C. Himes, K. S. Matharu, S. A. Karumanchi, P. A. D'Amore. (2008) VEGF and TGF- are required for the maintenance of the choroid plexus and ependyma. Journal of Experimental Medicine 205:2, 491-501
CrossRef253
Holger Stepan, Annegret Geipel, Friederike Schwarz, Thomas Krämer, Niels Wessel, Renaldo Faber. (2008) Circulatory soluble endoglin and its predictive value for preeclampsia in second-trimester pregnancies with abnormal uterine perfusion. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198:2, 175.e1-175.e6
CrossRef254
Sharon E. Maynard, Tiffany A. Moore Simas, Matthew J. Solitro, Abraham Rajan, Sybil Crawford, Peter Soderland, Bruce A. Meyer. (2008) Circulating angiogenic factors in singleton vs multiple-gestation pregnancies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198:2, 200.e1-200.e7
CrossRef255
Sharon Maynard, Franklin H. Epstein, S. Ananth Karumanchi. (2008) Preeclampsia and Angiogenic Imbalance. Annual Review of Medicine 59:1, 61-78
CrossRef256
A. T. Papageorghiou, F. Prefumo, K. Leslie, D. C. Gaze, P. O. Collinson, B. Thilaganathan. (2008) Defective endovascular trophoblast invasion in the first trimester is associated with increased maternal serum ischemia-modified albumin. Human Reproduction 23:4, 803-806
CrossRef257
Walter P. Mutter, S. Ananth Karumanchi. (2008) Molecular mechanisms of preeclampsia. Microvascular Research 75:1, 1-8
CrossRef258
Saito Shigeru, Nakashima Akitoshi, Myojo-Higuma Subaru, Arihiro Shiozaki. (2008) The balance between cytotoxic NK cells and regulatory NK cells in human pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 77:1, 14-22
CrossRef259
Sabine Mütze, Sabine Rudnik-Schöneborn, Klaus Zerres, Werner Rath. (2008) Genes and the preeclampsia syndrome. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 36:1, 38-58
CrossRef260
Yuditiya Purwosunu, Akihiko Sekizawa, Antonio Farina, Noroyono Wibowo, Keiko Koide, Shiho Okazaki, Masamitsu Nakamura, Takashi Okai. (2008) Evaluation of physiological alterations of the placenta through analysis of cell-free messenger ribonucleic acid concentrations of angiogenic factors. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198:1, 124.e1-124.e7
CrossRef261
Yoav Yinon, Ori Nevo, Jing Xu, Ariel Many, Alessandro Rolfo, Tullia Todros, Martin Post, Isabella Caniggia. (2008) Severe Intrauterine Growth Restriction Pregnancies Have Increased Placental Endoglin Levels. The American Journal of Pathology 172:1, 77-85
CrossRef262
Minna Tikkanen, Ulf-Håkan Stenman, Mika Nuutila, Jorma Paavonen, Vilho Hiilesmaa, Olavi Ylikorkala. (2007) Failure of second-trimester measurement of soluble endoglin and other angiogenic factors to predict placental abruption. Prenatal Diagnosis 27:12, 1143-1146
CrossRef263
Carmelo Bernabeu, Barbara A. Conley, Calvin P.H. Vary. (2007) Novel biochemical pathways of endoglin in vascular cell physiology. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 102:6, 1375-1388
CrossRef264
Dan V. Valsky, Hagit Daum, Simcha Yagel. (2007) Reversal of mirror syndrome after prenatal treatment of Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Prenatal Diagnosis 27:12, 1161-1164
CrossRef265
Hernan D. Kopcow, S. Ananth Karumanchi. (2007) Angiogenic factors and natural killer (NK) cells in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 76:1-2, 23-29
CrossRef266
Jyh Kae Nien, Shali Mazaki-Tovi, Roberto Romero, Offer Erez, Juan Pedro Kusanovic, Francesca Gotsch, Beth L. Pineles, Ricardo Gomez, Samuel Edwin, Moshe Mazor, Jimmy Espinoza, Bo Hyun Yoon, Sonia S. Hassan. (2007) Adiponectin in severe preeclampsia. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 35:6, 503-512
CrossRef267
Elizabeth A. Bonney. (2007) Preeclampsia: a view through the danger model. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 76:1-2, 68-74
CrossRef268
Shigeru Saito, Masatoshi Sakai, Yasushi Sasaki, Akitoshi Nakashima, Arihiro Shiozaki. (2007) Inadequate tolerance induction may induce pre-eclampsia. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 76:1-2, 30-39
CrossRef269
Thomas W. Rademacher, Khalid Gumaa, Marco Scioscia. (2007) Preeclampsia, insulin signalling and immunological dysfunction: a fetal, maternal or placental disorder?. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 76:1-2, 78-84
CrossRef270
H. Haller. (2007) Schwangerschaftshochdruck und Präeklampsie. Der Nephrologe 2:6, 432-440
CrossRef271
Steven J Wagner, Vesna D Garovic. (2007) Method of diagnosing pre-eclampsia. Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics 1:2, 299-302
CrossRef272
Raquel Muñoz, Yolanda Arias, José M. Ferreras, María A. Rojo, Manuel J. Gayoso, Mercedes Nocito, Jorge Benitez, Pilar Jiménez, Carmelo Bernabéu, Tomas Girbés. (2007) Targeting a marker of the tumour neovasculature using a novel anti-human CD105-immunotoxin containing the non-toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein nigrin b. Cancer Letters 256:1, 73-80
CrossRef273
Tiffany A. Moore Simas, Sybil L. Crawford, Matthew J. Solitro, Sara C. Frost, Bruce A. Meyer, Sharon E. Maynard. (2007) Angiogenic factors for the prediction of preeclampsia in high-risk women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 197:3, 244.e1-244.e8
CrossRef274
Christopher J. Robinson, Donna D. Johnson. (2007) Soluble endoglin as a second-trimester marker for preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 197:2, 174.e1-174.e5
CrossRef275
Nazli Hossain, Michael J. Paidas. (2007) Adverse Pregnancy Outcome, the Uteroplacental Interface, and Preventive Strategies. Seminars in Perinatology 31:4, 208-212
CrossRef276
M. Gulaboglu, B. Borekci, Z. Halici. (2007) Placental tissue iodine level and blood magnesium concentration in pre-eclamptic and normal pregnancy. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 98:2, 100-104
CrossRef277
Anne Cathrine Staff, Kristin Braekke, Guro M. Johnsen, S. Ananth Karumanchi, Nina Kittelsen Harsem. (2007) Circulating concentrations of soluble endoglin (CD105) in fetal and maternal serum and in amniotic fluid in preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 197:2, 176.e1-176.e6
CrossRef278
Petr Nachtigal, Nada Pospisilova, Gabriela Jamborova, Katerina Pospechova, Dagmar Solichova, Ctirad Andrys, Petr Zdansky, Vladimir Semecky. (2007) Endothelial expression of endoglin in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic C57BL/6J mice before and after atorvastatin treatment. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 85:8, 767-773
CrossRef279
Saira Salahuddin, Young Lee, Mary Vadnais, Benjamin P. Sachs, S. Ananth Karumanchi, Kee-Hak Lim. (2007) Diagnostic utility of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin in hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 197:1, 28.e1-28.e6
CrossRef280
Baha M. Sibai. (2007) Biomarker for hypertension-preeclampsia: are we close yet?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 197:1, 1-2
CrossRef281
Kwon-Ho Hong, Tsugio Seki, S Paul Oh. (2007) Activin receptor-like kinase 1 is essential for placental vascular development in mice. Laboratory Investigation 87:7, 670-679
CrossRef282
Anna-Karin Wikström, Anders Larsson, Ulf J. Eriksson, Peppi Nash, Solveig Nordén-Lindeberg, Matts Olovsson. (2007) Placental Growth Factor and Soluble FMS-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 in Early-Onset and Late-Onset Preeclampsia. Obstetrics & Gynecology 109:6, 1368-1374
CrossRef283
Shigeru Saito, Arihiro Shiozaki, Yasushi Sasaki, Akitoshi Nakashima, Tomoko Shima, Mika Ito. (2007) Regulatory T cells and regulatory natural killer (NK) cells play important roles in feto-maternal tolerance. Seminars in Immunopathology 29:2, 115-122
CrossRef284
Dinesh M Shah. (2007) Preeclampsia: new insights. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 16:3, 213-220
CrossRef285
S A Karumanchi, F H Epstein. (2007) Placental ischemia and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1: Cause or consequence of preeclampsia?. Kidney International 71:10, 959-961
CrossRef286
Vesna D. Garovic, Steven J. Wagner, Stephen T. Turner, David W. Rosenthal, William J. Watson, Brian C. Brost, Carl H. Rose, Larisa Gavrilova, Paula Craigo, Kent R. Bailey, Johannes Achenbach, Mario Schiffer, Joseph P. Grande. (2007) Urinary podocyte excretion as a marker for preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 196:4, 320.e1-320.e7
CrossRef287
Wolfgang Holzgreve, Sinuhe Hahn, Xiao Yan Zhong, Olav Lapaire, Irene Hösli, Sevgi Tercanli, Peter Miny, Claude Diesch. (2007) Genetic communication between fetus and mother: short- and long-term consequences. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 196:4, 372-381
CrossRef288
Nienke Visser, Bas B. van Rijn, Ger T. Rijkers, Arie Franx, Hein W. Bruinse. (2007) Inflammatory Changes in Preeclampsia: Current Understanding of the Maternal Innate and Adaptive Immune Response. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 62:3, 191-201
CrossRef289
Beth L. Pineles, Roberto Romero, Daniel Montenegro, Adi L. Tarca, Yu Mi Han, Yeon Mee Kim, Sorin Draghici, Jimmy Espinoza, Juan Pedro Kusanovic, Pooja Mittal, Sonia S. Hassan, Chong Jai Kim. (2007) Distinct subsets of microRNAs are expressed differentially in the human placentas of patients with preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 196:3, 261.e1-261.e6
CrossRef290
Susan F Lynch, Christopher A Ludlam. (2007) Plasma microparticles and vascular disorders. British Journal of Haematology 0:0, 070226161637002-???
CrossRef291
V. Prasad. (2007) Soluble Endoglin and Other Circulating Antiangiogenic Factors in Preeclampsia. Yearbook of Medicine 2007, 190-191
CrossRef292
Sarosh Rana, Marshall D Lindheimer, Ananth Karumanchi. (2007) Angiogenic proteins as markers for predicting preeclampsia. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2:1, 61-65
CrossRef293
Suzanne Baumwell, S. Ananth Karumanchi. (2007) Pre-Eclampsia: Clinical Manifestations and Molecular Mechanisms. Nephron Clinical Practice 106:2, c72-c81
CrossRef294
S. Thung. (2007) Soluble Endoglin and Other Circulating Antiangiogenic Factors in Preeclampsia. Yearbook of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health 2007, 78-79
CrossRef295
(2006) Journal Club. Kidney International 70:12, 2056-2057
CrossRef296
Lindheimer, Marshall D., Umans, Jason G., . (2006) Explaining and Predicting Preeclampsia. New England Journal of Medicine 355:10, 1056-1058
Full Text
