Original Article

Retinol-Binding Protein 4 and Insulin Resistance in Lean, Obese, and Diabetic Subjects

Timothy E. Graham, M.D., Qin Yang, M.D., Ph.D., Matthias Blüher, M.D., Ann Hammarstedt, Ph.D., Theodore P. Ciaraldi, Ph.D., Robert R. Henry, M.D., Christopher J. Wason, B.S., Andreas Oberbach, Ph.D., Per-Anders Jansson, M.D., Ph.D., Ulf Smith, M.D., Ph.D., and Barbara B. Kahn, M.D.

N Engl J Med 2006; 354:2552-2563June 15, 2006DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa054862

Abstract

Background

Insulin resistance has a causal role in type 2 diabetes. Serum levels of retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), a protein secreted by adipocytes, are increased in insulin-resistant states. Experiments in mice suggest that elevated RBP4 levels cause insulin resistance. We sought to determine whether serum RBP4 levels correlate with insulin resistance and change after an intervention that improves insulin sensitivity. We also determined whether elevated serum RBP4 levels are associated with reduced expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in adipocytes, an early pathological feature of insulin resistance.

Full Text of Background...

Methods

We measured serum RBP4, insulin resistance, and components of the metabolic syndrome in three groups of subjects. Measurements were repeated after exercise training in one group. GLUT4 protein was measured in isolated adipocytes.

Full Text of Methods...

Results

Serum RBP4 levels correlated with the magnitude of insulin resistance in subjects with obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, or type 2 diabetes and in nonobese, nondiabetic subjects with a strong family history of type 2 diabetes. Elevated serum RBP4 was associated with components of the metabolic syndrome, including increased body-mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, serum triglyceride levels, and systolic blood pressure and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Exercise training was associated with a reduction in serum RBP4 levels only in subjects in whom insulin resistance improved. Adipocyte GLUT4 protein and serum RBP4 levels were inversely correlated.

Full Text of Results...

Conclusions

RBP4 is an adipocyte-secreted molecule that is elevated in the serum before the development of frank diabetes and appears to identify insulin resistance and associated cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with varied clinical presentations. These findings provide a rationale for antidiabetic therapies aimed at lowering serum RBP4 levels.

Full Text of Discussion...

Read the Full Article...

Media in This Article

Figure 1Relationship of Serum RBP4 Levels with Body-Mass Index (Panel A) and Fasting Plasma Insulin Levels (Panel B) in the Five Lean, Seven Obese Nondiabetic, and Nine Obese Diabetic Subjects in Group 1.

Figure 2Serum RBP4 Levels and Insulin Sensitivity in Subjects with Normal Glucose Tolerance (NGT) or Subjects with Newly Diagnosed Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) or Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in Group 2.

Article Activity

350 articles have cited this article

Article

Type 2 diabetes is caused by resistance to insulin action in multiple tissues, accompanied by failure of the pancreatic beta cells to compensate sufficiently by increased insulin secretion.1 Measurement of insulin resistance provides an early and strong predictor of type 2 diabetes.2 Even in the absence of hyperglycemia or diabetes, insulin resistance constitutes an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and early death.3 Obesity, which has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, is a major cause of insulin resistance.4 However, insulin resistance does not develop in all obese persons, and genetic background contributes strongly to insulin resistance, even in nonobese persons.5

In insulin-resistant states, the expression of the glucose-transporter 4 (GLUT4), the principal insulin-stimulated glucose transporter, is down-regulated selectively in adipocytes and not in skeletal muscle6; this results in impaired insulin-stimulated glucose transport in adipocytes.6 These defects precede glucose intolerance.6,7 However, the consequences of decreased GLUT4 expression in adipocytes have been unclear, since adipose tissue contributes little to whole-body glucose disposal.6 Genetic knockout of GLUT4 selectively in adipocytes of mice8 results in increased serum levels of retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4).9 Injection of purified RBP4 into mice or transgenic overexpression of RBP4 in mice impairs insulin signaling in muscle and induces the expression of the gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the liver.9 RBP4 is the only specific transport protein for retinol (vitamin A) in the circulation.10,11 Elevated RBP4 levels have been reported in people with type 2 diabetes.12,13 In an earlier study, we found that serum RBP4 levels are increased in many insulin-resistant states induced by genetic and dietary factors.9 Therefore, we assessed whether serum RBP4 levels are correlated with the magnitude of insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors and whether a therapeutic intervention that improves insulin sensitivity is associated with a reduction in serum RBP4 levels.

Methods

Study Groups

Overweight and obesity were defined according to the World Health Organization criteria on the basis of the body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters).14 Definitions of normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes were based on the 1997 American Diabetes Association criteria for glucose values obtained after an overnight fast and a two-hour oral glucose-tolerance test (OGTT), conducted with a standard loading dose of 75 g.15 For clamp studies, the rate of glucose disposal was defined as the glucose infusion rate during the final 30 minutes.16 Standard techniques were used to measure plasma glucose, serum or plasma insulin, and serum lipids.17,18 Written informed consent was obtained from each subject. Samples were collected and clamp studies were conducted between 1996 and 2004.

Measurement of Serum RBP4

Serum RBP4 was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (ALPCO Diagnostics) in groups 1 and 3 and by quantitative Western blotting9 with purified human RBP4 standards in group 2. Immunodetection was performed with a polyclonal antibody to human RBP4 (DakoCytomation). ELISA samples were run in duplicate, and Western blotting samples were run once. The coefficient of variation for interassay replicate samples was less than 7 percent for ELISA and less than 10 percent for quantitative Western blotting.

Group 1

The experimental protocol for group 1 was approved by the Committee on Human Investigation of the University of California, San Diego. Subjects were recruited as previously described,17 and serum RBP4 levels were measured. All lean subjects, none of whom were diabetic, and all nondiabetic overweight or obese subjects had normal glucose tolerance. Until several weeks before the study, diabetic subjects received treatment with metformin, sulfonylurea, or insulin, alone or in combination, but not treatment with thiazolidinediones. All diabetes-specific medications were withdrawn at least two weeks before studies were performed. Subjects with type 2 diabetes were otherwise well and were not taking other medications known to influence glucose metabolism. The euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp protocol has been described previously.17

Group 2

For group 2, the study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Leipzig. Sixty white men and women with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, or type 2 diabetes (20 per group) were randomly selected from 469 people screened by OGTT as participants in a health survey.18 Before screening, the subjects had no history of type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, insulin resistance, or the metabolic syndrome and had not previously been treated with medications for diabetes. Thus, those with abnormal glucose metabolism had newly received the diagnosis on the basis of fasting glucose levels and the results of OGTT. In addition, subjects with normal glucose tolerance had no family history of diabetes. Other exclusion criteria are described elsewhere.18

The subjects underwent supervised physical training (60 minutes of bicycling and running per day for at least three days per week). At baseline and after four weeks of training, but at least three days after the last exercise session, fasting blood samples were obtained for metabolic assays. Before and after training, the body-mass index and waist-to-hip ratio were determined; the percentage of body fat was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; a euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp study was performed; and a graded bicycle ergometry study to volitional exhaustion was performed. The highest oxygen uptake per minute (V̇O_2MAX) was measured. The clamp protocol and assays for adiponectin, leptin, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein have been described previously.18,19

The subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of the magnitude of the change in insulin sensitivity during the clamp study (glucose disposal rate) with exercise training. Subjects in the lowest third had small or no improvements in the rate of glucose disposal (mean [±SD] increase, 0.6±0.3 mg per kilogram per minute, or less than 15 percent over baseline) and were categorized as having a marginal insulin-sensitivity response to exercise training. Similar results were obtained with a quartile-based ranking system (data not shown).

Group 3

For group 3, the study was approved by the ethics committee of Göteborg University and was conducted in a manner consistent with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Healthy men with at least one first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes were recruited by advertisements in local newspapers. The inclusion criteria were an age of 25 to 55 years, a body-mass index of 22 to 30, normal glucose tolerance, fasting triglyceride level less than 150 mg per deciliter (1.7 mmol per liter), and the absence of known endocrine or metabolic disease. The subjects were asked to abstain from alcohol and excessive physical exercise for two days before each examination or specimen-collection day. The clamp protocol has been described previously.20 Several days before the clamp study, subcutaneous adipose-tissue biopsies were performed and adipocytes were immediately isolated by collagenase digestion. GLUT4 was measured in lysates by Western blotting.20,21

Statistical Analysis

The results are expressed as means ±SD. Linear correlations and nonparametric statistical tests were performed with Analyse-it (version 1.71, Analyse-it Software), and independently confirmed with StatView (version 5.0, SAS Institute). All reported P values are two-tailed and are not adjusted for multiple testing. Multivariate regression analysis was performed with Data Desk/XL (version 1.1, DataDescription).

Results

Serum RBP4 in Obese Subjects with and Those without Type 2 Diabetes

Obese, nondiabetic subjects and obese subjects with type 2 diabetes had similar body-mass index values; all but two subjects had a body-mass index of 30 or greater (Table 1Table 1Relationship of Serum RBP4 Levels to Insulin Resistance and Associated Metabolic Values.). The average rate of glucose disposal during the clamp study was 42 percent lower in obese, nondiabetic subjects and 56 percent lower in subjects with type 2 diabetes than in lean control subjects. The mean serum RBP4 level in group 1 control subjects was consistent with reported normal values in healthy inhabitants of vitamin A–sufficient regions (Table 1).10 The mean serum RBP4 levels were elevated in both nondiabetic and diabetic obese subjects and serum RBP4 levels correlated positively with body-mass index (Figure 1AFigure 1Relationship of Serum RBP4 Levels with Body-Mass Index (Panel A) and Fasting Plasma Insulin Levels (Panel B) in the Five Lean, Seven Obese Nondiabetic, and Nine Obese Diabetic Subjects in Group 1.) (P=0.001) and fasting insulin levels (Figure 1B) (P<0.001) and correlated inversely with the rate of glucose disposal (Table 1) (P=0.009). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the RBP4 level correlated with the rate of glucose disposal independently of age (P=0.004) but not independently of body-mass index (P=0.06); RBP4 also correlated with fasting insulin independently of the rate of glucose disposal (P=0.003). The serum RBP4 level correlated with the glycated hemoglobin value but not with the fasting glucose level (Table 1). Thus, even in the absence of hyperglycemia or diabetes, serum levels of RBP4 were elevated and were correlated with body-mass index and insulin resistance in overweight and obese subjects.

Effects of Exercise Training in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance

Subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes underwent exercise training to determine the effects of an insulin-sensitizing therapy on serum RBP4. In group 2, subjects with diabetes had higher fasting blood glucose levels but lower insulin levels than subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, a finding consistent with diminished beta-cell compensation for insulin resistance (Table 1). The baseline glucose disposal rate was reduced in all subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes as compared with the rate in controls, a finding indicating insulin resistance. The subjects in group 2 (Table 1) with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes had higher baseline levels of plasma leptin, plasma C-reactive protein, plasma interleukin-6, and serum free fatty acids than control subjects (data not shown), whereas they had lower plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (Table 1) and adiponectin (data not shown), a finding consistent with those of other reports.22,23 Although they had the same degree of insulin resistance, subjects with diabetes had higher baseline levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and free fatty acids than those with impaired glucose tolerance (data not shown).

Serum RBP4 levels were higher in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes than in controls (Figure 2AFigure 2Serum RBP4 Levels and Insulin Sensitivity in Subjects with Normal Glucose Tolerance (NGT) or Subjects with Newly Diagnosed Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) or Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in Group 2.). There was no apparent effect of sex on serum RBP4 levels (Figure 2A). RBP4 levels correlated inversely with the rate of glucose disposal (Figure 2B), even after the combined contributions of age and body-mass index had been controlled for by multivariate regression analysis (P<0.001). In group 2, the serum RBP4 level correlated positively with the fasting glucose level, insulin level, glycated hemoglobin value, and systolic blood pressure and correlated inversely with the HDL cholesterol level (Table 1). Also in group 2, the serum RBP4 level was more highly correlated with the waist-to-hip ratio than with the body-mass index (Table 1) or the percentage of body fat (data not shown); this observation suggests a specific association between the serum RBP4 level and abdominal obesity, a known risk factor for insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.24-26

The response of whole-body insulin sensitivity to one month of exercise training was variable; some subjects had little or no improvement in insulin sensitivity. Changes in serum RBP4 levels correlated inversely with changes in the rate of glucose disposal (Figure 3AFigure 3Changes in Serum RBP4 Levels and Insulin Sensitivity after Exercise Training in Subjects with Newly Diagnosed Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Type 2 Diabetes in Group 2.). In contrast, changes in the rate of glucose disposal did not correlate with changes in levels of fasting plasma insulin (R=0.11, P=0.48) or fasting plasma glucose (R=0.07, P=0.65) or plasma glucose obtained after an OGTT (R=−0.02, P=0.92). In a post hoc analysis of the response to exercise training, subjects were grouped into thirds according to the magnitude of the change in the rate of glucose disposal. Subjects in the lowest third had the least improvement in the rate of glucose disposal (mean change, 0.6±0.3 mg per kilogram of body weight per minute, or less than 15 percent above baseline) and were classified as having a marginal response of insulin sensitivity to exercise training (Table 2Table 2Effects of Exercise Training on Metabolic Values and Serum Adipokine Levels in Subjects with Newly Diagnosed Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Type 2 Diabetes. and Figure 3B). The remaining subjects (upper two thirds) had a greater increase in the mean rate of glucose disposal, a result suggesting improved insulin sensitivity after exercise training.

RBP4 levels decreased from baseline levels after exercise training in all subjects in the highest third except for one subject who had a normal baseline RBP4 level (Figure 3B). In contrast, serum RBP4 levels did not change or increased in all but one subject in the lowest third. In the middle third, RBP4 levels decreased in 11 subjects, albeit only slightly in some, and increased in 2 subjects. The upper two thirds were grouped for metabolic analyses (Table 2). Aerobic conditioning, assessed by V̇O_2MAX during exercise, increased to a similar extent in both those with marginal insulin sensitivity (lowest third) and those with improved insulin sensitivity (upper two thirds; data not shown). In subjects with either marginal or improved insulin sensitivity, exercise training was associated with reductions in body-mass index, body-fat percentage, waist-to-hip ratio, and fasting insulin levels and an increase in HDL cholesterol levels (Table 2). However, only subjects with improved insulin sensitivity had a significant improvement in fasting glucose levels and glucose levels during an OGTT (Table 2).

Exercise training increased plasma adiponectin levels and lowered C-reactive protein levels to the same extent regardless of whether insulin sensitivity improved (Table 2). Exercise training was not associated with changes in leptin or interleukin-6 levels. Therefore, a change in the RBP4 level in response to exercise training in a given subject predicted the degree of improvement in insulin sensitivity with greater specificity than did the responses of other adipokines or markers of inflammation that are altered in obesity, type 2 diabetes, or both.

Serum RBP4 and Genetic Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

To determine whether RBP4 is elevated when insulin resistance is present in persons without obesity or clinically apparent disease, we studied nonobese, normoglycemic men with at least one first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes.20 The rate of glucose disposal during a euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp study is a strong predictor of diabetes in such persons, who are at high risk for type 2 diabetes.21,27-29 These subjects had a wide range of insulin sensitivities, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension (Table 1), a finding consistent with the variable contributions of their lifestyles and genetics to their risk of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Serum RBP4 levels correlated inversely with the rate of glucose disposal (Figure 4AFigure 4Serum Levels of RBP4, Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, and Adipocyte GLUT4 Protein in Nonobese, Normoglycemic Subjects with a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes in Group 3.) and correlated positively with fasting insulin levels, the insulin level in response to the OGTT, fasting triglyceride level, and systolic blood pressure (Figure 4B). Similar correlations were observed between RBP4 level and these metabolic values in female offspring of persons with type 2 diabetes (data not shown). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the serum RBP4 level correlated with the rate of glucose disposal independently of both age and body-mass index (P=0.009) and with the triglyceride level independently of the rate of glucose disposal (P<0.001). Subjects in group 3 had a restricted range of body-mass-index values and had normal fasting glucose levels (Table 1) and glucose levels after an OGTT (data not shown). The RBP4 level did not correlate with these values or with age (Table 1) or waist-to-hip ratio (data not shown).

GLUT4 messenger RNA and protein are reduced in adipocytes in many insulin-resistant states,6 often long before type 2 diabetes develops.20 We previously reported that genetic knockout of GLUT4 selectively in the adipocytes of mice is sufficient to induce the expression of RBP4 in adipose tissue, increase serum levels of RBP4, and induce systemic insulin resistance.8,9 However, we cannot eliminate the possibility that the secretion of RBP4 from liver or other tissues may also be increased. To determine whether reduced adipocyte levels of GLUT4 might contribute to elevated serum RBP4 and insulin resistance in humans, we measured GLUT4 protein in isolated subcutaneous adipocytes of subjects in group 3. The level of adipocyte GLUT4 protein correlated positively with the rate of glucose disposal and correlated inversely with the serum RBP4 level (Figure 4C and 4D). These data provide support for the existence of a mechanistic link between reduced GLUT4 protein in adipocytes, elevated serum RBP4, and insulin resistance.

Discussion

RBP4, a molecule secreted by adipocytes and liver, may contribute to systemic insulin resistance.9 We found that the magnitude of increase in serum RBP4 correlates with insulin resistance among humans with obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, or type 2 diabetes and among nonobese, nondiabetic subjects with strong family histories of type 2 diabetes. The serum RBP4 level is correlated with a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors accompanying insulin resistance as part of the metabolic syndrome.23 Even though the serum RBP4 level correlated with body-mass index, the relationship between the serum RBP4 level and insulin resistance was independent of obesity, and nonobese, insulin-resistant subjects also exhibited increased serum RBP4 levels. In these nonobese subjects, decreased expression of GLUT4 in adipocytes predicts increased serum RBP4 levels and insulin resistance. The mechanism by which a decrease in adipocyte GLUT4 results in an in crease in RBP4 expression is unknown, but it might involve sensing of glucose by adipocytes.30

The correlation of serum RBP4 levels with plasma insulin levels suggests that the expression of RBP4 in adipose tissue might be a direct consequence of hyperinsulinemia. However, subjects with type 2 diabetes had lower fasting plasma insulin levels than subjects with impaired glucose tolerance with similar degrees of insulin resistance, but the RBP4 levels were similar in the two groups. Moreover, RBP4 and plasma insulin levels were dissociated in subjects who did not have an improvement in insulin sensitivity after exercise. Therefore, a primary reduction in the plasma insulin level alone does not determine serum RBP4 levels. Nevertheless, there may be a threshold at which plasma insulin is permissive for increased RBP4 expression in adipocytes, since the serum RBP4 level is reduced in subjects with new-onset type 1 diabetes and returns to normal after insulin treatment.31

The ability to assess a person's risk of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes before the onset of the disease would provide a rational means for implementing preventive lifestyle interventions or pharmacologic treatment. Because the serum RBP4 level correlates with insulin resistance and the clinical signs and biochemical components of the metabolic syndrome, measurement of serum RBP4 could become a noninvasive and accessible method for assessing the risks of impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Altered levels of several adipocyte-secreted proteins (e.g., leptin and adiponectin), inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and tumor necrosis factor α), or inflammatory markers (e.g., C-reactive protein) have been observed in patients with obesity or insulin resistance.22 Our studies suggest that the serum RBP4 level is correlated more specifically with insulin resistance and changes in insulin sensitivity than are the levels of several of these proteins (i.e., leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein). We observed that the RBP4 level correlated with insulin resistance, even in lean subjects, whose genetic risk for diabetes may be overlooked in some clinical settings. We studied adults, and nearly all were white; further studies are needed in more diverse groups.

Since elevated serum RBP4 levels lead to insulin resistance in mice,9 our observations raise the possibility that the serum RBP4 level might contribute to systemic insulin resistance in humans. In mice, increased serum RBP4 levels impair postreceptor insulin signaling at the level of phosphoinositide-3 kinase in muscle and enhance the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in liver.9 Therefore, increased serum RBP4 levels in humans might contribute to impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle and elevated hepatic glucose production, both of which are characteristic of type 2 diabetes.1 Regions near the RBP4 locus on human chromosome 10q have been linked to hyperinsulinemia or early onset of type 2 diabetes in two populations, a finding consistent with a pathogenic role for RBP4 in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.32,33

Since RBP4 is the principal transport protein for retinol (vitamin A) in the circulation,10,11 our findings further raise the possibility that alterations of retinol metabolism might influence the action of insulin and the risk of type 2 diabetes. At present, there are no compelling data to suggest that dietary vitamin A contributes to the elevation in serum RBP4 levels observed in insulin-resistant states or to insulin resistance. However, administration of the synthetic retinoid fenretinide, an antineoplastic agent that reduces serum RBP4 and total-body retinol levels in humans,34 improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in obese mice.9 Therefore, it will be important to determine whether the dietary intake of retinol influences insulin sensitivity and whether lowering body retinol or RBP4 through the administration of fenretinide or related compounds improves insulin sensitivity in humans.

Supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01 DK-43051 [to Dr. Kahn], R01 DK-58291 [to Dr. Henry], K08 DK-69624 [to Dr. Graham], and M01 RR-00827 [to Dr. Henry]); the Swedish Research Council (K2004-72X-03506-33A); the European Community's FP6 EUGENE2 (LSHM-CT-2004-512013 [to Dr. Smith]); the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (BL 580/3-1 to Dr. Bluher); the Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and VA San Diego Healthcare System (to Dr. Henry); the American Diabetes Association (to Drs. Henry, Ciaraldi, and Kahn); the Swedish Diabetes Association (to Drs. Hammarstedt, Jansson, and Smith); the Inga Britt and Arne Lundberg Foundation and the Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg Foundation (to Drs. Hammarstedt and Smith); the Novo Nordisk Foundation (to Drs. Hammarstedt, Jansson, and Smith); and the Takeda Pharmaceutical Company (to Dr. Kahn).

Dr. Ciaraldi reports having received lecture fees from Sanofi-Aventis. Dr. Henry reports having received consulting fees from Amylin Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Roche, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Takeda, and Zydus Cadila; advisory-board fees from Amylin Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, DiObex, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Roche, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Sankyo, Sanofi-Aventis, and Takeda; lecture fees from Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, and Takeda; grant support from GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi-Aventis, and Takeda; holding equity in DiObex; and serving as an expert witness for Takeda. Dr. Smith reports having received advisory-board fees from Merck and Takeda and lecture fees from Eli Lilly. Dr. Kahn reports having received advisory-board fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, CEPTYR, and Wyeth; consulting fees from Genzyme and Fibrogen; and grant support from Takeda and GlaxoSmithKline. Drs. Kahn, Graham, and Yang are listed as inventors on patent applications related to RBP4. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Drs. Graham and Yang contributed equally to this article.

Source Information

From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.E.G., Q.Y., C.J.W., B.B.K.); the Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany (M.B., A.O.); the Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden (A.H., P.-A. J., U.S.); and the Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, Calif., and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (T.P.C., R.R.H.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Kahn at the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 99 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, or at bkahn@bidmc.harvard.edu.

References

References

1. 1

   Kahn BB. Type 2 diabetes: when insulin secretion fails to compensate for insulin resistance. Cell 1998;92:593-596
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

2. 2

   Eriksson J, Franssila-Kallunki A, Ekstrand A, et al. Early metabolic defects in persons at increased risk for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1989;321:337-343
   Full Text | Web of Science | Medline

3. 3

   DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 1991;14:173-194
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

4. 4

   Kahn BB, Flier JS. Obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2000;106:473-481
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

5. 5

   Perseghin G, Ghosh S, Gerow K, Shulman GI. Metabolic defects in lean nondiabetic offspring of NIDDM parents: a cross-sectional study. Diabetes 1997;46:1001-1009
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

6. 6

   Shepherd PR, Kahn BB. Glucose transporters and insulin action -- implications for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1999;341:248-257
   Full Text | Web of Science | Medline

7. 7

   Smith U. Impaired (`diabetic') insulin signaling and action occur in fat cells long before glucose intolerance -- is insulin resistance initiated in the adipose tissue? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:897-904
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

8. 8

   Abel ED, Peroni O, Kim JK, et al. Adipose-selective targeting of the GLUT4 gene impairs insulin action in muscle and liver. Nature 2001;409:729-733
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

9. 9

   Yang Q, Graham TE, Mody N, et al. Serum retinol binding protein contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2005;436:356-362
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

10. 10

    Blaner WS. Retinol-binding protein: the serum transport protein for vitamin A. Endocr Rev 1989;10:308-316
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

11. 11

    Newcomer ME, Ong DE. Plasma retinol binding protein: structure and function of the prototypic lipocalin. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000;1482:57-64
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

12. 12

    Basualdo CG, Wein EE, Basu TK. Vitamin A (retinol) status of first nation adults with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 1997;16:39-45
    Web of Science | Medline

13. 13

    Abahusain MA, Wright J, Dickerson JW, de Vol EB. Retinol, alpha-tocopherol and carotenoids in diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:630-635
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

14. 14

    Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998.
    

15. 15

    Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2000;23:Suppl 1:S4-19
    Web of Science | Medline

16. 16

    DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol 1979;237:E214-E223
    Web of Science | Medline

17. 17

    Thorburn AW, Gumbiner B, Bulacan F, Wallace P, Henry RR. Intracellular glucose oxidation and glycogen synthase activity are reduced in non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes independent of impaired glucose uptake. J Clin Invest 1990;85:522-529
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

18. 18

    Bluher M, Fasshauer M, Tonjes A, Kratzsch J, Schon MR, Paschke R. Association of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, interleukin-10 and adiponectin plasma concentrations with measures of obesity, insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2005;113:534-537
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

19. 19

    Bluher M, Unger R, Rassoul F, Richter V, Paschke R. Relation between glycaemic control, hyperinsulinaemia and plasma concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or Type II diabetes. Diabetologia 2002;45:210-216
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

20. 20

    Carvalho E, Jansson PA, Nagaev I, Wenthzel AM, Smith U. Insulin resistance with low cellular IRS-1 expression is also associated with low GLUT4 expression and impaired insulin-stimulated glucose transport. FASEB J 2001;15:1101-1103
    Medline

21. 21

    Jansson PA, Pellme F, Hammarstedt A, et al. A novel cellular marker of insulin resistance and early atherosclerosis in humans is related to impaired fat cell differentiation and low adiponectin. FASEB J 2003;17:1434-1440
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

22. 22

    Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2548-2556
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

23. 23

    Reaven GM. The insulin resistance syndrome: definition and dietary approaches to treatment. Annu Rev Nutr 2005;25:391-406
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

24. 24

    Rexrode KM, Carey VJ, Hennekens CH, et al. Abdominal adiposity and coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 1998;280:1843-1848
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

25. 25

    Rexrode KM, Buring JE, Manson JE. Abdominal and total adiposity and risk of coronary heart disease in men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:1047-1056
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

26. 26

    Miyazaki Y, Glass L, Triplitt C, Wajcberg E, Mandarino LJ, DeFronzo RA. Abdominal fat distribution and peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002;283:E1135-E1143
    Web of Science | Medline

27. 27

    Reaven GM. Resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and hyperinsulinemia: role in non-insulin-dependent diabetes, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia and coronary heart disease. Diabetes Metab 1991;17:78-86
    Web of Science

28. 28

    Kahn CR, Vicent D, Doria A. Genetics of non-insulin-dependent (type-II) diabetes mellitus. Annu Rev Med 1996;47:509-531
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

29. 29

    Johanson EH, Jansson PA, Lonn L, et al. Fat distribution, lipid accumulation in the liver, and exercise capacity do not explain the insulin resistance in healthy males with a family history for type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:4232-4238
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

30. 30

    Tamori Y, Sakaue H, Kasuga M. RBP4, an unexpected adipokine. Nat Med 2006;12:30-31
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

31. 31

    Basu TK, Basualdo C. Vitamin A homeostasis and diabetes mellitus. Nutrition 1997;13:804-806
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

32. 32

    Duggirala R, Blangero J, Almasy L, et al. Linkage of type 2 diabetes mellitus and of age at onset to a genetic location on chromosome 10q in Mexican Americans. Am J Hum Genet 1999;64:1127-1140
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

33. 33

    Meigs JB, Panhuysen CI, Myers RH, Wilson PW, Cupples LA. A genome-wide scan for loci linked to plasma levels of glucose and HbA(1c) in a community-based sample of Caucasian pedigrees: The Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes 2002;51:833-840
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

34. 34

    Dimitrov NV, Meyer CJ, Perloff M, et al. Alteration of retinol-binding-protein concentrations by the synthetic retinoid fenretinide in healthy human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:1082-1087
    Web of Science | Medline

Citing Articles (350)

Citing Articles

1. 1

   Sidika E. Karakas, Beata Banaszewska, Robert Z. Spaczynski, Leszek Pawelczyk, Antoni Duleba. (2013) Free fatty acid binding protein-4 and retinol binding protein-4 in polycystic ovary syndrome: response to simvastatin and metformin therapies. Gynecological Endocrinology 29:5, 483-487
   

2. 2

   Sophia D. Sakka, Alexandra Margeli, Dimitrios Loutradis, George P. Chrousos, Ioannis Papassotiriou, Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein. (2013) Gender dimorphic increase in RBP-4 and NGAL in children born after IVF: an epigenetic phenomenon?. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 43:5, 439-448
   

3. 3

   M. Rauchenzauner, M. Laimer, M. Wiedmann, A. Tschoner, K. Salzmann, W. Sturm, A. Sandhofer, G. Walser, G. Luef, C.F. Ebenbichler. (2013) The novel insulin resistance parameters RBP4 and GLP-1 in patients treated with valproic acid: Just a sidestep?. Epilepsy Research 104:3, 285-288
   

4. 4

   Rasha A.H. El-Barbary, Enas E. El-Said, Fayza Ahmad, Mervat E.S. Al-Wakeel. (2013) Retinol-binding protein 4, leptin, and insulin resistance in idiopathic hirsutism and hirsute women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of the Egyptian Womenʼs Dermatologic Society 10:2, 94-100
   

5. 5

   D. M. Kelly, T. H. Jones. (2013) Testosterone: a metabolic hormone in health and disease. Journal of Endocrinology 217:3, R25-R45
   

6. 6

   Hajime Otani. Therapeutic Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome and Lifestyle-Related Disease. In: Cardiovascular Diseases. CRC Press, 2013:325-364.
   

7. 7

   Wang Junjun, Wu Jia, Song Jiaxi, Niu Dongmei, Shi Yonghui, Zheng Fang, Zhou Xin. (2013) Associations of RBP4 with lipid metabolism and renal function in diabetes mellitus. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technologyn/a-n/a
   

8. 8

   Alessio Molfino, Steven B. Heymsfield, Fansan Zhu, Peter Kotanko, Nathan W. Levin, Tjien Dwyer, George A. Kaysen. (2013) Prealbumin is Associated With Visceral Fat Mass in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis. Journal of Renal Nutrition
   

9. 9

   Viviane de Oliveira Leal, Denise Mafra. (2013) Adipokines in obesity. Clinica Chimica Acta 419, 87-94
   

10. 10

    Jia Cheng, Zi-Yi Song, Lei Pu, Hao Yang, Jia-Meng Zheng, Zhen-Yu Zhang, Xin-E. Shi, Gong-She Yang. (2013) Retinol binding protein 4 affects the adipogenesis of porcine preadipocytes through insulin signaling pathways. Biochemistry and Cell Biology1-8
    

11. 11

    Mika Venojärvi, Niko Wasenius, Sirpa Manderoos, Olli J. Heinonen, Miika Hernelahti, Harri Lindholm, Jukka Surakka, Jaana Lindström, Sirkka Aunola, Mustafa Atalay, Johan G. Eriksson. (2013) Nordic walking decreased circulating chemerin and leptin concentrations in middle-aged men with impaired glucose regulation. Annals of Medicine 45:2, 162-170
    

12. 12

    Tao Han, Diancai Zhang, Zan Fu, Yueming Sun, Wei Yang, Cuimei Yuan. (2013) Retinol-binding protein 4 as a risk factor for cholesterol gallstone formation. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
    

13. 13

    Mark D. DeBoer. (2013) Obesity, systemic inflammation, and increased risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes among adolescents: A need for screening tools to target interventions. Nutrition 29:2, 379-386
    

14. 14

    Surabhi Nanda, George Nikoletakis, Desislava Markova, Leona C.Y. Poon, Kypros H. Nicolaides. (2013) Maternal serum retinol-binding protein-4 at 11–13weeks’ gestation in normal and pathological pregnancies. Metabolism
    

15. 15

    X. Chen, X. Jia, J. Qiao, Y. Guan, J. Kang. (2013) Adipokines in Reproductive Function - a Link between Obesity and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology
    

16. 16

    M. K. Piya, P. G. McTernan, S. Kumar. (2013) Adipokine inflammation and insulin resistance: the role of glucose, lipids and endotoxin. Journal of Endocrinology 216:1, T1-T15
    

17. 17

    Stacy A. Blondin, Edwina H. Yeung, Sunni L. Mumford, Cuilin Zhang, Richard W. Browne, Jean Wactawski-Wende, Enrique F. Schisterman. (2013) Serum Retinol and Carotenoids in Association with Biomarkers of Insulin Resistance among Premenopausal Women. ISRN Nutrition 2013, 1-8
    

18. 18

    Christian K. Roberts, Andrea L. Hevener, R. James Barnard. Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance: Underlying Causes and Modification by Exercise Training. In: Comprehensive Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.
    

19. 19

    Nassrene Y. Elmadhun, Antonio D. Lassaletta, Louis M. Chu, Frank W. Sellke. (2013) Metformin alters the insulin signaling pathway in ischemic cardiac tissue in a swine model of metabolic syndrome. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 145:1, 258-266
    

20. 20

    Dejene F. Abetew, Chunfang Qiu, Neway G. Fida, Michal Dishi, Karin Hevner, Michelle A. Williams, Daniel A. Enquobahrie. (2013) Association of retinol binding protein 4 with risk of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 99:1, 48-53
    

21. 21

    C. Rendenbach, S. Ganswindt, S. Seitz, F. Barvencik, A. K. Huebner, A. Baranowsky, T. Streichert, A. Niemeier, J. Heeren, M. Amling, A. Bartelt, T. Schinke. (2013) Increased Expression of Transthyretin in Leptin-Deficient ob/ob Mice is not Causative for Their Major Phenotypic Abnormalities. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 25:1, 14-22
    

22. 22

    Hayley M. O'Neill. (2013) AMPK and Exercise: Glucose Uptake and Insulin Sensitivity. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 37:1, 1
    

23. 23

    Naoto Yamaaki, Kunimasa Yagi, Junji Kobayashi, Atsushi Nohara, Naoko Ito, Akimichi Asano, Kaoru Nakano, Jianhui Liu, Takuya Okamoto, Yukiko Mori, Azusa Ohbatake, Satoko Okazaki, Yoshiyu Takeda, Masakazu Yamagishi. (2013) Impact of Serum Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Levels on Regulation of Remnant-Like Particles Triglyceride in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Diabetes Research 2013, 1-5
    

24. 24

    Ximena Terra, Teresa Auguet, Montserrat Broch, Fàtima Sabench, Mercè Hernández, Rosa M. Pastor, Isabel M. Quesada, Anna Luna, Carmen Aguilar, Daniel del Castillo, Cristóbal Richart. (2013) Retinol binding protein-4 circulating levels were higher in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease vs. histologically normal liver from morbidly obese women. Obesity 21:1, 170-177
    

25. 25

    Hye Jin Yoo, Kyung Mook Choi. (2013) Adipokines as a Mediator for Obesity-related Disorders. The Korean Journal of Obesity 22:1, 1
    

26. 26

    Ping Wang, Paul P.C.A. Menheere, Arne Astrup, Malene R. Andersen, Marleen A. van Baak, Thomas M. Larsen, Susan Jebb, Anthony Kafatos, Andreas F.H. Pfeiffer, J. Alfredo Martinez, Teodora Handjieva-Darlenska, Petr Hlavaty, Nathalie Viguerie, Dominique Langin, Wim H. M. Saris, Edwin C. M. Mariman, . (2013) Metabolic syndrome, circulating RBP4, testosterone, and SHBG predict weight regain at 6 months after weight loss in men. Obesityn/a-n/a
    

27. 27

    Anthony R. Mawson. (2013) Role of Fat-Soluble Vitamins A and D in the Pathogenesis of Influenza: A New Perspective. ISRN Infectious Diseases 2013, 1-26
    

28. 28

    Yingjiang Zhou, Liangyou Rui. Lipocalin 13 Regulation of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Obesity. Elsevier, 2013:369-383.
    

29. 29

    Min Xia, Yan Liu, Honghui Guo, Duan Wang, Yun Wang, Wenhua Ling. (2013) Retinol binding protein 4 stimulates hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and increases lipogenesis through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1β-dependent pathway. Hepatologyn/a-n/a
    

30. 30

    Jorge Romaní, Assumpta Caixàs, Victoria Ceperuelo-Mallafré, José Manuel Carrascosa, Miquel Ribera, Mercedes Rigla, Joan Vendrell, Jesús Luelmo. (2012) Circulating levels of lipocalin-2 and retinol-binding protein-4 are increased in psoriatic patients and correlated with baseline PASI. Archives of Dermatological Research
    

31. 31

    Marlon D. Satchell, Karl J. Mann, Prabhakaran Balagopal. (2012) Do Obese Children Have Chronic Inflammation & Could This Contribute to Future CVD Risk?. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 6:6, 579-590
    

32. 32

    A. Soggiu, C. Piras, L. Bonizzi, H. A. Hussein, S. Pisanu, P. Roncada. (2012) A discovery-phase urine proteomics investigation in type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetologica 49:6, 453-464
    

33. 33

    Karen Louise Thomsen, Thomas Damgaard Sandahl, Peter Holland-Fischer, Niels Jessen, Jan Frystyk, Allan Flyvbjerg, Henning Grønbæk, Hendrik Vilstrup. (2012) Changes in adipokines after transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt indicate an anabolic shift in metabolism. Clinical Nutrition 31:6, 940-945
    

34. 34

    Eun-Jung Rhee, Mi Hae Seo, Won Seon Jeon, Hee Kwan Won, Ji-Hun Choi, Se Eun Park, Cheol-Young Park, Hyon Joo Kwag, Ki-Won Oh, Sung-Woo Park, Sun-Woo Kim, Won-Young Lee. (2012) The association of baseline adipocytokine levels with glycemic progression in nondiabetic Korean adults in 4 years of follow-up. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 98:3, 501-507
    

35. 35

    Miho Murata, Hiroyuki Tamemoto, Taeko Otani, Sachimi Jinbo, Nahoko Ikeda, Masanobu Kawakami, San-e Ishikawa. (2012) Endothelial impairment and bone marrow-derived CD34 ⁺ /133 ⁺ cells in diabetic patients with erectile dysfunction. Journal of Diabetes Investigation 3:6, 526-533
    

36. 36

    Nicola Santoro, Ram Weiss. (2012) Metabolic syndrome in youth: current insights and novel serum biomarkers. Biomarkers in Medicine 6:6, 719-727
    

37. 37

    A. Tvarijonaviciute, A.M. Gutiérrez, I. Miller, E. Razzazi-Fazeli, F. Tecles, J.J. Ceron. (2012) A proteomic analysis of serum from dogs before and after a controlled weight-loss program. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 43:4, 271-277
    

38. 38

    J.M. Carrascosa, V. Rocamora, R.M. Fernandez-Torres, R. Jimenez-Puya, J.C. Moreno, N. Coll-Puigserver, E. Fonseca. (2012) Obesidad y psoriasis: naturaleza inflamatoria de la obesidad, relación entre psoriasis y obesidad e implicaciones terapéuticas. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
    

39. 39

    Yvonne G. J. van Helden, Roger W. L. Godschalk, Frederik J. van Schooten, Jaap Keijer. (2012) Organ specificity of beta-carotene induced lung gene-expression changes in Bcmo1 ^−/− mice. Molecular Nutrition & Food Researchn/a-n/a
    

40. 40

    Jong Chul Won, Cheol-Young Park, Sang Woo Oh, Sung Woo Park. (2012) Increased plasma levels of retinol-binding protein 4 with visceral obesity is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Journal of Diabetes Investigation 3:5, 457-463
    

41. 41

    P. Rezamand, J.S. Watts, K.M. Hunt, B.J. Bradford, L.K. Mamedova, S.D. Morey. (2012) Bovine hepatic and adipose retinol-binding protein gene expression and relationship with tumor necrosis factor-α. Journal of Dairy Science
    

42. 42

    Sarantis Livadas, Antonis Voutetakis, Jean-Claude Bourhis, Eirini Maratou, George Dimitriadis, Alexandra Margeli, Helen Chandrinou, Evgenios Goussetis, Ioannis Papassotiriou, Catherine Dacou-Voutetakis. (2012) Severe hyperinsulinemia, decreased GLUT3 and GLUT4 expression, and increased retinol binding protein 4 in a patient with chronic graft-versus-host disease post bone marrow transplantation. Pediatric Transplantation 16:6, E221-E224
    

43. 43

    H. Park, M. H. Green, M. L. Shaffer. (2012) Association between serum retinol-binding protein 4 concentrations and clinical indices in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 25:4, 300-310
    

44. 44

    Fan Ping, Hong-ding Xiang, Ming Li, Wei Li, Jun-tao Liu, Min Nie, Yuan-chi Hui. (2012) Effects of variation in retinol binding protein 4 gene and adipose specific expression of gestational diabetes in Beijing, China. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 97:2, 283-289
    

45. 45

    H. James Harwood. (2012) The adipocyte as an endocrine organ in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. Neuropharmacology 63:1, 57-75
    

46. 46

    Jia Wu, Yong-hui Shi, Dong-mei Niu, Han-qing Li, Chun-ni Zhang, Jun-jun Wang. (2012) Association among retinol-binding protein 4, small dense LDL cholesterol and oxidized LDL levels in dyslipidemia subjects. Clinical Biochemistry 45:9, 619-622
    

47. 47

    Mohammad Jafar Mahmoudi, Maryam Mahmoudi, Fereydoon Siassi, Mona Hedayat, Parvin Pasalar, Maryam Chamari, Hassan Abolhassani, Nima Rezaei, Ali-Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi. (2012) Circulating retinol-binding protein 4 concentrations in patients with coronary artery disease and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries 32:2, 105-110
    

48. 48

    Ioannis Fatouros, Asimina Mitrakou. Obesity and Diabetes. In: Obesity. CRC Press, 2012:249-310.
    

49. 49

    Ximena Terra, Teresa Auguet, Montserrat Broch, Fàtima Sabench, Mercè Hernández, Rosa M. Pastor, Isabel M. Quesada, Anna Luna, Carmen Aguilar, Daniel del Castillo, Cristóbal Richart. (2012) Retinol Binding Protein-4 Circulating Levels Were Higher in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Vs. Histologically Normal Liver From Morbidly Obese Women. Obesity
    

50. 50

    Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz, Paweł Madej, Dariusz Zdun, Maria Bożentowicz-Wikarek, Jerzy Sikora, Jerzy Chudek, Piotr Skałba. (2012) Are plasma levels of visfatin and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) associated with body mass, metabolic and hormonal disturbances in women with polycystic ovary syndrome?. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 162:1, 55-61
    

51. 51

    Samad Akbarzadeh, Iraj Nabipour, Majid Assadi, Ali Movahed, Seyed Mojtaba Jafari, Niloofar Motamed, Habibollah Nazem, Mehrnoosh Haraghy, Abdolreza Pourbehi, Afshar Bargahi, Najmeh Hajian. (2012) The normoglycemic first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have low circulating omentin-1 and adiponectin levels. Cytokine 58:2, 295-299
    

52. 52

    Shi Zhao, Rui Li, Yang Li, Wei Chen, Yan Zhang, Guoxun Chen. (2012) Roles of vitamin A status and retinoids in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 90:2, 142-152
    

53. 53

    Aviva B. Sopher, Adrienne T. Gerken, William S. Blaner, Jeremy M. Root, Donald J. McMahon, Sharon E. Oberfield. (2012) Metabolic manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome in nonobese adolescents: retinol-binding protein 4 and ectopic fat deposition. Fertility and Sterility 97:4, 1009-1015
    

54. 54

    Hala O. El-Mesallamy, Nadia M. Hamdy, Al-aliaa M. Sallam. (2012) Effect of obesity and glycemic control on serum lipocalins and insulin-like growth factor axis in type 2 diabetic patients. Acta Diabetologica
    

55. 55

    Jose A. Canas, Ligeia Damaso, Astrid Altomare, Kelleigh Killen, Jobayer Hossain, Prabhakaran (Babu) Balagopal. (2012) Insulin Resistance and Adiposity in Relation to Serum β-Carotene Levels. The Journal of Pediatrics
    

56. 56

    Keith A. Burling, Pedro R. Cutillas, David Church, Marta Lapsley, Anthony G.W. Norden. (2012) Analysis of molecular forms of urine Retinol-Binding Protein in Fanconi Syndrome and design of an accurate immunoassay. Clinica Chimica Acta 413:3-4, 483-489
    

57. 57

    Nirupama Shivakumar, Meghanaa Jaya Kumar, Manasa Narasimhaiah Aswathanarayan, Maanasa Sosale Venkatesh, Manasa Sheshadri, Shreehari Deshmukh, Pranav Honnavara inivasan, Mala Dharmalingam, Sara Rani Marcus. (2012) Role of Retinol-Binding Protein 4 in Obese Asian Indians with Metabolic Syndrome. Journal of Medical Biochemistry 31:1, 40-46
    

58. 58

    D. Samocha-Bonet, D.J. Chisholm, K. Tonks, L.V. Campbell, J.R. Greenfield. (2012) Insulin-sensitive obesity in humans – a ‘favorable fat’ phenotype?. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
    

59. 59

    Nikolaos Vrachnis, Panagiotis Belitsos, Stavros Sifakis, Konstantinos Dafopoulos, Charalambos Siristatidis, Kalliopi I. Pappa, Zoe Iliodromiti. (2012) Role of Adipokines and Other Inflammatory Mediators in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Endocrinology 2012, 1
    

60. 60

    Adam Barker, Claudia Langenberg, Nicholas J. Wareham. (2012) Genetic determinants of glucose homeostasis. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 26:2, 159
    

61. 61

    Nikolaos Vrachnis, Panagiotis Belitsos, Stavros Sifakis, Konstantinos Dafopoulos, Charalambos Siristatidis, Kalliopi I. Pappa, Zoe Iliodromiti. (2012) Role of Adipokines and Other Inflammatory Mediators in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Endocrinology 2012, 1-12
    

62. 62

    Eun-Jung Rhee, Jorge Plutzky. (2012) Retinoid Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 36:3, 167
    

63. 63

    Weerapan Khovidhunkit, Promphan Pruksakorn, Wanee Plengpanich, Thipaporn Tharavanij. (2012) Retinol-binding protein 4 is not associated with insulin resistance in pregnancy. Metabolism 61:1, 65-69
    

64. 64

    Masoumeh Mansouri, Ramin Heshmat, Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy, Farshad Sharifi, Zohreh Badamchizadeh, Sudabeh Alatab, Kobra Omidfar, Hossein Fakhrzadeh, Bagher Larijani. (2012) The association of carotid intima media thickness with retinol binding protein-4 and total and high molecular weight adiponectin in type 2 diabetic patients. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders 11:1, 2
    

65. 65

    Chad L Cox, Kimber L Stanhope, Jean Schwarz, James L Graham, Bonnie Hatcher, Steven C Griffen, Andrew A Bremer, Lars Berglund, John P McGahan, Nancy L Keim, Peter J Havel. (2012) Consumption of fructose- but not glucose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks increases circulating concentrations of uric acid, retinol binding protein-4, and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity in overweight/obese humans. Nutrition & Metabolism 9:1, 68
    

66. 66

    Matthias Blüher. (2012) Clinical Relevance of Adipokines. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 36:5, 317
    

67. 67

    Raghu Pullakhandam, Ravindranadh Palika, Sudip Ghosh, Geereddy Bhanuprakash Reddy. (2012) Contrasting effects of type 2 and type 1 diabetes on plasma RBP4 levels: The significance of transthyretin. IUBMB Lifen/a-n/a
    

68. 68

    Norio Sugawara, Norio Yasui-Furukori, Shoko Tsuchimine, Akira Fujii, Yasushi Sato, Manabu Saito, Masashi Matsuzaka, Ippei Takahashi, Sunao Kaneko. (2012) Body composition in patients with schizophrenia: Comparison with healthy controls. Annals of General Psychiatry 11:1, 11
    

69. 69

    Gary Huang, Dan Wang, Unab I Khan, Irfan Zeb, JoAnn E Manson, Virginia Miller, Howard N Hodis, Matthew J Budoff, George R Merriam, Mitchell S Harman, Eliot A Brinton, Marcelle I Cedars, Yali Su, Rogerio A Lobo, Frederick Naftolin, Nanette Santoro, Hugh S Taylor, Rachel P Wildman. (2012) Associations between retinol-binding protein 4 and cardiometabolic risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis in recently postmenopausal women: cross-sectional analyses from the KEEPS study. Cardiovascular Diabetology 11:1, 52
    

70. 70

    Anna Solini, Francesco Stea, Eleonora Santini, Rosa Bruno, Emiliano Duranti, Stefano Taddei, Lorenzo Ghiadoni. (2012) Adipocytokine levels mark endothelial function in normotensive individuals. Cardiovascular Diabetology 11:1, 103
    

71. 71

    You Lim Kim, Tae Kyun Kim, Eun Sun Cheong, Dong Geum Shin, Gyu Sik Choi, Jihye Jung, Kyung-Ah Han, Kyung Wan Min. (2012) Relation of Absolute or Relative Adiposity to Insulin Resistance, Retinol Binding Protein-4, Leptin, and Adiponectin in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 36:6, 415
    

72. 72

    Shigeharu Numao, Hiroyuki Sasai, Yasuhiro Nomata, Tomoaki Matsuo, Miki Eto, Takehiko Tsujimoto, Kiyoji Tanaka. (2012) Effects of Exercise Training on Circulating Retinol-Binding Protein 4 and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Obese Men. Obesity Facts 5:6, 845-855
    

73. 73

    Gowri Kanagasabapathy, Umah Rani Kuppusamy, Sri Nurestri Abd Malek, Mahmood Ameen Abdulla, Kek-Heng Chua, Vikineswary Sabaratnam. (2012) Glucan-rich polysaccharides from Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer prevents glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and inflammation in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 12:1, 261
    

74. 74

    Laura Pala, Matteo Monami, Silvia Ciani, Ilaria Dicembrini, Alessandro Pasqua, Anna Pezzatini, Paolo Francesconi, Barbara Cresci, Edoardo Mannucci, Carlo Maria Rotella. (2012) Adipokines as Possible New Predictors of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Case Control Study. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2012, 1-5
    

75. 75

    Mariusz Kuzmicki, Beata Telejko, Natalia Wawrusiewicz-kurylonek, Agnieszka Nikolajuk, Dorota Zwierz-gugala, Wojciech Jelski, Malgorzata Kolodziejczak, Anna Zonenberg, Jan Wilczynski, Adam Kretowski, Maria Gorska, Jacek Szamatowicz. (2011) Retinol-binding protein 4 in adipose and placental tissue of women with gestational diabetes. Gynecological Endocrinology 27:12, 1065-1069
    

76. 76

    Po-Yu Chen, Ming-Chyi Huang, Chih-Chiang Chiu, Hsing-Cheng Liu, Mong-Liang Lu, Chun-Hsin Chen. (2011) Association of plasma retinol-binding protein-4, adiponectin, and high molecular weight adiponectin with metabolic adversities in patients with schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 35:8, 1927-1932
    

77. 77

    Maneerat Chayanupatkul, Sittisak Honsawek, Voranush Chongsrisawat, Linda Vimolket, Yong Poovorawan. (2011) Serum retinol binding protein 4 and clinical outcome in postoperative biliary atresia. Hepatology International 5:4, 906-912
    

78. 78

    Rachel L. McKenney, Daniel K. Short. (2011) Tipping the Balance: the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Surgical Clinics of North America 91:6, 1139-1148
    

79. 79

    Aurelia Sima, Daniel-Constantin Manolescu, Pangala Bhat. (2011) Retinoids and retinoid-metabolic gene expression in mouse adipose tissues. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 89:6, 578-584
    

80. 80

    Yi Tan, Lun-Quan Sun, Mohammad A. Kamal, Xiaoyang Wang, J. Paul Seale, Xianqin Qu. (2011) Suppression of retinol-binding protein 4 with RNA oligonucleotide prevents high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1811:12, 1045-1053
    

81. 81

    Olfat Shaker, Amal El-Shehaby, Abir Zakaria, Naglaa Mostafa, Soha Talaat, Niki Katsiki, Dimitri P. Mikhailidis. (2011) Plasma visfatin and retinol binding protein-4 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their relationship to adiposity and fatty liver. Clinical Biochemistry 44:17-18, 1457-1463
    

82. 82

    Margarita Jiménez-Palomares, Irene Cózar-Castellano, María Dolores Ganfornina, Diego Sánchez, Germán Perdomo. (2011) Genetic deficiency of apolipoprotein D in the mouse is associated with nonfasting hypertriglyceridemia and hyperinsulinemia. Metabolism 60:12, 1767-1774
    

83. 83

    Soo Lim, Marie-France Hivert. (2011) Update on the Role of Adipokines in Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports
    

84. 84

    P. Kotnik, P. Fischer-Posovszky, M. Wabitsch. (2011) RBP4: a controversial adipokine. European Journal of Endocrinology 165:5, 703-711
    

85. 85

    Rushika Conroy, Ilene Fennoy, Siham Accacha, Claudia Boucher-Berry, Dennis E. Carey, Sharron Close, Deborah DeSantis, Rishi Gupta, Abeer A. Hassoun, Loretta Iazzetti, Fabean J. Jacques, Amy M. Jean, Lesly Michel, Katherine Pavlovich, Robert Rapaport, Warren Rosenfeld, Elisabeth Shamoon, Steven Shelov, Phyllis W. Speiser, Svetlana Ten, Michael Rosenbaum, Yomery Espinal. (2011) Retinol binding protein 4 is associated with adiposity-related co-morbidity risk factors in children. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism---
    

86. 86

    Ali Awsat Mellati, Faranak Sharifi, Mohsen Sajadinejad, Davood Sohrabi, Saeideh Mazloomzadeh. (2011) The relationship between retinol-binding protein 4 levels, insulin resistance, androgen hormones and polycystic ovary syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation1-6
    

87. 87

    Andreas Oberbach, Matthias Blüher, Henry Wirth, Holger Till, Peter Kovacs, Yvonne Kullnick, Nadine Schlichting, Janina M. Tomm, Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk, Jayaseelan Murugaiyan, Hans Binder, Arne Dietrich, Martin von Bergen. (2011) Combined Proteomic and Metabolomic Profiling of Serum Reveals Association of the Complement System with Obesity and Identifies Novel Markers of Body Fat Mass Changes. Journal of Proteome Research 10:10, 4769-4788
    

88. 88

    Aviva B. Sopher, Adrienne T. Gerken, Eun-Ju Lee, William E. Blaner, Stefanie Deeds, Dympna Gallagher, Dikoma C. Shungu, Xiangling Mao, Abeer Hassoun, Donald J. Mc Mahon, Sharon E. Oberfield. (2011) Retinol-binding protein 4 correlates with triglycerides but not insulin resistance in prepubertal children with and without premature adrenarche. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 24:9-10, 683-687
    

89. 89

    Horng-Yih Ou, Yi-Ching Yang, Hung-Tsung Wu, Jin-Shang Wu, Feng-Hwa Lu, Chih-Jen Chang. (2011) Serum fetuin-A concentrations are elevated in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Clinical Endocrinology 75:4, 450-455
    

90. 90

    Wan-Jie Chia, Gavin S. Dawe, Wei-Yi Ong. (2011) Expression and localization of the iron–siderophore binding protein lipocalin 2 in the normal rat brain and after kainate-induced excitotoxicity. Neurochemistry International 59:5, 591-599
    

91. 91

    Andreas Oberbach, Martin von Bergen, Susann Blüher, Stefanie Lehmann, Holger Till. (2011) Combined Serum Proteomic and Metabonomic Profiling After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques110929122032005
    

92. 92

    Emily Jane Gallagher, Derek LeRoith, Eddy Karnieli. (2011) The Metabolic Syndrome—from Insulin Resistance to Obesity and Diabetes. Medical Clinics of North America 95:5, 855-873
    

93. 93

    Konstanze Miehle, Holger Stepan, Mathias Fasshauer. (2011) Leptin, adiponectin, and other adipokines in gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia. Clinical Endocrinologyno-no
    

94. 94

    Lili Guo, Mingyi Shi, Ling Zhang, Guangzhi Li, Lingxiang Zhang, Hu Shao, Penghua Fang, Yingping Ma, Jian Li, Qiaojia Shi, Yumei Sui. (2011) Galanin antagonist increases insulin resistance by reducing glucose transporter 4 effect in adipocytes of rats. General and Comparative Endocrinology 173:1, 159-163
    

95. 95

    Michael P. Robich, Robert M. Osipov, Louis M. Chu, Yuchi Han, Jun Feng, Reza Nezafat, Richard T. Clements, Warren J. Manning, Frank W. Sellke. (2011) Resveratrol modifies risk factors for coronary artery disease in swine with metabolic syndrome and myocardial ischemia. European Journal of Pharmacology 664:1-3, 45-53
    

96. 96

    José Angel Campos-Sandoval, Clara Redondo, Gemma K. Kinsella, Akos Pal, Geraint Jones, Gwen S. Eyre, Simon C. Hirst, John B. C. Findlay. (2011) Fenretinide Derivatives Act as Disrupters of Interactions of Serum Retinol Binding Protein (sRBP) with Transthyretin and the sRBP Receptor. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54:13, 4378-4387
    

97. 97

    Elmar Aigner, Christian Datz. Retinol-Binding Protein 4 as an Adipokine. In: Adipokines. Science Publishers, 2011:110-118.
    

98. 98

    Alberto Chavez, Devjit Tripathy. Adipokines and Obesity. In: Adipokines. Science Publishers, 2011:199-213.
    

99. 99

    Rocco Barazzoni, Michela Zanetti, Annamaria Semolic, Alessia Pirulli, Maria Rosa Cattin, Gianni Biolo, Alessandra Bosutti, Giovanni Panzetta, Annamaria Bernardi, Gianfranco Guarnieri. (2011) High plasma retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is associated with systemic inflammation independently of low RBP4 adipose expression and is normalized by transplantation in nonobese, nondiabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. Clinical Endocrinology 75:1, 56-63
    

100. 100

     Recep Yildizhan, Gokce Anik Ilhan, Begum Yildizhan, Ali Kolusari, Ertan Adali, Guler Bugdayci. (2011) Serum retinol-binding protein 4, leptin, and plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine levels in obese and nonobese young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and Sterility 96:1, 246-250
     

101. 101

     Daniel C. Berry, Noa Noy. (2011) Signaling by vitamin A and retinol-binding protein in regulation of insulin responses and lipid homeostasis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
     

102. 102

     KB Rubinow, CN Snyder, JK Amory, AN Hoofnagle, ST Page. (2011) Acute testosterone deprivation reduces insulin sensitivity in men. Clinical Endocrinologyno-no
     

103. 103

     Astrid Spruss, Giridhar Kanuri, Kirsten Uebel, Stephan C. Bischoff, Ina Bergheim. (2011) Role of the Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Onset of Fructose-Induced Steatosis in Mice. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 14:11, 2121-2135
     

104. 104

     Rasmus Ribel-Madsen, Charlotte Brøns, Martin Friedrichsen, Pernille Poulsen, Allan Vaag. (2011) Retinol-Binding Protein 4 in Young Men With Low Versus Normal Birth Weight: Physiological Response to Short-Term Overfeeding. Obesity 19:6, 1304-1306
     

105. 105

     D. Friebe, M. Neef, S. Erbs, K. Dittrich, J. Kratzsch, P. Kovacs, M. Blüher, W. Kiess, A. Körner. (2011) Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is primarily associated with adipose tissue mass in children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 6:2-2, e345-e352
     

106. 106

     E. Paul Cherniack. (2011) Polyphenols: Planting the seeds of treatment for the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition 27:6, 617-623
     

107. 107

     Helen Hermana M. Hermsdorff, M. Ángeles Zulet, Blanca Puchau, J. Alfredo Martínez. (2011) Central Adiposity Rather Than Total Adiposity Measurements Are Specifically Involved in the Inflammatory Status from Healthy Young Adults. Inflammation 34:3, 161-170
     

108. 108

     Maria G. Pavlatou, George Mastorakos, Alexandra Margeli, Evangelia Kouskouni, Nicholas Tentolouris, Nikos Katsilambros, George P. Chrousos, Ioannis Papassotiriou. (2011) Angiotensin blockade in diabetic patients decreases insulin resistance-associated low-grade inflammation. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 41:6, 652-658
     

109. 109

     Antonio Salgado-Somoza, Elvis Teijeira-Fernández, José Rubio, Elena Couso, José Ramón González-Juanatey, Sonia Eiras. (2011) Title: Coronary artery disease is associated with higher epicardial Renitol binding protein 4 (RBP4) and lower glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 levels in epicardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue.. Clinical Endocrinologyno-no
     

110. 110

     Toktam Faghihi, Mania Radfar, Elahe Abdoli, Homayoun Amini, Mohsen Rezaei Hemami, Bagher Larijani. (2011) Association of serum retinol binding protein 4 with insulin resistance and metabolic parameters during olanzapine therapy. Clinical Endocrinologyno-no
     

111. 111

     Gabriela Aust, Migle Uptaite-Patapoviene, Markus Scholz, Olaf Richter, Silvio Rohm, Matthias Blüher. (2011) Circulating Nampt and RBP4 levels in patients with carotid stenosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Clinica Chimica Acta 412:13-14, 1195-1200
     

112. 112

     Salvatore Petta, Claudio Tripodo, Stefania Grimaudo, Daniela Cabibi, Calogero Cammà, Antonietta Di Cristina, Vito Di Marco, Gaetano Di Vita, Sabrina Ingrao, Alessandra Mazzola, Giulio Marchesini, Rosaria Pipitone, Antonio Craxì. (2011) High liver RBP4 protein content is associated with histological features in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C and with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Digestive and Liver Disease 43:5, 404-410
     

113. 113

     Renata Saucedo, Arturo Zarate, Lourdes Basurto, Marcelino Hernandez, Edgardo Puello, Rosa Galvan, Sandra Campos. (2011) Relationship Between Circulating Adipokines and Insulin Resistance During Pregnancy and Postpartum in Women with Gestational Diabetes. Archives of Medical Research 42:4, 318-323
     

114. 114

     Jogeswar Mohapatra, Manoranjan Sharma, Aviseka Acharya, Gaurav Pandya, Abhijit Chatterjee, R. Balaraman, Mukul R. Jain. (2011) Retinol Binding Protein 4: a possible role in cardiovascular complications. British Journal of Pharmacologyno-no
     

115. 115

     Eusebio Chiefari, Francesco Paonessa, Stefania Iiritano, Ilaria Le Pera, Dario Palmieri, Giuseppe Brunetti, Angelo Lupo, Vittorio Colantuoni, Daniela Foti, Elio Gulletta, Giovambattista De Sarro, Alfredo Fusco, Antonio Brunetti. The Camp-HMGA1-RBP4 System. In: Recent Advances in Biochemistry. Apple Academic Press, 2011:175-197.
     

116. 116

     Nazanin Mostafaie, Christian Sebesta, Sonja Zehetmayer, Susanne Jungwirth, Klaus R. Huber, Margareta Hinterberger, Thomas Leitha, Jörg Hofman, Milos Hejtman, Karl Schrattbauer, Walter Krugluger, Karl-Heinz Tragl, Peter Fischer. (2011) Circulating retinol-binding protein 4 and metabolic syndrome in the elderly. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift
     

117. 117

     Amir J. Guri, Josep Bassaganya-Riera. (2011) Systemic Effects of White Adipose Tissue Dysregulation and Obesity-Related Inflammation. Obesity 19:4, 689-700
     

118. 118

     Kohzo Takebayashi, Ryouichi Sohma, Yoshimasa Aso, Toshihiko Inukai. (2011) Effects of retinol binding protein-4 on vascular endothelial cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 408:1, 58-64
     

119. 119

     Dan-Dan Wang, Yi-Ming Zhao, Lu Wang, Guang Ren, Fei Wang, Zu-Guang Xia, Xi-Long Wang, Tao Zhang, Qi Pan, Zhi Dai, Ju-Ping Chen, Hai-Yan Dai, Wei Zhang, Hong-Wei He, Jia-Min Zhou, Guang-Yu Tang, Jian Zhou, Jia Fan, Zhao-You Tang. (2011) Preoperative serum retinol-binding protein 4 is associated with the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 137:4, 651-658
     

120. 120

     Monica C Klempel, Krista A Varady. (2011) Reliability of leptin, but not adiponectin, as a biomarker for diet-induced weight loss in humans. Nutrition Reviews 69:3, 145-154
     

121. 121

     Hyun-Jung Kim, Hyun-Syuk Yoo, Pan-Kyeom Kim, Mi-Ryung Kim, Hyup-Woo Lee, Chan-Wha Kim. (2011) Comparative analysis of serum proteomes of patients with cardiovascular disease. Clinical Biochemistry 44:2-3, 178-184
     

122. 122

     Sascha Gerdes, Martin Rostami-Yazdi, Ulrich Mrowietz. (2011) Adipokines and psoriasis. Experimental Dermatology 20:2, 81-87
     

123. 123

     Noriyuki Ouchi, Jennifer L. Parker, Jesse J. Lugus, Kenneth Walsh. (2011) Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nature Reviews Immunology 11:2, 85-97
     

124. 124

     I K Kim, H-J Lee, J H Kang, J Song. (2011) Relationship of serum retinol-binding protein 4 with weight status and lipid profile among Korean children and adults. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65:2, 226-233
     

125. 125

     Katarina Kos, Steve Wong, Bee K. Tan, David Kerrigan, Harpal S. Randeva, Jonathan H. Pinkney, John P. H. Wilding. (2011) Human RBP4 adipose tissue expression is gender specific and influenced by leptin. Clinical Endocrinology 74:2, 197-205
     

126. 126

     Masoumeh Mansouri, Abasali Keshtkar, Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar, Ehsan Soleymani Far, Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy, Kobra Omidfar, Bagher Larijani. (2011) The impact of one session resistance exercise on plasma adiponectin and RBP4 concentration in trained and untrained healthy young men. Endocrine Journal 58:10, 861-868
     

127. 127

     G. Srinivasa Nageswara Rao, Gurumurthy Prema, Gururajan Priya, Sarasa Barathi Arumugam, V. Kirthivasan, R. Saibabu, K. M. Cherian. (2011) Comparison Between Serum Insulin Levels and Its Resistance With Biochemical, Clinical and Anthropometric Parameters in South Indian Children and Adolescents. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 26:1, 22-27
     

128. 128

     Chih-Hsun Chu, Hing-Chung Lam, Jenn-Kuen Lee, Chih-Chen Lu, Chun-Chin Sun, Hsin-Ju Cheng, Mei-Chun Wang, Ming-Ju Chuang. (2011) Elevated serum retinol-binding protein 4 concentrations are associated with chronic kidney disease but not with the higher carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetic subjects. Endocrine Journal 58:10, 841-847
     

129. 129

     Te-Fu Chan, Yung-Chieh Tsai, Chen-Hsuan Wu, Chien-Hung Lee, Shih-Han Wang, Juin-Huang Su. (2011) The Positive Correlation between Cord Serum Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Concentrations and Fetal Growth. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 72:2, 98-102
     

130. 130

     Achim Lass, Robert Zimmermann, Monika Oberer, Rudolf Zechner. (2011) Lipolysis – A highly regulated multi-enzyme complex mediates the catabolism of cellular fat stores. Progress in Lipid Research 50:1, 14-27
     

131. 131

     Hisashi Masuyama, Seiji Inoue, Yuji Hiramatsu. (2011) Retinol-binding protein 4 and insulin resistance in preeclampsia. Endocrine Journal 58:1, 47-53
     

132. 132

     Chan Seok Park, Sang-Hyun Ihm, Hun-Jun Park, Woo-Seung Shin, Pum-Jun Kim, Kiyuk Chang, Hee-Yeol Kim, Ho-Joong Youn, Wook-Sung Chung, Ki Bae Seung, Jae-Hyung Kim. (2011) Relationship Between Plasma Adiponectin, Retinol-Binding Protein 4 and Uric Acid in Hypertensive Patients With Metabolic Syndrome. Korean Circulation Journal 41:4, 198
     

133. 133

     Young Jun Rhie, Byung-Min Choi, So Hee Eun, Chang Sung Son, Sang Hee Park, Kee-Hyoung Lee. (2011) Association of Serum Retinol Binding Protein 4 with Adiposity and Pubertal Development in Korean Children and Adolescents. Journal of Korean Medical Science 26:6, 797
     

134. 134

     Jisook Park, Dong Hyun Cha, Soo Jae Lee, Young Nam Kim, Young Hwan Kim, Kwang Pyo Kim. (2011) Discovery of the serum biomarker proteins in severe preeclampsia by proteomic analysis. Experimental and Molecular Medicine 43:7, 427
     

135. 135

     Mette Koefoed, Claus M. Larsen, Mirjam V. Faulenbach, Allan Vaag, Jan A. Ehses, Marc Y. Donath, James Norton McGuire, Flemming Pociot, Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen. (2010) Serum Proteome Pool Changes in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Treated with Anakinra. Clinical Proteomics 6:4, 153-161
     

136. 136

     Y.-X. Su, J. Hong, Q. Yan, C. Xu, W.-Q. Gu, Y.-F. Zhang, C.-F. Shen, Z.-N. Chi, M. Dai, M. Xu, Y.-W. Zhang, Q.-R. Liu, X.-Y. Li, G. Ning, W.-Q. Wang. (2010) Increased serum retinol-binding protein-4 levels in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes & Metabolism 36:6, 470-475
     

137. 137

     Thomas Bobbert, Jens Raila, Franziska Schwarz, Knut Mai, Andrea Henze, Andreas F.H. Pfeiffer, Florian J. Schweigert, Joachim Spranger. (2010) Relation between retinol, retinol-binding protein 4, transthyretin and carotid intima media thickness. Atherosclerosis 213:2, 549-551
     

138. 138

     Bas Havekes, Hans P Sauerwein. (2010) Adipocyte-myocyte crosstalk in skeletal muscle insulin resistance; is there a role for thyroid hormone?. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 13:6, 641-646
     

139. 139

     Yingfeng Deng, Philipp E. Scherer. (2010) Adipokines as novel biomarkers and regulators of the metabolic syndrome. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1212:1, E1-E19
     

140. 140

     Rupert Oberauer, Wolfgang Rist, Martin C. Lenter, Bradford S. Hamilton, Heike Neubauer. (2010) EGFL6 is increasingly expressed in human obesity and promotes proliferation of adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular cells. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 343:1-2, 257-269
     

141. 141

     John H. Block. Vitamins. In: Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010.
     

142. 142

     M. C. Mitterberger, M. Mattesich, E. Klaver, S. Lechner, T. Engelhardt, L. Larcher, G. Pierer, H. Piza-Katzer, W. Zwerschke. (2010) Adipokine Profile and Insulin Sensitivity in Formerly Obese Women Subjected to Bariatric Surgery or Diet-Induced Long-term Caloric Restriction. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 65A:9, 915-923
     

143. 143

     Chang-Hsun Hsieh, Yi-Jen Hung, Dee Pei, Chung-Ze Wu, Fone-Ching Hsiao. (2010) The Effect of Rosiglitazone on Retinol Binding Protein 4 in Subjects of Impaired Glucose Tolerance. The Endocrinologist 20:5, 250-253
     

144. 144

     Mou Wang, Xinsheng Lai, Hui Yu, Juqiang Wang, Zhong-Qi Chen, Xian-Yong Lan, Chu-Zhao Lei, Hong Chen. (2010) Two novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 4-bp deletion mutation of RBP4 gene in Chinese cattle. Journal of Genetics 89:2, 233-236
     

145. 145

     Carmen Gelsinger, Alexander Tschoner, Susanne Kaser, Christoph F. Ebenbichler. (2010) Adipokine update – neue Moleküle, neue Funktionen. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 160:15-16, 377-390
     

146. 146

     (2010) The Effects of Regulatory Exercise on Adipokines and Inflammatory Reaction in Type 1 Diabetic and Obese Children. Journal of Life Science 20:7, 1066-1072
     

147. 147

     Clifford J. Bailey. Future Drug Treatments for Type 2 Diabetes. In: Textbook of Diabetes. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010:1017-1044.
     

148. 148

     Edi Vaisbuch, Roberto Romero, Shali Mazaki-Tovi, Juan Pedro Kusanovic, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa, Zhong Dong, Sun Kwon Kim, Giovanna Ogge, Maria Teresa Gervasi, Sonia S. Hassan. (2010) Maternal plasma retinol binding protein 4 in acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 38:4, 359-366
     

149. 149

     Cem Cengiz, Yasemin Ardicoglu, Safak Bulut, Sedat Boyacioglu. (2010) Serum retinol-binding protein 4 in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: does it have a significant impact on pathogenesis?. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 22:7, 813-819
     

150. 150

     Mark P. Keller, Alan D. Attie. (2010) Physiological Insights Gained from Gene Expression Analysis in Obesity and Diabetes. Annual Review of Nutrition 30:1, 341-364
     

151. 151

     Jennifer L. Shea, J. Concepción Loredo-Osti, Guang Sun. (2010) Association of RBP4 Gene Variants and Serum HDL Cholesterol Levels in the Newfoundland Population. Obesity 18:7, 1393-1397
     

152. 152

     Shigeru Okada, Edward O. List, Sudha Sankaran, John J. Kopchick. (2010) Plasma Protein Biomarkers Correlated with the Development of Diet-Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Mice. Clinical Proteomics 6:1-2, 6-17
     

153. 153

     Marietta Stadler, Angela Storka, Eva Anna Theuer, Michael Krebs, Elena Vojtassakova, Peter Nowotny, Giovanni Pacini, Thomas Kästenbauer, Anton Luger, Rudolf Prager, Michael Wolzt, Christian Anderwald. (2010) Adipokines in type 1 diabetes after successful pancreas transplantation: normal visfatin and retinol-binding-protein-4, but increased total adiponectin fasting concentrations. Clinical Endocrinology 72:6, 763-769
     

154. 154

     Lígia A Martini, Antonela S Catania, Sandra RG Ferreira. (2010) Role of vitamins and minerals in prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition Reviews 68:6, 341-354
     

155. 155

     Bolin Qin, Marilyn M. Polansky, Dawson Harry, Richard A. Anderson. (2010) Green tea polyphenols improve cardiac muscle mRNA and protein levels of signal pathways related to insulin and lipid metabolism and inflammation in insulin-resistant rats. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 54:S1, S14-S23
     

156. 156

     Lkhagvasuren Munkhtulga, Shuichi Nagashima, Kazuhiro Nakayama, Nanami Utsumi, Yoshiko Yanagisawa, Takaya Gotoh, Toshinori Omi, Maki Kumada, Khadbaatar Zolzaya, Tserenkhuu Lkhagvasuren, Yasuo Kagawa, Hiroyuki Fujiwara, Yoshinori Hosoya, Masanobu Hyodo, Hisanaga Horie, Masayuki Kojima, Shun Ishibashi, Sadahiko Iwamoto. (2010) Regulatory SNP in the RBP4 Gene Modified the Expression in Adipocytes and Associated With BMI. Obesity 18:5, 1006-1014
     

157. 157

     Artur Mazur, Paweł Matusik, Ewa Małecka-Tendera. (2010) Tkanka tłuszczowa jako narząd wydzielania wewnętrznego. Pediatria Polska 85:3, 255-264
     

158. 158

     Monika Wysocka-Kapcinska, José Angel Campos-Sandoval, Akos Pal, John B.C. Findlay. (2010) Expression and characterization of recombinant human retinol-binding protein in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expression and Purification 71:1, 28-32
     

159. 159

     John H. Block. Selective Toxicity. In: Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010.
     

160. 160

     Christopher B Newgard, Alan D Attie. (2010) Getting biological about the genetics of diabetes. Nature Medicine 16:4, 388-391
     

161. 161

     Masami Sasaki, Taeko Otani, Masanobu Kawakami, San-e Ishikawa. (2010) Elevation of plasma retinol-binding protein 4 and reduction of plasma adiponectin in subjects with cerebral infarction. Metabolism 59:4, 527-532
     

162. 162

     Soo Lim, Ji W. Yoon, Sung H. Choi, Young J. Park, Jung J. Lee, Joon H. Park, Seok B. Lee, Ki W. Kim, Jae-Young Lim, Young-Bum Kim, Kyong S. Park, Hong K. Lee, Sung I. Cho, Hak C. Jang. (2010) Combined Impact of Adiponectin and Retinol-binding Protein 4 on Metabolic Syndrome in Elderly People: The Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging. Obesity 18:4, 826-832
     

163. 163

     Karen R. Kelly, Sangeeta R. Kashyap, Valerie B. O'Leary, Jennifer Major, Philip R. Schauer, John P. Kirwan. (2010) Retinol-binding Protein 4 (RBP4) Protein Expression Is Increased in Omental Adipose Tissue of Severely Obese Patients. Obesity 18:4, 663-666
     

164. 164

     Shali Mazaki-Tovi, Roberto Romero, Edi Vaisbuch, Juan Pedro Kusanovic, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa, Sun Kwon Kim, Pooja Mittal, Zhong Dong, Percy Pacora, Lami Yeo, Sonia S. Hassan. (2010) Retinol-binding protein 4: a novel adipokine implicated in the genesis of LGA in the absence of gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 38:2, 147-155
     

165. 165

     Katharina Klein, Dagmar Bancher-Todesca, Heinz Leipold, Martin Knöfler, Peter Haslinger, Ammon Handisurya, Alexandra Kautzky-Willer, Christof Worda. (2010) Retinol-Binding Protein 4 in Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Women's Health 19:3, 517-521
     

166. 166

     Edi Vaisbuch, Roberto Romero, Shali Mazaki-Tovi, Offer Erez, Sun Kwon Kim, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa, Francesca Gotsch, Nandor Gabor Than, Zhong Dong, Percy Pacora, Ronald Lamont, Lami Yeo, Sonia S. Hassan, Juan Pedro Kusanovic. (2010) Retinol binding protein 4 – a novel association with early-onset preeclampsia. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 38:2, 129-139
     

167. 167

     Timothy J. S. Cross, Mohammed M. Rashid, Philip A. Berry, Phillip M. Harrison. (2010) The importance of steatosis in chronic hepatitis C infection and its management: A review. Hepatology Research 40:3, 237-247
     

168. 168

     Jeffrey R. Lewis, Smruti R. Mohanty. (2010) Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Review and Update. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 55:3, 560-578
     

169. 169

     Sandra Galic, Jon S. Oakhill, Gregory R. Steinberg. (2010) Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 316:2, 129-139
     

170. 170

     Teoman Dogru, Muammer Kara, Cemal Nuri Ercin, Cengizhan Acikel, Serkan Tapan. (2010) Retinol-binding Protein 4 Concentrations in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 44:3, 231-232
     

171. 171

     Naim Alkhouri, Rocio Lopez, Michael Berk, Ariel E. Feldstein. (2010) Response to: Retinol-binding Protein 4 Concentrations in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 44:3, 232
     

172. 172

     Andrea Henze, Simone K. Frey, Jens Raila, Alexandra Scholze, Joachim Spranger, Martin O. Weickert, Martin Tepel, Walter Zidek, Florian J. Schweigert. (2010) Alterations of retinol-binding protein 4 species in patients with different stages of chronic kidney disease and their relation to lipid parameters. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 393:1, 79-83
     

173. 173

     Beverly J. Tepper, Youn-Kyung Kim, Varsha Shete, Elena Shabrova, Loredana Quadro. (2010) Serum Retinol-Binding Protein 4 (RBP4) and retinol in a cohort of borderline obese women with and without gestational diabetes. Clinical Biochemistry 43:3, 320-323
     

174. 174

     Te-Fu Chan, Yung-Chieh Tsai, Pu-Rong Chiu, Yi-Ling Chen, Chien-Hung Lee, Eing-Mei Tsai. (2010) Serum retinol-binding protein 4 levels in nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and Sterility 93:3, 869-873
     

175. 175

     Mabrouk A Abd Eldaim, Akihiro Kamikawa, Mohamed M Soliman, Mohamed M Ahmed, Yuko Okamatsu-Ogura, Akira Terao, Toru Miyamoto, Kazuhiro Kimura. (2010) Retinol binding protein 4 in dairy cows: its presence in colostrum and alteration in plasma during fasting, inflammation, and the peripartum period. Journal of Dairy Research 77:01, 27
     

176. 176

     Matthias Blüher. (2010) Do adipokines link obesity to its related metabolic and cardiovascular diseases?. Clinical Lipidology 5:1, 95-107
     

177. 177

     Bulent O Yildiz, Gurkan Bozdag, Umit Otegen, Ayla Harmanci, Kubra Boynukalin, Zehra Vural, Serafettin Kirazli, Hakan Yarali. (2010) Visfatin and retinol-binding protein 4 concentrations in lean, glucose-tolerant women with PCOS. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 20:1, 150-155
     

178. 178

     Jun-Bin Suh, Seon-Mee Kim, Geum-Ju Cho, Kyung-Mook Choi, Jee-Hye Han, Hwang Taek Geun. (2010) Elevated serum retinol-binding protein 4 is associated with insulin resistance in older women. Metabolism 59:1, 118-122
     

179. 179

     Chi Young Shim, Sungha Park, Jung-Sun Kim, Dong Jik Shin, Young-Guk Ko, Seok-Min Kang, Donghoon Choi, Jong-Won Ha, Yangsoo Jang, Namsik Chung. (2010) Association of Plasma Retinol-Binding Protein 4, Adiponectin, and High Molecular Weight Adiponectin with Insulin Resistance in Non-Diabetic Hypertensive Patients. Yonsei Medical Journal 51:3, 375
     

180. 180

     Lauren N. Bell, Janice L. Theodorakis, Raj Vuppalanchi, Romil Saxena, Kerry G. Bemis, Mu Wang, Naga Chalasani. (2010) Serum proteomics and biomarker discovery across the spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 51:1, 111-120
     

181. 181

     Rexford S. Ahima, Gladys M. Varela. Adipokine Signaling. In: Handbook of Cell Signaling. Elsevier, 2010:2885-2894.
     

182. 182

     Shari S. Bassuk, JoAnn E. Manson. Gender-Specific Aspects of Selected Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors. In: Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine. Elsevier, 2010:162-174.
     

183. 183

     Youngmin Lee, Scott L. Friedman. Fibrosis in the Liver. Elsevier, 2010:151-200.
     

184. 184

     P. Bobbert, A. Weithauser, J. Andres, T. Bobbert, U. Kuhl, H. P. Schultheiss, U. Rauch, C. Skurk. (2009) Increased plasma retinol binding protein 4 levels in patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy. European Journal of Heart Failure 11:12, 1163-1168
     

185. 185

     Ching-Chu Chen, Jer-Yuarn Wu, Chwen-Tzuei Chang, Fuu-Jen Tsai, Tzu-Yuan Wang, Yi-Min Liu, Huai-Chih Tsui, Rong-Hsing Chen, Shyh-Ching Chiou. (2009) Levels of retinol-binding protein 4 and uric acid in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 58:12, 1812-1816
     

186. 186

     Stephan F. E. Praet, Luc J. C. Loon. (2009) Exercise therapy in Type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetologica 46:4, 263-278
     

187. 187

     B. Singh, S. Arora, B. Goswami, V. Mallika. (2009) Metabolic syndrome: A review of emerging markers and management. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 3:4, 240-254
     

188. 188

     Jogeswar Mohapatra, Manoranjan Sharma, Satinder Singh, Gaurav Pandya, Abhijit Chatterjee, Ramachandran Balaraman, Pankaj R. Patel, Mukul R. Jain. (2009) Involvement of adipokines in rimonabant-mediated insulin sensitivity in ob/ob mice. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 61:11, 1493-1498
     

189. 189

     Sang Hoon Han, Bum Sik Chin, Han Sung Lee, Su Jin Jeong, Hee Kyoung Choi, Chang Oh Kim, Jun Yong Choi, Young Goo Song, Hyun Chul Lee, June Myung Kim. (2009) Serum retinol-binding protein 4 correlates with obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected subjects receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Metabolism 58:11, 1523-1529
     

190. 190

     Naim Alkhouri, Rocio Lopez, Michael Berk, Ariel E. Feldstein. (2009) Serum Retinol-binding Protein 4 Levels in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 43:10, 985-989
     

191. 191

     Herbert Tilg, Alexander Moschen. Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Mediators Secreted by Adipose Tissue. CRC Press, 2009:65-81.
     

192. 192

     Maria Schina, John Koskinas, Dina Tiniakos, Emilia Hadziyannis, Savvas Savvas, Basil Karamanos, Emanuel Manesis, Athanasios Archimandritis. (2009) Circulating and liver tissue levels of retinol-binding protein-4 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology Research 39:10, 972-978
     

193. 193

     M. Iwasa, N. Hara, H. Miyachi, H. Tanaka, M. Takeo, N. Fujita, Y. Kobayashi, Y. Kojima, M. Kaito, Y. Takei. (2009) Patients achieving clearance of HCV with interferon therapy recover from decreased retinol-binding protein 4 levels. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 16:10, 716-723
     

194. 194

     Menglei Chao, Dajin Zou, Yifei Zhang, Yuhong Chen, Miao Wang, Hong Wu, Guang Ning, Weiqing Wang. (2009) Improving insulin resistance with traditional Chinese medicine in type 2 diabetic patients. Endocrine 36:2, 268-274
     

195. 195

     Simone K. Frey, Joachim Spranger, Andrea Henze, Andreas F.H. Pfeiffer, Florian J. Schweigert, Jens Raila. (2009) Factors that influence retinol-binding protein 4–transthyretin interaction are not altered in overweight subjects and overweight subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 58:10, 1386-1392
     

196. 196

     Clifford J. Bailey. (2009) New therapies for diabesity. Current Diabetes Reports 9:5, 360-367
     

197. 197

     Astrid Spruss, Giridhar Kanuri, Sabine Wagnerberger, Synia Haub, Stephan C. Bischoff, Ina Bergheim. (2009) Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the development of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in mice. Hepatology 50:4, 1094-1104
     

198. 198

     Kazuyuki Suzuki, Yasuhiro Takikawa. Biomarkers Of Malnutrition In Liver Cirrhosis. In: Nutrition, Diet Therapy, and the Liver. CRC Press, 2009:203-215.
     

199. 199

     Erik Ingelsson, Johan Sundström, Håkan Melhus, Karl Michaëlsson, Christian Berne, Ramachandran S. Vasan, Ulf Risérus, Rune Blomhoff, Lars Lind, Johan Ärnlöv. (2009) Circulating retinol-binding protein 4, cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent cardiovascular disease in elderly. Atherosclerosis 206:1, 239-244
     

200. 200

     S. Petta, C. Muratore, A. Craxì. (2009) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis: The present and the future. Digestive and Liver Disease 41:9, 615-625
     

201. 201

     Lourdes Ibáñez, Abel López-Bermejo, Marta Díaz, Goya Enríquez, Luis del Río, Francis de Zegher. (2009) Low-dose pioglitazone and low-dose flutamide added to metformin and oestro-progestagens for hyperinsulinaemic women with androgen excess: add-on benefits disclosed by a randomized double-placebo study over 24 months. Clinical Endocrinology 71:3, 351-357
     

202. 202

     Maximilian von Eynatten, Per M. Humpert. (2009) Retinol-binding protein 4 & atherosclerosis: Risk factor or innocent bystander?. Atherosclerosis 206:1, 38-39
     

203. 203

     Sangeeta R. Kashyap, Dima L. Diab, Allison R. Baker, Lisa Yerian, Harpreet Bajaj, Courtney Gray-McGuire, Philip R. Schauer, Manjula Gupta, Ariel E. Feldstein, Stanley L. Hazen, Catherine M. Stein. (2009) Triglyceride Levels and Not Adipokine Concentrations Are Closely Related to Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in an Obesity Surgery Cohort. Obesity 17:9, 1696-1701
     

204. 204

     Orzala Sharif, Huiyong Hu, Heath Klock, Eric N. Hampton, Edward Nigoghossian, Mark W. Knuth, Jason Matzen, Paul Anderson, Richard Trager, Tetsuo Uno, Richard J. Glynne, Sassan M. Azarian, Jeremy S. Caldwell, Achim Brinker. (2009) Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer and surface plasmon resonance-based assays for retinoid and transthyretin binding to retinol-binding protein 4. Analytical Biochemistry 392:2, 162-168
     

205. 205

     Bettina J. Stuck, Barbara B. Kahn. (2009) Retinol-Binding Protein 4 (RBP4): A Biomarker for Subclinical Atherosclerosis?. American Journal of Hypertension 22:9, 948-949
     

206. 206

     A. Solini, E. Santini, S. Madec, C. Rossi, E. Muscelli. (2009) Retinol-Binding Protein-4 in Women With Untreated Essential Hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 22:9, 1001-1006
     

207. 207

     M. Xu, X. Y. Li, J. G. Wang, X. J. Wang, Y. Huang, Q. Cheng, H. E. Huang, R. Li, J. Xiang, J. R. Tan, M. Dai, G. Ning. (2009) Retinol-binding protein 4 is associated with impaired glucose regulation and microalbuminuria in a Chinese population. Diabetologia 52:8, 1511-1519
     

208. 208

     Cheng-Chieh Lin, Ming-May Lai, Tsai-Chung Li, Chia-Ing Li, Chiu-Shong Liu, Ching-Chu Chen, Ming-Tsang Wu. (2009) Relationship between serum retinol-binding protein 4 and visfatin and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 85:1, 24-29
     

209. 209

     Teoman Dogru, Cemal Nuri Ercin, Serkan Tapan, Murat Kantarcioglu, Muammer Kara, Sait Bagci. (2009) Adipocytokine levels in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 50:1, 326-327
     

210. 210

     Hee Sun Hwang, Hyun Ah Kim, Sung Hak Lee, Jong Won Yun. (2009) Anti-obesity and Antidiabetic Effects of Deep Sea Water on ob/ob Mice. Marine Biotechnology 11:4, 531-539
     

211. 211

     Ling LI, Chen WANG, Yuqian BAO, Haiya WU, Junxi LU, Kunsan XIANG, Weiping JIA. (2009) Serum retinol-binding protein 4 is associated with insulin secretion in Chinese people with normal glucose tolerance. Journal of Diabetes 1:2, 125-130
     

212. 212

     Kerry-Lee Milner, David van der Poorten, Aimin Xu, Elisabetta Bugianesi, James G. Kench, Karen S. L. Lam, Donald J. Chisholm, Jacob George. (2009) Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein levels relate to inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 49:6, 1926-1934
     

213. 213

     Se Eun Park, Dae Hyun Kim, Jae Hyuk Lee, Jong Sook Park, Eun Seok Kang, Chul Woo Ahn, Hyun Chul Lee, Bong Soo Cha. (2009) Retinol-binding protein-4 is associated with endothelial dysfunction in adults with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 204:1, 23-25
     

214. 214

     S. E. Saarni, S. I. Saarni, M. Fogelholm, M. Heliövaara, J. Perälä, J. Suvisaari, J. Lönnqvist. (2009) Body composition in psychotic disorders: a general population survey. Psychological Medicine 39:05, 801
     

215. 215

     Gábor Winkler, Károly Cseh. (2009) Molekuláris tényezők szerepe az inzulinrezisztencia–elhízás–2-es típusú diabetes patogenetikai kapcsolatban. Orvosi Hetilap 150:17, 771-780
     

216. 216

     Suresh G. Kumar, Md. Atiar Rahman, Sung Hak Lee, Hee Sun Hwang, Hyun Ah Kim, Jong Won Yun. (2009) Plasma proteome analysis for anti-obesity and anti-diabetic potentials of chitosan oligosaccharides in ob/ob mice. PROTEOMICS 9:8, 2149-2162
     

217. 217

     K. M. Choi, T. N. Kim, H. J. Yoo, K. W. Lee, G. J. Cho, T. G. Hwang, S. H. Baik, D. S. Choi, S. M. Kim. (2009) Effect of exercise training on A-FABP, lipocalin-2 and RBP4 levels in obese women. Clinical Endocrinology 70:4, 569-574
     

218. 218

     Kohzo Takebayashi, Mariko Suetsugu, Sachiko Matsumoto, Yoshimasa Aso, Toshihiko Inukai. (2009) Effects of Rosuvastatin and Colestimide on Metabolic Parameters and Urinary Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Hyperlipidemia. Southern Medical Journal 102:4, 361-368
     

219. 219

     Hideo Makimura, Jeffrey Wei, Sara E. Dolan-Looby, Vincent Ricchiuti, Steven Grinspoon. (2009) Retinol-binding protein levels are increased in association with gonadotropin levels in healthy women. Metabolism 58:4, 479-487
     

220. 220

     Seiji Inoue, Norio Takamoto, Yoichiro Akahori, Akio Masumoto, Hideki Nakatsukasa, Hisashi Msuyama, Yuji Hiramatsu. (2009) Elevated level of serum retinol-binding protein 4 in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 35:2, 293-300
     

221. 221

     Jeff S. Volek, Stephen D. Phinney, Cassandra E. Forsythe, Erin E. Quann, Richard J. Wood, Michael J. Puglisi, William J. Kraemer, Doug M. Bibus, Maria Luz Fernandez, Richard D. Feinman. (2009) Carbohydrate Restriction has a More Favorable Impact on the Metabolic Syndrome than a Low Fat Diet. Lipids 44:4, 297-309
     

222. 222

     Helen Hermana Miranda Hermsdorff, M.Ángeles Zulet, Blanca Puchau, Josefina Bressan, J. Alfredo Martínez. (2009) Association of retinol-binding protein-4 with dietary selenium intake and other lifestyle features in young healthy women. Nutrition 25:4, 392-399
     

223. 223

     Xingbo Cheng, Hui Zhang. (2009) Serum retinal-binding protein 4 is positively related to insulin resistance in Chinese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 84:1, 58-60
     

224. 224

     Cristina Banfi, Maura Brioschi, Simona Barcella, Robin Wait, Shajna Begum, Sabrina Galli, Andrea Rizzi, Elena Tremoli. (2009) Proteomic analysis of human low-density lipoprotein reveals the presence of prenylcysteine lyase, a hydrogen peroxide-generating enzyme. PROTEOMICS 9:5, 1344-1352
     

225. 225

     Simone K. Frey, Andrea Henze, Britta Nagl, Jens Raila, Alexandra Scholze, Martin Tepel, Florian J. Schweigert, Walter Zidek. (2009) Effect of renal replacement therapy on retinol-binding protein 4 isoforms. Clinica Chimica Acta 401:1-2, 46-50
     

226. 226

     Holger Stepan, Thomas Ebert, Susanne Schrey, Constanze Reisenbüchler, Matthias Blüher, Michael Stumvoll, Jürgen Kratzsch, Patricia Tönnessen, Renaldo Faber, Mathias Fasshauer. (2009) Preliminary report: serum levels of retinol-binding protein 4 in preeclampsia. Metabolism 58:3, 275-277
     

227. 227

     C. Erikstrup, O. H. Mortensen, A. R. Nielsen, C. P. Fischer, P. Plomgaard, A. M. Petersen, R. Krogh-Madsen, B. Lindegaard, J. G. Erhardt, H. Ullum, C. S. Benn, B. K. Pedersen. (2009) RBP-to-retinol ratio, but not total RBP, is elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 11:3, 204-212
     

228. 228

     Anthony R. Mawson. (2009) On the association between low resting heart rate and chronic aggression: Retinoid toxicity hypothesis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 33:2, 205-213
     

229. 229

     Jee-Fu Huang, Chia-Yen Dai, Ming-Lung Yu, Shyi-Jang Shin, Ming-Yen Hsieh, Chung-Feng Huang, Li-Po Lee, Kun-Der Lin, Zu-Yau Lin, Shinn-Chern Chen, Ming-Yuh Hsieh, Liang-Yen Wang, Wen-Yu Chang, Wan-Long Chuang. (2009) Serum retinol-binding protein 4 is inversely correlated with disease severity of chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Hepatology 50:3, 471-478
     

230. 230

     Ji-Won Lee, Jee-Aee Im, Ki Deok Park, Hye-Ree Lee, Jae-Yong Shim, Duk-Chul Lee. (2009) Retinol binding protein 4 and insulin resistance in apparently healthy elderly subjects. Clinica Chimica Acta 400:1-2, 30-32
     

231. 231

     Jung Hyun Kwon, Seong Tae Park, Gi Dae Kim, Chan Ran You, Jin Dong Kim, Hyun Young Woo, Jeong Won Jang, Chang Wook Kim, Si Hyun Bae, Jong Young Choi, Seung Kew Yoon. (2009) The value of serum retinol-binding protein 4 levels for determining disease severity in patients with chronic liver disease. The Korean Journal of Hepatology 15:1, 59
     

232. 232

     Yun Hyi Ku, Bo-Kyung Koo, Kyung-Wan Min. (2009) Response: Effects of Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Korean Diabetes J 33:(5)401-411, 2009). Korean Diabetes Journal 33:6, 549
     

233. 233

     Margareta Jernås, Bob Olsson, Kajsa Sjöholm, Anders Sjögren, Mats Rudemo, Bengt Nellgård, Lena M.S. Carlsson, C. David Sjöström. (2009) Changes in adipose tissue gene expression and plasma levels of adipokines and acute-phase proteins in patients with critical illness. Metabolism 58:1, 102-108
     

234. 234

     Mathias Faßhauer, Matthias Blüher. (2009) Adipokine: Rolle in der Pathophysiologie und Therapie von Adipositas und Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus / Adipokines: Role in the pathophysiology and therapy of obesity and type 2 diabetes. LaboratoriumsMedizin 33:1, 1-6
     

235. 235

     Yeo Hoon Park, Kyung Won Kim, Kyung Eun Lee, Eun Soo Kim, Myung Hyun Sohn, Kyu-Earn Kim. (2009) Clinical Implications of Serum Retinol-Binding Protein 4 in Asthmatic Children. Journal of Korean Medical Science 24:6, 1010
     

236. 236

     M. Spence, U. Bradley, C. H. Courtney, M. C. McKinley, C. N. Ennis, J. McEneny, P. M. Bell, I. S. Young, S. J. Hunter. (2009) Plasma retinol-binding protein 4 and insulin resistance in overweight and obesity: effect of weight loss. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 68:OCE3,
     

237. 237

     Shinichi Usui, Mitsuko Ichimura, Satoru Ikeda, Motoi Okamoto. (2009) Association between serum retinol-binding protein 4 and small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in young adult women. Clinica Chimica Acta 399:1-2, 45-48
     

238. 238

     Ji-Hoon Kim, Eun-Jung Rhee, Eun-Suk Choi, Jong-Chul Won, Cheol-Young Park, Won-Young Lee, Ki-Won Oh, Byung-Jin Kim, Ki-Chul Sung, Bum-Soo Kim, Jin-Ho Kang, Sung-Woo Park, Sun-Woo Kim, Man-Ho Lee, Jung-Roe Park. (2009) The Relationship between Serum Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Levels and Coronary Artery Disease in Korean Adults. Korean Diabetes Journal 33:2, 105
     

239. 239

     Chiying AN, Han WANG, Xiaomin LIU, Yanbo LI, Ying SU, Xinyuan GAO, Wai JIANG. (2009) Serum Retinol-binding Protein 4 is Elevated and Positively Associated with Insulin Resistance in Postmenopausal Women. Endocrine Journal 56:8, 987-996
     

240. 240

     Miho MURATA, Tomoyuki SAITO, Taeko OTANI, Masami SASAKI, Aki IKOMA, Hideo TOYOSHIMA, Masanobu KAWAKAMI, San-e ISHIKAWA. (2009) An Increase in Serum Retinol-Binding Protein 4 in the Type 2 Diabetic Subjects with Nephropathy. Endocrine Journal 56:2, 287-294
     

241. 241

     Kyung Mook Choi. (2009) Coronary Artery Disease and Retinol Binding Protein 4. Korean Diabetes Journal 33:2, 91
     

242. 242

     Matthias J. Bahr, Klaus H. W. Boeker, Michael P. Manns, Uwe J. F. Tietge. (2009) Decreased hepatic RBP4 secretion is correlated with reduced hepatic glucose production but is not associated with insulin resistance in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clinical Endocrinology 70:1, 60-65
     

243. 243

     Sandra Hassink, Prabhakaran (Babu) Balagopal. (2009) RBP4: From Retinol Transporter to Biomarker?. The Journal of Pediatrics 154:1, 5-7
     

244. 244

     Elizabeth Goodman, Timothy E. Graham, Lawrence M. Dolan, Stephen R. Daniels, Eric R. Goodman, Barbara B. Kahn. (2009) The Relationship of Retinol Binding Protein 4 to Changes in Insulin Resistance and Cardiometabolic Risk in Overweight Black Adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics 154:1, 67-73.e1
     

245. 245

     Emmanuel A. Tsochatzis, George V. Papatheodoridis, Athanasios J. Archimandritis. (2009) Adipokines in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: From Pathogenesis to Implications in Diagnosis and Therapy. Mediators of Inflammation 2009, 1-8
     

246. 246

     Urban A Kiernan. (2008) Biomarker rediscovery in diagnostics. Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics 2:12, 1391-1400
     

247. 247

     Jing Liu, Jing-yuan Gao, Ji-ping Zhang, Pei-qiang Li, Ju-xiang Liu, Jia Liu, Xiao-dong Xie. (2008) Evaluation of the association between retinal binding protein 4 polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes in Chinese by DHPLC. Endocrine 34:1-3, 23-28
     

248. 248

     M B Zimmermann, I Aeberli. (2008) Dietary determinants of subclinical inflammation, dyslipidemia and components of the metabolic syndrome in overweight children: a review. International Journal of Obesity 32, S11-S18
     

249. 249

     Erik Ingelsson, Ulf Risérus. (2008) Effects of trans10cis12CLA-induced insulin resistance on retinol-binding protein 4 concentrations in abdominally obese men. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 82:3, e23-e24
     

250. 250

     Tatjána Ábel, János Fehér. (2008) Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Risk. Hungarian Medical Journal 2:4, 509-518
     

251. 251

     Max Lafontan. The Endocrine Function of Adipose Tissue. In: Abdominal Obesity and the Endocannabinoid System. CRC Press, 2008:55-68.
     

252. 252

     Maria Eugenia Frigolet Vázquez-Vela, Nimbe Torres, Armando R. Tovar. (2008) White Adipose Tissue as Endocrine Organ and Its Role in Obesity. Archives of Medical Research 39:8, 715-728
     

253. 253

     Yu-Hung Chang, Kun-Der Lin, Chiao-Ling Wang, Ming-Chia Hsieh, Pi-Jung Hsiao, Shyi-Jang Shin. (2008) Elevated serum retinol-binding protein 4 concentrations are associated with renal dysfunction and uric acid in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 24:8, 629-634
     

254. 254

     Frank Tacke, Ralf Weiskirchen, Christian Trautwein. (2008) Liver function critically determines serum retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels in patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Hepatology 48:5, 1724-1725
     

255. 255

     Alexander Tschoner, Wolfgang Sturm, Julia Engl, Susanne Kaser, Markus Laimer, Elisabeth Laimer, Helmut Weiss, Josef R. Patsch, Christoph F. Ebenbichler. (2008) Retinol-binding Protein 4, Visceral Fat, and the Metabolic Syndrome: Effects of Weight Loss. Obesity 16:11, 2439-2444
     

256. 256

     M. M. Swarbrick, K. L. Stanhope, I. T. Austrheim-Smith, M. D. Loan, M. R. Ali, B. M. Wolfe, P. J. Havel. (2008) Longitudinal changes in pancreatic and adipocyte hormones following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Diabetologia 51:10, 1901-1911
     

257. 257

     Takayuki Masaki, Futoshi Anan, Tetsuo Tsubone, Koro Gotoh, Seiichi Chiba, Isao Katsuragi, Tomoko Nawata, Tetsuya Kakuma, Hironobu Yoshimatsu. (2008) Retinol binding protein 4 concentrations are influenced by renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 57:10, 1340-1344
     

258. 258

     John G. Lewis, Brett I. Shand, Chris M. Frampton, Peter A. Elder, Russell S. Scott. (2008) Plasma retinol-binding protein is not a marker of insulin resistance in overweight subjects: A three year longitudinal study. Clinical Biochemistry 41:13, 1034-1038
     

259. 259

     M. Lafontan, J. Girard. (2008) Impact of visceral adipose tissue on liver metabolism. Diabetes & Metabolism 34:4, 317-327
     

260. 260

     Emily Jane Gallagher, Derek LeRoith, Eddy Karnieli. (2008) The Metabolic Syndrome—from Insulin Resistance to Obesity and Diabetes. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 37:3, 559-579
     

261. 261

     J. Gmez-Ambrosi, A. Rodrguez, V. Cataln, B. Ramrez, C. Silva, F. Rotellar, M. J. Gil, J. Salvador, G. Frhbeck. (2008) Serum retinol-binding protein 4 is not increased in obesity or obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus, but is reduced after relevant reductions in body fat following gastric bypass. Clinical Endocrinology 69:2, 208-215
     

262. 262

     M. Hoek, A. Dehghan, M. C. Zillikens, A. Hofman, J. C. Witteman, E. J. G. Sijbrands. (2008) An RBP4 promoter polymorphism increases risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 51:8, 1423-1428
     

263. 263

     Salvatore Petta, Calogero Cammà, Vito Di Marco, Nicola Alessi, Francesco Barbaria, Daniela Cabibi, Rosalia Caldarella, Stefania Ciminnisi, Anna Licata, Maria Fatima Massenti, Alessandra Mazzola, Giuseppe Tarantino, Giulio Marchesini, Antonio Craxì. (2008) Retinol‐binding protein 4: A new marker of virus‐induced steatosis in patients infected with hepatitis c virus genotype 1. Hepatology 48:1, 28-37
     

264. 264

     Tatjána Ábel, János Fehér. (2008) A nem alkoholos zsírmáj és a szív-ér rendszeri kockázat. Orvosi Hetilap 149:28, 1299-1305
     

265. 265

     Matthias Blüher, Anke Tönjes, Michael Stumvoll. (2008) Does retinol‐binding protein 4 cause or reflect fatty liver disease?. Hepatology 48:1, 4-6
     

266. 266

     Wei Zhang, Mary Anne Della-Fera, Diane L. Hartzell, Dorothy Hausman, Clifton A. Baile. (2008) Adipose tissue gene expression profiles in ob/ob mice treated with leptin. Life Sciences 83:1-2, 35-42
     

267. 267

     K. Krzyzanowska, L. Zemany, W. Krugluger, G. H. Schernthaner, F. Mittermayer, C. Schnack, R. Rahman, J. Brix, B. B. Kahn, G. Schernthaner. (2008) Serum concentrations of retinol-binding protein 4 in women with and without gestational diabetes. Diabetologia 51:7, 1115-1122
     

268. 268

     Kun-Der Lin, Yu-Hung Chang, Chiao-Ling Wang, Yi-Hsin Yang, Pi-Jung Hsiao, Tzu-Hui Li, Shyi-Jang Shin. (2008) Thiazolidinedione addition reduces the serum retinol-binding protein 4 in type 2 diabetic patients treated with metformin and sulfonylurea. Translational Research 151:6, 309-314
     

269. 269

     Edward W Kraegen, Gregory J Cooney. (2008) Free fatty acids and skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Current Opinion in Lipidology 19:3, 235-241
     

270. 270

     Annette WK Tso, Aimin Xu, Wing Sun Chow, Karen SL Lam. (2008) Adipose tissue and the metabolic syndrome: focusing on adiponectin and several novel adipokines. Biomarkers in Medicine 2:3, 239-252
     

271. 271

     Sang-Hwan Kim, Jee-Aee Im, Hee-Jeong Choi. (2008) Retinol-binding protein 4 responses during an oral glucose tolerance testing in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Clinica Chimica Acta 391:1-2, 123-125
     

272. 272

     Ji-Won Lee, Jee-Aee Im, Duk-Chul Lee, Hye-Ree Lee, Jae-Yong Shim. (2008) Retinol-binding protein in nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 68:5, 786-790
     

273. 273

     Maximilian von Eynatten, Per M Humpert. (2008) Retinol-binding protein-4 in experimental and clinical metabolic disease. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 8:3, 289-299
     

274. 274

     John G. Lewis, Brett I. Shand, Peter A. Elder, Russell S. Scott. (2008) Plasma retinol-binding protein is unlikely to be a useful marker of insulin resistance. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 80:1, e13-e15
     

275. 275

     Pallavi R Devchand. (2008) Glitazones and the cardiovascular system. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 15:2, 188-192
     

276. 276

     A. Hammarstedt, J. Pihlajamäki, T. E. Graham, S. Kainulainen, B. B. Kahn, M. Laakso, U. Smith. (2008) High circulating levels of RBP4 and mRNA levels of aP2, PGC-1α and UCP-2 predict improvement in insulin sensitivity following pioglitazone treatment of drug-naïve type 2 diabetic subjects. Journal of Internal Medicine 263:4, 440-449
     

277. 277

     J. A. Seo, N. H. Kim, S. Y. Park, H. Y. Kim, O. H. Ryu, K. W. Lee, J. Lee, D. L. Kim, K. M. Choi, S. H. Baik, D. S. Choi, S. G. Kim. (2008) Serum retinol-binding protein 4 levels are elevated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinical Endocrinology 68:4, 555-560
     

278. 278

     Shai Gavi, Saima Qurashi, Louise M. Stuart, Raymond Lau, Mark M. Melendez, Dennis C. Mynarcik, Margaret A. McNurlan, Marie C. Gelato. (2008) Influence of Age on the Association of Retinol-binding Protein 4 With Metabolic Syndrome. Obesity 16:4, 893-895
     

279. 279

     J. H. Chesebro. (2008) Diabetic atherothrombosis: helpful adjunctive therapy. European Heart Journal 29:18, 2191-2192
     

280. 280

     C. Dray, P. Valet, I. Castan-Laurell. (2008) Adipokines: quelles nouvelles ?. Obésité 3:1, 33-41
     

281. 281

     Kohzo Takebayashi, Yoshimasa Aso, Toshihiko Inukai. (2008) Role of retinol-binding protein 4 in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 3:2, 161-173
     

282. 282

     M. Wabitsch, P. Fischer-Posovszky. (2008) Grundlagen der Fettgewebsforschung und Adipozytokine. Gynäkologische Endokrinologie 6:1, 6-13
     

283. 283

     B. Antuna-Puente, B. Feve, S. Fellahi, J.-P. Bastard. (2008) Adipokines: The missing link between insulin resistance and obesity. Diabetes & Metabolism 34:1, 2-11
     

284. 284

     Sarah Crunkhorn, Mary-Elizabeth Patti. (2008) Links between Thyroid Hormone Action, Oxidative Metabolism, and Diabetes Risk?. Thyroid 18:2, 227-237
     

285. 285

     Haiya Wu, Weiping Jia, Yuqian Bao, Junxi Lu, Jiehua Zhu, Ren Wang, Yaqing Chen, Kunsan Xiang. (2008) Serum retinol binding protein 4 and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 79:2, 185-190
     

286. 286

     Viviane Zorzanelli Rocha, Peter Libby. (2008) The Multiple Facets of the Fat Tissue. Thyroid 18:2, 175-183
     

287. 287

     Cadence E. Minge, Rebecca L. Robker, Robert J. Norman. (2008) PPAR Gamma: Coordinating Metabolic and Immune Contributions to Female Fertility. PPAR Research 2008, 1-19
     

288. 288

     Kimitaka Takitani, Hiroshi Miyazaki, Ryuzo Takaya, Hiroshi Tamai. (2008) Expression of ß-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase gene and retinol status in type 2 diabetic Goto-kakizaki rats. BioFactors 33:1, 77-83
     

289. 289

     Won-Young Lee, Eun-Jung Rhee. (2008) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Retinol-Binding Protein 4. Korean Diabetes Journal 32:4, 295
     

290. 290

     Sara M. Parisi, Elizabeth Goodman. (2008) Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk in children and adolescents. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 2:1, 47-52
     

291. 291

     Ji-Won LEE, Hye-Ree LEE, Jae-Yong SHIM, Jee-Aee IM, Duk-Chul LEE. (2008) Abdominal Visceral Fat Reduction Is Associated with Favorable Changes of Serum Retinol Binding Protein-4 in Nondiabetic Subjects. Endocrine Journal 55:5, 811-818
     

292. 292

     Annunziata Lapolla, Maura Brioschi, Cristina Banfi, Elena Tremoli, Luciana Bonfante, Simone Cristoni, Roberta Seraglia, Pietro Traldi. (2008) On the search for glycated lipoprotein ApoA-I in the plasma of diabetic and nephropathic patients. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 43:1, 74-81
     

293. 293

     C. Hu, W. Jia, R. Zhang, C. Wang, J. Lu, H. Wu, Q. Fang, X. Ma, K. Xiang. (2008) Effect of RBP4 gene variants on circulating RBP4 concentration and Type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population. Diabetic Medicine 25:1, 11-18
     

294. 294

     S. Martin, J. Weiß. (2008) Diabetes mellitus Typ 2. Der Diabetologe 4:1, 30-40
     

295. 295

     Fabrizio Montecucco, Sabine Steffens, François Mach. (2008) Insulin Resistance: A Proinflammatory State Mediated by Lipid-Induced Signaling Dysfunction and Involved in Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability. Mediators of Inflammation 2008, 1-10
     

296. 296

     Kyung Mook Choi. (2008) Novel Adipokines. Journal of Korean Endocrine Society 23:4, 219
     

297. 297

     Ouliana Ziouzenkova, Jorge Plutzky. (2008) Retinoid metabolism and nuclear receptor responses: New insights into coordinated regulation of the PPAR–RXR complex. FEBS Letters 582:1, 32-38
     

298. 298

     Ruby LC Hoo, Dennis CY Yeung, Karen SL Lam, Aimin Xu. (2008) Inflammatory biomarkers associated with obesity and insulin resistance: a focus on lipocalin-2 and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 3:1, 29-41
     

299. 299

     KATHARINA ESPE, ANGELA GALLER, JENS RAILA, WIELAND KIESS, FLORIAN J. SCHWEIGERT. (2007) High-Normal C-Reactive Protein Levels Do Not Affect the Vitamin A Transport Complex in Serum of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Pediatric Research 62:6, 741-745
     

300. 300

     A. Cabré, I. Lázaro, J. Girona, J.M. Manzanares, F. Marimón, N. Plana, M. Heras, L. Masana. (2007) Fatty acid binding protein 4 is increased in metabolic syndrome and with thiazolidinedione treatment in diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis 195:1, e150-e158
     

301. 301

     Tetsuya Teranishi, Takeshi Ohara, Kengo Maeda, Masako Zenibayashi, Kunichi Kouyama, Yushi Hirota, Hideaki Kawamitsu, Masahiko Fujii, Kazuro Sugimura, Masato Kasuga. (2007) Effects of pioglitazone and metformin on intracellular lipid content in liver and skeletal muscle of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 56:10, 1418-1424
     

302. 302

     A. Cabré, I. Lázaro, J. Girona, J. Manzanares, F. Marimón, N. Plana, M. Heras, L. Masana. (2007) Retinol-binding protein 4 as a plasma biomarker of renal dysfunction and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Journal of Internal Medicine 262:4, 496-503
     

303. 303

     Allan Vaag, Søren S. Lund. (2007) Non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes and prediabetic subjects: distinct phenotypes requiring special diabetes treatment and (or) prevention?. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32:5, 912-920
     

304. 304

     Antonella Zugaro, Caterina Pandolfi, Arcangelo Barbonetti, Maria Rosaria Vassallo, Anatolia D’Angeli, Stefano Necozione, Maria Simonetta Colangeli, Sandro Francavilla, Felice Francavilla. (2007) Retinol binding protein 4, low birth weight-related insulin resistance and hormonal contraception. Endocrine 32:2, 166-169
     

305. 305

     H. Sell, J. Eckel. (2007) Regulation of retinol binding protein 4 production in primary human adipocytes by adiponectin, troglitazone and TNF-α. Diabetologia 50:10, 2221-2223
     

306. 306

     Ji-Won Lee, Jee-Aee Im, Hye-Ree Lee, Jae-Yong Shim, Byung-S. Youn, Duk-Chul Lee. (2007) Visceral Adiposity Is Associated with Serum Retinol Binding Protein-4 Levels in Healthy Women*. Obesity 15:9, 2225-2232
     

307. 307

     Li Kang, Becky M. Sebastian, Michele T. Pritchard, Brian T. Pratt, Stephen F. Previs, Laura E. Nagy. (2007) Chronic Ethanol-Induced Insulin Resistance Is Associated With Macrophage Infiltration Into Adipose Tissue and Altered Expression of Adipocytokines. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 31:9, 1581-1588
     

308. 308

     P. O. Prada, S. M. Hirabara, C. T. de Souza, A. A. Schenka, H. G. Zecchin, J. Vassallo, L. A. Velloso, E. Carneiro, J. B. C. Carvalheira, R. Curi, M. J. Saad. (2007) l-glutamine supplementation induces insulin resistance in adipose tissue and improves insulin signalling in liver and muscle of rats with diet-induced obesity. Diabetologia 50:9, 1949-1959
     

309. 309

     M. Eynatten, P. M. Lepper, D. Liu, K. Lang, M. Baumann, P. P. Nawroth, A. Bierhaus, K. A. Dugi, U. Heemann, B. Allolio, P. M. Humpert. (2007) Retinol-binding protein 4 is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome, but not with insulin resistance, in men with type 2 diabetes or coronary artery disease. Diabetologia 50:9, 1930-1937
     

310. 310

     J Raila, A Henze, J Spranger, M Möhlig, A F H Pfeiffer, F J Schweigert. (2007) Microalbuminuria is a major determinant of elevated plasma retinol-binding protein 4 in type 2 diabetic patients. Kidney International 72:4, 505-511
     

311. 311

     P.-A. Jansson. (2007) Endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Journal of Internal Medicine 262:2, 173-183
     

312. 312

     John G. Lewis, Brett I. Shand, Chris M. Frampton, Peter A. Elder. (2007) An ELISA for plasma retinol-binding protein using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies: Plasma variation in normal and insulin resistant subjects. Clinical Biochemistry 40:11, 828-834
     

313. 313

     Subramaniam Pennathur, Jay W. Heinecke. (2007) Mechanisms for Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 9:7, 955-969
     

314. 314

     Nora Klöting, Timothy E. Graham, Janin Berndt, Susan Kralisch, Peter Kovacs, Christopher J. Wason, Mathias Fasshauer, Michael R. Schön, Michael Stumvoll, Matthias Blüher, Barbara B. Kahn. (2007) Serum Retinol-Binding Protein Is More Highly Expressed in Visceral than in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue and Is a Marker of Intra-abdominal Fat Mass. Cell Metabolism 6:1, 79-87
     

315. 315

     J. Berndt, P. Kovacs, K. Ruschke, N. Klöting, M. Fasshauer, M. R. Schön, A. Körner, M. Stumvoll, M. Blüher. (2007) Fatty acid synthase gene expression in human adipose tissue: association with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 50:7, 1472-1480
     

316. 316

     Ouliana Ziouzenkova, Gabriela Orasanu, Molly Sharlach, Taro E Akiyama, Joel P Berger, Jason Viereck, James A Hamilton, Guangwen Tang, Gregory G Dolnikowski, Silke Vogel, Gregg Duester, Jorge Plutzky. (2007) Retinaldehyde represses adipogenesis and diet-induced obesity. Nature Medicine 13:6, 695-702
     

317. 317

     Kendall Powell. (2007) Obesity: The two faces of fat. Nature 447:7144, 525-527
     

318. 318

     Michael K. Badman, Jeffrey S. Flier. (2007) The Adipocyte as an Active Participant in Energy Balance and Metabolism. Gastroenterology 132:6, 2103-2115
     

319. 319

     George Wolf. (2007) Serum Retinol-Binding Protein: A Link Between Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrition Reviews 65:5, 251-256
     

320. 320

     C. Moro, E. Klimcakova, K. Lolmède, M. Berlan, M. Lafontan, V. Stich, A. Bouloumié, J. Galitzky, P. Arner, D. Langin. (2007) Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits the production of adipokines and cytokines linked to inflammation and insulin resistance in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Diabetologia 50:5, 1038-1047
     

321. 321

     Michal Armoni, Chava Harel, Eddy Karnieli. (2007) Transcriptional regulation of the GLUT4 gene: from PPAR-γ and FOXO1 to FFA and inflammation. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 18:3, 100-107
     

322. 322

     Allison B Goldfine. (2007) Changing horizons: approaches to diabetes care, current and future. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 14:2, 95-97
     

323. 323

     D G Haider, K Schindler, F Mittermayer, M Müller, P Nowotny, A Rieger, A Luger, B Ludvik, M Wolzt. (2007) Effect of Rosiglitazone on Visfatin and Retinol-Binding Protein-4 Plasma Concentrations in HIV-Positive Patients. Clinical Pharmacology &#38; Therapeutics 81:4, 580-585
     

324. 324

     Shaohui Huang, Michael P. Czech. (2007) The GLUT4 Glucose Transporter. Cell Metabolism 5:4, 237-252
     

325. 325

     T. E. Graham, C. J. Wason, M. Blüher, B. B. Kahn. (2007) Shortcomings in methodology complicate measurements of serum retinol binding protein (RBP4) in insulin-resistant human subjects. Diabetologia 50:4, 814-823
     

326. 326

     Brent A Neuschwander-Tetri. (2007) Fatty liver and the metabolic syndrome. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 23:2, 193-198
     

327. 327

     Duk-Chul Lee, Ji-Won Lee, Jee-Aee Im. (2007) Association of serum retinol binding protein 4 and insulin resistance in apparently healthy adolescents. Metabolism 56:3, 327-331
     

328. 328

     Min-Jeong Shin, Seok-Min Kang, Yangsoo Jang, Jong Ho Lee, Jaewon Oh, Ji Hyung Chung, Namsik Chung. (2007) Serum retinol binding protein 4 levels are associated with serum adiponectin levels in non-diabetic, non-obese subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Clinica Chimica Acta 378:1-2, 227-229
     

329. 329

     Tomas Vaisar, Subramaniam Pennathur, Pattie S. Green, Sina A. Gharib, Andrew N. Hoofnagle, Marian C. Cheung, Jaeman Byun, Simona Vuletic, Sean Kassim, Pragya Singh, Helen Chea, Robert H. Knopp, John Brunzell, Randolph Geary, Alan Chait, Xue-Qiao Zhao, Keith Elkon, Santica Marcovina, Paul Ridker, John F. Oram, Jay W. Heinecke. (2007) Shotgun proteomics implicates protease inhibition and complement activation in the antiinflammatory properties of HDL. Journal of Clinical Investigation 117:3, 746-756
     

330. 330

     Rebekah L. Craig, Winston S. Chu, Steven C. Elbein. (2007) Retinol binding protein 4 as a candidate gene for type 2 diabetes and prediabetic intermediate traits. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 90:3, 338-344
     

331. 331

     Michèle M Sale, Stephen S Rich. (2007) Genetic contributions to Type 2 diabetes: recent insights. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 7:2, 207-217
     

332. 332

     M. Lundgren, M. Svensson, S. Lindmark, F. Renström, T. Ruge, J. W. Eriksson. (2007) Fat cell enlargement is an independent marker of insulin resistance and ‘hyperleptinaemia’. Diabetologia 50:3, 625-633
     

333. 333

     Margarita Terán-García, Claude Bouchard. (2007) Genetics of the metabolic syndrome. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32:1, 89-114
     

334. 334

     N. Klöting, M. Stumvoll, M. Blüher. (2007) Biologie des viszeralen Fetts. Der Internist 48:2, 126-133
     

335. 335

     Lkhagvasuren Munkhtulga, Kazuhiro Nakayama, Nanami Utsumi, Yoshiko Yanagisawa, Takaya Gotoh, Toshinori Omi, Maki Kumada, Batmunkh Erdenebulgan, Khadbaatar Zolzaya, Tserenkhuu Lkhagvasuren, Sadahiko Iwamoto. (2007) Identification of a regulatory SNP in the retinol binding protein 4 gene associated with type 2 diabetes in Mongolia. Human Genetics 120:6, 879-888
     

336. 336

     Eiji Oda. (2007) CRP may be Superior to Anthropometric Markers of Obesity. Circulation Journal 71:8, 1332-1333
     

337. 337

     J.L. Leahy. (2007) Retinol-Binding Protein 4 and Insulin Resistance in Lean, Obese, and Diabetic Subjects. Yearbook of Endocrinology 2007, 43-46
     

338. 338

     A. M. J. Wassink, J. K. Olijhoek, F. L. J. Visseren. (2007) The metabolic syndrome: metabolic changes with vascular consequences. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 37:1, 8-17
     

339. 339

     Kerry B. Goralski, Christopher J. Sinal. (2007) Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: getting to the fat of the matterThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled Young Investigators' Forum.. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 85:1, 113-132
     

340. 340

     Raquel Coelho, Jonathan Wells, John Symth, Robert Semple, Stephen O&rsquo;Rahilly, Simon Eaton, Khalid Hussain. (2007) Severe Hypoinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia in a Premature Infant Associated with Poor Weight Gain and Reduced Adipose Tissue. Hormone Research 68:2, 91-98
     

341. 341

     Evan D. Rosen, Bruce M. Spiegelman. (2006) Adipocytes as regulators of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Nature 444:7121, 847-853
     

342. 342

     Luc F. Van Gaal, Ilse L. Mertens, Christophe E. De Block. (2006) Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature 444:7121, 875-880
     

343. 343

     Manal F. Abdelmalek, Anna Mae Diehl. (2006) Mechanisms underlying nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms 3:4, 479-488
     

344. 344

     Li Weiping, Cheng Qingfeng, Ma Shikun, Liu Xiurong, Qin Hua, Bai Xiaoshu, Zhang Suhua, Li Qifu. (2006) Elevated serum RBP4 is associated with insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine 30:3, 283-287
     

345. 345

     Henrike Sell, Daniela Dietze-Schroeder, Jürgen Eckel. (2006) The adipocyte–myocyte axis in insulin resistance. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 17:10, 416-422
     

346. 346

     S. E. Ozanne, C. B. Jensen, K. J. Tingey, M. S. Martin-Gronert, L. Grunnet, C. Brons, H. Storgaard, A. A. Vaag. (2006) Decreased protein levels of key insulin signalling molecules in adipose tissue from young men with a low birthweight – potential link to increased risk of diabetes?. Diabetologia 49:12, 2993-2999
     

347. 347

     (2006) Elevated serum retinol-binding protein 4 is a marker of insulin resistance. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 3:10, 526-526
     

348. 348

     (2006) Retinol-Binding Protein 4 and Insulin Resistance. New England Journal of Medicine 355:13, 1392-1395
     Free Full Text

349. 349

     K. Schindler, D. Haider, M. Wolzt, A. Rieger, B. Gmeinhart, A. Luger, P. Nowotny, B. Ludvik. (2006) Impact of antiretroviral therapy on visfatin and retinol-binding protein 4 in HIV-infected subjects. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 36:9, 640-646
     

350. 350

     Polonsky , Kenneth S. , . (2006) Retinol-Binding Protein 4, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 354:24, 2596-2598
     Full Text

Letters