Original Article
Evaluation of Patients Treated with Natalizumab for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
N Engl J Med 2006; 354:924-933March 2, 2006
- Abstract
Background
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) was reported to have developed in three patients treated with natalizumab. We conducted an evaluation to determine whether PML had developed in any other treated patients.
Methods
We invited patients who had participated in clinical trials in which they received recent or long-term treatment with natalizumab for multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, or rheumatoid arthritis to participate. The clinical history, physical examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and testing of cerebrospinal fluid for JC virus DNA were used by an expert panel to evaluate patients for PML. We estimated the risk of PML in patients who completed at least a clinical examination for PML or had an MRI.
Results
Of 3417 patients who had recently received natalizumab while participating in clinical trials, 3116 (91 percent) who were exposed to a mean of 17.9 monthly doses underwent evaluation for PML. Of these, 44 patients were referred to the expert panel because of clinical findings of possible PML, abnormalities on MRI, or a high plasma viral load of JC virus. No patient had detectable JC virus DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid. PML was ruled out in 43 of the 44 patients, but it could not be ruled out in one patient who had multiple sclerosis and progression of neurologic disease because data on cerebrospinal fluid testing and follow-up MRI were not available. Only the three previously reported cases of PML were confirmed (1.0 per 1000 treated patients; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.2 to 2.8 per 1000).
Conclusions
A detailed review of possible cases of PML in patients exposed to natalizumab found no new cases and suggested a risk of PML of roughly 1 in 1000 patients treated with natalizumab for a mean of 17.9 months. The risk associated with longer treatment is not known.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Evaluation of Patients for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) by the Independent Adjudication Committee (IAC).Table 1
Features Visualized on Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Be Considered in the Differential Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy.Article Activity
- Article
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is encountered most frequently in the setting of immunodeficiency.1 The disease is caused by the human polyomavirus JC virus, a common and widespread infection in humans. PML was reported in three patients who received natalizumab (Tysabri, Biogen Idec and Elan Pharmaceuticals).2-4 Natalizumab is a recombinant humanized antibody directed to the α4 integrins, both α4β1 and α4β7.5 The drug was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis in November 2004 and is being investigated for the treatment of Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Because of the occurrence of PML, the use of natalizumab was suspended on February 28, 2005.6 We report the evaluation of patients exposed to natalizumab for the occurrence of PML.
Methods
Independent Adjudication Committee
An independent adjudication committee (IAC) was established with a formal charter approved by the members of the committee. The committee included a neurovirologist with experience with JC virus and PML (who served as the chair of the committee), a neuroradiologist, and a clinical neurologist (see Appendix). The committee agreed to evaluate all suspected cases of PML in patients who had been exposed to natalizumab to determine whether a diagnosis of PML was confirmed, indeterminate, or ruled out. The committee established criteria for the neuroradiologic evidence and laboratory assays used in the diagnosis of PML. Biogen Idec and Elan Pharmaceuticals assisted in the collection of the data. Physicians who were representatives of each of these companies were nonvoting participants in the discussion of the materials reviewed but were excluded from closed sessions of the IAC.
Patients
A total of 3826 patients who had participated in recent clinical trials of natalizumab were recruited for the evaluation (Figure 1Figure 1
Evaluation of Patients for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) by the Independent Adjudication Committee (IAC).). Eligible patients included those with multiple sclerosis who were participating in the Natalizumab Safety and Efficacy in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis7 (AFFIRM) study (NCT00027300), the Safety and Efficacy of Natalizumab in Combination with Interferon Beta-1a in Patients with Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (SENTINEL) trial (NCT00030966),8 and the Natalizumab in Combination with Glatiramer Acetate in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis study (NCT00097760); patients with Crohn's disease who were participating in the international Efficacy of Natalizumab as Crohn's Therapy trial (ENACT-1, NCT00032799), the Evaluation of Natalizumab as Continuous Therapy (ENACT-2, NCT00032786), and the Clinical Trial of Natalizumab in Individuals with Moderately to Severely Active Crohn's Disease (ENCORE) (NCT00078611); patients with rheumatoid arthritis participating in a phase 2 Natalizumab in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Subjects Receiving Methotrexate trial (NCT00083759); and all patients participating in open-label safety-extension trials (NCT00276172). Of the 3826 patients recruited, 409 had received placebo but were recruited because blinding had not yet been broken; therefore, 3417 patients who had received natalizumab in these trials were included in our study. Because PML is known to be a progressive and often fatal neurologic disease, it was believed that recruiting patients with remote exposure to natalizumab was not required. All previous studies included three to six months of observation after exposure to the drug, and adverse events were reported. The 1708 subjects who had been enrolled in nine trials involving patients with multiple sclerosis that ended before 2001 and in seven trials involving patients with Crohn's disease that ended before 2003 were not actively recruited for this safety evaluation, but we performed a review of the integrated natalizumab safety database, including serious adverse events reported in these studies.Approximately 7000 patients received one to three doses of natalizumab between November 2004 and February 2005, after the drug became commercially available. Prescribing physicians of commercially treated patients were notified by a “Dear Healthcare Professional” letter (the letter is in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org) that recommended evaluating and reporting adverse events, and referred cases were eligible for evaluation by the IAC. Two patients treated commercially after FDA approval of natalizumab and one pediatric patient receiving the drug for compassionate use were referred for evaluation.
Evaluation for PML
Treating physicians were asked to submit a structured evaluation, including a detailed history, a physical evaluation, and a neurologic evaluation performed by a neurologist for all patients who had participated in the named studies, to arrange for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to obtain samples of cerebrospinal fluid, when possible, for all patients. This information was reviewed locally, and patients for whom there were any findings potentially consistent with PML on clinical examination or MRI were referred to the IAC for evaluation. All MRIs were forwarded to one of three reading centers (in London and Basel, Switzerland, for scans of patients with multiple sclerosis and in Amsterdam for patients with Crohn's disease or rheumatoid arthritis) for secondary review. If a reading center found suspicious lesions, cases were forwarded for evaluation to the IAC. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid were sent to laboratories of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for evaluation.
Diagnostic Criteria
The IAC determined that patients whose evaluation fulfilled all three of the following criteria would receive a diagnosis of confirmed PML: progressive clinical disease, MRI findings typical of PML, and detectable JC virus DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid testing (if not already available) and repeated MRI studies were requested for all patients for whom findings on the neurologic examination were consistent with PML. If follow-up examinations could not be obtained, the IAC considered the diagnosis as indeterminate for PML. The absence of progressive neurologic disease coupled with either lesions on MRI that were not typical of PML or undetectable JC virus DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid was considered sufficient evidence to rule out PML.
Clinical and Imaging Investigation and Criteria
Patients were assessed clinically, including for cognitive, motor, and visual symptoms or signs, and neurologic deterioration was considered potentially consistent with a diagnosis of PML. The MRI protocol consisted of axial T2-weighted sequences and plain and enhanced T1-weighted sequences. Previous MRI studies, for comparison, were generally available for patients with multiple sclerosis but were rarely available for those with Crohn's disease or rheumatoid arthritis. For follow-up examinations, an additional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence was requested.
An ad hoc committee (see Appendix) consisting of five neuroradiologists with experience in the imaging of white-matter diseases, supported by a neurologist with expertise in demyelinating diseases, developed guidelines for the detection by MRI of PML in the presence of multiple sclerosis lesions (Table 1Table 1
Features Visualized on Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Be Considered in the Differential Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy.). The guidelines were designed to assist in the diagnosis of PML, although no feature is pathognomonic.Laboratory Investigation
Samples of cerebrospinal fluid were independently and concurrently tested for JC virus DNA at two NIH laboratories with use of assays validated by certification by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment program, in the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience (LMMN) at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and in the Division of Laboratory Medicine (DLM). The assay performed at the DLM was approximately one order of magnitude less sensitive than that performed at the LMMN because of different methods of DNA template extraction.9,10 The LMMN performed nucleic-acid extraction with the use the QIAamp viral RNA mini-kit (Qiagen), according to the manufacturer's instructions. A starting volume of 200 μl of the sample was extracted and eluted to 50 μl. All samples were assayed in duplicate with the use of 10 μl of DNA template by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (TaqMan PCR chemistry, Applied Biosystems) and the ABI 7500 sequence-detection system (Applied Biosystems). The locations of the primer and probe, the cycling conditions, and the standard curve design have been described previously.9 The DLM used the MagNa Pure Instrument (Roche) for sample extraction, with a starting volume of 1 ml eluted to 50 μl. A volume of 10 μl of template was used for each reaction, and each sample was run once. The DLM performed quantitative PCR (Rotor-Gene, Corbett Research).
Statistical Analysis
We based our estimate of the risk of PML on the three confirmed cases originally identified and on the 3116 patients in the clinical trials who had been exposed to natalizumab and were clinically evaluated for PML with the use of, at least, a history and a physical examination or MRI designed to rule out PML. The three patients with PML previously reported had received 8, 29, and 37 monthly infusions of natalizumab and had participated in the clinical trials included in our evaluation. The 95 percent confidence interval was calculated with the use of the method for a binomial proportion.
Results
Of the 3826 patients who had participated in the named clinical trials and were recruited for enrollment in this study, 3389 (89 percent) agreed to participate. Of these 3826 patients, 3417 had received natalizumab, and of these patients, the history and either physical examination or MRI were available for 3116 (91 percent). Some patients who had received placebo were recruited, because at the time when this safety evaluation was initiated, the blinding was still maintained in some ongoing trials and because controls were needed for cerebrospinal fluid testing. Of the 3389 patients assessed for PML, MRI scans were available for 2917, and results of cerebrospinal fluid testing were available for 396; 437 patients were excluded (Figure 1).
The majority (2700) of the patients included in the evaluation had received the last dose of natalizumab on or after December 1, 2004. Of the patients with multiple sclerosis, 97 percent had undergone MRI or a neurologic examination within three months after the last dose. Patients who had participated in the clinical trials involving people with Crohn's disease or rheumatoid arthritis were evaluated later, with 27 percent evaluated within three months after the last dose and 91 percent evaluated within six months after the last dose. Patients with multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab had received a mean of 21.4 infusions and a median of 30 (range, 1 to 41), whereas those with Crohn's disease or rheumatoid arthritis had received a mean of 12.6 monthly infusions and a median of 7 (range, 1 to 39). The mean exposure to natalizumab among all patients included in the evaluation was 17.9 monthly infusions, with a median of 17 (range, 1 to 41). Forty-four patients were referred to the IAC for evaluation (Table 2Table 2
Cases Referred to the Independent Adjudication Committee (IAC) for Evaluation for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML).), and the three cases of PML previously reported were also evaluated by the IAC.Table 2 lists the cases and evidence available for evaluation by the IAC. For each case, the IAC reviewed the patient's clinical history, the local neurologist's examination report, the findings on MRI, the results of cerebrospinal fluid testing, and the PCR assay for JC virus DNA. If the IAC did not unanimously find that the evidence was sufficient to rule out PML, then it recommended repeating the MRI and collecting a sample of cerebrospinal fluid, if none was available. Four patients (Cases 1, 2, 3, and 4) had normal clinical examinations, and three (Cases 5, 6, and 7) had examinations that showed stable, known abnormalities; for these seven patients, MRI scans inconsistent with a diagnosis of PML and negative results of cerebrospinal fluid testing for JC virus DNA were reported. For 16 patients (Cases 8 through 23) whose baseline evaluations suggested active neurologic disease, MRI was repeated at a minimum recommended interval between scanning procedures to detect changes consistent with PML on MRI. Eight of these 16 patients also had no detectable JC virus DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid. For 19 other patients (Cases 24 through 42), the history and MRI were not consistent with PML, and a diagnosis of PML was ruled out without cerebrospinal fluid testing for JC virus DNA. One case (Case 43) was referred to the IAC for evaluation because MRI was precluded because of the patient's size. However, the neurologic examination and cerebrospinal fluid testing for this patient with Crohn's disease did not indicate a neurologic disease, and PML was ruled out in the absence of MRI. One patient (Case 44) with a history of progressive multiple sclerosis preceding the use of natalizumab was evaluated on the basis of only a single MRI scan. Recommended repeated MRI and cerebrospinal fluid testing were not performed; the IAC therefore classified this case as indeterminate.
Samples of plasma or serum were collected for exploratory analysis only and not as part of the risk analysis or for use in the diagnosis of PML. However, in one patient (Case 28 in Table 2) in whom the plasma viral load was high (8733 copies per milliliter), a finding of JC virus DNA was reported by the LMMN and the case was reviewed by the IAC at the sponsor's request. Neurologic examination revealed chronic cognitive changes, and the MRI was consistent with old ischemic disease in this 49-year-old man with Crohn's disease and ankylosing spondylitis, who had undergone several bowel-resection procedures. The committee ruled out PML in this case.
The IAC reviewed the records of serious adverse events and deaths that had occurred during the period of the natalizumab trials and within the three to six months after participating patients had received the last dose of natalizumab. Details with respect to adverse events have been published previously11 or are reported elsewhere in this issue of the Journal.7,8 Other than the two previously reported deaths,4,12 no deaths were suspicious for association with PML.
The IAC ruled out PML in 43 of the 44 cases referred to the committee, and 1 case was classified as indeterminate because follow-up examinations could not be obtained. The three previously reported cases of PML (two in patients with multiple sclerosis who had participated in the SENTINEL study [NCT00030966] and one in a patient with Crohn's disease who had participated in both the ENACT-1 and ENACT-2 trials [NCT00032799 and NCT00032786, respectively]) were initially reviewed by the committee. All three cases fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for PML established by the committee and have been described by investigators at their local sites.2-4
Estimate of Risk of PML
Of 3116 patients who had participated in the named clinical trials for whom histories and neurologic examinations or MRIs were available for evaluation and who were included in the safety analysis, no new cases were identified. Only the three previously identified cases of PML were confirmed and were included in the estimate of the risk of PML. We estimated that the incidence of PML associated with exposure to natalizumab is 1.0 case per 1000 patients (95 percent confidence interval, 0.2 to 2.8 per 1000) in this population who received a mean of 17.9 monthly doses of natalizumab.
Discussion
After the evaluation of more than 3000 patients who were treated with natalizumab, no new cases of PML were identified. The evaluation was rigorous and careful, but several limitations of this study need to be acknowledged. The assessment of these patients was complicated by the presence of underlying neurologic dysfunction in those who had multiple sclerosis, including lesions on MRI, and by the occurrence of incidental lesions on MRI in those who had rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease.13
The criteria of the IAC for a diagnosis of PML required evidence of active neurologic disability. The possibility that PML might have different clinical behavior in the setting of natalizumab was recognized. The possibility of nonprogressive disease cannot be totally ruled out. However, because the known cases in which treatment with natalizumab was associated with PML were of aggressive disease, the hypothesis that PML in this setting might be clinically and neuroradiologically silent is not suggested by current evidence. It was also recognized that PML might develop in a clinically silent area of the brain.
We used MRI as the most sensitive tool for screening for PML,14 because it has the potential of detecting lesions at an early stage, possibly before they are clinically detectable. Prospective criteria, along with scans obtained before the initiation of treatment which could be used for comparison, resulted in only one referral to the IAC based on MRI from among the population with multiple sclerosis. Incidentally discovered underlying abnormalities in patients with Crohn's disease or rheumatoid arthritis resulted in more MRI-based referrals to the committee, but the application of MRI criteria combined with clinical evidence and the results of cerebrospinal fluid testing made for a small number of referrals of patients from this population. On repeated scanning in suspected cases, no patients with worsening lesions on MRI were found.
Cerebrospinal fluid evidence alone is not sufficient to rule out PML, since it is recognized that JC virus DNA testing, although almost 100 percent specific, is not perfectly sensitive for the pathological diagnosis of PML.15 The absence of detectable JC virus in the cerebrospinal fluid of 396 patients is reassuring with respect to the possibility that smoldering or subclinical PML might be present, since the sensitivity of cerebrospinal fluid detection for PML usually exceeds 90 percent.
One of the limitations of this study results from the collection of data only after the discontinuation of natalizumab. Therapy with the drug was immediately stopped pending safety evaluation. In the setting of the human immunodeficiency virus, the reversal of immunodeficiency effected by potent antiretroviral therapy has been shown in some cases to stop the clinical progression of PML13 and progression on MRI.16 Improved immunodeficiency may result in a decline in JC virus DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid.15 Although the organization of the safety evaluation took several weeks, 97 percent of the patients who had multiple sclerosis and were involved in our study were evaluated within three months after the drug was discontinued. Because natalizumab was thought to be active during this interval, the delay of the evaluation appears unlikely to have greatly diminished the validity of the evaluation. The evaluation was slightly more delayed for patients with Crohn's disease or rheumatoid arthritis, but 91 percent of the evaluations for these patients were accomplished within six months after receipt of the final dose of natalizumab.
The safety analysis performed by the IAC was not designed as a prospective epidemiologic study. We chose to estimate the risk of PML in this setting on the basis of a calculation with the use of the number of cases of PML according to the number of patients exposed to natalizumab who were prospectively examined. We do not know the duration of exposure to natalizumab required to put patients at risk for PML. Patients reported as having a diagnosis of PML had received 8 to 37 monthly infusions, whereas the median exposure in the examined population was 30 infusions among patients with multiple sclerosis and 7 among those with Crohn's disease or rheumatoid arthritis. It is estimated that there have been approximately 5200 patient-years of exposure to natalizumab to date. Our evaluation recruited patients directly from the clinical trials but encouraged referrals from physicians who treated the estimated 7000 commercially treated patients. In our risk analysis, the commercially treated patients and those treated in trials that were not included in our evaluation were not included in the denominator. PML is generally a serious, disabling neurologic disease, and we believe that if cases of PML occurred in these other populations, these cases would probably have been detected. However, we think it is appropriate that our risk estimate was based only on patients who had participated in the clinical trials examined in this study, for three reasons: patients who were not included in this evaluation were not formally assessed for PML; we were not able to ascertain the duration of exposure of commercially treated patients; and most of the patients who had participated in the clinical trials and the commercially treated patients had only brief exposures to natalizumab. Our assessment of the neurologic examinations, MRI studies, and laboratory data for more than 3000 patients exposed to natalizumab confirmed the diagnosis of PML in three patients but did not identify any additional cases.
Supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), through the Division of Intramural Programs, for analyses performed at the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, the Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and the Division of Laboratory Medicine Clinical Center. Biogen Idec and Elan Pharmaceuticals provided support for the clinical procedures and magnetic resonance imaging performed and provided some reagents and supplies for laboratory testing.
Drs. Yousry and Clifford report having received reimbursement for time required to perform duties as members of the independent adjudication committee; Drs. Yousry, Miszkiel, and Jäger, reimbursement for activities related to the reading center; Drs. Sanchez and Barkhof, reimbursement for time related to this project; Dr. Radue, grant support from Biogen Idec, Novartis, and Sanofi; and Dr. Clifford, consulting fees from Biogen Idec, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, and Genzyme, speaker's fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Boehringer Ingelheim, and research support from Savient Pharmaceuticals, NeurogesX, Schering-Plough, Roche, Bavarian Nordic, and Pfizer. None of the authors hold a financial interest in Biogen Idec or Elan Pharmaceuticals. None of the authors at the NIH received reimbursement or compensation for this study. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Drs. Yousry, Major, and Clifford contributed equally to this article.
We are indebted to the many local investigators and radiologists who provided the data required for this analysis; to the patients involved in the studies who underwent the procedures; and to the many staff members who coordinated the clinical activities and made the data available for review by the independent adjudication committee (IAC).
Source Information
From the Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London (T.A.Y., K.M., H.R.J.); the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md. (E.O.M., C.R., J.H., B.C.); the Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md. (G.F., S.F.); the Department of Neuroradiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (N.M.-L., E.-W.R.); the Department of Radiology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Amsterdam (E.S., F.B.); and the Departments of Neurology and Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis (D.B.C.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Major at the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, 10 Center Dr., Bldg. 10, Rm. 3B14, Bethesda, MD 20892-1296, or at majorg@ninds.nih.gov.
Appendix
The independent adjudication committee included the following members: E.O. Major, neurovirologist and committee chair (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.); T.A. Yousry, neuroradiologist (Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London); and D.B. Clifford, clinical neurologist (School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis). The members of the ad hoc committee that developed guidelines for the detection on magnetic resonance imaging of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the presence of multiple sclerosis lesions were the following neuroradiologists — T.A. Yousry, H.R. Jäger (Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London); E.-W. Radue, N. Mueller-Lenke (University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland), and M.A. van Buchem (Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands). They were supported by neurologist D.H. Miller (Institute of Neurology, London).
- References
References
1
Koralnik IJ . New insights into progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Curr Opin Neurol 2004;17:365-370
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Langer-Gould A ,Atlas SW ,Green AJ ,Bollen AW ,Pelletier D . Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab. N Engl J Med 2005;353:375-381
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline3
Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK ,Tyler KL . Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2005;353:369-374
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline4
Van Assche G ,Van Ranst M ,Sciot R , et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2005;353:362-368
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline5
Rice GP ,Hartung HP ,Calabresi PA . Anti-alpha4 integrin therapy for multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and rationale. Neurology 2005;64:1336-1342
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Adelman B ,Sandrock A ,Panzara MA . Natalizumab and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 2005;353:432-433
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline7
Polman CH ,O'Connor PW ,Havrdova E , et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006;354:899-910
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline8
Rudick RA ,Stuart WH ,Calabresi PA , et al. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006;354:911-923
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline9
Ryschkewitsch CF ,Jensen P ,Hou J ,Fahle G ,Fischer S ,Major EO . Comparison of PCR-southern hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR for the detection of JC and BK viral nucleotide sequences in urine and cerebrospinal fluid. J Virol Methods 2004;121:217-221
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Major EO ,Ryschkewitsch C ,Fahle G , et al. The laboratory evaluation for JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma from multiple sclerosis patients participating in the phase III clinical trials of natalizumab. Mult Scler 2005;11:Suppl 1:s181-s181
Web of Science11
Sandborn WJ ,Colombel JF ,Enns R , et al. Natalizumab induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1912-1925
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline12
Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK ,Tyler KL . Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, natalizumab, and multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1745-1745
Full Text | Web of Science13
Geissler A ,Andus T ,Roth M , et al. Focal white-matter lesions in brain of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1995;345:897-898
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Whiteman ML ,Post MJ ,Berger JR ,Tate LG ,Bell MD ,Limonte LP . Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in 47 HIV-seropositive patients: neuroimaging with clinical and pathologic correlation. Radiology 1993;187:233-240
Web of Science | Medline15
Yiannoutsos CT ,Major EO ,Curfman B , et al. Relation of JC virus DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid to survival in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with biopsy-proven progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 1999;45:816-821
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Thurnher MM ,Post MJ ,Rieger A ,Kleibl-Popov C ,Loewe C ,Schindler E . Initial and follow-up MR imaging findings in AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:977-984
Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (259)
Citing Articles
1
O. Fernández, C. Oreja-Guevara, R. Arroyo, G. Izquierdo, J. L. Pérez, X. Montalban. (2012) Natalizumab treatment of multiple sclerosis in Spain: results of an extensive observational study. Journal of Neurology
CrossRef2
A. Bellizzi, C. Nardis, E. Anzivino, D. M. Rodìo, D. Fioriti, M. Mischitelli, F. Chiarini, V. Pietropaolo. (2012) Human polyomavirus JC reactivation and pathogenetic mechanisms of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and cancer in the era of monoclonal antibody therapies. Journal of NeuroVirology
CrossRef3
Maria Chiara G Monaco, Eugene O Major. (2012) The link between VLA-4 and JC virus reactivation. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 8:1, 63-72
CrossRef4
Henrik Gensicke, David Leppert, Özgür Yaldizli, Raija L.P. Lindberg, Matthias Mehling, Ludwig Kappos, Jens Kuhle. (2012) Monoclonal Antibodies and Recombinant Immunoglobulins for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs 26:1, 11-37
CrossRef5
David H Miller, Thomas Weber, Richard Grove, Claire Wardell, Joseph Horrigan, Ole Graff, Gillian Atkinson, Pinky Dua, Tarek Yousry, David MacManus, Xavier Montalban. (2012) Firategrast for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology
CrossRef6
Vishesh Chhibber, Robert Weinstein. (2012) Evidence-Based Review of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Neurological Disorders. Seminars in Dialysisno-no
CrossRef7
Yukiko Shishido-Hara, Shizuko Ichinose, Toshiki Uchihara. (2012) JC Virus Intranuclear Inclusions Associated with PML Protein Nuclear Bodies. The American Journal of Pathology
CrossRef8
Patricia Mulero, Ana Belén Caminero, Ma José Neri Crespo, Rosario Fernández-Herranz, Nieves Téllez Lara. (2012) Latent tuberculosis seems not to reactivate in multiple sclerosis patients on natalizumab. Journal of Neuroimmunology
CrossRef9
Saskia Thomas, Daniel C. Baumgart. (2011) Targeting leukocyte migration and adhesion in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Inflammopharmacology
CrossRef10
Frederik Barkhof, Jack H. Simon, Franz Fazekas, Marco Rovaris, Ludwig Kappos, Nicola de Stefano, Chris H. Polman, John Petkau, Ernst W. Radue, Maria P. Sormani, David K. Li, Paul O'Connor, Xavier Montalban, David H. Miller, Massimo Filippi. (2011) MRI monitoring of immunomodulation in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis trials. Nature Reviews Neurology
CrossRef11
E. Tavazzi, P. Ferrante, K. Khalili. (2011) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: an unexpected complication of modern therapeutic monoclonal antibody therapies. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 17:12, 1776-1780
CrossRef12
E. Ann Yeh. (2011) Current Therapeutic Options in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 13:6, 544-559
CrossRef13
Pietro Iaffaldano, Guglielmo Lucchese, Maria Trojano. (2011) Treating multiple sclerosis with natalizumab. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 11:12, 1683-1692
CrossRef14
M. A. Sahraian, E.-W. Radue, A. Eshaghi, S. Besliu, A. Minagar. (2011) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a review of the neuroimaging features and differential diagnosis. European Journal of Neurologyno-no
CrossRef15
Imke Metz, Ernst-Wilhelm Radue, Agustin Oterino, Tania Kümpfel, Heinz Wiendl, Sven Schippling, Jens Kuhle, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Francoise Gray, Veronika Jakl, Darius Häusler, Wolfgang Brück. (2011) Pathology of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in multiple sclerosis with natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Acta Neuropathologica
CrossRef16
Kerstin Hellwig, Ralf Gold. (2011) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and natalizumab. Journal of Neurology 258:11, 1920-1928
CrossRef17
S. Bresch, M. Cohen, F. Rocher, M. Laffon, P. Thomas, C. Lebrun. (2011) Anomalies hématologiques du natalizumab et sa signification clinique. Revue Neurologique
CrossRef18
R. Lanzillo, M. Quarantelli, S. Bonavita, G. Ventrella, G. Lus, G. Vacca, A. Prinster, G. Orefice, G. Tedeschi, V. Brescia Morra. (2011) Natalizumab vs interferon beta 1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a head-to-head retrospective study. Acta Neurologica Scandinavicano-no
CrossRef19
O. Fernández, J.A. García-Merino, R. Arroyo, J.C. Álvarez-Cermeño, T. Arbizu, G. Izquierdo, A. Saiz, J.Olascoaga, A. Rodríguez-Antigüedad, J.M. Prieto, C. Oreja-Guevara, M.A. Hernández, X. Montalbán. (2011) Consenso español sobre la utilización de natalizumab (Tysabri®) - 2011. Neurología
CrossRef20
Eugenio Pucci, Giorgio Giuliani, Alessandra Solari, Silvana Simi, Silvia Minozzi, Carlo Di Pietrantonj, Ian Galea, Eugenio Pucci. 2011. Natalizumab for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. .
CrossRef21
Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan, Chin Hur, Joshua R. Korzenik. (2011) Certolizumab Pegol Compared to Natalizumab in Patients with Moderate to Severe Crohn’s Disease: Results of a Decision Analysis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences
CrossRef22
Farrah J. Mateen, RajaNandini Muralidharan, Marco Carone, Diederik van de Beek, Daniel M. Harrison, Allen J. Aksamit, Mary S. Gould, David B. Clifford, Avindra Nath. (2011) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in transplant recipients. Annals of Neurology 70:2, 305-322
CrossRef23
Ludwig Kappos, David Bates, Gilles Edan, Mefkûre Eraksoy, Antonio Garcia-Merino, Nikolaos Grigoriadis, Hans-Peter Hartung, Eva Havrdová, Jan Hillert, Reinhard Hohlfeld, Marcelo Kremenchutzky, Olivier Lyon-Caen, Ariel Miller, Carlo Pozzilli, Mads Ravnborg, Takahiko Saida, Christian Sindic, Karl Vass, David B Clifford, Stephen Hauser, Eugene O Major, Paul W O'Connor, Howard L Weiner, Michel Clanet, Ralf Gold, Hans H Hirsch, Ernst-Wilhelm Radü, Per Soelberg Sørensen, John King. (2011) Natalizumab treatment for multiple sclerosis: updated recommendations for patient selection and monitoring. The Lancet Neurology 10:8, 745-758
CrossRef24
Per Soelberg Sorensen, Jan Lycke, Juha-Pekka Erälinna, Astrid Edland, Xingchen Wu, Jette Lautrup Frederiksen, Annette Oturai, Clas Malmeström, Egon Stenager, Finn Sellebjerg, Helle Bach Sondergaard. (2011) Simvastatin as add-on therapy to interferon beta-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (SIMCOMBIN study): a placebo-controlled randomised phase 4 trial. The Lancet Neurology 10:8, 691-701
CrossRef25
O. H. Nielsen, J. B. Seidelin, L. K. Munck, G. Rogler. (2011) Use of biological molecules in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Internal Medicine 270:1, 15-28
CrossRef26
A. Horga, M. Tintoré. (2011) Natalizumab para la esclerosis múltiple remitente-recurrente. Neurología 26:6, 357-368
CrossRef27
B. Bailey. (2011) Disease-modifying drugs in multiple sclerosis: a review of expenditure in Ireland. Irish Journal of Medical Science 180:2, 337-341
CrossRef28
Eduardo J. Villablanca, Barbara Cassani, Ulrich H. von Andrian, J. Rodrigo Mora. (2011) Blocking Lymphocyte Localization to the Gastrointestinal Mucosa as a Therapeutic Strategy for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology 140:6, 1776-1784.e5
CrossRef29
James J. Marriott, Paul W. O’Connor. (2011) Definitions of Breakthrough Disease and Second-Line Agents. Neurologic Clinics 29:2, 411-422
CrossRef30
Arthur F. Kavanaugh, Lloyd F. Mayer, John J. Cush, Stephen B. Hanauer. (2011) Shared Experiences and Best Practices in the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Crohn's Disease. The American Journal of Medicine 124:4, e1-e18
CrossRef31
, A. Ghezzi, L. M. E. Grimaldi, M. G. Marrosu, C. Pozzilli, G. Comi, A. Bertolotto, M. Trojano, P. Gallo, R. Capra, D. Centonze, E. Millefiorini, S. Sotgiu, V. Brescia Morra, M. P. Amato, A. Lugaresi, G. Mancardi, D. Caputo, E. Montanari, L. Provinciali, L. Durelli, R. Bergamaschi, P. Bellantonio, M. R. Tola, S. Cottone, G. Savettieri, G. Tedeschi. (2011) Natalizumab therapy of multiple sclerosis: recommendations of the Multiple Sclerosis Study Group—Italian Neurological Society. Neurological Sciences 32:2, 351-358
CrossRef32
Henit Yanai, Stephen B Hanauer. (2011) Assessing Response and Loss of Response to Biological Therapies in IBD. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 106:4, 685-698
CrossRef33
Nicholas J Talley, Maria T Abreu, Jean-Paul Achkar, Charles N Bernstein, Marla C Dubinsky, Stephen B Hanauer, Sunanda V Kane, William J Sandborn, Thomas A Ullman, Paul Moayyedi. (2011) An Evidence-Based Systematic Review on Medical Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 106, S2-S25
CrossRef34
C. Warnke, O. Adams, R. Gold, H.-P. Hartung, R. Hohlfeld, H. Wiendl, B.C. Kieseier. (2011) Progressive multifokale Leukenzephalopathie unter Natalizumab. Der Nervenarzt 82:4, 475-480
CrossRef35
Hans-Peter Hartung, Xavier Montalban, Per Soelberg Sorensen, Patrick Vermersch, Tomas Olsson. (2011) Principles of a new treatment algorithm in multiple sclerosis. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 11:3, 351-362
CrossRef36
Joy Derwenskus. (2011) Current Disease-Modifying Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine 78:2, 161-175
CrossRef37
M.J. Fernández-Megía, B. Casanova, M.J. Magraner, I. Font-Noguera, J.L. Poveda-Andrés. (2011) Evaluación de la efectividad y la seguridad del natalizumab en el tratamiento de la esclerosis múltiple remitente recidivante. Farmacia Hospitalaria 35:2, 75-79
CrossRef38
Robert Weissert. (2011) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Journal of Neuroimmunology 231:1-2, 73-77
CrossRef39
Sophia Koo, Francisco M. Marty, Lindsey R. Baden. (2011) Infectious Complications Associated with Immunomodulating Biologic Agents. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 25:1, 117-138
CrossRef40
M.J. Fernández-Megía, B. Casanova, M.J. Magraner, I. Font-Noguera, J.L. Poveda-Andrés. (2011) Assessment of the effectiveness and safety of natalizumab for treating relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Farmacia Hospitalaria (English Edition) 35:2, 75-79
CrossRef41
Francesco Patti, Salvatore Lo Fermo. (2011) Lights and Shadows of Cyclophosphamide in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Autoimmune Diseases 2011, 1-14
CrossRef42
Peter Wipfler, Andrea Harrer, Georg Pilz, Katrin Oppermann, Eugen Trinka, Jörg Kraus. (2011) Recent developments in approved and oral multiple sclerosis treatment and an update on future treatment options. Drug Discovery Today 16:1-2, 8-21
CrossRef43
Byron Calgua, Celia Regina Monte Barardi, Silvia Bofill-Mas, Jesus Rodriguez-Manzano, Rosina Girones. (2011) Detection and quantitation of infectious human adenoviruses and JC polyomaviruses in water by immunofluorescence assay. Journal of Virological Methods 171:1, 1-7
CrossRef44
Oliver Gouldthorpe, Anthony G. Catto-Smith, George Alex. (2011) Biologics in Paediatric Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2011, 1-10
CrossRef45
A. Horga, M. Tintoré. (2011) Natalizumab for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurología (English Edition) 26:6, 357-368
CrossRef46
Eileen M. O’Connor, Rae Ann Maxwell. 2011. Clinical Development and Benefit–Risk Profile of Natalizumab. , 167-191.
CrossRef47
Bruce J. Brew, Nicholas W. S. Davies, Paola Cinque, David B. Clifford, Avindra Nath. (2010) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other forms of JC virus disease. Nature Reviews Neurology 6:12, 667-679
CrossRef48
Joseph R. Berger. (2010) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Newer Biological Agents. Drug Safety 33:11, 969-983
CrossRef49
Eilhard Mix, Hans Meyer-Rienecker, Hans-Peter Hartung, Uwe K. Zettl. (2010) Animal models of multiple sclerosis—Potentials and limitations. Progress in Neurobiology 92:3, 386-404
CrossRef50
Michael Hutchinson. (2010) Natalizumab Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research 30:10, 787-789
CrossRef51
A. K. Bag, J. K. Cure, P. R. Chapman, G. H. Roberson, R. Shah. (2010) JC Virus Infection of the Brain. American Journal of Neuroradiology 31:9, 1564-1576
CrossRef52
Caihong Wang, Elyse K. Hanly, Leroy W. Wheeler, Manreet Kaur, Keely G. McDonald, Rodney D. Newberry. (2010) Effect of α4β7 blockade on intestinal lymphocyte subsets and lymphoid tissue development. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 16:10, 1751-1762
CrossRef53
Brian G Feagan, John WD McDonald. 2010. Crohn's Disease. , 211-231.
CrossRef54
Yukiko Shishido-Hara. (2010) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies: a review of clinical, neuropathological, and virological aspects of JC virus-induced demyelinating disease. Acta Neuropathologica 120:3, 403-417
CrossRef55
Caroline F. Ryschkewitsch, Peter N. Jensen, Maria Chiara Monaco, Eugene O. Major. (2010) JC virus persistence following progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Annals of Neurology 68:3, 384-391
CrossRef56
Aiping Bai, Zhikang Peng. (2010) Biological therapies of inflammatory bowel disease. Immunotherapy 2:5, 727-742
CrossRef57
Richard A. Rudick, Paul W. O'Connor, Chris H. Polman, Andrew D. Goodman, Soma S. Ray, Nancy M. Griffith, Stephanie A. Jurgensen, Leonid Gorelik, Fiona Forrestal, Alfred W. Sandrock, Susan E. Goelz. (2010) Assessment of JC virus DNA in blood and urine from natalizumab-treated patients. Annals of Neurology 68:3, 304-310
CrossRef58
Kenneth L. Tyler. (2010) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: Can we reduce risk in patients receiving biological immunomodulatory therapies?. Annals of Neurology 68:3, 271-274
CrossRef59
Anna Bellizzi, Valentina Barucca, Daniela Fioriti, Maria T. Colosimo, Monica Mischitelli, Elena Anzivino, Fernanda Chiarini, Valeria Pietropaolo. (2010) Early years of biological agents therapy in Crohn's disease and risk of the human polyomavirus JC reactivation. Journal of Cellular Physiology 224:2, 316-326
CrossRef60
Tadaki Suzuki, Satoko Yamanouchi, Yuji Sunden, Yasuko Orba, Takashi Kimura, Hirofumi Sawa. (2010) Natalizumab has no direct biological effect on JC virus infectivity in permissive human neural cell lines. Journal of Medical Virology 82:7, 1229-1235
CrossRef61
Stephen J Bickston, Kishor Muniyappa. (2010) Natalizumab for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 6:4, 513-519
CrossRef62
Gionata Fiorino, Carmen Correale, Walter Fries, Alessandro Repici, Alberto Malesci, Silvio Danese. (2010) Leukocyte traffic control: a novel therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 6:4, 567-572
CrossRef63
J. GRANEROD, R. CUNNINGHAM, M. ZUCKERMAN, K. MUTTON, N. W. S. DAVIES, A. L. WALSH, K. N. WARD, D. A. HILTON, H. E. AMBROSE, J. P. CLEWLEY, D. MORGAN, M. P. LUNN, T. SOLOMON, D. W. G. BROWN, N. S. CROWCROFT. (2010) Causality in acute encephalitis: defining aetiologies. Epidemiology and Infection 138:06, 783
CrossRef64
Willemijn A. van Dop, Stefano Marengo, Anje A. te Velde, Elisa Ciraolo, Irene Franco, Fiebo J. ten Kate, Guy E. Boeckxstaens, James C. Hardwick, Daan W. Hommes, Emilio Hirsch, Gijs R. van den Brink. (2010) The absence of functional PI3Kγ prevents leukocyte recruitment and ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice. Immunology Letters 131:1, 33-39
CrossRef65
Sophia Koo, Francisco M. Marty, Lindsey R. Baden. (2010) Infectious Complications Associated with Immunomodulating Biologic Agents. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 24:2, 285-306
CrossRef66
Saud A. Sadiq, Lauren M. Puccio, Edward W. A. Brydon. (2010) JCV detection in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Journal of Neurology 257:6, 954-958
CrossRef67
Andreas P Lysandropoulos, Renaud A Du Pasquier. (2010) Demyelination as a complication of new immunomodulatory treatments. Current Opinion in Neurology 23:3, 226-233
CrossRef68
R. Shah, A.K. Bag, P.R. Chapman, J.K. Curé. (2010) Imaging manifestations of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Clinical Radiology 65:6, 431-439
CrossRef69
Ernst-Wilhelm Radue, William H. Stuart, Peter A. Calabresi, Christian Confavreux, Steven L. Galetta, Richard A. Rudick, Fred D. Lublin, Bianca Weinstock-Guttman, Daniel R. Wynn, Elizabeth Fisher, Athina Papadopoulou, Frances Lynn, Michael A. Panzara, Alfred W. Sandrock. (2010) Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a reduces lesion formation in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 292:1-2, 28-35
CrossRef70
T. Weber, W. Köhler. (2010) Entmarkungserkrankungen. Der Nervenarzt 81:4, 471-496
CrossRef71
Andreas Stallmach, Stefan Hagel, Tony Bruns. (2010) Adverse effects of biologics used for treating IBD. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 24:2, 167-182
CrossRef72
Trevor T. Hansel, Harald Kropshofer, Thomas Singer, Jane A. Mitchell, Andrew J. T. George. (2010) The safety and side effects of monoclonal antibodies. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 9:4, 325-338
CrossRef73
Chen S Tan, Igor J Koralnik. (2010) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other disorders caused by JC virus: clinical features and pathogenesis. The Lancet Neurology 9:4, 425-437
CrossRef74
David B Clifford, Andrea DeLuca, David M Simpson, Gabriele Arendt, Gavin Giovannoni, Avindra Nath. (2010) Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: lessons from 28 cases. The Lancet Neurology 9:4, 438-446
CrossRef75
Cary Twyman, Joseph R. Berger. (2010) A giant MS plaque mimicking PML during natalizumab treatment. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 291:1-2, 110-113
CrossRef76
S. Y. Lim, C. S. Constantinescu. (2010) Current and future disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Clinical Practice 64:5, 637-650
CrossRef77
Samantha Jilek, Emilie Jaquiéry, Hans H Hirsch, Andreas Lysandropoulos, Mathieu Canales, Laurence Guignard, Myriam Schluep, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Renaud A Du Pasquier. (2010) Immune responses to JC virus in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. The Lancet Neurology 9:3, 264-272
CrossRef78
Orhan Aktas, Bernd Kieseier, Hans-Peter Hartung. (2010) Neuroprotection, regeneration and immunomodulation: broadening the therapeutic repertoire in multiple sclerosis. Trends in Neurosciences 33:3, 140-152
CrossRef79
Nicole M. Seminara, Joel M. Gelfand. (2010) Assessing Long-Term Drug Safety: Lessons (Re) Learned from Raptiva. Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 29:1, 16-19
CrossRef80
Carlo Piccinni, Chiara Sacripanti, Elisabetta Poluzzi, Domenico Motola, Lara Magro, Ugo Moretti, Anita Conforti, Nicola Montanaro. (2010) Stronger association of drug-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) with biological immunomodulating agents. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 66:2, 199-206
CrossRef81
Eugene O. Major. (2010) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in Patients on Immunomodulatory Therapies*. Annual Review of Medicine 61:1, 35-47
CrossRef82
Elyse J. Singer, Miguel Valdes-Sueiras, Deborah Commins, Andrew Levine. (2010) Neurologic Presentations of AIDS. Neurologic Clinics 28:1, 253-275
CrossRef83
N. Putzki, O. Yaldizli, M. Mäurer, S. Cursiefen, S. Kuckert, C. Klawe, M. Maschke, B. Tettenborn, V. Limmroth. (2010) Efficacy of natalizumab in second line therapy of relapsingâremitting multiple sclerosis: results from a multi-center study in German speaking countries. European Journal of Neurology 17:1, 31-37
CrossRef84
B. Stankoff, A. Tourbah, Y. Taoufik, J. Gasnault. (2010) Leucoencefalopatia multifocale progressiva. EMC - Neurologia 10:3, 1-9
CrossRef85
Odysseas Kargiotis, Anna Paschali, Lambros Messinis, Panagiotis Papathanasopoulos. (2010) Quality of life in multiple sclerosis: Effects of current treatment options. International Review of Psychiatry 22:1, 67-82
CrossRef86
Young-Min Hyun, Craig T. Lefort, Minsoo Kim. (2009) Leukocyte integrins and their ligand interactions. Immunologic Research 45:2-3, 195-208
CrossRef87
Olaf Stüve. (2009) Knowns and unknowns in the future of multiple sclerosis treatment. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 287, S30-S36
CrossRef88
JAMIE TALAN. (2009) MS Specialists Question Company Disclosure of Natalizumab-Associated PML. Neurology Today 9:20, 5-7
CrossRef89
P. Iaffaldano, M. D’Onghia, Maria Trojano. (2009) Safety profile of Tysabri: international risk management plan. Neurological Sciences 30:S2, 159-162
CrossRef90
David H Miller, Siobhan M Leary. (2009) Treatment of clinically isolated syndrome: to be PreCISe. The Lancet 374:9700, 1475-1476
CrossRef91
H.-P. Hartung, C. Warnke, R. Hohlfeld, B.C. Kieseier. (2009) Progressive multifokale Leukenzephalopathie. Der Nervenarzt 80:10, 1143-1153
CrossRef92
Norman Putzki, Özgür Yaldizli, Barbara Tettenborn, Hans Christoph Diener. (2009) Multiple sclerosis associated fatigue during natalizumab treatment. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 285:1-2, 109-113
CrossRef93
M. Tuccori, D. Focosi, C. Blandizzi, M. Del Tacca, M. Petrini. (2009) Re: Rituximab Maintenance for the Treatment of Patients With Follicular Lymphoma: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized trials. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101:18, 1288-1289
CrossRef94
Chen, Yiping, Bord, Evelyn, Tompkins, Troy, Miller, Janice, Tan, Chen S., Kinkel, R. Philip, Stein, Marion C., Viscidi, Raphael P., Ngo, Long H., Koralnik, Igor J., . (2009) Asymptomatic Reactivation of JC Virus in Patients Treated with Natalizumab. New England Journal of Medicine 361:11, 1067-1074
Full Text95
Lindå, Hans, von Heijne, Anders, Major, Eugene O., Ryschkewitsch, Caroline, Berg, Johan, Olsson, Tomas, Martin, Claes, . (2009) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy after Natalizumab Monotherapy. New England Journal of Medicine 361:11, 1081-1087
Full Text96
Major, Eugene O., . (2009) Reemergence of PML in Natalizumab-Treated Patients — New Cases, Same Concerns. New England Journal of Medicine 361:11, 1041-1043
Full Text97
Wenning, Werner, Haghikia, Aiden, Laubenberger, Jörg, Clifford, David B., Behrens, Peter F., Chan, Andrew, Gold, Ralf, . (2009) Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Associated with Natalizumab. New England Journal of Medicine 361:11, 1075-1080
Full Text98
Kenneth R Carson, Daniele Focosi, Eugene O Major, Mario Petrini, Elizabeth A Richey, Dennis P West, Charles L Bennett. (2009) Monoclonal antibody-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in patients treated with rituximab, natalizumab, and efalizumab: a Review from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project. The Lancet Oncology 10:8, 816-824
CrossRef99
Mary K. Grabowski, Raphael P. Viscidi, Joseph B. Margolick, Lisa P. Jacobson, Keerti V. Shah. (2009) Investigation of pre-diagnostic virological markers for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Journal of Medical Virology 81:7, 1140-1150
CrossRef100
Daniele Focosi, Fabrizio Maggi, Elisabetta Andreoli, Letizia Lanini, Luca Ceccherini-Nelli, Mario Petrini. (2009) The role of bone marrow cells for JCV pathogenicity. Journal of Clinical Virology 45:3, 230-231
CrossRef101
Alfredo Papa, Giammarco Mocci, Michele Bonizzi, Carla Felice, Gianluca Andrisani, Gianfranco Papa, Antonio Gasbarrini. (2009) Biological therapies for inflammatory bowel disease: controversies and future options. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 2:4, 391-403
CrossRef102
Evelyn Chiao, Kellie Meyer. (2009) Cost effectiveness and budget impact of natalizumab in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Current Medical Research and Opinion 25:6, 1445-1454
CrossRef103
Nancy G. Wehner, Carolyn Gasper, George Shopp, Joyce Nelson, Ken Draper, Suezanne Parker, Janet Clarke. (2009) Immunotoxicity profile of natalizumab. Journal of Immunotoxicology 6:2, 115-129
CrossRef104
J.F. Rahier, S. Ben-Horin, Y. Chowers, C. Conlon, P. De Munter, G. D'Haens, E. Domènech, R. Eliakim, A. Eser, J. Frater. (2009) European evidence-based Consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 3:2, 47-91
CrossRef105
Jeffrey L. Bennett, Olaf Stüve. (2009) Update on Inflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Immunoregulation in Multiple Sclerosis. Clinical Neuropharmacology 32:3, 121-132
CrossRef106
F. Aubin, H. Bachelez, J.-C. Beani, P. Berbis, M. Beylot-Barry, V. Descamps, L. Dubertret, C. Goujon, M. Jeanmougin, M. Le Maître, J.-P. Ortonne, C. Paul. (2009) Les biothérapies du psoriasis : quelle attitude après la suspension de commercialisation du Raptiva® ?. Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 136:5, 399-401
CrossRef107
John W. Rose, John F. Foley, Noel G. Carlson. (2009) Monoclonal antibody treatments for multiple sclerosis. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 11:3, 211-220
CrossRef108
F. Reed Johnson, George Houtven, Semra Özdemir, Steve Hass, Jeff White, Gordon Francis, David W. Miller, J. Theodore Phillips. (2009) Multiple sclerosis patients—benefit-risk preferences: Serious adverse event risks versus treatment efficacy. Journal of Neurology 256:4, 554-562
CrossRef109
M. Khademi, L. Bornsen, F. Rafatnia, M. Andersson, L. Brundin, F. Piehl, F. Sellebjerg, T. Olsson. (2009) The effects of natalizumab on inflammatory mediators in multiple sclerosis: prospects for treatment-sensitive biomarkers. European Journal of Neurology 16:4, 528-536
CrossRef110
Paul Rutgeerts, Severine Vermeire, Gert Van Assche. (2009) Biological Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology 136:4, 1182-1197
CrossRef111
A. B. Oturai, N. Koch-Henriksen, T. Petersen, P. E. H. Jensen, F. Sellebjerg, P. S. Sorensen. (2009) Efficacy of natalizumab in multiple sclerosis patients with high disease activity: a Danish nationwide study. European Journal of Neurology 16:3, 420-423
CrossRef112
Laurie J. Barten, Douglas R. Allington, Kendra A. Procacci, Michael P. Rivey. (2009) Natalizumab update: a story of benefit and risk. Drug Discovery Today: Therapeutic Strategies 6:1, 21-31
CrossRef113
Joseph R. Piccotti, Herve N. Lebrec, Ellen Evans, Danuta J. Herzyk, Kenneth L. Hastings, Leigh Ann Burns-Naas, Ian S. Gourley, Daniel Wierda, Thomas T. Kawabata. (2009) Summary of a workshop on nonclinical and clinical immunotoxicity assessment of immunomodulatory drugs. Journal of Immunotoxicology 6:1, 1-10
CrossRef114
N. Putzki, K. Kollia, S. Woods, E. Igwe, H. C. Diener, V. Limmroth. (2009) Natalizumab is effective as second line therapy in the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. European Journal of Neurology 16:3, 424-426
CrossRef115
Patricia K Coyle. (2009) Existing therapies for multiple sclerosis offer proven efficacy and safety. Current Opinion in Neurology 22:Suppl 1, S4-S9
CrossRef116
Gary R Lichtenstein, Stephen B Hanauer, William J Sandborn. (2009) Management of Crohn's Disease in Adults. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 104:2, 465-483
CrossRef117
Séverine Vermeire, Gert Van Assche, Paul Rutgeerts. (2009) Serum sickness, encephalitis and other complications of anti-cytokine therapy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 23:1, 101-112
CrossRef118
Mengxi Jiang, Johanna R. Abend, Silas F. Johnson, Michael J. Imperiale. (2009) The role of polyomaviruses in human disease. Virology 384:2, 266-273
CrossRef119
Sylvia E Kim. (2009) Daclizumab Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis. Pharmacotherapy 29:2, 227-235
CrossRef120
Brian W Behm, Stephen J Bickston, Stephen J Bickston. 2009. Humanized antibody to the alpha4beta7 integrin for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. .
CrossRef121
Eugenio Pucci, Giorgio Giuliani, Alessandra Solari, Carlo Di Pietrantonj, Silvana Simi, Silvia Minozzi, Ian Galea, Eugenio Pucci. 2009. Natalizumab for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. .
CrossRef122
Hans-Peter Hartung. (2009) New cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after treatment with natalizumab. The Lancet Neurology 8:1, 28-31
CrossRef123
Reiko Takemura, Yoko Hamamoto. (2009) Side Effects of Molecularly Targeted Drugs and Their Molecular Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE 55:3, 338-346
CrossRef124
Daniel C. Baumgart. (2009) Veto on vedolizumab (MLN0002) for Crohn's disease. Inflammatory Bowel DiseasesNA-NA
CrossRef125
F. Reed Johnson, Semra Özdemir, Carol Mansfield, Steven Hass, Corey A. Siegel, Bruce E. Sands. (2009) Are Adult Patients More Tolerant of Treatment Risks Than Parents of Juvenile Patients?. Risk Analysis 29:1, 121-136
CrossRef126
P. S. Rommer, O. Stüve, R. Goertsches, E. Mix, U. K. Zettl. (2008) Monoclonal antibodies in the therapy of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology 255:S6, 28-35
CrossRef127
Iván Martinez-Forero, Antonio Pelaez, Pablo Villoslada. (2008) Pharmacogenomics of multiple sclerosis: in search for a personalized therapy. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 9:17, 3053-3067
CrossRef128
Olaf Stüve, Ralf Gold, Andrew Chan, Eilhard Mix, Uwe Zettl, Bernd C. Kieseier. (2008) α4-Integrin antagonism with natalizumab. Journal of Neurology 255:S6, 58-65
CrossRef129
Eilhard Mix, Hans Meyer-Rienecker, Uwe K. Zettl. (2008) Animal models of multiple sclerosis for the development and validation of novel therapies – potential and limitations. Journal of Neurology 255:S6, 7-14
CrossRef130
Brian G. Feagan, Gordon R. Greenberg, Gary Wild, Richard N. Fedorak, Pierre Paré, John W.D. McDonald, Albert Cohen, Alain Bitton, Jeffrey Baker, Réjean Dubé, Steven B. Landau, Margaret K. Vandervoort, Asit Parikh. (2008) Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease With MLN0002, a Humanized Antibody to the α4β7 Integrin. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 6:12, 1370-1377
CrossRef131
Nynne Nyboe Andersen, Sarah Caspersen, Tine Jess, Pia Munkholm. (2008) Occurrence of demyelinating diseases after anti-TNFα treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: A Danish Crohn Colitis Database study. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 2:4, 304-309
CrossRef132
Nada Cikes, Dubravka Bosnic, Mirna Sentic. (2008) Non-MS autoimmune demyelination. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 110:9, 905-912
CrossRef133
W-C Hwang, A Zhang, M Ramanathan. (2008) Identification of Information Flow-Modulating Drug Targets: A Novel Bridging Paradigm for Drug Discovery. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 84:5, 563-572
CrossRef134
Anthony Traboulsee, David K.B. Li. (2008) Conventional MR Imaging. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America 18:4, 651-673
CrossRef135
Richard J. Davenport, James R. Munday. (2008) Blocking α4-integrins — A small molecule approach to treatment of multiple sclerosis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 274:1-2, 27-30
CrossRef136
Rocio S. Lopez-Diego, Howard L. Weiner. (2008) Novel therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis — a multifaceted adversary. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 7:11, 909-925
CrossRef137
Douglas R Jeffery. (2008) Development of laquinimod for relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Future Neurology 3:6, 641-648
CrossRef138
Ralf A. Linker, Bernd C. Kieseier, Ralf Gold. (2008) Identification and development of new therapeutics for multiple sclerosis. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 29:11, 558-565
CrossRef139
M. Meiron, Y. Zohar, R. Anunu, G. Wildbaum, N. Karin. (2008) CXCL12 (SDF-1 ) suppresses ongoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by selecting antigen-specific regulatory T cells. Journal of Experimental Medicine 205:11, 2643-2655
CrossRef140
Eliza F. Chakravarty. (2008) Viral infection and reactivation in autoimmune disease. Arthritis & Rheumatism 58:10, 2949-2957
CrossRef141
, H. Wiendl, K. V. Toyka, P. Rieckmann, R. Gold, H.-P. Hartung, R. Hohlfeld. (2008) Basic and escalating immunomodulatory treatments in multiple sclerosis: Current therapeutic recommendations. Journal of Neurology 255:10, 1449-1463
CrossRef142
Kenneth L. Tyler. (2008) The 50th birthday of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: New insights into pathogenesis. Annals of Neurology 64:4, 359-361
CrossRef143
R.A. Linker, B.C. Kieseier. (2008) Therapieentscheidungen bei Multipler Sklerose. Der Nervenarzt 79:10, 1123-1134
CrossRef144
Grace K. Dy, Alex A. Adjei. (2008) Systemic cancer therapy: Evolution over the last 60 years. Cancer 113:S7, 1857-1887
CrossRef145
&NA;. (2008) Natalizumab (Tysabri) for Crohn’s Disease. Obstetrics & Gynecology 112:3, 693-694
CrossRef146
R. Caprilli, E. Angelucci, V. Clemente. (2008) Recent advances in the management of Crohn's disease. Digestive and Liver Disease 40:9, 709-716
CrossRef147
Bianca Weinstock-Guttman, Murali Ramanathan, Robert Zivadinov. (2008) Interferon-β treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 8:9, 1435-1447
CrossRef148
Gian Luigi Mancardi, Maria Pia Amato, Roberto D’Alessandro, Filippo Drago, Clara Milanese, Patrizia Popoli, Leandro Provinciali, Pasqualino Rossi, Giovanni Savettieri, Gioacchino Tedeschi, Maria Rosaria Tola, Nicola Vanacore, Anna Covezzoli, Marisa Rosa, Carlo Piccinni, Nicola Montanaro, Laura Periotto, Antonio Addis, Nello Martini. (2008) Natalizumab: a country-based surveillance program. Neurological Sciences 29:S2, 235-237
CrossRef149
JAMIE TALAN. (2008) Two More Patients on Natalizumab Develop PML. Neurology Today 8:17, 19
CrossRef150
Harold Moses, David W. Brandes. (2008) Managing adverse effects of disease-modifying agents used for treatment of multiple sclerosis. Current Medical Research and Opinion 24:9, 2679-2690
CrossRef151
John W. Rose, John Foley, Noel Carlson. (2008) Monoclonal antibody treatments for multiple sclerosis. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 8:5, 419-426
CrossRef152
Dirk Reske, Walter F Haupt. (2008) Use of rituximab in multiple sclerosis: current progress and future perspectives. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 4:5, 573-582
CrossRef153
Jefferson W Tilley. (2008) Very late antigen-4 integrin antagonists. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 18:8, 841-859
CrossRef154
Elizabeth A. Hartman, DeRen Huang. (2008) Update on PML: Lessons from the HIV uninfected and new insights in pathogenesis and treatment. Current HIV/AIDS Reports 5:3, 112-119
CrossRef155
Thomas Weber. (2008) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. Neurologic Clinics 26:3, 833-854
CrossRef156
Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet, Pierre Desreumaux, William J Sandborn, Jean-Frédéric Colombel. (2008) Crohn's disease: beyond antagonists of tumour necrosis factor. The Lancet 372:9632, 67-81
CrossRef157
C. Kneitz, H. Wiendl. (2008) Progressive multifokale Leukoenzephalopathie bei rheumatologischen Erkrankungen. Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 67:4, 290-294
CrossRef158
V. Ravichandran, E. O. Major. (2008) DNA-binding transcription factor NF-1A negatively regulates JC virus multiplication. Journal of General Virology 89:6, 1396-1401
CrossRef159
Jeffrey A Rumbaugh, Joseph Steiner, Ned Sacktor, Avindra Nath. (2008) Developing neuroprotective strategies for treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction. Future HIV Therapy 2:3, 271-280
CrossRef160
Kjell-Morten Myhr. (2008) Diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 117:s188, 12-21
CrossRef161
Arthur Kaser, Herbert Tilg. (2008) Novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of IBD. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 12:5, 553-563
CrossRef162
Jean-Frédéric Colombel. (2008) Efficacy and safety of adalimumab for the treatment of Crohn’s disease in adults. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2:2, 163-176
CrossRef163
Joyce Weaver, Mary Willy, Mark Avigan. (2008) Informatic Tools and Approaches in Postmarketing Pharmacovigilance Used by FDA. The AAPS Journal 10:1, 35-41
CrossRef164
Mathias Buttmann, Peter Rieckmann. (2008) Treating multiple sclerosis with monoclonal antibodies. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 8:3, 433-455
CrossRef165
Gary R. Burleson, Florence G. Burleson. 2008. Animal Models of Host Resistance. , 161-177.
CrossRef166
Trygve Holmoy, Elisabeth Gulowsen Celius. (2008) Cost–effectiveness of natalizumab in multiple sclerosis. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 8:1, 11-21
CrossRef167
C. M. Dayan, D. C. Wraith. (2008) Preparing for first-in-man studies: the challenges for translational immunology post-TGN1412. Clinical & Experimental Immunology 151:2, 231-234
CrossRef168
Andrew B Grossman, Robert N Baldassano. (2008) Specific considerations in the treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2:1, 105-124
CrossRef169
Marylou V. Solbrig, Anton N. Hasso, Cheryl A. Jay. (2008) CNS Viruses—Diagnostic Approach. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America 18:1, 1-18
CrossRef170
J CLARKE, C HURST, P MARTIN, J VAHLE, R PONCE, B MOUNHO, S HEIDEL, L ANDREWS, T REYNOLDS, J CAVAGNARO. (2008) Duration of chronic toxicity studies for biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals: Is 6 months still appropriate
. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 50:1, 2-22
CrossRef171
E. J. Verschoor, M. J. Groenewoud, Z. Fagrouch, A. Kewalapat, S. van Gessel, M. J. L. Kik, J. L. Heeney. (2008) Molecular characterization of the first polyomavirus from a New World primate: squirrel monkey polyomavirus. Journal of General Virology 89:1, 130-137
CrossRef172
A. Seewann, C. Enzinger, M. Filippi, F. Barkhof, A. Rovira, A. Gass, D. Miller, X. Montalban, A. Thompson, T. Yousry, M. Tintore, N. Stefano, J. Palace, M. Rovaris, C. Polman, F. Fazekas, . (2008) MRI characteristics of atypical idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating lesions of the brain. Journal of Neurology 255:1, 1-10
CrossRef173
Yvette Leung, Remo Panaccione. (2008) Anti-Adhesion Molecule Strategies for Crohn Disease. BioDrugs 22:4, 259-264
CrossRef174
A. Noble, R. Baldassano, P. Mamula. (2008) Novel therapeutic options in the inflammatory bowel disease world. Digestive and Liver Disease 40:1, 22-31
CrossRef175
Gary R. Burleson, Florence G. Burleson. (2008) Testing Human Biologicals in Animal Host Resistance Models. Journal of Immunotoxicology 5:1, 23-31
CrossRef176
L K Dropulic, R J Jones. (2008) Polyomavirus BK infection in blood and marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplantation 41:1, 11-18
CrossRef177
Darren G Woodside, Peter Vanderslice. (2008) Cell Adhesion Antagonists. BioDrugs 22:2, 85-100
CrossRef178
Josef S Smolen, Daniel Aletaha, Marcus Koeller, Michael H Weisman, Paul Emery. (2007) New therapies for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The Lancet 370:9602, 1861-1874
CrossRef179
Fernando S. Velayos, William J. Sandborn. (2007) Positioning biologic therapy for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Current Gastroenterology Reports 9:6, 521-527
CrossRef180
Douglas S. Goodin, Louis D. Biermann, Saeed Bohlega, Alexey Boiko, Michel Chofflon, Souheil Gebeily, Riadh Gouider, Eva Havrdova, Gabor Jakab, Rana Karabudak, Dimitrios Karussis, Ariel Miller, Hossein Pakdaman, Krzysztof Selmaj, Mohammad Sharief. (2007) Integrating an evidence-based assessment of benefit and risk in disease-modifying treatment of multiple sclerosis. Current Medical Research and Opinion 23:11, 2823-2832
CrossRef181
R. Gold, P. Rieckmann. (2007) Fortschritte im Verständnis von Pathogenese und Immuntherapie der Multiplen Sklerose. Der Nervenarzt 78:S1, 15-26
CrossRef182
Juan C. Gea-Banacloche, Geoffrey A. Weinberg. (2007) Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics and Risk for Infection. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 26:11, 1049-1052
CrossRef183
C. Kleinschnitz, S. G. Meuth, O. Stüve, B. Kieseier, H. Wiendl. (2007) Multiple sclerosis therapy: An update on recently finished trials. Journal of Neurology 254:11, 1473-1490
CrossRef184
Paolo A. Muraro, Bibiana Bielekova. (2007) Emerging therapies for multiple sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 4:4, 676-692
CrossRef185
Timothy L Zisman, Sunanda V Kane. (2007) Current and future therapies for inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 1:1, 89-100
CrossRef186
Hin Hin Ko, Brian Bressler. (2007) Natalizumab: pharmacology, clinical efficacy and safety in the treatment of patients with Crohn’s disease. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 1:1, 29-39
CrossRef187
M. Stephen Murphy. (2007) New drugs: Kids come first; Con: First adults, then children. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 13:9, 1170-1175
CrossRef188
F. Reed Johnson, Semra Özdemir, Carol Mansfield, Steven Hass, David W. Miller, Corey A. Siegel, Bruce E. Sands. (2007) Crohn’s Disease Patients’ Risk-Benefit Preferences: Serious Adverse Event Risks Versus Treatment Efficacy. Gastroenterology 133:3, 769-779
CrossRef189
C. Kleinschnitz, S.G. Meuth, B.C. Kieseier, H. Wiendl. (2007) Multiple-Sklerose-Update zur Pathophysiologie und neuen immuntherapeutischen Ansätzen. Der Nervenarzt 78:8, 883-911
CrossRef190
Ryan Carvalho, Jeffrey S. Hyams. (2007) Diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease in children. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery 16:3, 164-171
CrossRef191
Adi Vaknin-Dembinsky, Howard L. Weiner. (2007) Relationship of immunologic abnormalities and disease stage in multiple sclerosis: Implications for therapy. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 259:1-2, 90-94
CrossRef192
Leonard H. Calabrese, Eamonn S. Molloy, DeRen Huang, Richard M. Ransohoff. (2007) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in rheumatic diseases: Evolving clinical and pathologic patterns of disease. Arthritis & Rheumatism 56:7, 2116-2128
CrossRef193
Kenneth P. Johnson. (2007) Natalizumab (Tysabri) Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. The Neurologist 13:4, 182-187
CrossRef194
DeRen Huang, Michael Cossoy, Meizhang Li, Dean Choi, Alan Taege, Susan M. Staugaitis, Susan Rehm, Richard M. Ransohoff. (2007) Inflammatory progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients. Annals of Neurology 62:1, 34-39
CrossRef195
Alessandro Lavagna, Massimiliano Bergallo, Marco Daperno, Raffaello Sostegni, Cristina Costa, Rosalia Leto, Lucia Crocellà, Giancarlo Molinaro, Rodolfo Rocca, Rossana Cavallo, Angelo Pera. (2007) Infliximab and the risk of latent viruses reactivation in active Crohn's disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 13:7, 896-902
CrossRef196
Michael Clark, Jean-Frederic Colombel, Brian C. Feagan, Richard N. Fedorak, Stephen B. Hanauer, Michael A. Kamm, Lloyd Mayer, Carol Regueiro, Paul Rutgeerts, William J. Sandborn, Bruce E. Sands, Stefan Schreiber, Stephan Targan, Simon Travis, Severine Vermeire. (2007) American Gastroenterological Association Consensus Development Conference on the Use of Biologics in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, June 21–23, 2006. Gastroenterology 133:1, 312-339
CrossRef197
R. Gold, A. Jawad, D.H. Miller, D.C. Henderson, A. Fassas, W. Fierz, H.P. Hartung. (2007) Expert opinion: Guidelines for the use of natalizumab in multiple sclerosis patients previously treated with immunomodulating therapies. Journal of Neuroimmunology 187:1-2, 156-158
CrossRef198
Ransohoff, Richard M., . (2007) Natalizumab for Multiple Sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine 356:25, 2622-2629
Full Text199
Gary R. Lichtenstein. (2007) Medical Management of Crohn's Disease in 2006: What's on the Horizon?. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 102:s1, S2-S6
CrossRef200
R. John Looney, Betty Diamond, V. Michael Holers, Marc C. Levesque, Larry Moreland, Moon H. Nahm, E. William St. Clair. (2007) Guidelines for assessing immunocompetency in clinical trials for autoimmune diseases. Clinical Immunology 123:3, 235-243
CrossRef201
Bernd C Kieseier, Heinz Wiendl, Bernhard Hemmer, Hans-Peter Hartung. (2007) Treatment and treatment trials in multiple sclerosis. Current Opinion in Neurology 20:3, 286-293
CrossRef202
William H. Stuart. (2007) Combination therapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: challenges and opportunities. Current Medical Research and Opinion 23:6, 1199-1208
CrossRef203
F. Tarantini, I. Baiardini, G. Passalacqua, F. Braido, G. W. Canonica. (2007) Asthma treatment: ?magic bullets which seek their own targets?. Allergy 62:6, 605-610
CrossRef204
Brian G. Feagan. (2007) Medical Management of Ulcerative Colitis in 2006: What's on the Horizon?. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 102:s1, S7-S13
CrossRef205
Eric C. Klawiter, Anne H. Cross. (2007) B cells: No longer the nondominant arm of multiple sclerosis. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 7:3, 231-238
CrossRef206
Ludwig Kappos, David Bates, Hans-Peter Hartung, Eva Havrdova, David Miller, Chris H Polman, Mads Ravnborg, Stephen L Hauser, Richard A Rudick, Howard L Weiner, Paul W O'Connor, John King, Ernst Wilhelm Radue, Tarek Yousry, Eugene O Major, David B Clifford. (2007) Natalizumab treatment for multiple sclerosis: recommendations for patient selection and monitoring. The Lancet Neurology 6:5, 431-441
CrossRef207
Oliver Neuhaus, Hans-Peter Hartung. (2007) Evaluation of atorvastatin and simvastatin for treatment of multiple sclerosis. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 7:5, 547-556
CrossRef208
Stephan R. Targan, Brian G. Feagan, Richard N. Fedorak, Bret A. Lashner, Remo Panaccione, Daniel H. Present, Martina E. Spehlmann, Paul J. Rutgeerts, Zsolt Tulassay, Miroslava Volfova, Douglas C. Wolf, Chito Hernandez, Jeffrey Bornstein, William J. Sandborn. (2007) Natalizumab for the Treatment of Active Crohn’s Disease: Results of the ENCORE Trial. Gastroenterology 132:5, 1672-1683
CrossRef209
Simon F Lacey, Wendi Zhou. (2007) Immune responses to BK and JC viruses in immunocompromised patients. Future Virology 2:3, 255-266
CrossRef210
Daniel C Baumgart, William J Sandborn. (2007) Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and established and evolving therapies. The Lancet 369:9573, 1641-1657
CrossRef211
Michael Hutchinson. (2007) Natalizumab: A new treatment for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 3:2, 259-268
CrossRef212
Zoran Rumboldt, Majda M. Thurnher, Rakesh K. Gupta. (2007) Central Nervous System Infections. Seminars in Roentgenology 42:2, 62-91
CrossRef213
James B. Bussel, Lisa Giulino, Susan Lee, Vivek L. Patel, Christy Sandborg, E. Richard Stiehm. (2007) Update on Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care 37:4, 118-135
CrossRef214
Olaf Stüve, Jeffrey L. Bennett. (2007) Pharmacological Properties, Toxicology and Scientific Rationale for the use of Natalizumab (Tysabri
) in Inflammatory Diseases. CNS Drug Reviews 13:1, 79-95
CrossRef215
Mathias Buttmann, Peter Rieckmann. (2007) Interferon-β 1b in multiple sclerosis. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 7:3, 227-239
CrossRef216
Gert van Assche. (2007) Emerging drugs to treat Crohn’s disease. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 12:1, 49-59
CrossRef217
Motohisa Yamamoto, Hiroki Takahashi, Hideki Wakasugi, Yasutaka Sukawa, Mayuko Saito, Chisako Suzuki, Yasuyoshi Naishiro, Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Yasuhisa Shinomura, Kohzoh Imai. (2007) Leukoencephalopathy during administration of etanercept for refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Modern Rheumatology 17:1, 72-74
CrossRef218
Joel R Rosh, Maria Oliva-Hemker. (2007) Infliximab Use and Hepatosplenic T Cell Lymphoma: Questions to Be Asked and Lessons Learned. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 44:2, 165-167
CrossRef219
Roberta Mancuso, Serena Delbue, Elisa Borghi, Elisabetta Pagani, Maria Gaetana Calvo, Domenico Caputo, Enrico Granieri, Pasquale Ferrante. (2007) Increased prevalence of varicella zoster virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Medical Virology 79:2, 192-199
CrossRef220
Jeffrey S Hyams, David C Wilson, Adrian Thomas, Robert Heuschkel, Sally Mitton, Brent Mitchell, Regina Daniels, Michele A Libonati, Susan Zanker, Subra Kugathasan. (2007) Natalizumab Therapy for Moderate to Severe Crohn Disease in Adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 44:2, 185-191
CrossRef221
Philip L. De Jager, David A. Hafler. (2007) New Therapeutic Approaches for Multiple Sclerosis. Annual Review of Medicine 58:1, 417-432
CrossRef222
John K MacDonald, John WD McDonald, John K MacDonald. 2007. Natalizumab for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. .
CrossRef223
Bernd C Kieseier, Heinz Wiendl. (2007) Oral Disease-Modifying Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs 21:6, 483-502
CrossRef224
Pierre Michetti, Christian Mottet, Pascal Juillerat, Valérie Pittet, Christian Felley, John-Paul Vader, Jean-Jacques Gonvers, Florian Froehlich. (2007) Severe and Steroid-Resistant Crohn’s Disease. Digestion 76:2, 99-108
CrossRef225
M A Kharfan-Dabaja, E Ayala, J Greene, A Rojiani, F R Murtagh, C Anasetti. (2007) Two cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation and a review of the literature. Bone Marrow Transplantation 39:2, 101-107
CrossRef226
Toshifumi HIBI, Yasuhiro TAKADA. (2007) Rinsho yakuri/Japanese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 38:6, 375-379
CrossRef227
Paul O’Connor. (2007) Natalizumab and the role of α 4 -integrin antagonism in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 7:1, 123-136
CrossRef228
, Peter Rieckmann. (2006) Immunmodulatorische Stufentherapie der Multiplen Sklerose. Der Nervenarzt 77:12, 1506-1518
CrossRef229
Jagadeshwar G. Reddy, Edward V. Loftus. (2006) Safety of Infliximab and Other Biologic Agents in the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 35:4, 837-855
CrossRef230
Lucienne Chatenoud. (2006) Immune therapies of autoimmune diseases: are we approaching a real cure?. Current Opinion in Immunology 18:6, 710-717
CrossRef231
Hartmut Wekerle, Florian C. Kurschus. (2006) Animal models of multiple sclerosis. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models 3:4, 359-367
CrossRef232
Lesley Ann Saketkoo, Luis R. Espinoza. (2006) Impact of Biologic Agents on Infectious Diseases. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 20:4, 931-961
CrossRef233
Allen J. Aksamit. (2006) Review of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Natalizumab. The Neurologist 12:6, 293-298
CrossRef234
Kurt Samson. (2006) FAMILIAR T-CELL SUPPRESSION SEEN IN MS PATIENTS TAKING NATALIZUMAB. Neurology Today 6:21, 26-27
CrossRef235
Robert Weissert. (2006) The curtain is drawn for both natalizumab and fingolimod (FTY720): a new era of multiple sclerosis therapy has arrived. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 6:11, 1587-1590
CrossRef236
Fernando Gomollón. (2006) Seguridad de los tratamientos en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Gastroenterología y Hepatología 29, 45-51
CrossRef237
&NA;. (2006) FIELD NOTES. Neurology Today 6:21, 27
CrossRef238
Geert D’Haens, Marco Daperno. (2006) Advances in biologic therapy for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Current Gastroenterology Reports 8:6, 506-512
CrossRef239
William A. Faubion, Athos Bousvaros. (2006) Medical Therapy for Refractory Pediatric Crohn’s Disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 4:10, 1199-1213
CrossRef240
Paulus Mrass, Wolfgang Weninger. (2006) Immune cell migration as a means to control immune privilege: lessons from the CNS and tumors. Immunological Reviews 213:1, 195-212
CrossRef241
Veerasamy Ravichandran, Eugene O. Major. (2006) Viral proteomics: A promising approach for understanding JC virus tropism. PROTEOMICS 6:20, 5628-5636
CrossRef242
Peter Vanderslice, Darren G Woodside. (2006) Integrin antagonists as therapeutics for inflammatory diseases. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 15:10, 1235-1255
CrossRef243
Arnaud Charil, Tarek A Yousry, Marco Rovaris, Frederik Barkhof, Nicola De Stefano, Franz Fazekas, David H Miller, Xavier Montalban, Jack H Simon, Chris Polman, Massimo Filippi. (2006) MRI and the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: expanding the concept of “no better explanation”. The Lancet Neurology 5:10, 841-852
CrossRef244
Martin Stangel. (2006) Does natalizumab have a role in the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis?. Nature Clinical Practice Neurology 2:9, 476-477
CrossRef245
Jean Frédéric Colombel, Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet. (2006) Natalizumab: a promising treatment for Crohn’s disease. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 2:5, 677-689
CrossRef246
R Philip Kinkel. (2006) Interferon-β 1a : a once-weekly immunomodulatory treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 2:5, 691-704
CrossRef247
Igor J. Koralnik. (2006) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy revisited: Has the disease outgrown its name?. Annals of Neurology 60:2, 162-173
CrossRef248
Yi-Yang Yvonne Li, H Daniel Perez, Thomas M Zollner. (2006) Fatalities in natalizumab treatment - a 'no go for leukocyte recirculation approaches?. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 10:4, 489-499
CrossRef249
JK MacDonald, JWD McDonald, John MacDonald. 2006. Natalizumab for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. .
CrossRef250
Renaud A. Du Pasquier, Marion C. Stein, Marco A. Lima, Xin Dang, Jims Jean-Jacques, Yue Zheng, Norman L. Letvin, Igor J. Koralnik. (2006) JC virus induces a vigorous CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response in multiple sclerosis patients. Journal of Neuroimmunology 176:1-2, 181-186
CrossRef251
(2006) Natalizumab for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine 354:22, 2387-2389
Full Text252
Pieter C. F. Stokkers, Daniel W. Hommes. (2006) Novel biological therapies for inflammatory bowel disease. Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology 9:3, 201-210
CrossRef253
Francesco Lolli, Paolo Rovero, Mario Chelli, Anna Maria Papini. (2006) Toward biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: new advances. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 6:5, 781-794
CrossRef254
Stephen L. Hauser, Howard L. Weiner. (2006) Natalizumab: Immune effects and implications for therapy. Annals of Neurology 59:5, 731-732
CrossRef255
Emily Waltz. (2006) US drug approval ignores science's subtleties, experts say. Nature Medicine 12:4, 373-373
CrossRef256
(2006) News In Brief. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 5:4, 272-273
CrossRef257
Polman, Chris H., O'Connor, Paul W., Havrdova, Eva, Hutchinson, Michael, Kappos, Ludwig, Miller, David H., Phillips, J. Theodore, Lublin, Fred D., Giovannoni, Gavin, Wajgt, Andrzej, Toal, Martin, Lynn, Frances, Panzara, Michael A., Sandrock, Alfred W., . (2006) A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Natalizumab for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine 354:9, 899-910
Full Text258
Rudick, Richard A., Stuart, William H., Calabresi, Peter A., Confavreux, Christian, Galetta, Steven L., Radue, Ernst-Wilhelm, Lublin, Fred D., Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca, Wynn, Daniel R., Lynn, Frances, Panzara, Michael A., Sandrock, Alfred W., . (2006) Natalizumab plus Interferon Beta-1a for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine 354:9, 911-923
Full Text259
Ropper, Allan H., . (2006) Selective Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine 354:9, 965-967
Full Text
- Letters
