Original Article
Risk of Death in Elderly Users of Conventional vs. Atypical Antipsychotic Medications
N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2335-2341December 1, 2005
- Abstract
Background
Recently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an advisory stating that atypical antipsychotic medications increase mortality among elderly patients. However, the advisory did not apply to conventional antipsychotic medications; the risk of death with these older agents is not known.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving 22,890 patients 65 years of age or older who had drug insurance benefits in Pennsylvania and who began receiving a conventional or atypical antipsychotic medication between 1994 and 2003. Analyses of mortality rates and Cox proportional-hazards models were used to compare the risk of death within 180 days, less than 40 days, 40 to 79 days, and 80 to 180 days after the initiation of therapy with an antipsychotic medication. We controlled for potential confounding variables with the use of traditional multivariate Cox models, propensity-score adjustments, and an instrumental-variable analysis.
Results
Conventional antipsychotic medications were associated with a significantly higher adjusted risk of death than were atypical antipsychotic medications at all intervals studied (≤180 days: relative risk, 1.37; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.27 to 1.49; <40 days: relative risk, 1.56; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.37 to 1.78; 40 to 79 days: relative risk, 1.37; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.19 to 1.59; and 80 to 180 days: relative risk, 1.27; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.14 to 1.41) and in all subgroups defined according to the presence or absence of dementia or nursing home residency. The greatest increases in risk occurred soon after therapy was initiated and with higher dosages of conventional antipsychotic medications. Increased risks associated with conventional as compared with atypical antipsychotic medications persisted in confirmatory analyses performed with the use of propensity-score adjustment and instrumental-variable estimation.
Conclusions
If confirmed, these results suggest that conventional antipsychotic medications are at least as likely as atypical agents to increase the risk of death among elderly persons and that conventional drugs should not be used to replace atypical agents discontinued in response to the FDA warning.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Rates of Death after the Initiation of Conventional and Atypical Antipsychotic Medications.Table 1
Characteristics of 22,890 New Users of Conventional and Atypical Antipsychotic Medications.Article Activity
- Article
Antipsychotic medications are disproportionately used among elderly persons and are prescribed for more than a quarter of Medicare beneficiaries in nursing homes.1-3 The conditions for which these agents are prescribed include dementia, delirium, psychosis, agitation, and affective disorders, with many of the prescriptions being written for indications that have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).4 In addition to increasing use, there have been rapid shifts from first-generation conventional agents (e.g., phenothiazines and butyrophenones) to heavily marketed second-generation atypical agents (e.g., aripiprazole [Abilify], clozapine [Clozaril], olanzapine [Zyprexa], quetiapine [Seroquel], risperidone [Risperdal], and ziprasidone [Geodon]).5
In a Public Health Advisory issued in April 2005, the FDA warned that the use of atypical antipsychotic medications nearly doubled the risk of death, as compared with the risk with placebo, in 17 short-term, randomized, controlled trials involving elderly persons with dementia.6 “Black box” warnings describing this risk and advising that the atypical antipsychotic medications were not approved for use in elderly patients with dementia were added to the labels of all such agents. The advisory did not extend to conventional antipsychotic medications, although the FDA noted that the risk associated with these agents is an important issue for future study.6,7
In the absence of data regarding the risk of death posed by conventional antipsychotic medications, there is mounting concern that clinicians may simply switch elderly patients to these older agents,8 particularly since their replacement by the newer drugs occurred so rapidly and recently.5 Mainly on the basis of extrapolations from studies involving younger populations, some investigators have suggested that conventional antipsychotic medications could, in theory, pose risks equal to or greater than those associated with the newer drugs in older populations.9-12
We sought to define the risk of death in the short term among elderly patients who were beginning therapy with conventional antipsychotic medications, as compared with the risk among those beginning treatment with atypical antipsychotic agents. We also examined whether the risk of death differed according to the dosage of conventional antipsychotic medications, the presence or absence of dementia, and whether or not the patient resided in a nursing home. The underlying reasons for using both types of drugs (e.g., to treat dementia or delirium) may themselves be risk factors for death. Therefore, we restricted our analysis to patients who were given an antipsychotic medication. In addition, we restricted the analysis to new users in order to guard against selection bias among those already using antipsychotic medications from early emergence of symptoms, drug intolerance, or treatment failure.13 To control for potential differences in the characteristics of patients who were prescribed different antipsychotic medications, we used traditional multivariate and propensity-score–adjusted Cox proportional-hazards models14 as well as instrumental-variable estimation,15-17 with a given physician's preference for prescribing conventional as compared with atypical antipsychotic medications as the instrument.18 In sensitivity analyses,19 we examined the degree to which a hypothetical confounder would have to be related to the use of a conventional antipsychotic medication and to mortality to cause a spurious increase in the apparent risk associated with conventional agents if none truly existed.
Methods
Sources of Data
The Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly
Information from the Pennsylvania Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly (PACE), a large state prescription-benefits program for the elderly in the United States, was available from January 1, 1994, through December 31, 2003.20 PACE has no deductibles or maximum annual benefit and charges a modest copayment of $6 for each prescription. The income ceiling for eligibility is $14,000 per year for single persons and $17,200 per year for couples, resulting in a recipient population of both indigent and near-poor elderly persons. These generous benefits and requirements for financial need result in essentially no out-of-pocket (i.e., out-of-system) medication use.
Pennsylvania Medicare
Medicare data included both Part A (covering hospitalizations and nursing home stays) and Part B (covering outpatient services and procedures) for all PACE enrollees from January 1, 1994, through December 31, 2003. Medicare data on mortality were drawn from the Death Master File, which undergoes extensive verification and weekly updates by the Social Security Administration.21
We assembled data for all filled prescriptions, procedures, physician encounters, hospitalizations, and long-term care into a relational database. All traceable, person-specific identifying factors were transformed into anonymous, coded study numbers to protect subjects' privacy. The study was approved by the institutional review board of Brigham and Women's Hospital.
Study Population
All subjects were 65 years of age or older and filled a first recorded (index) prescription for an oral antipsychotic medication between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 2003. To ensure a uniform six-month eligibility period before the index prescription for antipsychotic medication was filled, all study subjects were required to have used at least one medical service (e.g., a physician visit, procedure, or hospitalization) and filled at least one prescription, both within the six months before the index date and in the time period preceding the six months before the index date.
Antipsychotic Medications
Atypical antipsychotic agents included aripiprazole (Abilify), clozapine (Clozaril), olanzapine (Zyprexa), quetiapine (Seroquel), risperidone (Risperdal), and ziprasidone (Geodon). Other antipsychotic medications were considered to be conventional agents, including acetophenazine (Tindal), chlorpromazine (Thorazine), fluphenazine (Prolixin, Permitil), mesoridazine (Serentil), perphenazine (Trilafon), thioridazine (Mellaril), trifluoperazine (Stelazine), triflupromazine (Vesprin), chlorprothixene (Taractan), haloperidol (Haldol), loxapine (Loxitane), molindone (Moban), pimozide (Orap), and thiothixene (Navane).22
Other Variables
We defined the characteristics of the patients during the six months before each subject's index date according to demographic data (age, sex, and race), coexisting illnesses, and use of health care. To define clinical conditions that may have been associated with a higher or lower risk of death in the short term, we used the diagnostic codes of the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification, 23 the procedure codes of Physicians' Current Procedural Terminology, 24 and diagnosis-related group hospital-discharge codes,25 and we assessed medication use. For example, arrhythmias were defined according to the presence of ventricular arrhythmias and diagnoses of other cardiac arrhythmias and the use of an antiarrhythmia medication. Similarly, diabetes was defined according to previous diagnoses plus the use of medications for the treatment of diabetes. Other conditions included cerebrovascular disease (e.g., both cerebral hemorrhagic and ischemic events), congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, other evidence of ischemic heart disease (e.g., angina, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, coronary-artery bypass grafting, or use of nitroglycerin), other cardiovascular conditions (e.g., valvular disease, aneurysms, or peripheral vascular disease), cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, dementia, delirium, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and other psychiatric disorders. The use of health care services that were potentially predictive of a higher or lower risk of death in the short term were also assessed; these included hospitalizations, nursing home stays, the use of other psychiatric medications, and the total number of medications used (excluding antipsychotic agents and drugs used to define covariables).26
Statistical Analysis
We calculated distributions of demographic and clinical characteristics and use of medications among subjects receiving conventional and atypical antipsychotic agents and then plotted mortality rates during the first 180 days after the initiation of therapy with a drug from either class. A 180-day follow-up period was chosen on the basis of the duration of trials in the FDA's reanalysis (which ranged from 4 to 26 weeks, with a modal duration of 10 weeks).6 Unadjusted and multivariate Cox proportional-hazards models (controlled for calendar year and all variables listed above) were constructed for deaths occurring within 180 days after the initiation of therapy. Models of death within less than 40 days, 40 to 79 days, and 80 to 180 days were also constructed after a visual inspection of plots of death rates revealed roughly proportional hazards among users of conventional and atypical antipsychotic medications within these intervals. Adjusted models were analyzed separately in subgroups defined according to the presence or absence of dementia and nursing home residency. We also investigated whether a dose–response relationship existed in adjusted models by separating users of conventional antipsychotic medications into subgroups made up of those taking the median daily dose or less and those taking more than the median daily dose.
In confirmatory analyses, we used the Cox models again with propensity-score adjustments to balance independent risk factors for death between the groups of drug users.14 Propensity scores were derived from predicted probabilities in logistic-regression models of the use of conventional as compared with atypical antipsychotic medications. The final nonparsimonious model contained all variables shown in Table 1Table 1
Characteristics of 22,890 New Users of Conventional and Atypical Antipsychotic Medications. and strongly predicted the type of antipsychotic medication used (C statistic = 0.845). We then stratified Cox models of mortality across deciles of the propensity score.We also used instrumental-variable analysis to provide estimates that would remain unbiased even if important confounding variables were not measured.15-17 An instrumental variable is an observable factor related to treatment choice but unrelated to characteristics of patients or to outcomes. As in other recent work,18 we used the prescribing physician's preference for conventional or atypical antipsychotic medications (as indicated by his or her most recent new prescription for an antipsychotic agent) as the instrument. We operationalized the instrumental variable as the choice of medication made by each prescribing physician for his or her most recent patient newly started on an antipsychotic medication before the index prescription was written. Using two-stage linear regression for the estimation of instrumental variables and additional adjustment for measured characteristics of the patients, we calculated the difference in the risk of death within 180 days between subjects receiving conventional antipsychotic medications and those receiving atypical agents. Finally, we performed a sensitivity analysis19 to determine the degree to which a hypothetical confounder would have to be related to the use of a conventional antipsychotic medication as well as to mortality to cause a spurious increase in the apparent risk associated with the use of conventional antipsychotic agents if none truly existed.
Results
Table 1 shows the characteristics of the 22,890 new users of conventional or atypical antipsychotic agents. The 9142 patients who began using conventional antipsychotic agents were slightly younger and more likely to be male and nonwhite than were the 13,748 who began using atypical antipsychotic drugs. New users of the conventional agents were less likely than new users of the atypical agents to have cerebrovascular disease, dementia, delirium, psychoses, or other psychiatric disorders but more likely to have congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease other than myocardial infarction, or cancer. Users of conventional agents had lower rates of use of antidepressant agents and other psychotropic medications, a lower total number of drugs used, and lower rates of hospitalization and nursing home stays within the previous 180 days. In the first 180 days of use, 17.9 percent of patients who began using conventional antipsychotic medications died, as compared with 14.6 percent of those who began using atypical agents.
The relative risk of death among new users of conventional drugs, as compared with new users of atypical drugs, is shown in Table 2Table 2
Relative Risk of Death within 180 Days after Beginning Therapy with Conventional as Compared with Atypical Antipsychotic Medications.. The risk of death was significantly higher for conventional agents than for atypical agents in both unadjusted analyses of death within 180 days and in adjusted analyses in which we controlled for a large number of potential confounders. The greatest increase in the adjusted risk of death for conventional as compared with atypical antipsychotic medications occurred with higher doses (i.e., greater than the median) of conventional agents and during the first 40 days after the initiation of therapy. In analyses among subgroups defined by the presence or absence of dementia or residency in a nursing home, patients who began using conventional antipsychotic agents had a significantly higher risk of death within 180 days, in all subgroups studied, than did those who began using atypical agents (Table 2). Figure 1Figure 1Rates of Death after the Initiation of Conventional and Atypical Antipsychotic Medications. shows mortality rates (in deaths per person-year) over the first 180 days after the beginning of therapy with antipsychotic medications. Consistent with our adjusted models of mortality during specific periods, we observed that the increased rates of death associated with conventional as compared with atypical antipsychotic agents were greatest soon after therapy was initiated; the rates of death then began converging in subsequent periods.Confirmatory analyses with the use of propensity-score adjustments14 yielded no substantive differences relative to traditional multivariate Cox analyses. For example, the hazard ratio for death within 180 days for conventional as compared with atypical antipsychotic medications in a Cox model with the use of deciles of propensity scores to balance covariables was 1.37 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.27 to 1.49). The hazard ratio remained stable and without trend (ranging between 1.17 and 1.58) across separate Cox analyses performed within each decile of the propensity score.
In instrumental-variable analyses, conventional agents continued to be associated with a higher risk of death within 180 days than did atypical agents. The difference in risk of 0.073 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.020 to 0.126) meant that on average, for every 100 patients treated with a conventional antipsychotic drug instead of an atypical agent, there would be 7 additional deaths. Sensitivity analyses19 revealed that very large relative risks — of 7 or more — would be needed, linking a hypothetical confounder to both the use of conventional agents and mortality, to explain fully the increased observed risk of death associated with the use of conventional agents, if no risk truly existed.
Discussion
In this study of 22,890 elderly persons beginning therapy with antipsychotic medications, patients for whom conventional agents were prescribed had a 37 percent higher, dose-dependent risk of death in the short term than those for whom atypical agents were prescribed. To place this magnitude of risk in perspective, only cancer, congestive heart failure, and HIV infection conferred greater adjusted risks in our analyses. Unfortunately, there are few studies of death associated with drugs in the elderly with which to compare our results; one observational study found higher rates of death among those given a conventional drug (haloperidol) than among those given one of two atypical drugs (risperidone or olanzapine).27 If confirmed, our results suggest that conventional antipsychotic medications may not be safer than atypical agents and should not simply replace atypical drugs that are stopped in response to recent FDA warnings, as may be happening.7
It is important to assess whether methodologic limitations, rather than true biologic relationships, might explain these findings. Confounding would occur if conventional drugs were more likely than atypical agents to be given to patients who were more frail or at greater risk of dying than others. Therefore, using traditional multivariate, propensity-score, and instrumental-variable techniques, we controlled for the demographic and clinical factors and use of health care services that were likely to be independent predictors of death.14-17 We also restricted our analyses to only those patients who had used antipsychotic agents as well as to those who were new users, to control for the underlying reasons that patients use antipsychotic medications and for any selection bias from early emergence of symptoms, drug intolerance, or treatment failure among those already using antipsychotic medications.13
Because authorities4,9-12,28 have recommended avoiding the use of conventional antipsychotic medications for frail elderly persons, any residual confounding may have led to an underestimation of mortality resulting from the use of conventional agents. Any misclassification of exposure status that occurred nondifferentially with respect to the class of antipsychotic agent (e.g., a lack of consumption of filled prescriptions or a switch from a conventional to an atypical antipsychotic agent, or vice versa) would bias results toward the null; differential misclassification (e.g., decreased adherence among patients taking conventional agents, as has been found29) may have led to an underestimation of the rates of death associated with conventional agents. Misclassification of information from Medicare with regard to mortality is less likely, given the Social Security Administration's extensive verification process for data from the Death Master File,21 and such misclassification would presumably bias our findings toward the null.
Finally, we controlled for calendar time, to adjust for any improvements in health care over the study period that could lead to improved survival in later years, when the use of atypical drugs would be more common. However, in spite of these safeguards and the convergence of results from confirmatory and sensitivity analyses, it is important to keep in mind that our study is based on nonexperimental data. There may be other factors with regard to patients who were newly prescribed conventional antipsychotic medications that we were unable to control for, requiring a circumspect interpretation of these findings.
Potential mechanisms through which conventional antipsychotic medications might increase the risk of death in the short term are unclear, and the causes of death were unavailable. In the FDA analysis on which the April 2005 advisory was based, heart-related events (e.g., heart failure and sudden death) and infections (mostly pneumonia) accounted for most deaths.6 Anticholinergic properties (affecting blood pressure and heart rate), prolongation of the QT interval (causing conduction delays), and extrapyramidal symptoms (causing swallowing problems) are at least as common with conventional drugs as with atypical agents, and probably more so, and should be investigated as potential underlying causes of death.4,9-12 Whatever the underlying cause or causes are, they most markedly elevate the risk of death with the use of conventional as compared with atypical antipsychotic medications immediately after the initiation of therapy, after which their influence subsides somewhat.
The hazard ratios associated with conventional as compared with atypical agents were not confined to high-risk elderly persons with dementia or those residing in nursing homes. However, because the clinical trials that the FDA initially reviewed exclusively involved patients with dementia, more data are needed on the absolute risk of death associated with atypical antipsychotic agents in elderly persons who do not have dementia. Our results suggest only that conventional antipsychotic medications do not appear to be safer than atypical agents in populations of elderly persons without dementia.
If confirmed, our results suggest that conventional antipsychotic medications should be included in the FDA's Public Health Advisory, which currently warns only of the increased risk of death with the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs in elderly persons who have dementia. Beyond arousing new concern about conventional agents, our data provide no guidance with regard to which pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic interventions should be used to manage the many conditions and symptoms for which antipsychotic medications are used.4 Traditionally, the benefits and risks of treatments in the elderly have simply been extrapolated from studies involving younger populations.9-12 As the recent FDA advisory and the results of this study show, such a practice can be misleading, given the unique needs and susceptibilities of older persons. Well-designed studies specifically involving the elderly are sorely needed to define optimal care.
Supported by a grant (R01 MH069772) from the National Institute of Mental Health (to Dr. Wang) and by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (to Dr. Schneeweiss). Dr. Schneeweiss is a DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions about Effectiveness) network investigator funded by the AHRQ.
Source Information
From the Department of Psychiatry (P.S.W.) and the Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics (P.S.W., S.S., J.A., M.A.F., H.M., D.H.S., M.A.B.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Wang at the Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1620 Tremont St., Suite 3030, Boston, MA 02120, or at pwang@rics.bwh.harvard.edu.
- References
References
1
Colenda CC ,Mickus MA ,Marcus SC ,Tanielian TL ,Pincus HA . Comparison of adult and geriatric psychiatric practice patterns: findings from the American Psychiatric Association's Practice Research Network. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;10:609-617
Web of Science | Medline2
Giron MS ,Forsell Y ,Bernsten C ,Thorslund M ,Winblad B ,Fastbom J . Psychotropic drug use in elderly people with and without dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;16:900-906
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Breisacher BA ,Limcangco R ,Simoni-Wastila L , et al. The quality of antipsychotic drug prescribing in nursing homes. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1280-1285
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Alexopoulos GS ,Streim J ,Carpenter D ,Docherty JP . Using antipsychotic agents in older patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:Suppl 2:5-99
Web of Science | Medline5
Dewa CS ,Remington G ,Herrmann N ,Fearnley J ,Goering P . How much are atypical antipsychotic agents being used, and do they reach the populations who need them? A Canadian experience. Clin Ther 2002;24:1466-1476
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Food and Drug Administration. FDA public health advisory: deaths with antipsychotics in elderly patients with behavioral disturbances. (Accessed November 3, 2005, at http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/advisory/antipsychotics.htm.)
7
Kuehn BM . FDA warns antipsychotic drugs may be risky for elderly. JAMA 2005;293:2462-2462
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Strong C . Antipsychotic use in elderly patients with dementia prompts new FDA warning. Neuropsychiatry Rev 2005;6:1-179
Chan YC ,Pariser SF ,Neufeld G . Atypical antipsychotics in older adults. Pharmacotherapy 1999;19:811-822
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Tariot PN . The older patient: the ongoing challenge of efficacy and tolerability. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:Suppl 23:29-33
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Maixner SM ,Mellow AM ,Tandon R . The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of antipsychotics in the elderly. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:Suppl 8:29-41
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Lawlor BA . Behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia: the role of atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:Suppl 11:5-10
Web of Science | Medline13
Ray WA . Evaluating medication effects outside of clinical trials: new-user designs. Am J Epidemiol 2003;158:915-920
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Rosenbaum PR ,Rubin DB . The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 1983;70:41-45
CrossRef | Web of Science15
Bowden RJ, Turkington DA. Instrumental variables. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
16
Angrist JD ,Imbens GW ,Rubin DB . Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables. J Am Stat Assoc 1996;91:444-455
CrossRef | Web of Science17
McClellan M ,McNeil BJ ,Newhouse JP . Does more intensive treatment of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly reduce mortality? Analysis using instrumental variables. JAMA 1994;272:859-866
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Brookhart MA, Wang PS, Solomon DH, Schneeweiss S. Evaluating short-term drug effects using a physician-specific prescribing preference as an instrumental variable. Epidemiology (in press).
19
Wang PS ,Bohn RL ,Glynn RJ ,Mogun H ,Avorn J . Zolpidem use and hip fractures in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:1685-1690
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly Act. 62 P.S. 2901-2908. (Accessed November 3, 2005, at http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/006/006toc.html.)
21
Social Security Administration's Death Master File database. Global Internet Management, 2004. (Accessed November 3, 2005, at http://www.ssdmf.com.)
22
Salzman C, ed. Clinical geriatric psychopharmacology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.
23
Department of Health and Human Services. The international classification of diseases, 9th rev., clinical modification: ICD-9-CM. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1988.
24
Physicians' current procedural terminology: CPT. 4th ed. Chicago: American Medical Association, 1989.
25
St. Anthony's DRG working guidebook. Alexandria, Va.: St. Anthony Publishing, 1993.
26
Schneeweiss S ,Seeger JD ,Maclure M ,Wang PS ,Avorn J ,Glynn RJ . Performance of comorbidity scores to control for confounding in epidemiologic studies using claims data. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:854-864
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
Nasrallah HA ,White T ,Nasrallah AT . Lower mortality in geriatric patients receiving risperidone and olanzapine versus haloperidol: preliminary analysis of retrospective data. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004;12:437-439
Web of Science | Medline28
Barak Y ,Shamir E ,Weizman R . Would a switch from typical antipsychotics to risperidone be beneficial for elderly schizophrenic patients? A naturalistic, long-term, retrospective, comparative study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;22:115-120
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Dolder CR ,Lacro JP ,Dunn LB ,Jeste DV . Antipsychotic medication adherence: is there a difference between typical and atypical agents? Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:103-108[Erratum, Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:514.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (223)
Citing Articles
1
Anne Corbett, Jessica Smith, Byron Creese, Clive Ballard. (2012) Treatment of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease. Current Treatment Options in Neurology
CrossRef2
Lea T. Drye, Zahinoor Ismail, Anton P. Porsteinsson, Paul B. Rosenberg, Daniel Weintraub, Christopher Marano, Gregory Pelton, Constantine Frangakis, Peter V. Rabins, Cynthia A. Munro, Curtis L. Meinert, D.P. Devanand, Jerome Yesavage, Jacobo E. Mintzer, Lon S. Schneider, Bruce G. Pollock, Constantine G. Lyketsos. (2012) Citalopram for agitation in Alzheimer’s disease: Design and methods. Alzheimer's and Dementia
CrossRef3
Dustin M. Hipp, E. Wesley Ely. (2012) Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Management of Delirium in Critically Ill Patients. Neurotherapeutics
CrossRef4
Carlotta Franchi, Mauro Tettamanti, Alessandra Marengoni, Francesca Bonometti, Luca Pasina, Laura Cortesi, Ida Fortino, Angela Bortolotti, Luca Merlino, Ugo Lucca, Emma Riva, Alessandro Nobili. (2012) Changes in trend of antipsychotics prescription in patients treated with cholinesterase inhibitors after warnings from Italian Medicines Agency. Results from the EPIFARM-Elderly Project. European Neuropsychopharmacology
CrossRef5
Howard S. Kirshner. (2011) Efficacy and Safety of Antidepressant Drugs in Patients with Dementia. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 11:6, 520-522
CrossRef6
Tuen-Ching Chan, James Ka-Hay Luk, Yat-Fung Shea, Ka-Hin Lau, Felix Hon-Wai Chan, Gabriel Ka-Kui Yu, Leung-Wing Chu. (2011) Continuous use of antipsychotics and its association with mortality and hospitalization in institutionalized Chinese older adults: an 18-month prospective cohort study. International Psychogeriatrics 23:10, 1640-1648
CrossRef7
Marja-Liisa Laitinen, J. Simon Bell, Piia Lavikainen, Eija Lönnroos, Raimo Sulkava, Sirpa Hartikainen. (2011) Nationwide study of antipsychotic use among community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer's disease in Finland. International Psychogeriatrics 23:10, 1623-1631
CrossRef8
Jeremy A. Rassen, Robert J. Glynn, Kenneth J. Rothman, Soko Setoguchi, Sebastian Schneeweiss. (2011) Applying propensity scores estimated in a full cohort to adjust for confounding in subgroup analyses. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safetyn/a-n/a
CrossRef9
Krista F. Huybrechts, Kenneth J. Rothman, M. Alan Brookhart, Rebecca A. Silliman, Stephen Crystal, Tobias Gerhard, Sebastian Schneeweiss. (2011) Variation in Antipsychotic Treatment Choice Across US Nursing Homes. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology1
CrossRef10
Alessandro Morandi, James C. Jackson. (2011) Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit: A Review. Neurologic Clinics 29:4, 749-763
CrossRef11
Nadège Barro-Belaygues, Gabor Abellan van Kan, Yves Rolland, Fati Nourhashemi, Maria Soto-Martin, Sophie Gillette-Guyonnet, Bruno Vellas. (2011) Patterns of Dementia Treatment Use in Assisted Living Facilities: A Cross-Sectional Study of 1975 Demented Residents. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 12:9, 648-654
CrossRef12
K. F. Huybrechts, M. A. Brookhart, K. J. Rothman, R. A. Silliman, T. Gerhard, S. Crystal, S. Schneeweiss. (2011) Comparison of Different Approaches to Confounding Adjustment in a Study on the Association of Antipsychotic Medication With Mortality in Older Nursing Home Patients. American Journal of Epidemiology 174:9, 1089-1099
CrossRef13
Christopher I. Wright. 2011. Emotion and Behavior in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias. , 416-456.
CrossRef14
Angela G. Catic. (2011) Identification and Management of In-Hospital Drug-Induced Delirium in Older Patients. Drugs & Aging 28:9, 737-748
CrossRef15
Tom C. Russ, G. David Batty, John M. Starr. (2011) Cognitive and behavioural predictors of survival in Alzheimer disease: results from a sample of treated patients in a tertiary-referral memory clinic. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatryn/a-n/a
CrossRef16
Peijun Chen, Irina Korobkova, Katherine Busby, Martha Sajatovic. (2011) Managing late-life bipolar disorder: an update. Aging Health 7:4, 557-571
CrossRef17
Bing Cai, Dylan S. Small, Thomas R. Ten Have. (2011) Two-stage instrumental variable methods for estimating the causal odds ratio: Analysis of bias. Statistics in Medicine 30:15, 1809-1824
CrossRef18
Margaret G Woerner, Christoph U Correll, Jose Ma J Alvir, Blaine Greenwald, Howard Delman, John M Kane. (2011) Incidence of Tardive Dyskinesia with Risperidone or Olanzapine in the Elderly: Results from a 2-Year, Prospective Study in Antipsychotic-Naïve Patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:8, 1738-1746
CrossRef19
Peter N. Gonski, Insun Moon. (2011) Outcomes of a behavioral unit in an acute aged care service. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
CrossRef20
Ryo Kimura, Kohji Mori, Hirokazu Kumazaki, Makoto Yanagida, Satoki Taguchi, Hidenori Matsunaga. (2011) Treatment of delirium with ramelteon: initial experience in three patients. General Hospital Psychiatry 33:4, 407-409
CrossRef21
S. N. Hilmer, D. Gnjidic, D. R. Abernethy. (2011) Pharmacoepidemiology in the Postmarketing Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of Drugs in Older Adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
CrossRef22
Jennifer A. Frontera. (2011) Delirium and Sedation in the ICU. Neurocritical Care 14:3, 463-474
CrossRef23
Yong Chen, Becky A. Briesacher. (2011) Use of instrumental variable in prescription drug research with observational data: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64:6, 687-700
CrossRef24
Kurt Samson. (2011) OIG: Atypical Antipsychotics Overused in Nursing Homes. Neurology Today 11:12, 1
CrossRef25
Martha Sajatovic, Peijun Chen. (2011) Geriatric Bipolar Disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 34:2, 319-333
CrossRef26
Amanda R. Patrick, William H. Shrank, Robert J. Glynn, Daniel H. Solomon, Colin R. Dormuth, Jerry Avorn, Suzanne M. Cadarette, Helen Mogun, M. Alan Brookhart. (2011) The Association between Statin use and Outcomes Potentially Attributable to an Unhealthy Lifestyle in Older Adults. Value in Health 14:4, 513-520
CrossRef27
Geoffrey A Kerchner, Maria Carmela Tartaglia, Adam L Boxer. (2011) Abhorring the vacuum: use of Alzheimer’s disease medications in frontotemporal dementia. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 11:5, 709-717
CrossRef28
James L. Rudolph, Edward R. Marcantonio. (2011) Postoperative Delirium. Anesthesia & Analgesia 112:5, 1202-1211
CrossRef29
Paul Howard, Robert Twycross, John Shuster, Mary Mihalyo, Andrew Wilcock. (2011) Antipsychotics. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 41:5, 956-965
CrossRef30
Philip S. Wang, Alan M. Brookhart, Christine Ulbricht, Sebastian Schneeweiss. 2011. The Pharmacoepidemiology of Psychiatric Medications. , 155-165.
CrossRef31
Ricardo F. Allegri, Raúl L. Arizaga, Claudia V. Bavec, Liliana P. Colli, Ignacio Demey, María C. Fernández, Silvina A. Frontera, María L. Garau, Julio J. Jiménez, Ángel Golimstok, Janus Kremer, Edith Labos, Carlos A. Mangone, Juan A. Ollari, Galeno Rojas, Omar Salmini, Jorge A. Ure, Daniel R. Zuin. (2011) Enfermedad de Alzheimer. Guía de práctica clínica. Neurología Argentina 3:2, 120-137
CrossRef32
John W. Devlin, Yoanna Skrobik. (2011) Antipsychotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit: What Is Their Role?. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 19:2, 59-67
CrossRef33
Soji Shimomura, Naoto Ikeda, Masaki Saito, Akio Ishii, Tomoyuki Takashima, Yoshiyuki Sakai, Shohei Yoshikawa, Nobuhiro Aizawa, Hironori Tanaka, Yoshinori Iwata, Hirayuki Enomoto, Hiroyasu Imanishi, Teruhisa Yamamoto, Hisato Jomura, Hideji Nakamura, Hiroko Iijima, Shuhei Nishiguchi. (2011) Long-term interferon therapy after radiofrequency ablation is effective in treating patients with HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology International 5:1, 559-566
CrossRef34
Carole Parsons, Kate Lapane, Ngaire Kerse, Carmel Hughes. (2011) Prescribing for older people in nursing homes: a review of the key issues. International Journal of Older People Nursing 6:1, 45-54
CrossRef35
Jonathan C. Baker, Linda A. LeBlanc. (2011) Acceptability of Interventions for Aggressive Behavior in Long-Term Care Settings: Comparing Ratings and Hierarchical Selection. Behavior Therapy 42:1, 30-41
CrossRef36
Alessandro Rossi, Roberto Maggio, Ilaria Riccardi, Fabio Allegrini, Paolo Stratta. (2011) A quantitative analysis of antidepressant and antipsychotic prescriptions following an earthquake in Italy. Journal of Traumatic Stress 24:1, 129-132
CrossRef37
Brenda T. Pun, Leanne Boehm. (2011) Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit. AACN Advanced Critical Care 22:3, 225-237
CrossRef38
Bill Mah. 2011. Delirium. , 162-167.
CrossRef39
Louise Forsetlund, Morten C Eike, Elisabeth Gjerberg, Gunn E Vist. (2011) Effect of interventions to reduce potentially inappropriate use of drugs in nursing homes: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMC Geriatrics 11:1, 16
CrossRef40
Massimo Musicco, Katie Palmer, Antonio Russo, Carlo Caltagirone, Fulvio Adorni, Carla Pettenati, Luigi Bisanti. (2011) Association between Prescription of Conventional or Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs and Mortality in Older Persons with Alzheimer’s Disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 31:3, 218-224
CrossRef41
Alfonso Carvajal, Luis H. Martín Arias, Natalia Jimeno. 2011. Antipsychotic drugs. , 89-123.
CrossRef42
David A. Merrill, David L. Sultzer. 2010. Behavioural Management in Alzheimer's Disease - Pharmacology. , 312-323.
CrossRef43
Peter M. Haddad, Venkata S. Mattay. 2010. Neurological Complications of Antipsychotic Drugs. , 561-576.
CrossRef44
John L. Waddington, Colm M. P. O'Tuathaigh, Gary J. Remington. 2010. Pharmacology and Neuroscience of Antipsychotic Drugs. , 483-514.
CrossRef45
Nicole Pratt, Elizabeth Roughead, Amy Salter, Philip Ryan. (2010) Factors associated with choice of antipsychotic treatment in elderly veterans: potential confounders for observational studies. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 34:6, 589-593
CrossRef46
Esther Cornegé-Blokland, Bart C. Kleijer, Cees M.P.M. Hertogh, Rob J. van Marum. (2010) Reasons to Prescribe Antipsychotics for the Behavioral Symptoms of Dementia: A Survey in Dutch Nursing Homes Among Physicians, Nurses, and Family Caregivers. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association
CrossRef47
Nicole L. Pratt, Elizabeth E. Roughead, Emmae Ramsay, Amy Salter, Philip Ryan. (2010) Risk of Hospitalization for Stroke Associated with Antipsychotic Use in the Elderly. Drugs & Aging 27:11, 885-893
CrossRef48
RJ van Marum. (2010) Antipsychotic drug use and the risk of developing pneumonia. Aging Health 6:5, 529-532
CrossRef49
Salvatore Gentile. (2010) Second-generation antipsychotics in dementia: beyond safety concerns. A clinical, systematic review of efficacy data from randomised controlled trials. Psychopharmacology 212:2, 119-129
CrossRef50
Katsuyoshi Mizukami, Kimitaka Hatanaka, Terumi Ishii, Masahiko Iwakiri, Noriko Sodeyama, Yoshiro Tanaka, Takashi Asada. (2010) Effects of sodium valproate on behavioral disturbances in elderly outpatients with dementia. Geriatrics & Gerontology International 10:4, 324-326
CrossRef51
Shubulade Smith. (2010) Gender differences in antipsychotic prescribing. International Review of Psychiatry 22:5, 472-484
CrossRef52
Bart C. Kleijer, Rob J. Marum, A.C.G. (Toine) Egberts, Paul A.F. Jansen, Dinnus H.M. Frijters, E.R. (Rob) Heerdink, Miel W. Ribbe. (2010) Het beloop van gedragsproblemen bij oudere verpleeghuispatiënten met dementie die worden behandeld met antipsychotica. Tijdschrift voor ouderengeneeskunde
CrossRef53
Ross Overshott, Martin Vernon, Julie Morris, Alistair Burns. (2010) Rivastigmine in the treatment of delirium in older people: a pilot study. International Psychogeriatrics 22:05, 812-818
CrossRef54
Jeremy A. Rassen, Jerry Avorn, Sebastian Schneeweiss. (2010) Multivariate-adjusted pharmacoepidemiologic analyses of confidential information pooled from multiple health care utilization databases. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 19:8, 848-857
CrossRef55
Joan D. Penrod, Partha Deb, Cornelia Dellenbaugh, James F. Burgess, Carolyn W. Zhu, Cindy L. Christiansen, Carol A. Luhrs, Therese Cortez, Elayne Livote, Veleka Allen, R. Sean Morrison. (2010) Hospital-Based Palliative Care Consultation: Effects on Hospital Cost. Journal of Palliative Medicine 13:8, 973-979
CrossRef56
F. Jessen, A. Spottke. (2010) Therapie von psychischen und Verhaltenssymptomen bei Demenz. Der Nervenarzt 81:7, 815-822
CrossRef57
Nicole Pratt, Elizabeth E. Roughead, Philip Ryan, Amy Salter. (2010) Antipsychotics and the risk of death in the elderly: an instrumental variable analysis using two preference based instruments. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 19:7, 699-707
CrossRef58
Giacomo Chiabrando, Stefano Bianchi, Elisabetta Poluzzi, Nicola Montanaro, Paola Scanavacca. (2010) Profile of atypical-antipsychotics use in patients affected by dementia in the University Hospital of Ferrara. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 66:7, 661-669
CrossRef59
Rebecca C. Rossom, Thomas S. Rector, Frank A. Lederle, Maurice W. Dysken. (2010) Are All Commonly Prescribed Antipsychotics Associated with Greater Mortality in Elderly Male Veterans with Dementia?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 58:6, 1027-1034
CrossRef60
Stephen Crystal, Dorothy Gaboda, Judith Lucas, Tobias Gerhard, Sujoy Chakravarty. (2010) Assessing Medication Exposures and Outcomes in the Frail Elderly. Medical Care 48, S23-S31
CrossRef61
John W. Devlin, Stephanie Mallow-Corbett, Richard R. Riker. (2010) Adverse drug events associated with the use of analgesics, sedatives, and antipsychotics in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine 38, S231-S243
CrossRef62
M. Alan Brookhart, Jeremy A. Rassen, Sebastian Schneeweiss. (2010) Instrumental variable methods in comparative safety and effectiveness research. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 19:6, 537-554
CrossRef63
Serge Gauthier, Jeffrey Cummings, Clive Ballard, Henry Brodaty, George Grossberg, Philippe Robert, Constantine Lyketsos. (2010) Management of behavioral problems in Alzheimer's disease. International Psychogeriatrics 22:03, 346
CrossRef64
Kazunori Okahara, Yasushi Ishida, Yoshihito Hayashi, Teruhiko Inoue, Kazuhito Tsuruta, Kouzou Takeuchi, Hirofumi Yoshimuta, Kouichirou Kiue, Yoshimasa Ninomiya, Jiro Kawano, Kensei Yoshida, Shouji Noda, Seiichiro Tomita, Masumi Fujimoto, Jun Hosomi, Yoshio Mitsuyama. (2010) Effects of Yokukansan on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in regular treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 34:3, 532-536
CrossRef65
Yoshihito Hayashi, Yasushi Ishida, Teruhiko Inoue, Mitsutaka Udagawa, Kouzou Takeuchi, Hirofumi Yoshimuta, Kouichirou Kiue, Yoshimasa Ninomiya, Jiro Kawano, Tetsuro Sameshima, Takashi Kawahara, Isamu Goto, Kenji Shudo, Shigeki Kurayama, Jungo Nakamura, Kazunori Okahara, Yoshio Mitsuyama. (2010) Treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer-type dementia with Yokukansan in clinical practice. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 34:3, 541-545
CrossRef66
R. Mac Sweeney, V. Barber, V. Page, E. W. Ely, G. D. Perkins, J. D. Young, D. F. Mcauley, . (2010) A national survey of the management of delirium in UK intensive care units. QJM 103:4, 243-251
CrossRef67
J. A. Rassen, M. A. Mittleman, R. J. Glynn, M. Alan Brookhart, S. Schneeweiss. (2010) Safety and effectiveness of bivalirudin in routine care of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. European Heart Journal 31:5, 561-572
CrossRef68
Javier Gómez-Pavón, Paloma González García, Inés Francés Román, Maite Vidán Astiz, José Gutiérrez Rodríguez, Gregorio Jiménez Díaz, Nuria Pilar Montero Fernández, Baldomero Álvarez Fernández, José María Jiménez Páez. (2010) Recomendaciones en la prevención de reacciones adversas a medicamentos en personas mayores con demencia. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología 45:2, 89-96
CrossRef69
Herbert Y Meltzer, Roger Mills, Stephen Revell, Hilde Williams, Ann Johnson, Daun Bahr, Joseph H Friedman. (2010) Pimavanserin, a Serotonin2A Receptor Inverse Agonist, for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease Psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:4, 881-892
CrossRef70
Jennifer Rossi, Megan C. Swan, Eric D. Isaacs. (2010) The Violent or Agitated Patient. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 28:1, 235-256
CrossRef71
Jessica J. Jalbert, Charles B. Eaton, Susan C. Miller, Kate L. Lapane. (2010) Antipsychotic Use and the Risk of Hip Fracture Among Older Adults Afflicted With Dementia. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 11:2, 120-127
CrossRef72
Chloe Leon, Philip Gerretsen, Hiroyuki Uchida, Takefumi Suzuki, Tarek Rajji, David C. Mamo. (2010) Sensitivity to Antipsychotic Drugs in Older Adults. Current Psychiatry Reports 12:1, 28-33
CrossRef73
Gianluca Trifirò, Giovanna Sini, Miriam C.J.M. Sturkenboom, Nicola Vanacore, Giampiero Mazzaglia, Achille P. Caputi, Claudio Cricelli, Ovidio Brignoli, Eugenio Aguglia, Giovanni Biggio, Fabio Samani. (2010) Prescribing pattern of antipsychotic drugs in the Italian general population 2000–2005: a focus on elderly with dementia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 25:1, 22-28
CrossRef74
Yasuhiro Kishi, Hisashi Kurosawa. (2010) Consultation liaison psychiatry and emergency medicine in Japan. Nihon Kyukyu Igakukai Zasshi 21:4, 147-158
CrossRef75
Bruno Millet, Jean-Marie Vanelle, Joseph Benyaya. 2010. Antipsychotiques. , 25-38.
CrossRef76
Jeremy A. Rassen, M. Alan Brookhart, Robert J. Glynn, Murray A. Mittleman, Sebastian Schneeweiss. (2009) Instrumental variables II: instrumental variable application—in 25 variations, the physician prescribing preference generally was strong and reduced covariate imbalance. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 62:12, 1233-1241
CrossRef77
Jeremy A. Rassen, M. Alan Brookhart, Robert J. Glynn, Murray A. Mittleman, Sebastian Schneeweiss. (2009) Instrumental variables I: instrumental variables exploit natural variation in nonexperimental data to estimate causal relationships. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 62:12, 1226-1232
CrossRef78
Alex J. Mitchell. (2009) Do Antipsychotics Cost Lives or Save Lives? Risks Versus Benefits From Large Epidemiological Studies. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 29:6, 517-519
CrossRef79
Clementine Nordon, Karin Martin-Latry, Laurence de Roquefeuil, Philippe Latry, Bernard Bégaud, Bruno Falissard, Frederic Rouillon, Helene Verdoux. (2009) Risk of Death Related to Psychotropic Drug Use in Older People During the European 2003 Heatwave: A Population-Based Case–Control Study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17:12, 1059-1067
CrossRef80
Kate Jolly, Michael D. Gammage, Kar Keung Cheng, Peter Bradburn, Miriam V. Banting, Michael J. S. Langman. (2009) Sudden death in patients receiving drugs tending to prolong the QT interval. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 68:5, 743-751
CrossRef81
Clive Ballard, Anne Corbett, Ramilgan Chitramohan, Das Aarsland. (2009) Management of agitation and aggression associated with Alzheimerʼs disease: controversies and possible solutions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 22:6, 532-540
CrossRef82
L. Grigoletti, G. Perini, A. Rossi, A. Biggeri, C. Barbui, M. Tansella, F. Amaddeo. (2009) Mortality and cause of death among psychiatric patients: a 20-year case-register study in an area with a community-based system of care. Psychological Medicine 39:11, 1875
CrossRef83
Yves Rolland, Gabor Abellan Van Kan, Sophie Hermabessiere, Stéphane Gérard, Sophie Guyonnet-Gillette, Bruno Vellas. (2009) Descriptive study of nursing home residents from the REHPA network. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 13:8, 679-683
CrossRef84
Heidi T. Taipale, J. Simon Bell, Helena Soini, Kaisu H. Pitkälä. (2009) Sedative Load and Mortality among Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities. Drugs & Aging 26:10, 871-881
CrossRef85
B. C. Kleijer, R. J. van Marum, A. C. G. Egberts, P. A. F. Jansen, D. Frijters, E. R. Heerdink, M. Ribbe. (2009) The course of behavioral problems in elderly nursing home patients with dementia when treated with antipsychotics. International Psychogeriatrics 21:05, 931
CrossRef86
Sarah E. Schellhorn, John W. Barnhill, Valentine Raiteri, Veronica Lo Faso, Stephen J. Ferrando. (2009) A comparison of psychiatric consultation between geriatric and non-geriatric medical inpatients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 24:10, 1054-1061
CrossRef87
Felicity Ng, Oommen K Mammen, Ingeborg Wilting, Gary S Sachs, I Nicol Ferrier, Frederick Cassidy, Serge Beaulieu, Lakshmi N Yatham, Michael Berk. (2009) The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) consensus guidelines for the safety monitoring of bipolar disorder treatments. Bipolar Disorders 11:6, 559-595
CrossRef88
Susan E. Bronskill, Paula A. Rochon, Sudeep S. Gill, Nathan Herrmann, Michael P. Hillmer, Chaim M. Bell, Geoffrey M. Anderson, Thérèse A. Stukel. (2009) The Relationship Between Variations in Antipsychotic Prescribing Across Nursing Homes and Short-Term Mortality. Medical Care 47:9, 1000-1008
CrossRef89
Kyoji Sekiguchi, Takuji Yamaguchi, Masahiro Tabuchi, Yasushi Ikarashi, Yoshio Kase. (2009) Effects of yokukansan, a traditional Japanese medicine, on aggressiveness induced by intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid β protein into mice. Phytotherapy Research 23:8, 1175-1181
CrossRef90
Alistair Burns, Harry Allen, Barbara Tomenson, Debbie Duignan, Jane Byrne. (2009) Bright light therapy for agitation in dementia: a randomized controlled trial. International Psychogeriatrics 21:04, 711
CrossRef91
Yves Rolland, Gabor Abellan Kan, Sophie Hermabessiere, Stéphane Gerard, Sophie Guyonnet-Gillette, Bruno Vellas. (2009) Descriptive study of nursing home residents in France: Results of the REHPA (Recherche en Etablissements d’Hébergement pour Personnes Agées) network survey. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging
CrossRef92
M. Elie, K. Boss, M. G. Cole, J. McCusker, E. Belzile, A. Ciampi. (2009) A retrospective, exploratory, secondary analysis of the association between antipsychotic use and mortality in elderly patients with delirium. International Psychogeriatrics 21:03, 588
CrossRef93
Linda Simoni-Wastila, Priscilla T. Ryder, Jingjing Qian, Ilene H. Zuckerman, Thomas Shaffer, Lirong Zhao. (2009) Association of Antipsychotic Use With Hospital Events and Mortality Among Medicare Beneficiaries Residing in Long-Term Care Facilities. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17:5, 417-427
CrossRef94
Joan D. Penrod, Nathan E. Goldstein, Partha Deb. (2009) When and How to Use Instrumental Variables in Palliative Care Research. Journal of Palliative Medicine 12:5, 471-474
CrossRef95
Clive G. Ballard, Serge Gauthier, Jeffrey L. Cummings, Henry Brodaty, George T. Grossberg, Philippe Robert, Constantine G. Lyketsos. (2009) Management of agitation and aggression associated with Alzheimer disease. Nature Reviews Neurology 5:5, 245-255
CrossRef96
C. E. Dean, P. D. Thuras. (2009) Mortality and tardive dyskinesia: long-term study using the US National Death Index. The British Journal of Psychiatry 194:4, 360-364
CrossRef97
Katsuyoshi Mizukami, Takashi Asada, Toru Kinoshita, Katsuaki Tanaka, Kazuki Sonohara, Ryuhei Nakai, Kiyoshi Yamaguchi, Haruo Hanyu, Kiyoshi Kanaya, Tetsuya Takao, Masakatsu Okada, Sumio Kudo, Hayato Kotoku, Masahiko Iwakiri, Hirofumi Kurita, Toshihiro Miyamura, Yosuke Kawasaki, Koji Omori, Kazumasa Shiozaki, Toshinari Odawara, Tatsuya Suzuki, Shizuru Yamada, Youichi Nakamura, Kenji Toba. (2009) A randomized cross-over study of a traditional Japanese medicine (kampo), yokukansan, in the treatment of the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 12:02, 191
CrossRef98
Rina P. Patel, Meredith Gambrell, Theodore Speroff, Theresa A. Scott, Brenda T. Pun, Joyce Okahashi, Cayce Strength, Pratik Pandharipande, Timothy D. Girard, Hayley Burgess, Robert S. Dittus, Gordon R. Bernard, E Wesley Ely. (2009) Delirium and sedation in the intensive care unit: Survey of behaviors and attitudes of 1384 healthcare professionals*. Critical Care Medicine 37:3, 825-832
CrossRef99
Steven D. Pizer. (2009) An intuitive review of methods for observational studies of comparative effectiveness. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology 9:1, 54-68
CrossRef100
Y. Rolland, S. Hermabessière, G. Abellan van Kan, S. Gérard, S. Guyonnet-Gillette, B. Vellas. (2009) Description des résidents d’EHPA: données de l’enquête menée par le réseau REHPA (Recherche en établissements d’hébergement pour personnes âgées). Les cahiers de l'année gérontologique 1:1, 35-41
CrossRef101
Stewart G. Albert, George T. Grossberg, Papan J. Thaipisuttikul, Jarod Scouby, Erin Green. (2009) Atypical Antipsychotics and the Risk of Diabetes in an Elderly Population in Long-Term Care: A Retrospective Nursing Home Chart Review Study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 10:2, 115-119
CrossRef102
Masahiro Tabuchi, Takuji Yamaguchi, Seiichi Iizuka, Sachiko Imamura, Yasushi Ikarashi, Yoshio Kase. (2009) Ameliorative effects of yokukansan, a traditional Japanese medicine, on learning and non-cognitive disturbances in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 122:1, 157-162
CrossRef103
Liat Ayalon, Patricia Arean, Heather Bornfeld, Renee Beard. (2009) Long term care staff beliefs about evidence based practices for the management of dementia and agitation. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 24:2, 118-124
CrossRef104
C. Haw, G. Yorston, J. Stubbs. (2009) Guidelines on antipsychotics for dementia: are we losing our minds?. Psychiatric Bulletin 33:2, 57-60
CrossRef105
Clive Ballard, Maria Luisa Hanney, Megan Theodoulou, Simon Douglas, Rupert McShane, Katja Kossakowski, Randeep Gill, Edmund Juszczak, Ly-Mee Yu, Robin Jacoby. (2009) The dementia antipsychotic withdrawal trial (DART-AD): long-term follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology 8:2, 151-157
CrossRef106
Schneeweiss, Sebastian, Avorn, Jerry, . (2009) Antipsychotic Agents and Sudden Cardiac Death — How Should We Manage the Risk?. New England Journal of Medicine 360:3, 294-296
Full Text107
Seok Bum Lee, Ki Woong Kim. (2009) Nonpharmacological Interventions for Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of the Korean Medical Association 52:11, 1069
CrossRef108
Masayuki Izumi, Takashi Seki, Koh Iwasaki, Kazuichi Sakamoto. (2009) Chinese Herbal Medicine Yi-Gan-San Decreases the Lipid Accumulation in Mouse 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Modulating the Activities of Transcription Factors SREBP-1c and FoxO1. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 219:1, 53-62
CrossRef109
Sebastian Schneeweiss, Soko Setoguchi, M. Alan Brookhart, Liljana Kaci, Philip S. Wang. (2009) Assessing Residual Confounding of the Association between Antipsychotic Medications and Risk of Death using Survey Data. CNS Drugs 23:2, 171-180
CrossRef110
Philip S Wang, Robert Heinssen, Molly Oliveri, Ann Wagner, Wayne Goodman. (2009) Bridging Bench and Practice: Translational Research for Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:1, 204-212
CrossRef111
Joaquín Mould-Quevedo, Iris Contreras-Hernández, Wáscar Verduzco, Juan Manuel Mejía-Aranguré, Juan Garduño-Espinosa. (2009) Cost-effectiveness simulation analysis of schizophrenia at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Assessment of typical and atypical antipsychotics. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) 2:3, 108-118
CrossRef112
C. Dufresne, T. Gallarda. (2008) La place des antipsychotiques dans la prise en charge des troubles du comportement de la personne âgée. L'Encéphale 34, S242-S248
CrossRef113
Manfred Gogol. (2008) Das Delir im höheren Lebensalter. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 41:6, 431-439
CrossRef114
J. A. Rassen, S. Schneeweiss, R. J. Glynn, M. A. Mittleman, M. A. Brookhart. (2008) Instrumental Variable Analysis for Estimation of Treatment Effects With Dichotomous Outcomes. American Journal of Epidemiology 169:3, 273-284
CrossRef115
Howard S. Kirshner. (2008) Controversies in behavioral neurology: The use of atypical antipsychotic drugs to treat neurobehavioral symptoms in dementia. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 8:6, 471-474
CrossRef116
Khatuna Stepkovitch, Christine Heagle Bahn, Reeta Gupta. (2008) LOW-DOSE HALOPERIDOLâASSOCIATED QTC PROLONGATION. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 56:10, 1963-1964
CrossRef117
Felicia A. Smith, Curtis W. Wittmann, Theodore A. Stern. (2008) Medical Complications of Psychiatric Treatment. Critical Care Clinics 24:4, 635-656
CrossRef118
James L. Rudolph, Kelly F. Gardner, Gary D. Gramigna, Regina E. McGlinchey. (2008) Antipsychotics and Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Hospitalized Older Patients. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 28:5, 532-535
CrossRef119
C. CHRISTIANSEN, S. CHRISTENSEN, A. RIIS, R. W. THOMSEN, S. P. JOHNSEN, E. TONNESEN, H. T. SORENSEN. (2008) Antipsychotic drugs and short-term mortality after peptic ulcer perforation: a population-based cohort study. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 28:7, 895-902
CrossRef120
Chiadi U Onyike. (2008) Neuroleptic discontinuation during dementia care: a recent trial and its implications for practice. Nature Clinical Practice Neurology 4:10, 528-529
CrossRef121
Sabine Ruths, Jørund Straand, Harald A. Nygaard, Dag Aarsland. (2008) Stopping antipsychotic drug therapy in demented nursing home patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled study--The Bergen District Nursing Home Study (BEDNURS). International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 23:9, 889-895
CrossRef122
Richard S. Bourne, Tayyeb A. Tahir, Mark Borthwick, Elizabeth L. Sampson. (2008) Drug treatment of delirium: Past, present and future. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 65:3, 273-282
CrossRef123
Soko Setoguchi, Philip S. Wang, M. Alan Brookhart, Claire F Canning, Liljana Kaci, Sebastian Schneeweiss. (2008) Potential Causes of Higher Mortality in Elderly Users of Conventional and Atypical Antipsychotic Medications. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 56:9, 1644-1650
CrossRef124
Katsuyoshi MIZUKAMI. (2008) Kampo therapy as an alternative to pharmacotherapy using antipsychotic medicines for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Psychogeriatrics 8:3, 137-141
CrossRef125
Joel E. Streim, Anton P. Porsteinsson, Christopher D. Breder, René Swanink, Ronald Marcus, Robert McQuade, William H. Carson. (2008) A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Aripiprazole for the Treatment of Psychosis in Nursing Home Patients with Alzheimer Disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 16:7, 537-550
CrossRef126
Yesne Alici-Evcimen, William Breitbart. (2008) An update on the use of antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium. Palliative & Supportive Care 6:02,
CrossRef127
Niteesh K. Choudhry, Raisa Levin, Jerry Avorn. (2008) The economic consequences of non–evidence-based clopidogrel use. American Heart Journal 155:5, 904-909
CrossRef128
S. Gauthier, H. Loft, J. Cummings. (2008) Improvement in behavioural symptoms in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease by memantine: a pooled data analysis. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 23:5, 537-545
CrossRef129
Kesselheim, Aaron S., Avorn, Jerry, . (2008) Pharmaceutical Promotion to Physicians and First Amendment Rights. New England Journal of Medicine 358:16, 1727-1732
Full Text130
Dilip V Jeste, Dan Blazer, Daniel Casey, Thomas Meeks, Carl Salzman, Lon Schneider, Pierre Tariot, Kristine Yaffe. (2008) ACNP White Paper: Update on Use of Antipsychotic Drugs in Elderly Persons with Dementia. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:5, 957-970
CrossRef131
Deborah Antai-Otong. (2008) The Art of Prescribing Pharmacological Management of Psychosis in Alzheimer's Disease: Clinical Challenges Associated With Second-Generation Antipsychotic Medications. Perspectives In Psychiatric Care 44:2, 120-123
CrossRef132
D. Paleacu, Y. Barak, I. Mirecky, D. Mazeh. (2008) Quetiapine treatment for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in Alzheimer's disease patients: a 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 23:4, 393-400
CrossRef133
B. Álvarez-Fernandez, F. Formiga, R. Gomez. (2008) Delirium in hospitalised older persons: Review. The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging 12:4, 246-251
CrossRef134
Wilma Knol, Rob J. Van Marum, Paul A. F. Jansen, Patrick C. Souverein, Alfred F. A. M. Schobben, Antoine C. G. Egberts. (2008) Antipsychotic Drug Use and Risk of Pneumonia in Elderly People. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 56:4, 661-666
CrossRef135
Michikazu USHIJIMA, Shin YOKOYAMA, Eiko SUGIYAMA, Naoji AMANO. (2008) Contribution of perospirone and risperidone to reduce delirium in senile patients. Psychogeriatrics 8:1, 4-7
CrossRef136
Patrick J. Barry, Paul Gallagher, Cristin Ryan. (2008) Inappropriate prescribing in geriatric patients. Current Psychiatry Reports 10:1, 37-43
CrossRef137
Lauren B. Ozbolt, Miguel A. Paniagua, Robert M. Kaiser. (2008) Atypical Antipsychotics for the Treatment of Delirious Elders. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 9:1, 18-28
CrossRef138
John K Darby, David J Pasta, Michael G Wilson, John Herbert. (2008) Long-Term Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Risperidone and Olanzapine Identifies Altered Steady-State Pharmacokinetics. Clinical Drug Investigation 28:9, 553-564
CrossRef139
Michael J Passmore, David M Gardner, Yvette Polak, Kiran Rabheru. (2008) Alternatives to Atypical Antipsychotics for the Management of Dementia-Related Agitation. Drugs & Aging 25:5, 381-398
CrossRef140
Peter M. Haddad, Serdar M. Dursun. (2008) Neurological complications of psychiatric drugs: clinical features and management. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 23:S1, S15-S26
CrossRef141
Hanna-Mari Alanen, Harriet Finne-Soveri, Anja Noro, Esa Leinonen. (2008) Use of Antipsychotics in Older Home Care Patients in Finland. Drugs & Aging 25:4, 335-342
CrossRef142
R. T. C. M. Koopmans. (2007) Worden psychofarmaca in het verpleeghuis te vaak voorgeschreven?. Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie, 2007 38:6, 238-241
CrossRef143
Mitchell J. Barnett, Heidi Wehring, Paul J. Perry. (2007) Comparison of Risk of Cerebrovascular Events in an Elderly VA Population With Dementia Between Antipsychotic and Nonantipsychotic Users. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 27:6, 595-601
CrossRef144
Philip S. Wang, Sebastian Schneeweiss, Soko Setoguchi, Amanda Patrick, Jerry Avorn, Helen Mogun, Niteesh K. Choudhry, M. Alan Brookhart. (2007) Ventricular Arrhythmias and Cerebrovascular Events in the Elderly Using Conventional and Atypical Antipsychotic Medications. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 27:6, 707-710
CrossRef145
Clive Ballard. (2007) Agitation and Psychosis in Dementia. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 15:11, 913-917
CrossRef146
Bruce G. Pollock, Benoit H. Mulsant, Jules Rosen, Sati Mazumdar, Richard E. Blakesley, Patricia R. Houck, Kimberly A. Huber. (2007) A Double-Blind Comparison of Citalopram and Risperidone for the Treatment of Behavioral and Psychotic Symptoms Associated With Dementia. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 15:11, 942-952
CrossRef147
Jean Hollis, David Grayson, Loelle Forrester, Henry Brodaty, Stephen Touyz, Robert Cumming. (2007) Antipsychotic Medication Dispensing and Risk of Death in Veterans and War Widows 65 Years and Older. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 15:11, 932-941
CrossRef148
Jacobo E. Mintzer, Larry E. Tune, Christopher D. Breder, René Swanink, Ronald N. Marcus, Robert D. McQuade, Andy Forbes. (2007) Aripiprazole for the Treatment of Psychoses in Institutionalized Patients With Alzheimer Dementia: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Assessment of Three Fixed Doses. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 15:11, 918-931
CrossRef149
Jessica Broadway, Jacobo Mintzer. (2007) The many faces of psychosis in the elderly. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 20:6, 551-558
CrossRef150
William H. Shrank, Jennifer M. Polinski, Jerry Avorn. (2007) Quality Indicators for Medication Use in Vulnerable Elders. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 55, S373-S382
CrossRef151
Dilip V. Jeste, Thomas Meeks. (2007) To Prescribe or Not to Prescribe? Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs in Patients with Dementia. Southern Medical Journal 100:10, 961-963
CrossRef152
M Alan Brookhart, Jeremy A. Rassen, Philip S. Wang, Colin Dormuth, Helen Mogun, Sebastian Schneeweiss. (2007) Evaluating the Validity of an Instrumental Variable Study of Neuroleptics. Medical Care 45:Suppl 2, S116-S122
CrossRef153
Alexander Kulik, Raisa Levin, Marc Ruel, Thierry G. Mesana, Daniel H. Solomon, Niteesh K. Choudhry. (2007) Patterns and predictors of statin use after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 134:4, 932-938
CrossRef154
Denise G. Feil, Catherine MacLean, David Sultzer. (2007) Quality Indicators for the Care of Dementia in Vulnerable Elders. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 55, S293-S301
CrossRef155
Nathan Herrmann, Serge Gauthier, Paul G. Lysy. (2007) Clinical practice guidelines for severe Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer's and Dementia 3:4, 385-397
CrossRef156
Martha Sajatovic, Eugene Ramsay, Kevin Nanry, Thomas Thompson. (2007) Lamotrigine therapy in elderly patients with epilepsy, bipolar disorder or dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 22:10, 945-950
CrossRef157
Leslie Citrome. (2007) Atypical Antipsychotics, Elderly Patients, and Mortality Risk. Southern Medical Journal 100:10, 964-965
CrossRef158
Pär Hallberg, Johan Lindbäck, Bertil Lindahl, Ulf Stenestrand, Håkan Melhus, . (2007) Digoxin and mortality in atrial fibrillation: a prospective cohort study. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 63:10, 959-971
CrossRef159
M Alan Brookhart, Jerry Avorn, Jennifer M. Polinksi, Theresa V. Brown, Helen Mogun, Daniel H. Solomon. (2007) The Medical License Number Accurately Identifies the Prescribing Physician in a Large Pharmacy Claims Database. Medical Care 45:9, 907-910
CrossRef160
Camilla Haw, Jean Stubbs. (2007) Off-label use of antipsychotics: are we mad?. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 6:5, 533-545
CrossRef161
Karen Marder. (2007) Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 7:5, 363-365
CrossRef162
S Schneeweiss. (2007) Developments in Post-marketing Comparative Effectiveness Research. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 82:2, 143-156
CrossRef163
Brenda T. Pun, Jan Dunn. (2007) The Sedation of Critically Ill Adults. AJN, American Journal of Nursing 107:8, 40-49
CrossRef164
J.E. Klein-Geltink, P.A. Rochon, S. Dyer, M. Laxer, G.M. Anderson. (2007) Readers should systematically assess methods used to identify, measure and analyze confounding in observational cohort studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 60:8, 766.e1-766.e11
CrossRef165
SHINGO MIYAJI, KENJI YAMAMOTO, SYUNYA HOSHINO, HIROAKI YAMAMOTO, YOSHIRO SAKAI, HITOSHI MIYAOKA. (2007) Comparison of the risk of adverse events between risperidone and haloperidol in delirium patients. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 61:3, 275-282
CrossRef166
Mark Bounthavong, Mark P. Okamoto. (2007) Decision analysis model evaluating the cost-effectiveness of risperidone, olanzapine and haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 13:3, 453-460
CrossRef167
Kaisu H Pitkälä, Jouko V Laurila. (2007) Managing delirium in hospitalized elderly patients. Future Neurology 2:3, 317-327
CrossRef168
Minna M. Raivio, Jouko V. Laurila, Timo E. Strandberg, Reijo S. Tilvis, Kaisu H. Pitkälä. (2007) Neither Atypical Nor Conventional Antipsychotics Increase Mortality or Hospital Admissions Among Elderly Patients With Dementia: A Two-Year Prospective Study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 15:5, 416-424
CrossRef169
Gianluca Trifirò, Katia M. C. Verhamme, Gijsbertus Ziere, Achille P. Caputi, Bruno H. Ch Stricker, Miriam C. J. M. Sturkenboom. (2007) All-cause mortality associated with atypical and typical antipsychotics in demented outpatients. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 16:5, 538-544
CrossRef170
Constantine Lyketsos. (2007) Apathy and Agitation: Challenges and Future Directions. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 15:5, 361-364
CrossRef171
PATRICIA R. RECUPERO, SAMARA E. RAINEY. (2007) Managing Risk When Considering the Use of Atypical Antipsychotics for Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Psychosis. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 13:3, 143-152
CrossRef172
Robert F. Anda, David W. Brown, Vincent J. Felitti, J. Douglas Bremner, Shanta R. Dube, Wayne H. Giles. (2007) Adverse Childhood Experiences and Prescribed Psychotropic Medications in Adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32:5, 389-394
CrossRef173
Charlene Hoffman Snyder, Charles H. Adler. (2007) The patient with Parkinson?s disease: Part I?Treating the motor symptoms; Part II?Treating the nonmotor symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 19:4, 179-197
CrossRef174
M. Baquero Toledo. (2007) Tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado 9:77, 4936-4943
CrossRef175
Jayashri Sankaranarayanan, Susan E. Puumala. (2007) Antipsychotic use at adult ambulatory care visits by patients with mental health disorders in the united states, 1996–2003: National estimates and associated factors. Clinical Therapeutics 29:4, 723-741
CrossRef176
Yoram Barak, Yehuda Baruch, Doron Mazeh, Diana Paleacu, Dov Aizenberg. (2007) Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Morbidity and Mortality Associated With Antipsychotic Medications in Elderly Psychiatric Inpatients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 15:4, 354-356
CrossRef177
Lauren B. Elman, David J. Houghton, Gregory F. Wu, Howard I. Hurtig, Clyde E. Markowitz, Leo McCluskey. (2007) Palliative Care in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Palliative Medicine 10:2, 433-457
CrossRef178
Barbara J. Zarowitz, Richard Stefanacci, Kelly Hollenack, Terry O’Shea, Joseph Gruber, Eric G. Tangalos. (2007) The Application of Evidence-Based Principles of Care in Older Persons (Issue 5): Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 8:3, 183-193
CrossRef179
Manju T Beier. (2007) Treatment Strategies for the Behavioral Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Early Pharmacologic Intervention. Pharmacotherapy 27:3, 399-411
CrossRef180
Barbara R Sommer, Howard H Fenn, Terence A Ketter. (2007) Safety and efficacy of anticonvulsants in elderly patients with psychiatric disorders: oxcarbazepine, topiramate and gabapentin. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 6:2, 133-145
CrossRef181
Megumi Sasaki, Yumiko Arai, Keigo Kumamoto, Koji Abe, Asuna Arai, Yoko Mizuno. (2007) Factors related to potentially harmful behaviors towards disabled older people by family caregivers in Japan. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 22:3, 250-257
CrossRef182
Laurent Michaud, Christophe Büla, Alexandre Berney, Vincent Camus, Rachel Voellinger, Friedrich Stiefel, Bernard Burnand. (2007) Delirium: Guidelines for general hospitals. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 62:3, 371-383
CrossRef183
João Carlos Machado, Paulo Caramelli. (2007) Treatment of dementia: anything new?. Current Opinion in Internal Medicine 6:1, 85-90
CrossRef184
Jennifer Kapo, Laura J. Morrison, Solomon Liao. (2007) Palliative Care for the Older Adult. Journal of Palliative Medicine 10:1, 185-209
CrossRef185
Kelly M Cosman, Lisa L Boyle, Anton P Porsteinsson. (2007) Memantine in the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 8:2, 203-214
CrossRef186
G. Waldemar, B. Dubois, M. Emre, J. Georges, I. G. McKeith, M. Rossor, P. Scheltens, P. Tariska, B. Winblad. (2007) Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline. European Journal of Neurology 14:1, e1-e26
CrossRef187
Takashi Kudo. (2007) Application of neuroleptics for dementia. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 44:1, 27-30
CrossRef188
Tetsuaki Arai. (2007) Practical clinical use of therapeutic agents for Alzheimer′s disease. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 130:6, 494-498
CrossRef189
Keith Edwards, Donald Royall, Linda Hershey, David Lichter, Ann Hake, Martin Farlow, Florence Pasquier, Stewart Johnson. (2007) Efficacy and Safety of Galantamine in Patients with Dementia with Lewy Bodies: A 24-Week Open-Label Study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 23:6, 401-405
CrossRef190
Peter M Haddad, Sonu G Sharma. (2007) Adverse Effects of Atypical Antipsychotics. CNS Drugs 21:11, 911-936
CrossRef191
Katie Kompoliti, Stacy S. Horn. 2007. Drug‐Induced and Iatrogenic Neurological Disorders. , 1285-1318.
CrossRef192
Jean Hollis, Loelle Forrester, Henry Brodaty, Stephen Touyz, Robert Cumming, David Grayson. (2007) Risk of death associated with antipsychotic drug dispensing in residential aged care facilities. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 41:9, 751-758
CrossRef193
Charles-Edouard Luyt, Alain Combes, Philippe Aegerter, Bertrand Guidet, Jean-Louis Trouillet, Claude Gibert, Jean Chastre. (2007) Mortality among patients admitted to intensive care units during weekday day shifts compared with ???off??? hours*. Critical Care Medicine 35:1, 3-11
CrossRef194
Richard J. Caselli, Bradley F. Boeve. 2007. The Degenerative Dementias. , 699-733.
CrossRef195
Raymond C. Love, Warachal E. Faison, David L. Sultzer. (2006) An Evidence-Based Approach to Optimizing the Management of Psychotic Disorders in the Long-Term Care Setting. The Consultant Pharmacist 21:0, 1-28
CrossRef196
Anton P Porsteinsson, Kelly M Cosman. (2006) Memantine in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Aging Health 2:6, 891-904
CrossRef197
Martin Haupt, Alfonso Cruz-Jentoft, Dilip Jeste. (2006) Mortality in Elderly Dementia Patients Treated With Risperidone. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 26:6, 566-570
CrossRef198
Philip S. Wang, M. Alan Brookhart, Soko Setoguchi, Amanda R. Patrick, Sebastian Schneeweiss. (2006) Psychotropic medication use for behavioral symptoms of dementia. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 6:6, 490-495
CrossRef199
S. NAKAGAWA, L. PEDERSEN, M. L. OLSEN, P. B. MORTENSEN, H. T. SØRENSEN, S. P. JOHNSEN. (2006) Antipsychotics and risk of first-time hospitalization for myocardial infarction: a population-based case?control study. Journal of Internal Medicine 260:5, 451-458
CrossRef200
Moataz M Ragheb, Richard J Goldberg. (2006) Tardive dyskinesia in geriatric patients. Aging Health 2:5, 833-849
CrossRef201
Kelvin L Chou, Joseph H Friedman. (2006) Use of atypical antipsychotics in neurodegenerative diseases. Future Neurology 1:5, 553-562
CrossRef202
Corrado Barbui, Mauro Percudani. (2006) Epidemiological impact of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs on the general population. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 19:4, 405-410
CrossRef203
Frances R Frankenburg, Mary C Zanarini. (2006) Personality disorders and medical comorbidity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 19:4, 428-431
CrossRef204
Constantine G. Lyketsos, Christopher C. Colenda, Cornelia Beck, Karen Blank, Murali P. Doraiswamy, Douglas A. Kalunian, Kristine Yaffe. (2006) Position Statement of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry Regarding Principles of Care for Patients With Dementia Resulting From Alzheimer Disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 14:7, 561-573
CrossRef205
Koji FUKUDA, Makoto TANAKA. (2006) Influence of the FDA Talk Paper upon the use of atypical antipsychotics for psychotic symptoms in older patients with dementia in Japan. Psychogeriatrics 6:2, 81-86
CrossRef206
Paul C. Rousseau. (2006) Recent Literature: Feature Editor: Paul C. Rousseau. Journal of Palliative Medicine 9:3, 823-825
CrossRef207
Clive Ballard, Robert Howard. (2006) Neuroleptic drugs in dementia: benefits and harm. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7:6, 492-500
CrossRef208
(2006) Current awareness in geriatric psychiatry. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 21:6, 602-609
CrossRef209
Carmen Andreescu, Benoit H. Mulsant, LalithKumar Solai, James E. Emanuel. (2006) Acute confusional states in the general elderly population: An overview of delirium. Current Psychosis & Therapeutics Reports 4:2, 65-73
CrossRef210
Howard H Fenn, Barbara R Sommer, Terence A Ketter, Brian Alldredge. (2006) Safety and tolerability of mood-stabilising anticonvulsants in the elderly. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 5:3, 401-416
CrossRef211
(2006) Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 15:5, i-xii
CrossRef212
Kees J. Kalisvaart, Jos F.M. De Jonghe, Marja J. Bogaards, Ralph Vreeswijk, Toine C.G. Egberts, Bart J. Burger, Piet Eikelenboom, Willem A. Van Gool. (2006) RESPONSE LETTERS TO DRS. WANG, AND SEITZ AND GILL. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 54:5, 861-863
CrossRef213
Peijun Chen, Mohammed Mahboob Ahmed, Martha Sajatovic. (2006) Bipolar disorder in later life. Aging Health 2:2, 333-347
CrossRef214
Bart Kleijer, Rob Marum. (2006) Antipsychotica bij gedragsstoornissen bij dementie. Tijdschrift voor VerpleeghuisGeneeskunde 31:2, 83-86
CrossRef215
(2006) Conventional vs. Atypical Antipsychotic Medications. New England Journal of Medicine 354:9, 972-974
Full Text216
J. Geerling. (2006) Sterfterisico bij gebruik van antipsychotica bij bejaarden. MFM 44:3, 80-80
CrossRef217
P. J. M. M. Toll’s-Hertogenbosch. (2006) Kun je met observationeel onderzoek de invloed van geneesmiddelen op de mortaliteit betrouwbaar bepalen?. MFM 44:3, 57-59
CrossRef218
John J. V. McMurray. (2006) Drug Safety in Cardiovascular Disease: A Call to ACTION. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 20:1, 9-10
CrossRef219
Alistair Burns, Peter P De Deyn. (2006) Risperidone for the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Features in Dementia. Drugs & Aging 23:11, 887-896
CrossRef220
Jean Hollis, Stephen Touyz, David Grayson, Loelle Forrester. (2006) Antipsychotic medication dispensing and associated odds ratios of death in elderly veterans and war widows, 2001. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40:11-12, 981-986
CrossRef221
Nathan Herrmann, Krista L Lanct??t. (2006) Atypical Antipsychotics for Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia. Drug Safety 29:10, 833-843
CrossRef222
Pietro Gareri, Pasquale De Fazio, Salvatore De Fazio, Norma Marigliano, Guido Ferreri Ibbadu, Giovambattista De Sarro. (2006) Adverse Effects of Atypical Antipsychotics in the Elderly. Drugs & Aging 23:12, 937-956
CrossRef223
Ray, Wayne A., . (2005) Observational Studies of Drugs and Mortality. New England Journal of Medicine 353:22, 2319-2321
Full Text
- Letters
