Original Article
Cardiovascular Events Associated with Rofecoxib in a Colorectal Adenoma Chemoprevention Trial
N Engl J Med 2005; 352:1092-1102March 17, 2005
- Abstract
Background
Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) may be associated with an increased risk of thrombotic events, but only limited long-term data have been available for analysis. We report on the cardiovascular outcomes associated with the use of the selective COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib in a long-term, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial designed to determine the effect of three years of treatment with rofecoxib on the risk of recurrent neoplastic polyps of the large bowel in patients with a history of colorectal adenomas.
Methods
A total of 2586 patients with a history of colorectal adenomas underwent randomization: 1287 were assigned to receive 25 mg of rofecoxib daily, and 1299 to receive placebo. All investigator-reported serious adverse events that represented potential thrombotic cardiovascular events were adjudicated in a blinded fashion by an external committee.
Results
A total of 46 patients in the rofecoxib group had a confirmed thrombotic event during 3059 patient-years of follow-up (1.50 events per 100 patient-years), as compared with 26 patients in the placebo group during 3327 patient-years of follow-up (0.78 event per 100 patient-years); the corresponding relative risk was 1.92 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.19 to 3.11; P=0.008). The increased relative risk became apparent after 18 months of treatment; during the first 18 months, the event rates were similar in the two groups. The results primarily reflect a greater number of myocardial infarctions and ischemic cerebrovascular events in the rofecoxib group. There was earlier separation (at approximately five months) between groups in the incidence of nonadjudicated investigator-reported congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, or cardiac failure (hazard ratio for the comparison of the rofecoxib group with the placebo group, 4.61; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.50 to 18.83). Overall and cardiovascular mortality was similar in the two groups.
Conclusions
Among patients with a history of colorectal adenomas, the use of rofecoxib was associated with an increased cardiovascular risk.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Enrollment, Randomization, and Outcomes.Figure 2
Kaplan–Meier Estimates of the Cumulative Incidence of Confirmed Serious Thrombotic Events.Article Activity
- Article
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alleviate pain and inflammation but may cause gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding, presumably by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated production of prostaglandins. The discovery that there were two forms of cyclooxygenase, 1 (COX-1) and 2 (COX-2), provided the impetus for the development of selective inhibitors of COX-2 with a reduced risk of gastrointestinal complications whose analgesic and antiinflammatory efficacy was likely to be similar to that of nonselective COX inhibitors.
COX-2 is expressed at sites of inflammation, such as in atheromatous plaques, and in neoplasms, raising the possibility that COX-2 inhibition might also be useful in the treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis and various cancers.1,2 However, predicting the consequences of COX-2 inhibition on cardiovascular disease is not a straightforward proposition. COX-2 inhibition has several effects that could increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, including reducing prostacyclin levels, increasing blood pressure, decreasing angiogenesis,3-11 and destabilizing plaque.12
Rofecoxib is a selective COX-2 inhibitor that has been shown to be associated with significantly fewer gastrointestinal adverse events than NSAIDs.13 In one trial,13 there were more cardiovascular events among patients given a high dose of rofecoxib than among those given naproxen, an NSAID with platelet-inhibiting properties of unclear clinical relevance.4,5,14-16 Pooled data from other randomized trials have not shown a significant difference in cardiovascular risk between rofecoxib and placebo or other nonselective NSAIDs.4,5,17 Observational studies have provided conflicting data on the association of rofecoxib with cardiovascular risk: some studies suggested that there was no effect, some suggested that the risk was increased only at high doses, and others indicated a possible increase in the risk of cardiovascular events at standard or unspecified doses.6,9,11,18-21
The Adenomatous Polyp Prevention on Vioxx (APPROVe) Trial was designed to evaluate the hypothesis that three years of treatment with rofecoxib would reduce the risk of recurrent adenomatous polyps among patients with a history of colorectal adenomas. Potential thrombotic events were adjudicated by an independent committee, and all safety data were monitored by an external safety-monitoring committee. We report the cardiovascular findings from the study.
Methods
Design of the Trial
Enrollment occurred from February 2000 to November 2001 at 108 centers in 29 countries. Participating investigators are listed in the Appendix. Men and women who were at least 40 years old were eligible if they had had at least one histologically confirmed large-bowel adenoma removed within 12 weeks before study entry and were not anticipated to need long-term NSAID therapy (including high-dose aspirin) during the study. Initially, patients who were taking low-dose aspirin (no more than 100 mg daily) were excluded from the study. However, in May 2000, after the results of the Vioxx Gastrointestinal Research (VIGOR) trial13 had become available, the protocol was amended to allow randomized subjects to take low-dose aspirin (no more than 100 mg daily) for cardiovascular protection. The proportion of subjects taking low-dose aspirin at enrollment was capped at 20 percent because of the possible chemopreventive effects of the drug.22 Exclusion criteria were evidence of uncontrolled hypertension (defined by a blood pressure of more than 165/95 mm Hg); angina or congestive heart failure, with symptoms evoked by minimal activity; myocardial infarction, coronary angioplasty, or coronary-artery bypass grafting within the preceding year; or stroke or transient ischemic attack within two years before screening.
Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. The institutional review board at each center approved the study.
Treatment
The randomized treatment period was preceded by a six-week, single-blind, placebo run-in period to assess patients' compliance. Patients who took at least 80 percent of their tablets during the placebo run-in period were randomly assigned to receive either one 25-mg tablet of rofecoxib per day (the maximal recommended long-term daily dose) or one identical-appearing placebo tablet per day for three years. The computer-derived randomization was stratified according to the clinical center and the use or nonuse of low-dose aspirin, with blocks of 2. Patients, investigators, and sponsor personnel who monitored the study, other than the unblinded study statistician, were unaware of the treatment assignments.
Patients were evaluated clinically at randomization and at weeks 4, 17, 35, 52, 69, 86, 104, 121, 138, 156, and 158 or after the discontinuation of treatment. Vital signs, including blood pressure obtained while the patient was seated, were measured at each clinic visit during the study according to the usual clinical practice. Adverse events occurring during the study were recorded and evaluated in a blinded fashion by the investigators. Follow-up of the patients for one year after the discontinuation of treatment is ongoing.
Cardiovascular Events
Monitoring and analysis of the cardiovascular events in the trial were part of a planned assessment of the cardiovascular safety of rofecoxib. Data presented include events occurring during treatment and up to 14 days after the last dose of the study drug. Serious vascular events were reviewed in a blinded fashion by adjudication committees, which confirmed events that met prespecified case definitions for two sets of events. Thrombotic events included fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina, sudden death from cardiac causes, fatal and nonfatal ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, peripheral arterial thrombosis, peripheral venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. The end point used in the Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration (APTC) study23 was also analyzed: the combined incidence of death from cardiovascular, hemorrhagic, and unknown causes; nonfatal myocardial infarction; and nonfatal ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Other relevant but not independently adjudicated events were also analyzed, including hypertension-related events, edema-related events, and the combined end point of congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, or cardiac failure.
The procedure for confirming cardiovascular events was prespecified in the protocol. All serious adverse events were identified and recorded by the clinical investigators. Potential thromboembolic events, components of the APTC end point, and all deaths (regardless of cause) were prespecified as eligible for adjudication according to standard procedures for rofecoxib studies initiated by the sponsor in 1998. For each eligible event, source documents were collected and sent to the cardiac, cerebrovascular, or peripheral vascular adjudication committee. Decisions were made on the basis of majority rule with the use of prespecified criteria.
Statistical Analysis
An independent, external safety-monitoring board met periodically to review safety data provided by a statistician who was aware of patients' study-group assignments. No formal stopping rule was specified for terminating the study.
Data were collected and held by the sponsor. The investigators had full and unfettered access to the data. A statistician who was aware of patients' study-group assignments but who was not otherwise involved in the study analyzed the data using SAS software (version 8.2). All patients who underwent randomization and took at least one dose of study medication were included in the analyses. For confirmed serious thrombotic events and the APTC end point, event rates were determined and relative risks (with 95 percent confidence intervals) were calculated with the use of Cox proportional-hazards models. However, if there were fewer than 11 events in either group, the rate ratio was computed with the use of the binomial distribution.24 A test of the proportional-hazards assumption was specified in the cardiovascular-analysis plan. This was accomplished by evaluating the interaction between the logarithm of time and the assigned treatment in the Cox proportional-hazards model. Kaplan–Meier estimates of the cumulative event rates over time were also made.
Several exploratory analyses were performed to delineate the relation between mean arterial pressure and the study findings. One analysis summarized the relative risk of confirmed serious thrombotic adverse events according to the quartiles of change in mean arterial pressure at week 4. This time was chosen because treatment-based differences in mean arterial pressure occurred early and remained constant throughout the treatment period and because only two confirmed serious thrombotic events had occurred by week 4 (one in each group). The second analysis included changes from baseline in mean arterial pressure as a time-varying covariate in a Cox proportional-hazards model in which treatment was the main effect. This model was used to investigate the association of the change in blood pressure over time with the occurrence of confirmed serious thrombotic events.
The data reported here are those available to the authors as of February 14, 2005.
Results
Participants
A total of 3260 patients were screened for the study, of whom 2586 were deemed to be eligible; 1287 of the eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive rofecoxib, and 1299 to receive placebo (Figure 1Figure 1
Enrollment, Randomization, and Outcomes.). The two groups were generally similar with regard to baseline characteristics, including age, sex, use or nonuse of low-dose aspirin, and cardiovascular-risk status (Table 1Table 1
Baseline Characteristics of the Patients.). Concomitant medications used at some time during the study included low-dose aspirin (in 20 percent of the rofecoxib group and 19 percent of the placebo group, P=0.52), antihypertensive drugs (44 percent and 36 percent, respectively; P<0.001), lipid-lowering agents (31 percent and 28 percent, respectively; P=0.09), antiplatelet agents such as clopidogrel (4 percent and 2 percent, respectively; P=0.003), insulin (3 percent and 2 percent, respectively; P=0.10), and oral hypoglycemic agents (13 percent and 11 percent, respectively; P=0.12).The study was terminated on September 30, 2004, approximately two months ahead of the planned date of completion, at the recommendation of the external safety-monitoring board and the steering committee. At the time of termination, a total of 877 patients in the rofecoxib group and 980 patients in the placebo group had completed the scheduled three years of treatment. The mean duration of treatment was 2.4 years in the rofecoxib group and 2.6 years in the placebo group.
Before September 30, 2004, more patients discontinued rofecoxib treatment than placebo (32 percent vs. 25 percent) (Figure 1). The main reason for discontinuation was an adverse clinical event. The three most common adverse events resulting in the discontinuation of treatment were hypertension (25 patients in the rofecoxib group and 7 patients in the placebo group), increased blood pressure (6 in the rofecoxib group and 1 in the placebo group), and peripheral edema (7 in the rofecoxib group and 1 in the placebo group).
Incidence of Thrombotic Events and the APTC End Point
A total of 121 patients had investigator-reported serious thrombotic events (77 in the rofecoxib group and 44 in the placebo group). A total of 46 patients in the rofecoxib group had confirmed (i.e., adjudicated) thrombotic events during 3059 patient-years of follow-up (1.50 events per 100 patient-years), and 26 patients in the placebo group had such events during 3327 patient-years of follow-up (0.78 event per 100 patient-years). As compared with the placebo group, the rofecoxib group had an increased risk of confirmed thrombotic events (relative risk, 1.92; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.19 to 3.11). The types of confirmed serious thrombotic events are shown in Table 2Table 2
Incidence of Adjudicated Thrombotic Adverse Events.. The difference between the two groups was mainly due to an increased number of myocardial infarctions and strokes in the rofecoxib group. There were 10 deaths in each group. Myocardial infarction was the cause of death in two patients in the rofecoxib group and three in the placebo group, sudden death from cardiac causes occurred in three patients in the rofecoxib group and one in the placebo group, ischemic stroke was the cause of death in one patient in the rofecoxib group, and hemorrhagic stroke was the cause of death in one patient in the placebo group.In a post hoc analysis, the difference between the two groups in the incidence of thrombotic events was evident in the second 18 months of the study, whereas the event rates were similar for the first 18 months (Figure 2Figure 2
Kaplan–Meier Estimates of the Cumulative Incidence of Confirmed Serious Thrombotic Events. and Table 3Table 3
Summary of Rates and Relative Risks of Confirmed Serious Thrombotic Events and the APTC End Point.). The changing pattern of the treatment effect over time was confirmed by a failed test for proportionality of hazards (P=0.01). Findings for the APTC end point were similar (Table 3).There were no significant interactions between treatment group and subgroups (P>0.10 for all comparisons) for confirmed serious thrombotic events in subgroup analyses based on country (United States vs. other); age; sex; use or nonuse of antihypertensive drugs at baseline, low-dose aspirin at baseline, or low-dose aspirin for more than 50 percent of follow-up; presence or absence of a history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or ischemic heart disease; presence or absence of current cigarette use; or presence or absence of a high cardiovascular risk. A high cardiovascular risk was defined by a history of symptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or the presence of at least two of the following risk factors for coronary artery disease: a history of hypertension, a history of hypercholesterolemia, a history of diabetes, or current cigarette use. However, point estimates for the relative risk in the rofecoxib group as compared with the placebo group were particularly high among patients with a history of symptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (9.59; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.36 to 416) relative to those without such a clinical history (1.58; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.95 to 2.64; P for interaction = 0.096). Also, the relative risk in the rofecoxib group as compared with the placebo group was 6.10 among patients with a history of diabetes (95 percent confidence interval, 1.36 to 56.1), in contrast to a relative risk of 1.55 among patients with no history of diabetes (95 percent confidence interval, 0.92 to 2.61; P for interaction = 0.091).
Nonadjudicated Cardiovascular Events
As compared with the placebo group, the rofecoxib group had higher percentages of patients with hypertension-related events and edema-related events. The Kaplan–Meier curves for the cumulative incidence of congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, and cardiac failure (Figure 3Figure 3
Kaplan–Meier Estimates of the Cumulative Incidence of Investigator-Reported Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), Pulmonary Edema (PE), or Cardiac Failure (CF).) showed early separation of the two groups (at approximately five months), with no significant departures from proportional hazards over time and a hazard ratio of 4.61 for the comparison of the rofecoxib group with the placebo group (95 percent confidence interval, 1.50 to 18.83). The hazard ratios for edema and hypertension were lower than those for the combined end point of congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, or cardiac failure (Table 4Table 4
Incidence of Nonadjudicated Cardiovascular Adverse Events.), but the event curves showed an early separation similar to that for the combined end point (data not shown).During the trial, the rofecoxib group had mean (±SE) increases of 3.4±0.4 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure and 0.9±0.2 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure, as compared with respective changes of –0.5±0.3 mm Hg and –0.8±0.2 mm Hg in the placebo group (P<0.01 for the comparison between the two groups). Blood-pressure effects were seen by four weeks and remained relatively constant throughout the study. To investigate the relation between changes in blood pressure and confirmed thrombotic events, we categorized patients according to the change from baseline in mean arterial pressure at four weeks. The relative risks of a confirmed thrombotic event in the rofecoxib group, as compared with the placebo group, were broadly similar across quartile categories of the change in blood pressure (data not shown). The mean arterial pressure throughout the study, included as a time-varying covariate, did not materially modify the treatment effect (relative risk for the comparison of the rofecoxib group with the placebo group, 1.87; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.14 to 3.06).
Discussion
COX-2 inhibitors have been widely used as antiinflammatory and pain-relief agents and may hold promise as chemopreventive agents for a variety of epithelial cancers. In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, we found that long-term use of the COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. In post hoc analyses, the increased relative risk of adjudicated thrombotic events was first observed after approximately 18 months of treatment. The overall risk did not appear to be significantly influenced by baseline or subsequent use of low-dose aspirin. In addition, there was an increased frequency of investigator-reported events, such as hypertension, edema, and congestive heart failure, which occurred much earlier in the study.
Thromboxane A2, a major COX-1–mediated product of arachidonic acid metabolism, causes irreversible platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, and smooth-muscle proliferation, whereas prostacyclin is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, a vasodilator, and an inhibitor of smooth-muscle proliferation. COX-2 is the chief source of systemic prostacyclin synthesis,25 and COX-2 inhibitors may increase the cardiovascular risk by shifting the functional balance of these vasoactive eicosanoids toward the promotion of thrombosis or atherogenesis. COX-2 inhibition combined with thromboxane-receptor antagonism may also lead to the destabilization of atheromatous plaque.12 In addition, COX-2 plays a role in angiogenesis.1 How these pharmacologic observations relate to the clinical cardiovascular findings with COX-2 inhibition is unknown. It is also not clear whether the partial inhibition of COX-1 by various nonselective NSAIDs offsets any adverse cardiovascular effects of COX-2 inhibition, since this possibility has not been evaluated explicitly in trials.
The VIGOR study13 compared 50 mg of rofecoxib daily with 500 mg of naproxen twice daily in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and found rofecoxib to be associated with a higher incidence of myocardial infarction. It was unclear how much of the increase in risk was due to a deleterious effect of high-dose rofecoxib, a protective effect of naproxen, chance, or a combination of these factors.26 A recent meta-analysis21 suggested that the magnitude of any cardioprotective effect of naproxen is unlikely to account entirely for these findings.
In aggregate, previous randomized, controlled trials comparing rofecoxib with placebo or conventional NSAIDs other than naproxen have not demonstrated an increased cardiovascular risk associated with rofecoxib use. Analysis of a database including 5435 patients with osteoarthritis in eight double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2B or phase 3 trials reported similar rates of thrombotic cardiovascular adverse events with rofecoxib, placebo, and various nonselective NSAIDs.5 A pooled analysis of data from more than 28,000 patients with various diseases (representing more than 14,000 patient-years at risk) from 23 previous trials of rofecoxib (phase 2B through phase 5), including patients from the VIGOR trial, also did not demonstrate a significant increase in cardiovascular risk for rofecoxib as compared with placebo or NSAIDs other than naproxen.4 This analysis used the APTC end point we evaluated. An updated analysis that included data from various placebo-controlled studies investigating rofecoxib for the treatment or prevention of Alzheimer's disease did not demonstrate an excess of cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib therapy.5 A recent meta-analysis comparing cardiovascular risk in trials that included various doses of rofecoxib suggested an increased relative risk among patients taking rofecoxib, as compared with those taking naproxen, but not placebo.22 Differences between our results and these earlier clinical-trial data may be related to differences in defined end points or the duration of treatment, a possibility supported by the apparent absence of a difference in adjudicated thrombotic events during the first 18 months of our study.
Observational studies have provided conflicting data on the cardiovascular safety of rofecoxib. A Canadian retrospective cohort study did not demonstrate an increased risk of myocardial infarction among new users of rofecoxib as compared with control subjects,18 but a case–control study of patients 65 years of age or older suggested a dose-dependent elevation in the relative risk of acute myocardial infarction with rofecoxib therapy.7 Unlike the findings in the current study, this risk was elevated during the first 90 days of use, but not thereafter. A retrospective cohort study that assessed the occurrence of serious coronary heart disease among NSAID users19 showed an elevated cardiovascular risk associated with the use of high-dose rofecoxib, but no increased risk with the use of doses of 25 mg or less.
In our randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we found an increased risk of confirmed thrombotic events associated with the long-term use of rofecoxib. The increase in adjudicated thrombotic events associated with rofecoxib therapy was not evident during the first 18 months of the trial. Other investigator-reported cardiovascular events known to be associated with NSAID use, such as congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema, although less well defined, occurred earlier (at approximately five months) and at a higher rate among patients taking rofecoxib than among those taking placebo.
Patients in the rofecoxib group had increases in systemic arterial pressure during the trial, a finding that is consistent with the previously reported renovascular effects of NSAIDs. These changes in blood pressure were observed early in the study, along with investigator-reported edema and congestive heart failure. Mean arterial pressure did not appear to have a significant association with confirmed thrombotic events, however, according to an assessment of changes from baseline to four weeks and an analysis that included mean arterial pressure as a time-varying covariate in a model of treatment effects. On the basis of these findings, it is unlikely that changes in blood pressure were the explanation for the excess cardiovascular risk in our study. However, hemodynamic changes could have contributed to a degree that is difficult to determine from the available data.
It is unclear whether the results seen with rofecoxib represent a general effect of COX-2 inhibitors or a specific effect of rofecoxib. A recent case–control study27 suggested that the odds of nonfatal myocardial infarction differ between patients who take rofecoxib and those who take celecoxib, and a nested case–control study20 also suggested that there are differences in the risk of serious coronary heart disease between the two agents. Elsewhere in this issue of the Journal, Nussmeier et al. report that patients who received parecoxib and valdecoxib for pain in the first 10 days after coronary-artery bypass grafting had an increased risk of cardiovascular events during 30 days of follow-up.28 Also in this issue, Solomon et al. report that an ongoing safety review of the Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib Trial revealed that the risk of fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular events was increased by a factor of 2.3 among patients who were randomly assigned to receive celecoxib, as compared with those who were assigned to receive placebo,29 leading the National Cancer Institute to suspend the trial. The possibility that conventional NSAIDs may have similar effects also has to be considered. Possible cardiovascular effects will need to be taken into account in an assessment of the potential ability of any of these drugs to prevent neoplasia in the large bowel and other organs.
Funded by Merck Research Laboratories.
Drs. Bresalier, Sandler, Riddell, Morton, Lanas, and Baron report having received consulting fees from Merck Research Laboratories. Dr. Baron also reports having served as an unpaid consultant to Bayer. Dr. Konstam reports having received consulting fees from Merck. Mr. Bolognese and Drs. Quan, Oxenius, Horgan, and Lines are employees of Merck, and Drs. Quan, Oxenius, Horgan, and Lines and Mr. Bolognese own equity in the company.
This article was published at www.nejm.org on February 15, 2005.
Source Information
From the Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine and Nutrition, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.S.B.); the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (R.S.S.); Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pa. (H.Q., J.A. Bolognese, B.O., K.H., C.L.); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (R.R.); the Department of Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.M.); the Department of Medicine, Clinic University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain (A.L.); the Department of Medicine, Tufts–New England Medical Center, Boston (M.A.K.); and the Departments of Medicine and Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, N.H. (J.A. Baron).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Bresalier at the Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine and Nutrition, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030-4009, or at rbresali@mdanderson.org.
The members of the APPROVe Trial are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
The following persons and institutions participated in the APPROVe Trial: Steering Committee — J.A. Baron (chair), R.S. Bresalier, R.S. Sandler, R. Riddell, D. Morton, A. Lanas, B. Oxenius (nonvoting member), J.A. Bolognese (nonvoting member), K. Horgan (nonvoting member); External Safety Monitoring Board — J. Neaton (chair), M.A. Konstam, D. Bjorkman, R. Logan, H. Quan (nonvoting member); Adjudication Committees — Cardiology: L.S. Dreifus, G. Vetrovec, B. Chaitman; Neurology: H. Adams, J.P. Mohr, J. Zivin; Peripheral Vascular: J. Ginsberg, C. Kearon, T. Rooke; Gastrointestinal: M. Griffin, M. Langman, D. Jensen; Investigators — M. Aguilar, Clinica Aguilar Bonilla, San Jose, Costa Rica; P. Angus, Austin & Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Australia; N. Arber, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv; J.M.P. Badia, Hospital Clinic I Provincial, Barcelona, Spain; R.D. Baerg, Tacoma Digestive Disease Center, Tacoma, Wash.; H. Baistrocchi, Unidad de Aparato Digestivo Julio Dante Baistrocchi, Cordoba, Argentina; M.L. Barclay, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand; C. Beglinger, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; G. Bianchi-Porro, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, Milan; T. Bolin, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia; R.M. Bostick, Palmetto Health South Carolina Cancer Center, Columbia; R.S. Bresalier, A.A. Dekovich, T. Ben-Menachem, S.K. Batra, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; E. Bruun, J. Christiansen, Amtssygehuset i Herlev, Herlev, Denmark; C. Burke, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; E. Butruk, Akademia Medyczna w Warszawie, Warsaw; L. Capurso, Azienda Ospedaliera San Filippo, Rome; J.P. Cello, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco; S. Chaussade, Hospital Cochin Saint-Jacques, Paris; D.P. Cleland, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal; G. Costamagna, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; P. Crone, Kobenhavns Amtssygehus i Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark; E.V. Cutsem, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen, Leuven, Belgium; G.R. D'Haens, Imeldaziekenhuis, Bon Heiden, Belgium; W. Dekker, J. Ferwerda, Kennemer Gasthuis, Haarlem, the Netherlands; E. Dominguez-Munoz, Hospital de Conxo, La Coruna, Spain; D.S. Eskreis, R.E. Tepper, Long Island Clinical Research Associates, Great Neck, N.Y.; R. Estela, Hospital Clinico San Borja-Arriaran, Santiago, Chile; M. Färkkilä, University Central Hospital, Helsinki; G.M. Fugarolas, J.F. deDios, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain; A. Giacosa, Instituto Nazionale Per La Ricerca Sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy; M.J. Goldstein, Long Island Gastro Intestinal Research Group, Great Neck, N.Y.; F. Gomollon-Garcia, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain; P. Gandrup, Aalborg Syenhus, Aalborg, Denmark; A. Habr-Gama, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo; M. Haque, S. Parry, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; R. Hardi, Metropolitan Gastroenterology Group, Chevy Chase, Md.; W. Harford, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas; S.M. Harris, N.B. Vakil, Aurora Sinai Medical Center, Milwaukee; P.R. Holt, D.P. Kotler, Saint Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital, New York; P.A. Holt, Endoscopic Microsurgery Associates, Towson, Md.; R.W. Hultcrantz, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset-Solna, Stockholm; S.H. Itzkowitz, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York; R.F. Jacoby, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison; K.E.J. Jensen, Centralsygehuset Esbjerg Varde, Esbjerb, Denmark; J.F. Johanson, Rockford Gastroenterology Associates, Rockford, Ill.; P.W. Jørgensen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen; K.E. Kim, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago; P. Knoflach, AKH Barmherzige, Schwestern vom heiligen Kreuz, Wels, Austria; M. Koch, Capital Gastroenterology Consultants, Silver Spring, Md.; B. Koch, St. Vincenz Krankenhaus, Datteln, Germany; A. Lanas, University Clinical Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain; M.R. Lane, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; T.R. Liebermann, Radiant Research, Austin, Tex.; M. Lukas, Univerzita Karlova, Prague; C.M. Schmitt, Southern Clinical Research, Chattanooga, Tenn.; F. Macrae, Cabrini Hospital, Malvern, Australia; E.E. Maiza, Hospital Jose Joaquin Aguirre, Santiago, Chile; N.E. Marcon, Toronto; R.D. Marks, Alabama Digestive Research Center, Alabaster; C.E. Martinez, Hospital Militar Central, Bogota, Colombia; R. McLeod, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto; K.R. McQuaid, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco; G. Minoli, Ospedale Valduce Reparto, Como, Italy; M. Montoro, Hospital San Jorge, Huesca, Spain; A. Montoya, Clinica Shaio, Bogota, Colombia; G. Morelli, Optimum Clinical Research, Montreal; D.G. Morton, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; T.J. Myrhoj, J.R. Andersen, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark; A. Nakad, Hospital Notre Dame, Tournai, Belgium; V. Narayen, Gastrointestinal Diagnostic Center, Baltimore; Y. Niv, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; P.M. Pardoll, S. Scheinert, Center for Digestive Diseases, St. Petersburg, Fla.; C. Phino, J.M. Soares, Celestial Ordem Terceira da Santissima, Porto, Portugal; I. Pokorny, Prerov, Czech Republic; J. Ponce-Garcia, Hospital Universitari La Fe Valencia, Valencia, Spain; T. Ponchon, Hospital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France; J.H. Pressman, San Diego Digestive Disease Consultants, San Diego, Calif.; V. Prochazka, Fakultni Nemocnice Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; J.M. Provenza, Louisiana Research Center, Shreveport; W.S. Putnam, Seattle Gastroenterology Associates, Seattle; E. Quintero-Carrion, Hospital Universitario De Canarias Tenerife, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; J.P. Raufman, V. Raj, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock; D.K. Rex, Indiana University Hospital, Indianapolis; F.P. Rossini, M. Spandre, Azienda Sanitaria Ospedaliera, Turin, Italy; R.I. Rothstein, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, N.H.; A.K. Rustgi, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; R. Sandler, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; B. Schmeizer, Sunninghill Clinic, Sandton, South Africa; R.E. Schoen, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh; T.T. Schubert, Allenmore Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash.; H.I. Schwartz, Miami Research Associates, Miami; E. Segal, Hospital General de Agudos Carlos G. Durand, Buenos Aires; F. Seow-Choen, K.W. Eu, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; N.R. Shah, Philip J. Bean Medical Center, Hollywood, Md.; N. Skandalis, Peripheral General Hospital, Athens; P.L. Szego, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal; N. Toribara, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver; J. Torosis, Gastrointestinal Research, Redwood City, Calif.; D.K. Turgeon, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; S.W. Van der Merwe, Pretoria, South Africa; R. VanStolk, C.W. Howden, Northwestern University, Chicago; P. Vergauwe, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge, Kortrijk, Belgium; B. Vergeau, C. 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