Original Article
Comparison of Warfarin and Aspirin for Symptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis
N Engl J Med 2005; 352:1305-1316March 31, 2005
- Abstract
Background
Atherosclerotic intracranial arterial stenosis is an important cause of stroke. Warfarin is commonly used in preference to aspirin for this disorder, but these therapies have not been compared in a randomized trial.
Methods
We randomly assigned patients with transient ischemic attack or stroke caused by angiographically verified 50 to 99 percent stenosis of a major intracranial artery to receive warfarin (target international normalized ratio, 2.0 to 3.0) or aspirin (1300 mg per day) in a double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. The primary end point was ischemic stroke, brain hemorrhage, or death from vascular causes other than stroke.
Results
After 569 patients had undergone randomization, enrollment was stopped because of concerns about the safety of the patients who had been assigned to receive warfarin. During a mean follow-up period of 1.8 years, adverse events in the two groups included death (4.3 percent in the aspirin group vs. 9.7 percent in the warfarin group; hazard ratio for aspirin relative to warfarin, 0.46; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.23 to 0.90; P=0.02), major hemorrhage (3.2 percent vs. 8.3 percent, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.39; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.84; P=0.01), and myocardial infarction or sudden death (2.9 percent vs. 7.3 percent, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.40; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.91; P=0.02). The rate of death from vascular causes was 3.2 percent in the aspirin group and 5.9 percent in the warfarin group (P=0.16); the rate of death from nonvascular causes was 1.1 percent and 3.8 percent, respectively (P=0.05). The primary end point occurred in 22.1 percent of the patients in the aspirin group and 21.8 percent of those in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.73 to 1.48; P=0.83).
Conclusions
Warfarin was associated with significantly higher rates of adverse events and provided no benefit over aspirin in this trial. Aspirin should be used in preference to warfarin for patients with intracranial arterial stenosis.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Patient Enrollment and Follow-up.Figure 2
Cumulative Incidence of the Primary End Point after Randomization, According to Treatment Assignment.Article Activity
- Article
Atherosclerotic stenosis of the major intracranial arteries is an important cause of stroke, especially in blacks, Asians, and Hispanics.1-3 Of the 900,000 strokes or transient ischemic attacks that occur each year in the United States,4,5 approximately 70,000 to 90,000 are caused by intracranial arterial stenosis.3 The risk of recurrent stroke in these patients may be as high as 15 percent per year.6,7
Despite their high risk of stroke, there are no prospective studies comparing antithrombotic therapies in these patients. Anticoagulation was first used to treat intracranial arterial stenosis in 1955,8 and subsequent, retrospective studies suggested that warfarin may be more effective than aspirin.6,7,9 On the other hand, a more recent trial that compared aspirin with warfarin in patients with noncardioembolic stroke (most of whom had lacunar infarct) showed similar rates of recurrent stroke with the two treatments.10
Uncertainty about optimal antithrombotic therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis is illustrated by a recent survey showing that neurologists in the United States are evenly divided between those who prefer warfarin therapy and those who prefer antiplatelet therapy for this disease.11 Given the importance of intracranial stenosis as a cause of stroke and the lack of evidence supporting a clear choice for treatment,12 we conducted a clinical trial to compare aspirin with warfarin in patients with this disorder.
Methods
Study Design and Patient Eligibility
Details of the study design have been published previously.13,14 The study was an investigator-initiated, randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial conducted at 59 sites in North America. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) sponsored the study. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board at each site, and all patients gave written informed consent for participation. Patients who did not undergo angiography as part of routine care gave written informed consent for angiography as part of the study protocol. The operations committee was responsible for the design of the study, oversight of data collection, and data analysis. The steering committee was responsible for writing the manuscript.
Patients were enrolled between February 1999 and July 2003. Inclusion criteria included transient ischemic attack or nondisabling stroke that occurred within 90 days before randomization and that was attributable to angiographically verified 50 to 99 percent stenosis of a major intracranial artery (carotid, middle cerebral, vertebral, or basilar), a modified Rankin score of 3 or less (indicating a nondisabling stroke), and an age of at least 40 years. Exclusion criteria included tandem 50 to 99 percent stenosis of the extracranial carotid artery, nonatherosclerotic stenosis of an intracranial artery, a cardiac source of embolism (e.g., atrial fibrillation), a contraindication to aspirin or warfarin therapy, an indication for heparin administration after randomization, and a coexisting condition that limited survival to less than five years.
Randomization and Study Medications
Treatment assignments were stratified according to study site and were generated at the statistical coordinating center with the use of a pseudo–random-number generator with randomly permuted blocks. Patients were given two vials of medications, one marked “warfarin/placebo” and the other marked “aspirin/placebo.” One vial contained active medication and the other contained placebo. The initially prescribed dose of warfarin (or its placebo) was 5 mg daily, and that of enteric-coated aspirin (or its placebo) was 650 mg twice daily. The dose of aspirin or its placebo could be lowered (minimum dose, 325 mg per day) if side effects, such as dyspepsia, developed.
At each site, there was a team blinded and one investigator not blinded to the study-group assignments. All patients underwent a blood test at least monthly to determine the international normalized ratio (INR); blood samples were sent overnight to the Quest Diagnostics Clinical Trials laboratory (Van Nuys, Calif.), where the sample was processed and the INR calculated. The result was then faxed to the nonblinded investigator, who made protocol-specified adjustments in the dose of active warfarin according to the INR (target range, 2.0 to 3.0) or the dose of placebo warfarin according to a predetermined dose-adjustment schedule based on real anticoagulation data.
Follow-up and Assessment of End Points
Patients were contacted monthly to determine whether any events had occurred. Every four months, patients were examined by a blinded neurologist who also managed the patient's vascular risk factors in association with the patient's primary physician. If a stroke was suspected, patients underwent brain computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
The components of the primary end point (ischemic stroke, brain hemorrhage, or death from vascular causes other than stroke) were adjudicated by independent panels of neurologists and cardiologists who were unaware of the patients' study-group assignments. Ischemic stroke was defined as a new focal neurologic deficit of sudden onset that lasted at least 24 hours and that was not associated with a hemorrhage on brain CT scanning or MRI. Brain hemorrhage was defined as evidence of parenchymal blood on CT scanning or MRI. Death from vascular causes other than stroke was defined as sudden death or death within 30 days after a myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, rupture of an aortic aneurysm, acute ischemia of a limb or internal organ, subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage, or major systemic hemorrhage. Major hemorrhage was defined as any intracranial hemorrhage or systemic hemorrhage requiring hospitalization, blood transfusion, or surgery.
All patients were to be followed until any single component of the primary end point or death occurred or a common termination date (expected to be 17 months after the last patient was enrolled) was reached. The mean follow-up period was planned to be 36 months (range, 17 to 53).
Statistical Analysis
On the basis of previous studies,6,7,15 we proposed that the rates of the primary end point (ischemic stroke, brain hemorrhage, or death from vascular causes other than stroke) would be 33 percent over a three-year period with aspirin, as compared with 22 percent over a three-year period with warfarin. Given this effect size, a probability of a type I error of 0.05, a power of 0.80, a 24 percent rate of discontinuation of study medications, and 1 percent loss to follow-up, the required sample size based on a two-sided log-rank test was 403 patients per group.
The cumulative probability of an outcome over time was estimated by analyzing cumulative incidence, in which causes of death that were not part of the outcome were treated as competing risks.16 To estimate the probability of death from any cause over time, the product-limit method was used, and events other than death were censored. Data pertaining to patients lost to follow-up were censored on the last contact date. The two treatment groups were compared with the use of a log-rank test. A hazard ratio (for aspirin relative to warfarin) was calculated with the use of a Cox proportional-hazards regression model. Baseline features of the two groups were compared with the use of an independent group t-test (for means) or chi-square test (for percentages). All analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis, unless specified otherwise. All reported P values are two-sided, without adjustment for multiple testing; P values of 0.05 or less were considered statistically significant.
Performance and Safety Monitoring
A performance and safety monitoring committee appointed by NINDS met every six months to review the progress of the study and accumulated data. Early in the trial, three interim efficacy analyses of the primary end point — when approximately 25 percent, 50 percent, and 75 percent of the required end points had occurred — were planned.13,17 There were no prespecified stopping rules for safety. On the unanimous recommendation of the monitoring committee, NINDS stopped enrollment in the trial on July 18, 2003, because of concerns about the safety of patients assigned to warfarin. Patients were seen for close-out visits by September 1, 2003, and events occurring up to the time of the close-out visit were included in the analyses.
Results
Baseline Characteristics, Follow-up, and Compliance with Treatment Goals
A total of 569 patients had been randomly assigned to a study group when enrollment in the trial was stopped (Figure 1Figure 1
Patient Enrollment and Follow-up.). None of the baseline characteristics differed significantly between the two treatment groups (Table 1Table 1
Baseline Characteristics of the Patients.). Multiple logistic-regression models did not identify any subset of baseline characteristics that was significantly different between the two groups.The mean duration of follow-up was 1.8 years. Thirteen patients (2.3 percent) were lost to follow-up (six) or withdrew consent (seven) an average of six months after enrollment (Figure 1). Study medications were permanently discontinued in 128 patients (22.5 percent) after an average period of 0.9 year, with a significantly higher rate of discontinuation among patients assigned to warfarin (28.4 percent) than among those assigned to aspirin (16.4 percent) (P<0.001).
During the maintenance phase of anticoagulation (i.e., the follow-up period after an INR of ≥2.0 was first achieved), the mean INR was 2.5. The percentages of maintenance time that patients spent at the prespecified INR ranges were as follows: 22.7 percent at an INR of less than 2.0, 63.1 percent at an INR of 2.0 to 3.0, 12.9 percent at an INR of 3.1 to 4.4, and 1.2 percent at an INR of 4.5 or greater. Among the patients randomly assigned to receive aspirin, the percentage of follow-up time at a dose of 1300 mg per day was 93.7 percent.
Outcomes
Efficacy
The primary end point occurred in 22.1 percent of the patients in the aspirin group and 21.8 percent of those in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.73 to 1.48; P=0.83) (Table 2Table 2
Primary and Secondary End Points. and Figure 2Figure 2Cumulative Incidence of the Primary End Point after Randomization, According to Treatment Assignment.). An on-treatment analysis, in which data from patients who permanently stopped taking their study medications were censored at the time of withdrawal, showed virtually the same result (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.72 to 1.50; P=0.83). Prespecified secondary end points included ischemic stroke in any vascular territory; ischemic stroke in the territory of the stenotic intracranial artery; and a composite of ischemic stroke, death from vascular causes other than stroke, or nonfatal myocardial infarction. There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups in the rates of any of these end points (Table 2). A major cardiac event (myocardial infarction or sudden death), which was not a prespecified secondary end point, occurred significantly more frequently in the warfarin group than in the aspirin group (rate, 2.9 percent in the aspirin group vs. 7.3 percent in the warfarin group; hazard ratio, 0.40; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.91; P=0.02).Adverse Events
The rate of death was significantly higher among patients assigned to warfarin (4.3 percent in the aspirin group vs. 9.7 percent in the warfarin group; hazard ratio, 0.46; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.23 to 0.90; P=0.02) (Table 3Table 3
Adverse Events. and Figure 3AFigure 3
The Product-Limit Estimate of the Cumulative Probability of Death (Panel A) and the Cumulative Incidence of Major Hemorrhage (Panel B) after Randomization, According to Treatment Assignment.). Patients assigned to warfarin had higher rates of death from vascular causes and from nonvascular causes, although only the latter reached statistical significance (P=0.05) (Table 3).Major hemorrhages occurred significantly more often among patients assigned to warfarin (3.2 percent in the aspirin group vs. 8.3 percent in the warfarin group; hazard ratio, 0.39; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.84; P=0.01) (Table 3 and Figure 3B). Of the 147 patients enrolled who underwent angiography as part of the study protocol, none had a stroke related to angiography. (The other 422 study patients had undergone angiography as part of routine care before enrollment in the trial.)
Relationship of INR Values to Ischemic Stroke, Major Cardiac Events, and Major Hemorrhages
A post hoc on-treatment analysis of patients assigned to warfarin was performed to determine whether INRs below or above the target range were associated with an increased risk of ischemic or hemorrhagic events. INR-specific rates of these events were calculated on the basis of the INR closest to the date of the event, whether it was obtained before or as many as two days after the event (Table 4Table 4
Post Hoc Analysis of On-Treatment, INR-Specific Rates of Major Hemorrhage, Ischemic Stroke, and Major Cardiac Events among Patients Randomly Assigned to Receive Warfarin.).19 INRs of less than 2.0 were associated with a significantly higher risk of ischemic stroke (P<0.001 by the exact test comparing Poisson means) and major cardiac events (P<0.001) than INRs of 2.0 or greater, whereas INRs greater than 3.0 were associated with a significantly higher risk of major hemorrhages (P<0.001) than INRs of 3.0 or less.Discussion
The common practice of administering warfarin rather than aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis is not supported by the results of this trial. Warfarin was associated with significantly higher rates of death and major hemorrhage and provided no advantage over aspirin in the prevention of ischemic stroke, brain hemorrhage, or death from vascular causes other than stroke. The rate of death from any cause was significantly higher in the warfarin group than in the aspirin group (P=0.02). Although the rates of death from vascular and nonvascular causes were higher in the warfarin group, only death from nonvascular causes reached statistical significance. The reason for the excess mortality from nonvascular causes (cancer, in most instances) in the warfarin group is unclear. It is not explained by the potential ability of aspirin to prevent colon cancer,20 since none of the deaths in the warfarin group were from that disease. The low number of deaths from nonvascular causes in the trial (14 altogether) and the fact that warfarin has not been associated with an increased risk of death from nonvascular causes in previous anticoagulation trials raise the possibility that this finding was a chance occurrence.
The rate of major systemic hemorrhage during warfarin therapy was higher than projected on the basis of previous trials (observed rate, 4.6 per 100 patient-years, vs. a projected rate of less than 2 per 100 patient-years21), yet the rate of brain hemorrhage was lower than projected (observed rate, 0.4 per 100 patient-years, vs. a projected rate of 0.7 per 100 patient-years15). It is unlikely that these findings can be accounted for by the high burden of hypertension and other vascular risk factors in this population, since this characteristic does not explain why the risk of systemic hemorrhage was selectively increased. One possible explanation is that the definition of major systemic hemorrhage in this trial was broader than that in other stroke trials.10,22 In this trial, major systemic hemorrhage was defined as hemorrhage necessitating hospitalization, transfusion, or surgery, whereas other trials' definitions required transfusion,10,22 surgery,22 or bleeding that resulted in permanent impairment.22 If these more restrictive definitions10 had been used in this trial, the rates of major hemorrhage in both treatments groups would have been lower (1.2 per 100 patient-years in the aspirin group and 3.1 per 100 patient-years in the warfarin group), but the rate with warfarin would have remained significantly higher (P=0.04).
The rate of myocardial infarction or sudden death was also significantly higher with warfarin than with aspirin in this trial. This finding differs from the results of two recent trials comparing warfarin (target INR, 2.0 to 3.0) with low-dose aspirin (80 to 160 mg per day) in patients with acute coronary events; one trial showed that warfarin was more effective in preventing myocardial infarction,23 and the other showed that it was equally effective.24 These contrasting results are difficult to explain but may be related to the higher dose of aspirin used in this trial (1300 mg per day). This dose was chosen in part because higher doses of aspirin decrease platelet resistance,25,26 diminish shear-induced platelet aggregation,27 and may decrease the inflammatory component of atherothrombosis.28,29
Although a post hoc on-treatment analysis of the patients assigned to warfarin showed that ischemic stroke, major cardiac events, and major hemorrhages were less likely to occur when the INR was at least 2.0 but not more than 3.0, this narrow therapeutic range is difficult to achieve in clinical practice. INRs were within the target range for 63.1 percent of the maintenance period — a finding that is similar to the percentages observed in other anticoagulation trials, and one that exceeds the percentage typically achieved when patients are treated by their personal physicians.30 Although it is possible that a protocol requiring more frequent INR tests could have achieved a higher percentage of time within the therapeutic range, patients' compliance with such a protocol and blinding of the trial would have been challenging. As other methods become available to improve the ability to maintain INRs within the therapeutic range (e.g., home monitoring30) and as new anticoagulant drugs that do not require intensive monitoring are developed, a subsequent trial may be warranted to determine whether therapeutic anticoagulation has a role in the treatment of intracranial stenosis.
The burden of vascular risk factors in patients in this trial exceeds that observed in most other stroke-prevention trials.10,22,31-35 Moreover, the rates of ischemic stroke in this trial were substantially higher than in other trials of the secondary prevention of stroke in which aspirin or warfarin was evaluated. The two-year rates of ischemic stroke in this trial were 19.7 percent in the aspirin group and 17.2 percent in the warfarin group, as compared with 8 to 12 percent with aspirin10,31,35,36 and 8 to 14 percent with warfarin10,34,35 in trials of patients with other causes of stroke. These data indicate that intracranial stenosis is a high-risk disease for which alternative therapies are needed. Other options include aggressive management of risk factors, alternative antiplatelet regimens,37 and intracranial angioplasty or stenting.38,39 As yet, none of these treatments have been evaluated in a controlled clinical trial in patients with intracranial stenosis.
The results of this trial have important implications for clinical practice. First, aspirin, rather than warfarin, should be used to treat intracranial arterial stenosis. Although the optimal dose of aspirin for stroke prevention is uncertain, the only reliable outcome data in patients with intracranial stenosis are those pertaining to the dose used in this study: 1300 mg per day. Using aspirin rather than warfarin in these patients will substantially lower the risk of major hemorrhage and eliminate the inconvenience of using warfarin. In addition, considerable savings can be achieved by avoiding the costs of warfarin, INR testing, and treatment of warfarin-associated hemorrhages.40 Second, the role of vascular imaging (magnetic resonance angiography, transcranial Doppler ultrasound, CT angiography, or catheter angiography) of the intracranial vessels as part of the initial evaluation of patients with transient ischemic attack or stroke needs to be reevaluated. Until therapy that is more effective than aspirin in combination with risk-factor management emerges, it could be argued that imaging of the intracranial vessels is unnecessary. On the other hand, identification of patients with intracranial stenosis has important prognostic implications, may influence treatment decisions (such as those regarding high-dose aspirin and aggressive risk-factor management), and may ultimately lead to more effective therapies for this high-risk disease.
Supported by a grant (R01 NS36643, to Dr. Chimowitz) from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health. In addition, the following General Clinical Research centers, funded by the National Institutes of Health, provided local support for the evaluation of patients in the trial: Emory University (M01 RR00039), Case Western University, MetroHealth Medical Center (5M01 RR00080), San Francisco General Hospital (M01 RR00083-42), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (M01 RR000052), Indiana University School of Medicine (5M01 RR000750-32), Cedars–Sinai Hospital (M01 RR00425), and the University of Maryland (M01 RR165001). Bristol-Myers Squibb (after the incorporation of DuPont Pharma) supplied the warfarin (Coumadin) and placebo warfarin tablets, and Bayer supplied the aspirin and placebo aspirin tablets for the trial; neither of these companies supplied direct funding for the trial.
Dr. Chimowitz reports having been paid fees by the Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals Partnership, AstraZeneca, and the Sankyo/Lilly partnership for consulting on antithrombotic agents that were not evaluated in this trial and by Guidant for consulting on a medical device (an intracranial stent) that was not evaluated in this trial. Dr. Stern reports having been paid fees by the Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals Partnership. Dr. Frankel reports having received lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and Sanofi Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Levine reports having received grant support from Ono Pharmaceuticals and the Gaisman Frontiers of Biomedical Sciences; he also reports having received consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Medlink, Medscape, and the Discovery Institute of Medical Education and lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and Inspire with regard to issues unrelated to this study. Dr. Chaturvedi reports having received grant support from Boehringer Ingelheim and having been paid lecture fees by Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr. Kasner reports having received grant support from Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Ono Pharmaceuticals, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and NMT Medical; consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Ono Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Bristol-Myers Squibb, NMT Medical, Wyeth, and Novartis; and lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, and Wyeth. Dr. Benesch reports having received grant support from Ono Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Sila reports having received lecture fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb. Dr. Romano reports having received lecture fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Boehringer Ingelheim and being on the scientific advisory board for NovaVision, which does not make products evaluated in this trial.
We are indebted to the patients who participated in this study; to H.J.M. Barnett, M.D., and R.G. Hart, M.D., for their advice and support beginning in 1995, when the study was initially planned; and to B. Tilley, Ph.D., for advice on statistical issues.
Source Information
From the Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (M.I.C., H.H.-S., B.J.S., M.R.F.), and the Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health (M.J.L., V.S.H.), Emory University, Atlanta; the Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (S.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); the Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (S.E.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, N.Y. (C.G.B.); the Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland (C.A.S.); the Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami Medical School, Miami (J.G.R.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Chimowitz at the Department of Neurology, Emory Clinic, 4th Fl., Clinic A Bldg., 1365 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, or at mchimow@emory.edu.
The Warfarin–Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) Trial Investigators are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
Administrative Structure and Participants: Operations Committee — M. Chimowitz, M. Lynn, H. Howlett-Smith, B. Stern, V. Hertzberg, G. Cotsonis (Emory University). Clinical Coordinating Center — M. Chimowitz, H. Howlett-Smith, A. Calcaterra, N. Yarab, B. Stern (Department of Neurology, Emory University). Statistical Coordinating Center — M. Lynn, V. Hertzberg, G. Cotsonis, S. Swanson, T. Tutu-Gxashe, N. Freret, L. Lu, A. Kosinski, P. Griffin (Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University). Pharmacy Coordinating Center — C. Chester, W. Asbury, S. Rogers (Pharmacy Department, Emory University Hospital). Steering Committee — M. Chimowitz, M. Lynn, H. Howlett-Smith, B. Stern, V. Hertzberg, M. Frankel, S. Levine, S. Chaturvedi, S. Kasner, C. Benesch, C. Sila, T. Jovin, J. Romano. Scientific Advisory Committee — H. Barnett, D. Easton, A. Fox, A. Furlan, P. Gorelick, R. Hart, H. Meldrum, D. Sherman. Central Neuroradiologists — H. Cloft, P. Hudgins, F. Tong. Neurology Adjudication Committee — L. Caplan, D. Anderson, V. Miller. Cardiology End Point Committee — L. Sperling, W. Weintraub, J. Marshall, S. Manoukian. Statistical Consultant — B. Tilley. Anticoagulation Consultant — J. Ansell. Internal Safety Monitor — K. Smith. Internal Clinical Event Monitor — J. Khan. National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Liaison — B. Radziszewska, J. Marler. Performance and Safety Monitoring Committee — W. Powers, J. Thompson, R. Simon, L. Brass, K. Furie, M. Walker. Clinical Sites (listed in descending order of enrollment): Emory University — M. Chimowitz, B. Stern, M. Frankel, O. Samuels, H. Howlett-Smith, N. Yarab, J. Braimah, S. Sailor-Smith, B. Asbury, C. Chester. Wayne State University — S. Chaturvedi, S. Levine, R. Van Stavern, D. Wiseman, J. Andersen, A. Sampson-Haggood. University of Pennsylvania — S. Kasner, J. Luciano, D. Liebeskind, B. Cucchiara, J. Chalela, M. McGarvey, K. Douglas, K. Rockwell, Jr., S. Messe, J. Clarke. University of Rochester — C. Benesch, S. Burgin, J. Zentner, S. Bean, D. Cole. Cleveland Clinic Foundation — C. Sila, N. Rudd, L. Bragg, M. Horvat, D. Krieger, I. Katzan, A. Furlan, A. Abou-Chebl, D. Davis, J. Rose, J. Petrich, G. Mazzoli, L. Strozniak. University of Pittsburgh — L. Wechsler, J. Gebel, S. Goldstein, T. Jovin, S. DeCesare, B. Harbison, R. Bernstein. University of Miami — J. Romano, A. Forteza, N. Campo, M. Concha, S. Koch, A. Ferreira. University of California, San Diego/San Diego VA Medical Center — P. Lyden, C. Jackson, B. Meyer, T. Hemmen, L. Al-Khoury, Y. Cheng, S. Olson, N. Kelly, J. Werner, T. McClean, J. Gonzales, C. Adams, L. Rodriguez. MetroHealth Medical Center — J. Hanna, M. Winkelman, A. Liskay, M. Schella, N. Lewayne, L. Gullion, N. Thakore. University of California, San Francisco/San Francisco General Hospital — C. Hemphill, W. Smith, M. Farrant, L. Hewlett, S. Fields. Vancouver General Hospital — A. Woolfenden, P. Teal, C. Johnston, D. Synnot, J. Busser. Johns Hopkins Medical Center — R. Wityk, E. Aldrich, R. Llinas, K. Lane, S. Rice, J. Alt, L. White, T. Traill. St. Louis University — S. Cruz-Flores, J. Selhorst, E. Leira, E. Holzemer, J. Armbruster, H. Walden, T. Olsen. Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine — D. Tong, M. Garcia, S. Kemp, H. Shen, M. Hamilton. Buffalo General Hospital — R. Chan, P. Pullicino, S. Harrington, K. Wrest, L. Hopkins, K. Crone, S. Seyse, A. Rubino. University of South Alabama — R. Zweifler, J. Mendizabal, M. Parnell, D. Alday, R. Yunker, E. Umana, T. Neal, J. Adkins, M.A. Mahmood, A. Malapira. Indiana University — A. Bruno, A. Sears, T. Pettigrew, J.D. Fleck, A.M. Lopez-Yunez, W.J. Jones. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas — H. Unwin, M. Johnson, D. Graybeal, M. Tinney, A. Redhead, J. Stanford, C. Croft, R. Lee. Neurological Institute of Savannah — E. LaFranchise, W. Widener, S. Reel, R. Maddox, D. Rice. University of Florida — S. Silliman, W. Ray, K. Ballew, D. Darracott, K. Robinson, K. Malcolm. Upstate Medical University — A. Culebras, M. Vertino, M. Dean, J. Ayers. Henry Ford Hospital — P. Mitsias, N. Papamitsakis, B. Silver, J. Reuther, P. Marchese, J. Hargrow, S. Kaatz, J. McCord. University of Virginia — K. Johnston, E. Haley, B. Nathan, M. Davis, K. Maupin, C. Grandinetti, A. Adams. Melbourne Internal Medicine Associates — B. Dandapani, W. Sunter, D. Mogle, N. Scallon-Andrews, R. Vicari. Long Island Jewish Medical Center — R. Libman, R. Benson, R. Bhatnagar, R. Gonzaga-Camfield, Y. Grant, T. Kwiatkowski, K. Alagappan. University of California, Los Angeles — J. Saver, C. Kidwell, D. Liebeskind, B. Ovbiagele, M. Tremwel, M. Leary, A. Rahiman, K. Ferguson, J. Llanes, F. Melamed. New England Medical Center — D. Thaler, T. Scandura, L. Douglass, M. Libenson. Maine Medical Center — J. Belden, D. Diconzo-Fanning, A. Carr, W. Allan. Mount Sinai Medical Center — S. Tuhrim, P. Wright, S. Augustine, J. Ali, J. Halperin, E. Rothlauf. Louisiana State University — R. Kelley, S. Jaffe, P. Jinkins, A. Pajeau, Y. Wang, S. Larson, A. Booth, M. Middlebrook. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center/VA West Los Angeles Healthcare Center — S.N. Cohen, T. Krauss, T. Jolly, L. Date, G. Abedi, M. Valmonte, L. Lee, A. Song, M. Wells. University of Texas — J. Grotta, M. Campbell, S. Shaw, R. Boudreaux, J. Hickey. Medical College of Georgia — F. Nichols, M. Sahm, A. Kutlar. Boston University — C. Kase, V. Babikian, N. Allen, H. Lau, J. Ansell, M. McDonough, M. Brophy, G. Barest. Evanston Hospital — R. Munson, D. Homer, T. McGinn, B. Small, A. Feinberg, B. Shim. Ohio State University — A. Slivka, Y. Mohammad, P. Notestine, L. Marcy. University of Arizona — R. Anderson, E. Labadie, D. Bruck, D. Rensvold, J. Devine, S. Kistler. Field Neuroscience Institute — F. Abbott, K. Gaines, K. Leedom, S. Beyer. Rochester General Hospital — J. Hollander, G. Honch, C. Weber, A. Sass, B. Porter, J. Lynch. St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center — J. Nasrallah, S. Azhar, E. Latwis-Viellette, A. Cameron. Oregon Stroke Center, Oregon Health and Science University — H. Lutsep, W. Clark, A. Vaishnav, M. Gaul, A. Doherty, S. Pasco, J. Brown. Rush–Presbyterian–St. Luke's Medical Center — M. Schneck, M. Sloan, K. Whited, D. Frame, G. Ruderman. Marshfield Clinic — P. Karanjia, E. St. Louis, L. Stephani, K. Mancl, K. Madden, C. Matti, M. Bachhuber, W. Thorne. Ochsner Clinic Foundation — R. Felberg, A. Cole, K. Fitzpatrick, K. Mckinley, S. Deitelzweig, C. Frisard. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center — C. Chaves, I. Linfante, C. Horkan, L. Barron, P. Ryan, D. Tarsey. University of Michigan — S. Hickenbottom, K. Maddox, A. Ahmed, H. Tamer. Scripps Clinic — M. Kalafut, J. Kampelman, M. Perlman, M. Lewis. University of Kentucky — C. Pettigrew, D. Taylor, H. Sabet, B. McIntosh. St. Thomas Medical Plaza West — C. Johnson, M. Kaminski, L. Hill, D. Pitts, A. Naftilan. Cleveland Clinic Florida — B. Dandapani, V. Salanga, R. Patino-Pauo, M. Piccarillo, M. Grove, R. Rosenthal. Harbin Clinic — M. Sloan, L. Shuler, S. Vaughan, B. Chacko. Medical College of Ohio — G. Tietjen, A. Korsnack, S. Scotton. Duke University — M. Alberts, L. Goldstein, G. Edwards, B. Thames. University of Mississippi — Y. Mohammad, C. Roach, T. Martin, J. King. Texas Tech University — D. Hurst, M. Tindall, K. Beasley, R. Sleeper. Williamson Medical Center — K. Gaines, C. Johnson, H. Kirshner, B. Sweeney, K. Haden, M. Abbatte, K. Gateley. Central Arkansas Veterans Health Care System — S. Nazarian, W. Metzer, E. Epperson, P. Sanders, B. Powell. University of California, Davis — P. Verro, N. Rudisill, A. Kelly-Messineo, J. Branch, L. Ramos. University of Maryland — M. Wozniak, S. Kittner, N. Zappala, S. Haines, A. Seitzman-Siegel.
- References
References
1
Wityk RJ ,Lehman D ,Klag M ,Coresh J ,Ahn H ,Litt B . Race and sex differences in the distribution of cerebral atherosclerosis. Stroke 1996;27:1974-1980
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Feldmann E ,Daneault N ,Kwan E , et al. Chinese-white differences in the distribution of occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Neurology 1990;40:1541-1545
Web of Science | Medline3
Sacco RL ,Kargman DE ,Gu Q ,Zamanillo MC . Race-ethnicity and determinants of intracranial atherosclerotic cerebral infarction: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke 1995;26:14-20
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Broderick J ,Brott T ,Kothari R , et al. The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study: preliminary first-ever and total incidence rates of stroke among blacks. Stroke 1998;29:415-421
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Johnston SC . Transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1687-1692
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline6
Chimowitz MI ,Kokkinos J ,Strong J , et al. The Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Study. Neurology 1995;45:1488-1493
Web of Science | Medline7
The Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) Study Group
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Millikan CH ,Siekert RG ,Shick RM . Studies in cerebrovascular disease. III. The use of anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of insufficiency or thrombosis within the basilar arterial system. Mayo Clin Proc 1955;30:116-126
Web of Science | Medline9
Thijs VN ,Albers GW . Symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis: outcome of patients who fail antithrombotic therapy. Neurology 2000;55:490-497
Web of Science | Medline10
Mohr JP ,Thompson JLP ,Lazar RM , et al. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1444-1451
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline11
Chimowitz MI ,Williams J ,Stern BJ , et al. Physician preferences for diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Neurology 2004;62:Suppl 5:A266-A267
Web of Science12
Benesch CG ,Chimowitz MI . Best treatment for intracranial arterial stenosis? 50 Years of uncertainty. Neurology 2000;55:465-466
Web of Science | Medline13
The Warfarin Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) Trial Investigators
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Samuels OB ,Joseph GJ ,Lynn MJ ,Smith HA ,Chimowitz MI . A standardized method for measuring intracranial stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:643-646
Web of Science | Medline15
Hart RG ,Boop BS ,Anderson DC . Oral anticoagulants and intracranial hemorrhage: facts and theories. Stroke 1995;26:1471-1477
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Kalbfleisch JD, Prentice RL. The statistical analysis of failure time data. New York: John Wiley, 1980:163-78.
17
DeMets DL ,Lan KKG . Interim analysis: the alpha spending function approach. Stat Med 1994;13:1341-1352
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Lan KKG ,Wittes J . The B-value: a tool for monitoring data. Biometrics 1988;44:579-585
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Rosendaal FR ,Cannegieter SC ,van der Meer FJ ,Briet E . A method to determine the optimal intensity of oral anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Haemost 1993;69:236-239
Web of Science | Medline20
Chan AT . Aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colorectal neoplasia: future challenges in chemoprevention. Cancer Causes Control 2003;14:413-418
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Laupacis A ,Albers G ,Dalen J ,Dunn MI ,Jacobson AK ,Singer DE . Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Chest 1998;114:Suppl:579S-589S
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Hurlen M ,Abdelnoor M ,Smith P ,Erikssen J ,Arnesen H . Warfarin, aspirin, or both after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2002;347:969-974
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline24
van Es RF ,Jonker JJ ,Verheugt FW ,Deckers JW ,Grobbee DE . Aspirin and coumadin after acute coronary syndromes (the ASPECT-2 study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:109-113
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Helgason CM ,Bolin KM ,Hoff JA , et al. Development of aspirin resistance in persons with previous ischemic stroke. Stroke 1994;25:2331-2336
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Alberts MJ ,Bergman DL ,Molner E ,Jovanovic BD ,Ushiwata I ,Teruya J . Antiplatelet effect of aspirin in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 2004;35:175-178
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
Ratnatunga CP ,Edmondson SF ,Rees GM ,Kovacs IB . High-dose aspirin inhibits shear-induced platelet reaction involving thrombin generation. Circulation 1992;85:1077-1082
Web of Science | Medline28
Ridker PM ,Cushman M ,Stampfer MJ ,Tracy RP ,Hennekens CH . Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-979[Erratum, N Engl J Med 1997;337:356.]
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline29
Kharbanda RK ,Walton B ,Allen M , et al. Prevention of inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction: a novel vasculo-protective action of aspirin. Circulation 2002;105:2600-2604
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline30
Ansell J ,Hirsh J ,Poller L ,Bussey H ,Jacobson A ,Hylek E . The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004;126:Suppl:204S-233S
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline31
Toole JF ,Malinow MR ,Chambless LE , et al. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:565-575
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline32
Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study
CrossRef | Web of Science33
Barnett HJM ,Taylor DW ,Eliasziw M , et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1415-1425
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline34
EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group
Web of Science | Medline35
Levine SR ,Brey RL ,Tilley BC , et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and subsequent thrombo-occlusive events in patients with ischemic stroke. JAMA 2004;291:576-584
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline36
Gorelick PB ,Richardson D ,Kelly M , et al. Aspirin and ticlopidine for prevention of recurrent stroke in black patients: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289:2947-2957
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline37
Urbano LA ,Bogousslavsky J . Antiplatelet drugs in ischemic stroke prevention: from monotherapy to combined treatment. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004;17:Suppl 1:74-80
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline38
Gomez CR ,Orr SC . Angioplasty and stenting for primary treatment of intracranial arterial stenoses. Arch Neurol 2001;58:1687-1690
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline39
Chimowitz MI . Angioplasty or stenting is not appropriate as first-line treatment of intracranial stenosis. Arch Neurol 2001;58:1690-1692
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline40
Gage BF ,Cardinalli AB ,Albers GW ,Owens DK . Cost-effectiveness of warfarin and aspirin for prophylaxis of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. JAMA 1995;274:1839-1845
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (295)
Citing Articles
1
Sarkis Morales-Vidal, Michael J Schneck, Murray Flaster, José Biller. (2012) Direct thrombin inhibitors and factor Xa inhibitors in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 12:2, 179-190
CrossRef2
Yong-Jun Wang, Su-Ming Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Chun-Xue Wang. (2012) Chinese Guidelines for the Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack 2010. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics 18:2, 93-101
CrossRef3
Z. Vajda, M. Aguilar, T. Göhringer, D. Horváth-Rizea, H. Bäzner, H. Henkes. (2012) Treatment of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease with a Balloon-Expandable Paclitaxel Eluting Stent. Clinical Neuroradiology
CrossRef4
Lee H. Schwamm. (2012) Stroke in 2011: Major advances across the spectrum of stroke care. Nature Reviews Neurology
CrossRef5
Hen Hallevi, Oleg Y. Chernyshev, Ramy El Khoury, Michael J. Soileau, Kyle C. Walker, James C. Grotta, Sean I. Savitz. (2012) Intracranial Atherosclerosis Is Associated with Progression of Neurological Deficit in Subcortical Stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 33:1, 64-68
CrossRef6
Signild Åsberg, Karin M. Henriksson, Bahman Farahmand, Andreas Terént. (2012) Hemorrhage after ischemic stroke - relation to age and previous hemorrhage in a nationwide cohort of 58 868 patients. International Journal of Stroken/a-n/a
CrossRef7
Ali K. Ozturk, Ketan R. Bulsara. (2012) The Evolving Paradigm in the Management of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease. International Journal of Vascular Medicine 2012, 1-5
CrossRef8
Maxim Mokin, Elad I. Levy. (2012) What is the best medical treatment for symptomatic intracranial stenosis?. World Neurosurgery
CrossRef9
Adnan I Qureshi, Fahmi M. Al-Senani, Shakir Husain, Nazli A. Janjua, Giuseppe Lanzino, Pablo M. Lavados, Thanh Nguyen, Jean Raymond, Qaisar A. Shah, Jose I. Suarez, M. Fareed K. Suri, Reha Tolun. (2012) Intracranial Angioplasty and Stent Placement After Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis (SAMMPRIS) Trial: Present State and Future Considerations
. Journal of Neuroimaging 22:1, 1-13
CrossRef10
Leslie Bleeker, Henk A. Marquering, René Berg, Paul J. Nederkoorn, Charles B. Majoie. (2011) Semi-automatic quantitative measurements of intracranial internal carotid artery stenosis and calcification using CT angiography. Neuroradiology
CrossRef11
Xin-bin Guo, Nan Ma, Xiao-bo Hu, Sheng Guan, Yi-mu Fan. (2011) Wingspan stent for symptomatic M1 stenosis of middle cerebral artery. European Journal of Radiology 80:3, e356-e360
CrossRef12
T. de Broucker. (2011) Sténoses intracrâniennes sévères symptomatiques : résultats sans appel de l’étude SAMMPRIS. Pratique Neurologique - FMC 2:4, 291-292
CrossRef13
David Fiorella. (2011) Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Stenosis. World Neurosurgery 76:6, S66-S70
CrossRef14
Ana Rodríguez-Hernández, Andrew S. Josephson, David Langer, Michael T. Lawton. (2011) Bypass for the Prevention of Ischemic Stroke. World Neurosurgery 76:6, S72-S79
CrossRef15
Shyam Prabhakaran, Jose G. Romano. (2011) Current diagnosis and management of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Current Opinion in Neurology1
CrossRef16
(2011) Stenting versus Medical Therapy for Intracranial Arterial Stenosis. New England Journal of Medicine 365:22, 2140-2141
Full Text17
F. Al-Ali. (2011) Reply:. American Journal of Neuroradiology
CrossRef18
Z. Vajda, T. Guthe, M. Aguilar Perez, A. Heuschmid, E. Schmid, H. Bazner, H. Henkes. (2011) Neurovascular In-Stent Stenoses: Treatment with Conventional and Drug-Eluting Balloons. American Journal of Neuroradiology 32:10, 1942-1947
CrossRef19
Keiichi Yamada, Yasuhiro Fujimoto. (2011) Efficacy of cilostazol for intracranial arterial stenosis evaluated by digital subtraction angiography/magnetic resonance angiography. Advances in Therapy 28:10, 866-878
CrossRef20
Helmi Lutsep. (2011) Update on selecting and adjusting antiplatelet therapy for prevention of noncardiogenic, recurrent ischemic stroke. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 9:10, 1295-1303
CrossRef21
Julie L. W. Ng, Matthew T. V. Chan, Adrian W. Gelb. (2011) Perioperative Stroke in Noncardiac, Nonneurosurgical Surgery. Anesthesiology 115:4, 879-890
CrossRef22
Vincent Costalat, Igor Lima Maldonado, Jean-François Vendrell, Carlos Riquelme, Paolo Machi, Charles Arteaga, Francis Turjman, Hubert Desal, Jacques Sedat, Alain Bonafé. (2011) Endovascular treatment of symptomatic intracranial stenosis with the Wingspan stent system and Gateway PTA balloon: a multicenter series of 60 patients with acute and midterm results. Journal of Neurosurgery 115:4, 686-693
CrossRef23
PAUL A. FRIEDMAN, DAVID R. HOLMES. (2011) Non-Surgical Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 22:10, 1184-1191
CrossRef24
Cathy Sila. (2011) Editorial. Journal of Neurosurgery 115:4, 684-685
CrossRef25
Broderick, Joseph P., . (2011) The Challenges of Intracranial Revascularization for Stroke Prevention. New England Journal of Medicine 365:11, 1054-1055
Full Text26
Chimowitz, Marc I., Lynn, Michael J., Derdeyn, Colin P., Turan, Tanya N., Fiorella, David, Lane, Bethany F., Janis, L. Scott, Lutsep, Helmi L., Barnwell, Stanley L., Waters, Michael F., Hoh, Brian L., Hourihane, J. Maurice, Levy, Elad I., Alexandrov, Andrei V., Harrigan, Mark R., Chiu, David, Klucznik, Richard P., Clark, Joni M., McDougall, Cameron G., Johnson, Mark D., Pride, G. Lee Jr., Torbey, Michel T., Zaidat, Osama O., Rumboldt, Zoran, Cloft, Harry J., . (2011) Stenting versus Aggressive Medical Therapy for Intracranial Arterial Stenosis. New England Journal of Medicine 365:11, 993-1003
Full Text27
Andreu Massot, Dolors Pelegri, Anna Penalba, Juan Arenillas, Cristina Boada, Dolors Giralt, Marc Ribó, Carlos A. Molina, Anna Rosell, José Alvarez-Sabín, Pilar Chacón, Alex Rovira, Pilar Delgado, Joan Montaner. (2011) Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 testing usefulness among patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Atherosclerosis 218:1, 181-187
CrossRef28
Zhongrong Miao, Bin Wang, Lei Feng, Yang Hua, Feng Ling. (2011) Primary angioplasty for a subtype of symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis. Neuroradiology 53:9, 651-657
CrossRef29
Adnan I. Qureshi. (2011) Interpretation and Implications of the Prematurely Terminated Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent stroke in Intracranial Stenosis (SAMMPRIS) Trial. Neurosurgery1
CrossRef30
B. Fuentes, J. Gállego, A. Gil-Nuñez, A. Morales, F. Purroy, J. Roquer, T. Segura, J. Tejada, A. Lago, E. Díez-Tejedor. (2011) Guía para el tratamiento preventivo del ictus isquémico y AIT (II). Recomendaciones según subtipo etiológico. Neurología
CrossRef31
Fadi B. Nahab, Sakib Qureshi. 2011. Antithrombotics for Ischemic Stroke. , 205-222.
CrossRef32
Robert A. Taylor, John B. Weigele, Scott E. Kasner. (2011) Current Management of Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 13:4, 321-329
CrossRef33
Jordan Dubow, Matthew E. Fink. (2011) Impact of Hypertension on Stroke. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 13:4, 298-305
CrossRef34
Hongbing Chen, Hua Hong, Dezhi Liu, Gelin Xu, Ying Wang, Jinsheng Zeng, Renliang Zhang, Xinfeng Liu. (2011) Lesion patterns and mechanism of cerebral infarction caused by severe atherosclerotic intracranial internal carotid artery stenosis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 307:1-2, 79-85
CrossRef35
Osman Kozak, Nauman Tariq, M Fareed K Suri, Robert A Taylor, Adnan I Qureshi. (2011) High Risk of Recurrent Ischemic Events Among Patients With Deferred Intracranial Angioplasty and Stent Placement for Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerosis. Neurosurgery 69:2, 334-343
CrossRef36
F. Al-Ali, T. Cree, S. Hall, S. Louis, K. Major, S. Smoker, S. Walker. (2011) Predictors of Unfavorable Outcome in Intracranial Angioplasty and Stenting in a Single-Center Comparison: Results from the Borgess Medical Center-Intracranial Revascularization Registry. American Journal of Neuroradiology 32:7, 1221-1226
CrossRef37
Alexandros L. Georgiadis, Steve M. Cordina, Gabriela Vazquez, Nauman Tariq, M. Fareed K. Suri, Kamakshi Lakshminarayan, Harold P. Adams, Adnan I. Qureshi. (2011) Aspirin Treatment Failure and the Risk of Recurrent Stroke and Death Among Patients with Ischemic Stroke. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases
CrossRef38
Jian Li, Zheng-Wei Zhao, Guo-Dong Gao, Jian-Mei Cheng. (2011) Wingspan stenting with modified predilation for symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 78:2, 286-293
CrossRef39
F. Al-Ali, T. Cree, L. Duan, S. Hall, A. Jefferson, S. Louis, K. Major, S. Smoker, S. Walker. (2011) How Effective Is Endovascular Intracranial Revascularization in Stroke Prevention? Results from Borgess Medical Center Intracranial Revascularization Registry. American Journal of Neuroradiology 32:7, 1227-1231
CrossRef40
Xuanye Yue, Gangming Xi, Tingting Lu, Gelin Xu, Wenhua Liu, Renliang Zhang, Qin Yin, Xinfeng Liu. (2011) Influence of Residual Stenosis on Clinical Outcome and Restenosis After Middle Cerebral Artery Stenting. CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology 34:4, 744-750
CrossRef41
A-Hyun Cho, Sun U. Kwon, Jong S. Kim, Dong-Wha Kang. (2011) Evaluation of early dynamic changes of intracranial arterial occlusion is useful for stroke etiology diagnosis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences
CrossRef42
Fadi Nahab, Carlene Kingston, Michael R. Frankel, Jacques E. Dion, C. Michael Cawley, Brian Mitchell, L. Paige Hammonds, Lauren Ayala, Frank C. Tong. (2011) Early Aggressive Medical Management for Patients with Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases
CrossRef43
Samuel Yip, Oscar Benavente. (2011) Antiplatelet Agents for Stroke Prevention. Neurotherapeutics 8:3, 475-487
CrossRef44
Hidetoshi Matsukawa, Masaki Shinoda, Daisuke Yamamoto, Motoharu Fujii, Atsushi Murakata, Ryoichi Ishikawa, Fumio Omata. (2011) Antiplatelet Agents Are Risk Factors for Cerebellar Hemorrhage in Patients With Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 20:4, 346-351
CrossRef45
Afshin Borhani Haghighi, Randall C. Edgell, Salvador Cruz-Flores, Osama O. Zaidat. (2011) Vertebral Artery Origin Stenosis and its Treatment. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 20:4, 369-376
CrossRef46
Marc I. Chimowitz, Michael J. Lynn, Tanya N. Turan, David Fiorella, Bethany F. Lane, Scott Janis, Colin P. Derdeyn. (2011) Design of the Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis Trial. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 20:4, 357-368
CrossRef47
Zsolt Vajda, Elisabeth Schmid, Thomas Güthe, Christoph Klötzsch, Alfred Lindner, Ludwig Niehaus, Wolfgang Sperber, Jan Peters, Guy Arnold, Hansjörg Bäzner, Hans Henkes. (2011) The modified Bose-method for the endovascular treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic arterial stenoses using the Enterprise stent. Neurosurgery1
CrossRef48
Jaime Gállego Culleré, María Elena Erro Aguirre. (2011) Basilar Branch Occlusion. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 13:3, 247-260
CrossRef49
Dale Ding, Kenneth C. Liu. (2011) Applications of stenting for intracranial atherosclerosis. Neurosurgical FOCUS 30:6, E15
CrossRef50
Ananth K. Vellimana, Andria L. Ford, Jin-Moo Lee, Colin P. Derdeyn, Gregory J. Zipfel. (2011) Symptomatic intracranial arterial disease: incidence, natural history, diagnosis, and management. Neurosurgical FOCUS 30:6, E14
CrossRef51
David S. Liebeskind, George A. Cotsonis, Jeffrey L. Saver, Michael J. Lynn, Tanya N. Turan, Harry J. Cloft, Marc I. Chimowitz, . (2011) Collaterals dramatically alter stroke risk in intracranial atherosclerosis. Annals of Neurology 69:6, 963-974
CrossRef52
C.- W. Tang, F.- C. Chang, C.- M. Chern, Y.- C. Lee, H.- H. Hu, I.- H. Lee. (2011) Stenting versus Medical Treatment for Severe Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis. American Journal of Neuroradiology 32:5, 911-916
CrossRef53
David S Liebeskind, George A Cotsonis, Jeffrey L Saver, Michael J Lynn, Harry J Cloft, Marc I Chimowitz. (2011) Collateral circulation in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 31:5, 1293-1301
CrossRef54
Jian Li, Zhen-Wei Zhao, Guo-Dong Gao, Jian-Ping Deng, Jia Yu, Li Gao, Yang Yuan, You-Zhi Qv. (2011) Wingspan Stent for High-Grade Symptomatic Vertebrobasilar Artery Atherosclerotic Stenosis. CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology
CrossRef55
Jonathan A. Rapp, Anil Verma, Tyrone J. Collins. 2011. Intracranial Vertebral Artery Stenting. , 427-435.
CrossRef56
Dorothea Strozyk, Christian Schumacher, Philip M. Meyers, Randall T. Higashida. 2011. Elective Endovascular Revascularization of the Intracranial Cerebral Arteries. , 392-411.
CrossRef57
Ronan Margey, Douglas E. Drachman. (2011) Carotid Artery Disease and Stenting: Insights From Recent Clinical Trials. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 13:2, 129-145
CrossRef58
Demudu Babu Boddu, Vijay K. Sharma, V.C.S.S. Bandaru, Y. Jyotsna, D. Padmaja, Alladi Suvarna, Subhash Kaul. (2011) Validation of Transcranial Doppler with Magnetic Resonance Angiography in Acute Cerebral Ischemia. Journal of Neuroimaging 21:2, e34-e40
CrossRef59
D. M. Mandell, J. S. Han, J. Poublanc, A. P. Crawley, J. Fierstra, M. Tymianski, J. A. Fisher, D. J. Mikulis. (2011) Quantitative Measurement of Cerebrovascular Reactivity by Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent MR Imaging in Patients with Intracranial Stenosis: Preoperative Cerebrovascular Reactivity Predicts the Effect of Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass Surgery. American Journal of Neuroradiology 32:4, 721-727
CrossRef60
S. C. H. Yu, T. W. H. Leung, K. T. Lee, J. W. Y. Hui, L. K. S. Wong. (2011) Angioplasty and Stenting of Atherosclerotic Middle Cerebral Arteries with Wingspan: Evaluation of Clinical Outcome, Restenosis, and Procedure Outcome. American Journal of Neuroradiology 32:4, 753-758
CrossRef61
Joyce S Balami, Ruo-Li Chen, Iris Q Grunwald, Alastair M Buchan. (2011) Neurological complications of acute ischaemic stroke. The Lancet Neurology 10:4, 357-371
CrossRef62
Henry I. Bussey. (2011) Transforming oral anticoagulation by combining international normalized ratio (INR) self testing and online automated management. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 31:3, 265-274
CrossRef63
Vijay K. Sharma, K. S. Lawrence Wong. 2011. Intracranial Stenosis. , 228-239.
CrossRef64
Thomas G. Brott, Jonathan L. Halperin, Suhny Abbara, J. Michael Bacharach, John D. Barr, Ruth L. Bush, Christopher U. Cates, Mark A. Creager, Susan B. Fowler, Gary Friday, Vicki S. Hertzberg, E. Bruce McIff, Wesley S. Moore, Peter D. Panagos, Thomas S. Riles, Robert H. Rosenwasser, Allen J. Taylor. (2011) 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: Executive Summary. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 57:8, 1002-1044
CrossRef65
Xuanye Yue, Qin Yin, Gangming Xi, Wusheng Zhu, Gelin Xu, Renliang Zhang, Zhiming Zhou, Minmin Ma, Guangfu Jin, Xinfeng Liu. (2011) Comparison of BMSs with SES for Symptomatic Intracranial Disease of the Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis. CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology 34:1, 54-60
CrossRef66
Faisal F. Syed, Samuel J. Asirvatham. (2011) Left atrial appendage as a target for reducing strokes: Justifiable rationale? Safe and effective approaches?. Heart Rhythm 8:2, 194-198
CrossRef67
Thalia S. Field, Oscar R. Benavente. (2011) Current Status of Antiplatelet Agents to Prevent Stroke. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 11:1, 6-14
CrossRef68
Thomas G. Brott, Jonathan L. Halperin, Suhny Abbara, J. Michael Bacharach, John D. Barr, Ruth L. Bush, Christopher U. Cates, Mark A. Creager, Susan B. Fowler, Gary Friday, Vicki S. Hertzberg, E. Bruce McIff, Wesley S. Moore, Peter D. Panagos, Thomas S. Riles, Robert H. Rosenwasser, Allen J. Taylor. (2011) 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 57:8, e16-e94
CrossRef69
Xintong Liu, Wei Wang, Zhouping Tang, Wengao Zeng, Chizhong He, Lijuan Wang, Haike Lu, Changmao Li, Xiong Zhang, Shuo Wang, Chengbo Dai, Guixian Ma, Zhexian Yang, Tengyun Ma. (2011) Clinical study of PTAS therapy for patients with ischemia cerebrovascular disease caused by artery stenosis. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Medical Sciences] 31:1, 67-72
CrossRef70
, Wiebke Kurre, Friedhelm Brassel, Roland Brüning, Jan Buhk, Bernd Eckert, Susanna Horner, Michael Knauth, Thomas Liebig, Jana Maskova, Dirk Mucha, Vojtech Sychra, Matthias Sitzer, Michael Sonnberger, Marc Tietke, Johannes Trenkler, Bernd Turowski, Joachim Berkefeld. (2011) Complication rates using balloon-expandable and self-expanding stents for the treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses. Neuroradiology
CrossRef71
Matthew R Fusco, Mark R Harrigan. (2011) Cerebrovascular Dissections—A Review Part I: Spontaneous Dissections. Neurosurgery 68:1, 242-257
CrossRef72
Thomas G. Brott, Jonathan L. Halperin, Suhny Abbara, J. Michael Bacharach, John D. Barr, Ruth L. Bush, Christopher U. Cates, Mark A. Creager, Susan B. Fowler, Gary Friday, Vicki S. Hertzberg, E. Bruce McIff, Wesley S. Moore, Peter D. Panagos, Thomas S. Riles, Robert H. Rosenwasser, Allen J. Taylor, Alice K. Jacobs, Sidney C. Smith, Jeffery L. Anderson, Cynthia D. Adams, Nancy Albert, Christopher E. Buller, Mark A. Creager, Steven M. Ettinger, Robert A. Guyton, Jonathan L. Halperin, Judith S. Hochman, Sharon Ann Hunt, Harlan M. Krumholz, Frederick G. Kushner, Bruce W. Lytle, Rick A. Nishimura, E. Magnus Ohman, Richard L. Page, Barbara Riegel, William G. Stevenson, Lynn G. Tarkington, Clyde W. Yancy. (2011) 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: Executive summary. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventionsn/a-n/a
CrossRef73
Oh Young Bang. (2011) Biomarkers of Stroke. Korean Journal of Stroke 13:2, 57
CrossRef74
Maria Khan, Imama Naqvi, Asha Bansari, Ayeesha Kamran Kamal. (2011) Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease. Stroke Research and Treatment 2011, 1-13
CrossRef75
Harry J. Cloft, Michael J. Lynn, Edward Feldmann, Marc Chimowitz. (2011) Risk of Cerebral Angiography in Patients with Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerotic Stenosis. Cerebrovascular Diseases 31:6, 588-591
CrossRef76
Jong-Moo Park. (2011) Stroke Update: Optimal Blood Pressure Management for Stroke Prevention. Korean Journal of Stroke 13:2, 63
CrossRef77
M. Fareed K. Suri, Alexandros L. Georgiadis, Nauman Tariq, Gabriela Vazquez, Naeem Qureshi, Adnan I. Qureshi. (2011) Estimated Prevalence of Acoustic Cranial Windows and Intracranial Stenosis in the US Elderly Population: Ultrasound Screening in Adults for Intracranial Disease Study. Neuroepidemiology 37:1, 64-71
CrossRef78
Adnan I Qureshi, Nauman Tariq, Ameer E Hassan, Gabriela Vazquez, Haitham M Hussein, M Fareed K Suri, Alexandros L Georgiadis, Ramachandra P Tummala, Robert A Taylor. (2011) Predictors and Timing of Neurological Complications Following Intracranial Angioplasty and/or Stent Placement. Neurosurgery 68:1, 53-61
CrossRef79
Y. B
jot, M. Giroud, E. Touz
CrossRef80
Elena López-Cancio, Laura Dorado, Mónica Millán, Silvia Reverté, Anna Suñol, Anna Massuet, María Mataró, Amparo Galán, Maite Alzamora, Guillem Pera, Pere Torán, Antoni Dávalos, Juan F Arenillas. (2011) The population-based Barcelona-Asymptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerosis Study (ASIA): rationale and design. BMC Neurology 11:1, 22
CrossRef81
Jan-Hendrik Buhk, Thorsten Ries, Anna-Katharina Finck-Wedel, Frank Ulrich Beil, Gerhard Adam, Christoph Weber. (2011) Possibilities and Limitations in Imaging the Intracranial Arteries in the Context of a Contrast-Enhanced Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Angiographic Screening Protocol at 1.5 Versus 3 Tesla. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 35:1, 4-8
CrossRef82
Keun-Sik Hong. (2011) Measuring and Analysis of Outcome in Stroke Trials. Korean Journal of Stroke 13:1, 1
CrossRef83
Mi Sun Oh, Kyung-Ho Yu, Min-Kyung Chu, Hyeo-Il Ma, Yun Joong Kim, Joo Yong Kim, Byung-Chul Lee. (2011) Long-term prognosis of symptomatic isolated middle cerebral artery disease in Korean stroke patients. BMC Neurology 11:1, 138
CrossRef84
Takeshi Suma, Tadashi Shibuya, Yoshiyuki Takada, Yoichi Katayama. (2011) Current Status of Neuro-endovascular Therapy. Journal of Nihon University Medical Association 70:1, 32-36
CrossRef85
Koichi ITO, Yutaka KAI, Akio HYODO, Shogo ISHIUCHI. (2011) Long-Term Outcome of Angioplasty or Stent Placement for Stenosis of the Cavernous or Petrous Portion of the Internal Carotid Artery. Neurologia medico-chirurgica 51:12, 813-818
CrossRef86
Ramy A. Badawi, Christopher J. White, Tyrone J. Collins, J. Stephen Jenkins, John P. Reilly, Mark A. Grise, Paul W. McMullan, Stephen R. Ramee. (2011) Elective percutaneous intervention for intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses by interventional cardiologists. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventionsn/a-n/a
CrossRef87
Ronald J. Sattenberg, Jeffrey L. Saver, Pierre Gobin Y., David S. Liebeskind. 2011. Cerebral Angiography. , 910-925.
CrossRef88
Mar Castellanos, Babette B. Weksler, Oscar R. Benavente. 2011. Antiplatelet Therapy for Secondary Prevention of Stroke. , 1147-1172.
CrossRef89
Tatjana Rundek, Ralph L. Sacco. 2011. Prognosis after Stroke. , 219-241.
CrossRef90
J. Mocco, Stanley H. Kim, Bernard R. Bendok, Alan S. Boulos, L. Nelson Hopkins, Elad I. Levy. 2011. Interventional Neuroradiologic Therapy of Atherosclerotic Disease and Vascular Malformations. , 1204-1225.
CrossRef91
P.P. Alcazar Romero, E. Garcia Bautista, E. Fandiño Benito. (2010) Avances en neurorradiología intervencionista. Radiología 52, 46-55
CrossRef92
R. Weber, B. Frank, H.-C. Diener. (2010) Antithrombotische und Antikoagulanzientherapie nach Schlaganfall und transitorisch ischämischer Attacke. Der Nervenarzt 81:12, 1509-1519
CrossRef93
Vincent Costalat, Igor Lima Maldonado, Jean-Baptiste Zerlauth, Nicolas Menjot, Carlos Riquelme, Paolo Machi, Jean-François Vendrell, Alain Bonafé. (2010) Endovascular Treatment of Symptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis: Six-Year Experience in a Single-Center Series of 42 Consecutive Patients With Acute and Mid-Term Results. Neurosurgery 67:6, 1505-1514
CrossRef94
Andrea J Chamczuk, Christopher S Ogilvy, Kenneth V Snyder, Hajime Ohta, Adnan H Siddiqui, L Nelson Hopkins, Elad I Levy. (2010) Elective Stenting for Intracranial Stenosis Under Conscious Sedation. Neurosurgery 67:5, 1189-1194
CrossRef95
Hans-Christoph Diener, Christian Weimar, Ralph Weber. (2010) Antiplatelet therapy in secondary stroke prevention - state of the art. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 14:11, 2552-2560
CrossRef96
S. Lanfranconi, A. Bersano, V. Branca, E. Ballabio, M. Isalberti, R. Papa, L. Candelise. (2010) Stenting for the treatment of high-grade intracranial stenoses. Journal of Neurology 257:11, 1899-1908
CrossRef97
Tanya N. Turan, Marc I. Chimowitz. (2010) 10 Questions About Intracranial Atherosclerotic Stenosis. The Neurologist 16:6, 400-405
CrossRef98
Steven W. Hetts, Joey D. English. (2010) Acute Neurointerventional Therapies. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America 20:4, 493-510
CrossRef99
Sara Hocker, Sarkis Morales-Vidal, Michael J. Schneck. (2010) Management of Arterial Blood Pressure in Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke. Neurologic Clinics 28:4, 863-886
CrossRef100
M.- N. Psychogios, P. Schramm, J.- H. Buhk, A. Xyda, K. Groschel, K. Jung, M. Knauth. (2010) Angiographic CT after Intravenous Contrast Agent Application: A Noninvasive Follow-Up Tool after Intracranial Angioplasty and Stenting. American Journal of Neuroradiology 31:10, 1886-1891
CrossRef101
P. A. Ringleb, M.-G. Bousser, G. Ford, P. Bath, M. Brainin, V. Caso, Á. Cervera, A.l Chamorro, Charlotte Cordonnier, L. Csiba, A. Davalos, H.-C. Diener, J. Ferro, W. Hacke, M. Hennerici, M. Kaste, P. Langhorne, K. Lees, D. Leys, J. Lodder, H. S. Markus, J.-L. Mas, H. P. Mattle, K. Muir, B. Norrving, V. Obach, S. Paolucci, E. B. Ringelstein, P. D. Schellinger, J. Sivenius, V. Skvortsova, K. Stibrant Sunnerhagen, L. Thomassen, D. Toni, R.r von Kummer, N. Gunnar Wahlgren, M. F. Walker, J. Wardlaw. 2010. Ischaemic Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack. , 101-158.
CrossRef102
Ralph Weber, Hans-Christoph Diener. (2010) Controversies and future perspectives of antiplatelet therapy in secondary stroke prevention. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 14:10, 2371-2380
CrossRef103
L. LINKINS, M. O’DONNELL, J. A. JULIAN, C. KEARON. (2010) Intracranial and fatal bleeding according to indication for long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 8:10, 2201-2207
CrossRef104
Andrei V. Alexandrov, Michael A. Sloan, Charles H. Tegeler, David N. Newell, Alan Lumsden, Zsolt Garami, Christopher R. Levy, Lawrence K.S. Wong, Colleen Douville, Manfred Kaps, Georgios Tsivgoulis, . (2010) Practice Standards for Transcranial Doppler (TCD) Ultrasound. Part II. Clinical Indications and Expected Outcomes. Journal of Neuroimagingno-no
CrossRef105
S.G. Zhu, R.L. Zhang, W.H. Liu, Q. Yin, Z.M. Zhou, W.S. Zhu, Y.L. Zhu, G.L. Xu, X.F. Liu. (2010) Predictive Factors for In-stent Restenosis after Balloon-mounted Stent Placement for Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerosis. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 40:4, 499-506
CrossRef106
Jiann-Shing Jeng, Sung-Chun Tang, Hon-Man Liu. (2010) Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 8:10, 1423-1432
CrossRef107
Matthew F. Lawson, Gregory L. Fautheree, Michael F. Waters, David A. Decker, J D. Mocco, Brian L. Hoh. (2010) Acute Intraprocedural Thrombus Formation During Wingspan Intracranial Stent Placement for Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease. Neurosurgery 67, ons166-ons170
CrossRef108
Adnan I. Qureshi, Nauman Tariq, Gabriela Vazquez, Jill Novitzke, M. Fareed K. Suri, Kamakshi Lakshminarayan, Stephen J. Haines. (2010) Low Patient Enrollment Sites in Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trials of Cerebrovascular Diseases: Associated Factors and Impact on Trial Outcomes. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases
CrossRef109
Dara G. Jamieson, Maryna Skliut. (2010) Stroke in Women: What is Different?. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12:4, 236-243
CrossRef110
Gustavo J. Rodriguez, M. Fareed K. Suri, Alexander Razumovsky, Adnan I. Qureshi. (2010) Is Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Undervalued for Detection of Intracranial Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis?. Journal of Neuroimaging 20:3, 219-220
CrossRef111
Wiebke Kurre, René Chapot, Richard du Mesnil de Rochemont, Joachim Berkefeld. (2010) Intracranial stenting in atherosclerotic disease—recent results and challenges to face. Neuroradiology 52:7, 633-644
CrossRef112
Marcel Brus-Ramer, Robert M. Starke, Ricardo J. Komotar, Philip M. Meyers. (2010) Radiographic Evidence of Cerebral Hyperperfusion and Reversal Following Angioplasty and Stenting of Intracranial Carotid and Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis: Case report and review of the literature. Journal of Neuroimaging 20:3, 280-283
CrossRef113
Zsolt Vajda, Elina Miloslavski, Thomas Güthe, Elisabeth Schmid, Christoph Schul, Guido Albes, Hans Henkes. (2010) Treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic arterial stenoses with a balloon-expandable cobalt chromium stent (Coroflex Blue): procedural safety, efficacy, and midterm patency. Neuroradiology 52:7, 645-651
CrossRef114
Elena Meseguer, Philippa C. Lavallée, Mikael Mazighi, Julien Labreuche, Lucie Cabrejo, Jean-Marc Olivot, Halim Abboud, Tarik Slaoui, Bertrand Lapergue, Céline Guidoux, Isabelle F. Klein, Pierre-Jean Touboul, Pierre Amarenco. (2010) Yield of systematic transcranial doppler in patients with transient ischemic attack. Annals of Neurology 68:1, 9-17
CrossRef115
R. Pisters, R. J. van Oostenbrugge, I. L. H. Knottnerus, C. B. de Vos, A. Boreas, J. Lodder, M. H. Prins, H. J. G. M. Crijns, R. G. Tieleman. (2010) The likelihood of decreasing strokes in atrial fibrillation patients by strict application of guidelines. Europace 12:6, 779-784
CrossRef116
Heejung Bang, Stephen P. Flaherty, Jafar Kolahi, Jongbae Park. (2010) Blinding assessment in clinical trials: A review of statistical methods and a proposal of blinding assessment protocol. Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs 27:2, 42-51
CrossRef117
Carlos G. Santos-Gallego, Jeremías Bayón, Juan José Badimón. (2010) Thrombi of Different Pathologies: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 12:3, 274-291
CrossRef118
Guillermo Povedano, Paz Zuberbuhler, Pedro Lylyk, Sebastian F. Ameriso. (2010) Management Strategies in Posterior Circulation Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease. Journal of Endovascular Therapy 17:3, 308-313
CrossRef119
Ka Sing Lawrence Wong, Christopher Chen, Jianhui Fu, Hui Meng Chang, Nijasri C Suwanwela, Yining N Huang, Zhao Han, Kay Sin Tan, Disya Ratanakorn, Pavithra Chollate, Yudong Zhao, Angeline Koh, Qing Hao, Hugh S Markus. (2010) Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for reducing embolisation in patients with acute symptomatic cerebral or carotid artery stenosis (CLAIR study): a randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial. The Lancet Neurology 9:5, 489-497
CrossRef120
Waldemar E. Wysokinski, Naser Ammash, Folakemi Sobande, Henna Kalsi, David Hodge, Robert D. McBane. (2010) Predicting left atrial thrombi in atrial fibrillation. American Heart Journal 159:4, 665-671
CrossRef121
Seong-Rim Kim, Seung-Hoon You, Won-Ki Yoon, Young-Woo Kim, Sang-Don Kim, Ik-Seong Park, Min-Woo Baik. (2010) Computed tomography angiography, perfusion computed tomography, and a drug-eluting stent for the treatment of in-stent restenosis of the middle cerebral artery. Journal of Neurosurgery 112:4, 729-733
CrossRef122
Martin Werner, Sven Bräunlich, Matthias Ulrich, Yvonne Bausback, Johannes Schuster, Anina Lukhaup, Spiridon Botsios, Dierk Scheinert, Andrej Schmidt. (2010) Drug-Eluting Stents for the Treatment of Vertebral Artery Origin Stenosis. Journal of Endovascular Therapy 17:2, 232-240
CrossRef123
Junaid Kalia, Thomas Wolfe, Osama O. Zaidat. (2010) Limb-shaking Transient Ischemic Attack Masquerading as Lumbar Radiculopathy from Pericallosal Artery Stenosis Treated Successfully with Intracranial Angioplasty and Stenting. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 19:2, 169-173
CrossRef124
Ioannis Karakis, Thanh N. Nguyen, Viken L. Babikian, Alexander M. Norbash. (2010) Balloon angioplasty of the A 2 segment of the anterior cerebral artery for recurrent, symptomatic atherosclerotic disease. Journal of Neurosurgery 112:3, 582-584
CrossRef125
Henry I. Bussey. (2010) The financial viability of an anticoagulation clinic: a discussion from the anticoagulation forum meeting, May, 2009. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 29:2, 227-232
CrossRef126
Joseph E. Beshay, Howard Morgan, Christopher Madden, Wengui Yu, Ravindra Sarode. (2010) Emergency reversal of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapies in neurosurgical patients. Journal of Neurosurgery 112:2, 307-318
CrossRef127
Patrik Michel. (2010) Current challenges of stroke treatment. Current Opinion in Neurology 23:1, 29-30
CrossRef128
José E. Cohen, John Moshe Gomori, Felix Umansky, Ronen R. Leker. (2010) Therapeutic modalities in symptomatic intracranial arterial occlusive disease. Neurological Research 32:1, 82-86
CrossRef129
S.-C. Lee, K.-Y. Lee, Y.-J. Kim, S. H. Kim, S.-H. Koh, Y. J. Lee. (2010) Serum VEGF levels in acute ischaemic strokes are correlated with long-term prognosis. European Journal of Neurology 17:1, 45-51
CrossRef130
Bernard R. Bendok, Arun K. Sherma, Ziad A. Hage, Sunit Das, Andrew M. Naidech, Daniel L. Surdell, Joseph G. Adel, Ali Shaibani, H. Hunt Batjer, Timothy J. Carroll, Mathew Walker. (2010) Periprocedural MRI perfusion imaging to assess and monitor the hemodynamic impact of intracranial angioplasty and stenting for symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 17:1, 54-58
CrossRef131
Kyeong-Wook Yoon, Young-Joon Kim. (2010) In-Stent Stenosis of Stent Assisted Endovascular Treatment on Intracranial Complex Aneurysms. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 48:6, 485
CrossRef132
Jeremy D. Fields, Kenneth C. Liu, Stanley L. Barnwell, Wayne M. Clark, Helmi L. Lutsep. (2010) Indications and Applications of Arterial Stents for Stroke Prevention in Atherosclerotic Intracranial Stenosis. Current Cardiology Reports 12:1, 20-28
CrossRef133
Hiroshi Tenjin, Ayako Mandai, Daisuke Umebayashi, Yasuhiko Osaka, Yoshikazu Nakahara, Satoshi Kubo, Yasumasa Yamamoto. (2010) Stent placement for intracranial arterial stenosis using balloon-mounted stent. Nosotchu 32:3, 261-267
CrossRef134
Carl van Walraven, Natalie Oake, Doug Coyle, Monica Taljaard, Alan J. Forster. (2009) Changes in surrogate outcomes can be translated into clinical outcomes using a Monte Carlo model. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 62:12, 1306-1315
CrossRef135
Adnan I. Qureshi, Edward Feldmann, Camilo R. Gomez, S. Claiborne Johnston, Scott E. Kasner, Donald C. Quick, Peter A. Rasmussen, M. Fareed K. Suri, Robert A. Taylor, Osama O. Zaidat. (2009) Intracranial atherosclerotic disease: An update. Annals of Neurology 66:6, 730-738
CrossRef136
Zhen-Wei Zhao, Jian-Ping Deng, Shi-Ming He, Huai-Zhou Qin, Li Gao, Guo-Dong Gao. (2009) Intracranial angioplasty with Gateway-Wingspan system for symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis: preliminary results of 27 Chinese patients. Surgical Neurology 72:6, 607-611
CrossRef137
Robert A. Taylor, Adnan I. Qureshi. (2009) Intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 11:6, 444-451
CrossRef138
J Mocco, Ziad Darkhabani, Elad I. Levy. (2009) Pharos neurovascular intracranial stent: Elective use for a symptomatic stenosis refractory to medical therapy. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 74:4, 642-646
CrossRef139
Adnan I. Qureshi, Edward Feldmann, Camilo R. Gomez, S. Claiborne Johnston, Scott E. Kasner, Donald C. Quick, Peter A. Rasmussen, M. Fareed K. Suri, Robert A. Taylor, Osama O. Zaidat. (2009) Consensus Conference on Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease: Rationale, Methodology, and Results. Journal of Neuroimaging 19:S1, 1S-10S
CrossRef140
Peter A. Rasmussen, . (2009) The Evolution and Role of Endovascular Therapy for the Treatment of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease. Journal of Neuroimaging 19:S1, 30S-34S
CrossRef141
Christian Weimar, Ralph Weber, Hans-Christoph Diener. (2009) Antithrombotic medication for stroke prevention. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 7:10, 1245-1254
CrossRef142
T. Gunnarsson, F.C. Tong, P. Klurfan, C.M. Cawley, J.E. Dion. (2009) Angiographic and Clinical Outcomes in 200 Consecutive Patients with Cerebral Aneurysm Treated with Hydrogel-Coated Coils. American Journal of Neuroradiology 30:9, 1657-1664
CrossRef143
L. Christine Turtzo, Philippe Gailloud, Rebecca F. Gottesman. (2009) Treatment of limb-shaking TIAs with external carotid artery stenting. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 111:8, 695-698
CrossRef144
Scott E. Kasner. (2009) Natural History of Symptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis. Journal of Neuroimaging 19:S1, 20S-21S
CrossRef145
Camilo R. Gomez, Adnan I. Qureshi. (2009) Medical Treatment of Patients with Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease. Journal of Neuroimaging 19:S1, 25S-29S
CrossRef146
Adnan I. Qureshi, Robert A. Taylor. (2009) Research Priorities for Intracranial Atherosclerotic Diseases. Journal of Neuroimaging 19:S1, 39S-42S
CrossRef147
Sami Pierre Moubayed, Issam Saliba. (2009) Vertebrobasilar insufficiency presenting as isolated positional vertigo or dizziness: A double-blind retrospective cohort study. The Laryngoscope 119:10, 2071-2076
CrossRef148
Robert A. Taylor, Scott E. Kasner. (2009) Natural History of Asymptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis. Journal of Neuroimaging 19:S1, 17S-19S
CrossRef149
Feng Gao, Wei-Jian Jiang. (2009) Transient ischemic attack associated with stenosis of accessory middle cerebral artery: A case report. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 111:7, 588-590
CrossRef150
Niall JJ MacDougall, Sanjay Amarasinghe, Keith W Muir. (2009) Secondary prevention of stroke. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 7:9, 1103-1115
CrossRef151
P.J. Kuhlencordt, J. Röling, U. Hoffmann. (2009) Erkrankungen der hirnversorgenden Gefäße. Der Internist 50:8, 945-951
CrossRef152
Philip M. Meyers, H. Christian Schumacher, William A. Gray, Johanna Fifi, John G. Gaudet, Eric J. Heyer, Ji Y. Chong. (2009) Intravascular Ultrasound of Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis Demonstrates Atherosclerotic Plaque with Intraplaque Hemorrhage: A Case Report. Journal of Neuroimaging 19:3, 266-270
CrossRef153
Elad I. Levy, Adnan H. Siddiqui, L. Nelson Hopkins, David J. Langer, Christopher S. Ogilvy. (2009) Cerebrovascular surgery: evolution or obsolescence. Journal of Neurosurgery 111:1, 195-197
CrossRef154
H. Christian Schumacher, Philip M. Meyers, Randall T. Higashida, Colin P. Derdeyn, Sean D. Lavine, Gary M. Nesbit, David Sacks, Peter Rasmussen, Lawrence R. Wechsler. (2009) Reporting Standards for Angioplasty and Stent-assisted Angioplasty for Intracranial Atherosclerosis. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 20:7, S451-S473
CrossRef155
Randall T. Higashida, Philip M. Meyers, John J. Connors III, David Sacks, C.M. Strother, John D. Barr, Joan C. Wojak, Gary R. Duckwiler. (2009) Intracranial Angioplasty and Stenting for Cerebral Atherosclerosis: A Position Statement of the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the American Society of Neuroradiology. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 20:7, S312-S316
CrossRef156
Kenneth M. Liebman, Meryl A. Severson III. (2009) Techniques and Devices in Neuroendovascular Procedures. Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 20:3, 315-340
CrossRef157
Sepideh Amin-Hanjani. (2009) Diagnosis and neurosurgical treatment of intracranial vascular occlusive syndromes. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 11:3, 212-220
CrossRef158
Dara G. Jamieson, Maryna Skliut. (2009) Gender Considerations in Stroke Management. The Neurologist 15:3, 132-141
CrossRef159
Bin Wang, Zhong-rong Miao, Gui-lin Li, Yang Hua, Xun-min Ji, Li-qun Jiao, Ren-zhi Wang, Feng Ling. (2009) Treatment of symptomatic complex posterior circulation cerebral artery stenosis with balloon-mounted stents: technique feasibility and outcome. Neuroradiology 51:5, 319-326
CrossRef160
Edward Haosheng Yu, Codrin Lungu, Ronald M. Kanner, Richard Benjamin Libman. (2009) The Use of Diagnostic Tests in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 18:3, 178-184
CrossRef161
Shunsuke Kakino, Kuniaki Ogasawara, Yoshitaka Kubo, Hiroshi Kashimura, Hiromu Konno, Atsushi Sugawara, Masakazu Kobayashi, Makoto Sasaki, Akira Ogawa. (2009) Clinical and angiographic long-term outcomes of vertebral artery–subclavian artery transposition to treat symptomatic stenosis of vertebral artery origin. Journal of Neurosurgery 110:5, 943-947
CrossRef162
Ricardo J. Komotar, Robert M. Starke, Marc L. Otten, Maxwell B. Merkow, Matthew C. Garrett, Randolph S. Marshall, Mitchell S. V. Elkind, E. Sander Connolly. (2009) The role of indirect extracranial-intracranial bypass in the treatment of symptomatic intracranial atheroocclusive disease. Journal of Neurosurgery 110:5, 896-904
CrossRef163
Peter AG Sandercock, Lorna M Gibson, Ming Liu, Peter AG Sandercock. 2009. Anticoagulants for preventing recurrence following presumed non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. .
CrossRef164
Alex Abou-Chebl. (2009) Cervical artery dissection. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 11:2, 167-175
CrossRef165
M. Haris U. Usman, Lawrence A. Notaro, Rangadham Nagarakanti, Eric Brahin, Scott Dessain, Edward Gracely, Michael D. Ezekowitz. (2009) Combination Antiplatelet Therapy for Secondary Stroke Prevention: Enhanced Efficacy or Double Trouble?. The American Journal of Cardiology 103:8, 1107-1112
CrossRef166
Gregory J. Zipfel, James Sagar, J. Phillip Miller, Tom O. Videen, Robert L. Grubb, Ralph G. Dacey, Colin P. Derdeyn. (2009) Cerebral hemodynamics as a predictor of stroke in adult patients with moyamoya disease: a prospective observational study. Neurosurgical FOCUS 26:4, E6
CrossRef167
Alex Abou-Chebl, Nirav Vora, Jay S. Yadav. (2009) Safety of Angioplasty and Stenting Without Thrombolysis for the Treatment of Early Ischemic Stroke. Journal of Neuroimaging 19:2, 139-143
CrossRef168
Ricky Medel, R. Webster Crowley, Aaron S. Dumont. (2009) Hyperperfusion syndrome following endovascular cerebral revascularization. Neurosurgical FOCUS 26:3, E4
CrossRef169
Joachim Berkefeld, Friedhelm E. Zanella. (2009) Intracranial Stenting of Atherosclerotic Stenoses*. Clinical Neuroradiology 19:1, 38-44
CrossRef170
László Csiba, Katalin Réka Kovács. (2009) Antithromboticus kezelés szívbetegek elsődleges és másodlagos stroke-prevenciójában és akut stroke-ban. Orvosi Hetilap 150:5, 195-202
CrossRef171
Helmi L Lutsep. (2009) Symptomatic intracranial stenosis: best medical treatment vs. intracranial stenting. Current Opinion in Neurology 22:1, 69-74
CrossRef172
JAY S. YADAV, ALEX ABOU-CHEBL. (2009) Intracranial Angioplasty and Stenting. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 22:1, 9-15
CrossRef173
B. Du, E.H.C. Wong, W.-J. Jiang. (2009) Long-Term Outcome of Tandem Stenting for Stenoses of the Intracranial Vertebrobasilar Artery and Vertebral Ostium. American Journal of Neuroradiology 30:4, 840-844
CrossRef174
Kazunori Toyoda. (2009) Pharmacotherapy for the Secondary Prevention of Stroke. Drugs 69:6, 633-647
CrossRef175
Slobodan Culafic, Novak Lakicevic, Miodrag Mihajlovic, Dara Stefanovic, Milan Spaic. (2009) Stenting for symptomatic high-grade basilar artery stenosis. Vojnosanitetski pregled 66:9, 744-748
CrossRef176
Joon-Tae Kim, Seung-Han Lee, Seong-Min Choi, Man-Seok Park, Byeong-Chae Kim, Woong Yoon, Jae-Kyu Kim, Myeong-Kyu Kim, Ki-Hyun Cho. (2009) Long-Term Durability of Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty in Patients with Symptomatic Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis. Journal of Clinical Neurology 5:1, 24
CrossRef177
SHIGERU MIYACHI. (2009) Rinsho Shinkeigaku 49:11, 807-809
CrossRef178
Aiko Tamura, Yasumasa Yamamoto, Tomohiko Murai, Jun Fujinami, Ryoutarou Ishii, Tomoyuki Ohara. (2009) Stroke mechanism and acute neurological worsening in patients with middle cerebral artery stenosis. Nosotchu 31:6, 538-543
CrossRef179
Zhongrong R. Miao, Lei Feng, Shengmao Li, Fengshui Zhu, Xunming Ji, Liqun Jiao, Feng Ling. (2009) TREATMENT OF SYMPTOMATIC MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY STENOSIS WITH BALLOON-MOUNTED STENTS. Neurosurgery 64:1, 79-85
CrossRef180
B. L. Cucchiara. (2009) Evaluation and management of stroke. Hematology 2009:1, 293-301
CrossRef181
Kazuo Kitagawa, Saburo Sakoda. (2009) Mechanism underlying thrombus formation in cerebral infarction. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 49:11, 798-800
CrossRef182
Toshihiro Ueda, Shinya Fukumoto, Masahiko Tagawa, Shinji Nogoshi, Ryuko Kurita, Manabu Fujita, Jun Nishihara, Osamu Nishizaki, Daisuke Shoda, Hiroki Nakatsuka, Hisashi Nakamura, Yasutaka Sadamoto. (2009) Long-term outcome of balloon angioplasty without stenting for symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis. Nosotchu 31:6, 544-549
CrossRef183
T. Seifert, M. Augustin, G. E. Klein, S. Horner, K. Niederkorn, F. Fazekas. (2009) Symptomatic stenosis of the vertebrobasilar arteries: results of extra- and intracranial stent-PTA. European Journal of Neurology 16:1, 31-36
CrossRef184
Masahiro Yasaka, Toshiyasu Ogata, Yosiyuki Wakugawa, Noriko Makihara, Mayumi Mori, Yuichi Miyazaki, Yasushi Okada. (2009) Pathophysiology and conservative treatment of atherothrombotic brain infarction. Nosotchu 31:6, 531-537
CrossRef185
Oh Young Bang. (2009) Multimodal MRI for Ischemic Stroke: From Acute Therapy to Preventive Strategies. Journal of Clinical Neurology 5:3, 107
CrossRef186
Toral R. Patel, Ketan R. Bulsara. (2009) Current strategies for the treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic internal carotid artery stenosis. Neurosurgical Review 32:1, 23-28
CrossRef187
H. P. Adams. (2009) Secondary Prevention of Atherothrombotic Events After Ischemic Stroke. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84:1, 43-51
CrossRef188
2009. Références. , 223-234.
CrossRef189
Qasim Bashir, Aamir Badruddin, Victor Aletich. (2008) Endovascular Techniques for Stroke Prevention. Neurologic Clinics 26:4, 1099-1127
CrossRef190
R. Charles Callison, Harold P. Adams. (2008) Use of Antiplatelet Agents for Prevention of Ischemic Stroke. Neurologic Clinics 26:4, 1047-1077
CrossRef191
P.D. Schellinger, P. Ringleb, W. Hacke. (2008) Leitlinien zum Management von Patienten mit akutem Hirninfarkt oder TIA der Europäischen Schlaganfallorganisation 2008. Der Nervenarzt 79:10, 1180-1202
CrossRef192
Gregory P Van Stavern, Renee B Van Stavern. (2008) Stroke and visual loss. Expert Review of Ophthalmology 3:5, 529-541
CrossRef193
Sacco, Ralph L., Diener, Hans-Christoph, Yusuf, Salim, Cotton, Daniel, Ôunpuu, Stephanie, Lawton, William A., Palesch, Yuko, Martin, Reneé H., Albers, Gregory W., Bath, Philip, Bornstein, Natan, Chan, Bernard P.L., Chen, Sien-Tsong, Cunha, Luis, Dahlöf, Björn, De Keyser, Jacques, Donnan, Geoffrey A., Estol, Conrado, Gorelick, Philip, Gu, Vivian, Hermansson, Karin, Hilbrich, Lutz, Kaste, Markku, Lu, Chuanzhen, Machnig, Thomas, Pais, Prem, Roberts, Robin, Skvortsova, Veronika, Teal, Philip, Toni, Danilo, VanderMaelen, Cam, Voigt, Thor, Weber, Michael, Yoon, Byung-Woo, . (2008) Aspirin and Extended-Release Dipyridamole versus Clopidogrel for Recurrent Stroke. New England Journal of Medicine 359:12, 1238-1251
Full Text194
Steven R. Messé, Edward C. Jauch. (2008) Transient Ischemic Attack: Diagnostic Evaluation. Annals of Emergency Medicine 52:2, S17-S26
CrossRef195
Felipe C. Albuquerque, Elad I. Levy, Aquilla S. Turk, David B. Niemann, Beverly Aagaard-Kienitz, G. Lee Pride, Phillip D. Purdy, Babu G. Welch, Henry H. Woo, Peter A. Rasmussen, L. Nelson Hopkins, Thomas J. Masaryk, Cameron G. McDougall, David J. Fiorella. (2008) ANGIOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF WINGSPAN IN-STENT RESTENOSIS. Neurosurgery 63:1, 23-28
CrossRef196
Lotfi Hacein-Bey, Panayiotis N. Varelas. (2008) Angioplasty and Stenting for Cerebrovascular Disease: Current Status. Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 19:3, 433-445
CrossRef197
David B. Sommer, Larry B. Goldstein. 2008. Central Nervous System (CNS). .
CrossRef198
L. Nelson Hopkins, Robert D. Ecker. (2008) CEREBRAL ENDOVASCULAR NEUROSURGERY. Neurosurgery 62:Supplement 3, SHC1483-SHC1502
CrossRef199
Pablo del Saz-Saucedo, José Francisco Maestre-Moreno, Juan Francisco Arenillas-Lara. (2008) Ateromatosis intracraneal. Medicina Clínica 131:4, 141-152
CrossRef200
Daniel R. Fassett, Andrew T. Dailey, Alexander R. Vaccaro. (2008) Vertebral Artery Injuries Associated With Cervical Spine Injuries: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques 21:4, 252-258
CrossRef201
Richard A. Bernstein. (2008) Antiplatelet agents for secondary prevention of stroke. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 10:3, 223-228
CrossRef202
K.F. Layton, J.H. Hise, I.C. Thacker. (2008) Recurrent Intracranial Stenosis Induced by the Wingspan Stent: Comparison with Balloon Angioplasty Alone in a Single Patient. American Journal of Neuroradiology 29:6, 1050-1052
CrossRef203
Louis R. Caplan. (2008) Intracranial large artery occlusive disease. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 8:3, 177-181
CrossRef204
Adnan I. Qureshi, Haitham M. Hussein, Ahmed El-Gengaihy, Mohamed Abdelmoula, M. Fareed K. Suri. (2008) CONCURRENT COMPARISON OF OUTCOMES OF PRIMARY ANGIOPLASTY AND OF STENT PLACEMENT IN HIGH-RISK PATIENTS WITH SYMPTOMATIC INTRACRANIAL STENOSIS. Neurosurgery 62:5, 1053-1062
CrossRef205
David P. Slovut, J. Michael Bacharach. 2008. Endovascular Therapy for Brachiocephalic Vessels. , 267-276.
CrossRef206
D.C. Suh, J.K. Kim, J.W. Choi, B.S. Choi, H.W. Pyun, Y.J. Choi, M.-H. Kim, H.R. Yang, H.I. Ha, S.J. Kim, D.H. Lee, C.G. Choi, K.D. Hahm, J.S. Kim. (2008) Intracranial Stenting of Severe Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis: Results of 100 Consecutive Patients. American Journal of Neuroradiology 29:4, 781-785
CrossRef207
Jose G. Romano, Ralph L. Sacco. (2008) Progress in secondary stroke prevention. Annals of Neurology 63:4, 418-427
CrossRef208
Taku Hoshi, Kazuo Kitagawa, Hiroshi Yamagami, Shigetaka Furukado, Hidetaka Hougaku, Masatsugu Hori. (2008) Relation between interleukin-6 level and subclinical intracranial large-artery atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 197:1, 326-332
CrossRef209
Shunsuke Kakino, Kuniaki Ogasawara, Yoshitaka Kubo, Masakazu Kobayashi, Hiroshi Kashimura, Akira Ogawa. (2008) Symptomatic occlusion at the origin of the vertebral artery treated using external carotid artery–cervical vertebral artery bypass with interposed saphenous vein graft. Surgical Neurology 69:2, 164-168
CrossRef210
V. Puetz, G. Gahn, U. Becker, D. Mucha, A. Mueller, N.U. Weir, B. Wiedemann, R. von Kummer. (2008) Endovascular Therapy of Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis in Patients With Impaired Regional Cerebral Blood Flow or Failure of Medical Therapy. American Journal of Neuroradiology 29:2, 273-280
CrossRef211
R. Webster Crowley, Ricky Medel, Aaron S. Dumont. (2008) Evolution of cerebral revascularization techniques. Neurosurgical FOCUS 24:2, E3
CrossRef212
J. Valaikiene, G. Schuierer, B. Ziemus, J. Dietrich, U. Bogdahn, F. Schlachetzki. (2008) Transcranial Color-Coded Duplex Sonography for Detection of Distal Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis. American Journal of Neuroradiology 29:2, 347-353
CrossRef213
A.S. Turk, E.I. Levy, F.C. Albuquerque, G.L. Pride, H. Woo, B.G. Welch, D.B. Niemann, P.D. Purdy, B. Aagaard-Kienitz, P.A. Rasmussen, L.N. Hopkins, T.J. Masaryk, C.G. McDougall, D. Fiorella. (2008) Influence of Patient Age and Stenosis Location on Wingspan In-Stent Restenosis. American Journal of Neuroradiology 29:1, 23-27
CrossRef214
F. Pico, J. Labreuche, J.-J. Hauw, P. Amarenco. (2008) Dolicoectasie arteriose intracraniche. EMC - Neurologia 8:3, 1-12
CrossRef215
Tong Yin, Hironori Hanada, Kotaro Miyashita, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Yasuhisa Akaiwa, Ryoichi Otsubo, Kazuyuki Nagatsuka, Toshiho Otsuki, Akira Okayama, Kazuo Minematsu, Hiroaki Naritomi, Hitonobu Tomoike, Toshiyuki Miyata. (2008) No association between vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like 1 (VKORC1L1) and the variability of warfarin dose requirement in a Japanese patient population. Thrombosis Research 122:2, 179-184
CrossRef216
Kiwon Lee, David M. Brown, Daniel David Dressler, Alpesh Amin, Dara G. Jamieson, David Krakow, Saad Rahman, David J. Likosky. (2008) Secondary prevention of ischemic stroke: Challenging patient scenarios. Journal of Hospital Medicine 3:S4, S20-S28
CrossRef217
Young Il Jeon, Do Hoon Kwon. (2008) Current Status and Future Prospect of Endovascular Neurosurgery. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 43:2, 69
CrossRef218
Jesse Weinberger. (2008) Antiplatelet Agents for Stroke Prevention Following Transient Ischemic Attack. Southern Medical Journal 101:1, 70-78
CrossRef219
T. Abruzzo, F. Tong, J. E. Dion, M. Workman, H. J. Cloft. (2008) Reply:. American Journal of Neuroradiology 29:1, 6-6
CrossRef220
Takashi Yasuda, Wakoh Takahashi, Shunya Takizawa, Naobumi Fujimura, Shigeharu Takagi. (2008) An embolic stroke patient with mobile thrombus of the aortic arch detected by cinemode magnetic resonance imaging. Nosotchu 30:4, 583-588
CrossRef221
David J. Likosky, Kiwon Lee, David M. Brown, Alpesh Amin, Daniel David Dressler, David Krakow, Saad Rahman, Dara G. Jamieson. (2008) Evidence-based medicine: Review of guidelines and trials in the prevention of secondary stroke. Journal of Hospital Medicine 3:S4, S6-S19
CrossRef222
(2008) Guidelines for Management of Ischaemic Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack 2008. Cerebrovascular Diseases 25:5, 457-507
CrossRef223
D. M. O. Pruissen, F. R. Rosendaal, J. W. Gorter, A. A. Garcia, L. J. Kappelle, A. Algra, . (2007) Haemostatic genetic variants, ABO blood group and bleeding risk during oral anticoagulant treatment after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin. Journal of Neurology 254:12, 1660-1665
CrossRef224
Alipio Mangas Rojas, Francisco Gómez Rodríguez. (2007) Tratamiento multifactorial de la arteriosclerosis. Medicina Clínica 129:20, 785-796
CrossRef225
Helmi L. Lutsep. (2007) New Developments in Secondary Stroke Prevention: Impact of the European/Australasian Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (ESPRIT) on Clinical Management. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 16:6, 263-267
CrossRef226
&NA;. (2007) Stratify patients with transient ischaemic attack by risk of subsequent stroke, assess cause, then generally treat with aspirin. Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 23:11, 16-18
CrossRef227
E. Durán Ferreras, J. Viguera Romero, C. Martínez Parra. (2007) Accidente isquémico transitorio. Revista Clínica Española 207:10, 505-507
CrossRef228
H. S. Kirshner. (2007) Prevention of secondary stroke and transient ischaemic attack with antiplatelet therapy: the role of the primary care physician role. International Journal of Clinical Practice 61:10, 1739-1748
CrossRef229
R. Weber, H.C. Diener, M. Grond. (2007) Aktuelle Aspekte der Sekundärprophylaxe des ischämischen Schlaganfalls. Der Nervenarzt 78:10, 1138-1146
CrossRef230
José Maria Modenesi Freitas, Marco Zenteno, Yolanda Aburto-Murrieta, Gelson Koppe, Carlos Abath, José Aldemir Nunes, Eduardo Raupp, Raquel Hidalgo, Marco Antonio Pieruccetti, Ángel Lee. (2007) Intracranial arterial stenting for symptomatic stenoses: a Latin American experience. Surgical Neurology 68:4, 378-386
CrossRef231
Ai-Hsien Li, Yiu-Tong Chu, Lin-Hsue Yang, Kuo-Ching Chen, Shu-Hsun Chu. (2007) More coronary artery stenosis, more cerebral artery stenosis? A simultaneous angiographic study discloses their strong correlation. Heart and Vessels 22:5, 297-302
CrossRef232
Scott E. Kasner, Michael J. Lynn, Bryon P. Jackson, Patrick M. Pullicino, Marc I. Chimowitz. (2007) Echocardiography in Patients With Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 16:5, 216-219
CrossRef233
Thabele M. Leslie-Mazwi, Thomas G. Brott, Robert D. Brown, Bradford B. Worrall, Scott L. Silliman, L. Douglas Case, Michael R. Frankel, Stephen S. Rich, James F. Meschia. (2007) Sex Differences in Stroke Evaluations in the Ischemic Stroke Genetics Study. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 16:5, 187-193
CrossRef234
Elad I. Levy, Aquilla S. Turk, Felipe C. Albuquerque, David B. Niemann, Beverly Aagaard-Kienitz, Lee Pride, Phil Purdy, Babu Welch, Henry Woo, Peter A. Rasmussen, L. Nelson Hopkins, Thomas J. Masaryk, Cameron G. McDougall, David J. Fiorella. (2007) WINGSPAN IN-STENT RESTENOSIS AND THROMBOSIS. Neurosurgery 61:3, 644-651
CrossRef235
David Fiorella, Michael M. Chow, Michael Anderson, Henry Woo, Peter A. Rasmussen, Thomas J. Masaryk. (2007) A 7-YEAR EXPERIENCE WITH BALLOON-MOUNTED CORONARY STENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF SYMPTOMATIC VERTEBROBASILAR INTRACRANIAL ATHEROMATOUS DISEASE. Neurosurgery 61:2, 236-243
CrossRef236
C. Weimar, E.B. Ringelstein, H.-C. Diener. (2007) Stroke-Units. Der Nervenarzt 78:8, 957-966
CrossRef237
Aquilla S. Turk, Azam Ahmed, David B. Niemann, Beverly Aagaard-Kienitz, Nathaniel Brooks, Ross L. Levine. (2007) Utilization of self-expanding stents in the treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic disease in the distal small cerebral vessels. Neuroradiology 49:8, 659-663
CrossRef238
John B. Weigele, Robert A. Taylor, Scott E. Kasner. (2007) Current management of symptomatic intracranial stenosis: Medical versus endovascular therapy. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 9:4, 296-304
CrossRef239
W. S. Aronow. (2007) Use of Antiplatelet Drugs in Secondary Prevention in Older Persons With Atherothrombotic Disease. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 62:5, 518-524
CrossRef240
Carlos E. Sanchez, Christopher S. Ogilvy, Bob S. Carter. (2007) Outcomes studies in cerebrovascular neurosurgery. Neurosurgical FOCUS 22:3, 1-15
CrossRef241
Tudor G. Jovin, Rishi Gupta, Michael B. Horowitz. (2007) Management of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Current Cardiology Reports 9:1, 32-40
CrossRef242
Philip M. Meyers, H. Christian Schumacher, Kurenai Tanji, Randall T. Higashida, Louis R. Caplan. (2007) Use of Stents to Treat Intracranial Cerebrovascular Disease. Annual Review of Medicine 58:1, 107-122
CrossRef243
Pil-Woo Huh, Do-Sung Yoo. (2007) Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease; Current Options for Surgical or Medical Treatment. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 42:6, 427
CrossRef244
Padmavathy N Sylaja, Michael D Hill. (2007) Current Management of Transient Ischemic Attack. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 7:1, 67-74
CrossRef245
Rina Kimura, Kotaro Miyashita, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Yasuhisa Akaiwa, Ryoichi Otsubo, Kazuyuki Nagatsuka, Toshiho Otsuki, Akira Okayama, Kazuo Minematsu, Hiroaki Naritomi, Shigenori Honda, Hitonobu Tomoike, Toshiyuki Miyata. (2007) Genotypes of vitamin K epoxide reductase, γ-glutamyl carboxylase, and cytochrome P450 2C9 as determinants of daily warfarin dose in Japanese patients. Thrombosis Research 120:2, 181-186
CrossRef246
P.H.A. Halkes, A. Algra. (2007) Anticoagulants, Aspirin and Dipyridamole in the Secondary Prevention of Cerebral Ischaemia: Which Is the Best for Which Patient?. Cerebrovascular Diseases 24:1, 107-111
CrossRef247
Shinji Yamamoto, Takahisa Mori, Keisuke Imai, Hajime Izumoto, Takenobu Kunieda. (2007) Long-term outcome after elective stent assisted intracranial angioplasty for atherosclerotic occlusive disease. Nosotchu 29:1, 14-21
CrossRef248
J. Berkefeld, G. F. Hamann, R. Mesnil, W. Kurre, H. Steinmetz, F. E. Zanella, M. Sitzer. (2006) Endovaskuläre Behandlung intrakranieller Stenosen. Der Nervenarzt 77:12, 1444-1455
CrossRef249
Eric Sauvageau, L Nelson Hopkins. (2006) Training in Cerebrovascular Disease: Do We Need to Change the Way We Train Residents?. Neurosurgery 59:SUPPLEMENT, S3-282-S3-286
CrossRef250
Richard A. Bernstein. (2006) Risks of Stroke from General Surgical Procedures in Stroke Patients. Neurologic Clinics 24:4, 777-782
CrossRef251
Adnan I. Qureshi, Jawad F. Kirmani, Haitham M. Hussein, Pansy Harris-Lane, Afshin A. Divani, M. Fareed K. Suri, Nazli Janjua, Ammar Alkawi. (2006) EARLY AND INTERMEDIATE-TERM OUTCOMES WITH DRUG-ELUTING STENTS IN HIGH-RISK PATIENTSWITH SYMPTOMATIC INTRACRANIAL STENOSIS. Neurosurgery1044???1051
CrossRef252
Robert D. Ecker, Elad I. Levy, Eric Sauvageau, Ricardo A. Hanel, L Nelson Hopkins. (2006) Current Concepts in the Management of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease. Neurosurgery 59:SUPPLEMENT, S3-210-S3-218
CrossRef253
Robert A Taylor, Scott E Kasner. (2006) Treatment of intracranial arterial stenosis. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 6:11, 1685-1694
CrossRef254
Lotfi Hacein-Bey, Panayiotis N. Varelas. (2006) Intracranial Angioplasty and Stenting for Cerebrovascular Disease. Neurologic Clinics 24:4, 697-713
CrossRef255
Robert D. Ecker, Elad I. Levy, L Nelson Hopkins. (2006) Workforce Needs for Endovascular Neurosurgery. Neurosurgery 59:SUPPLEMENT, S3-271-S3-276
CrossRef256
Shyam Prabhakaran, Bernardo Liberato, Ralph L. Sacco. 2006. Stroke Prevention. , 545-584.
CrossRef257
Naveed Akhtar, Dirk Deleu, Ashfaq Shuaib. (2006) Antithrombotic therapy in secondary stroke prevention. Aging Health 2:5, 787-797
CrossRef258
Richard J. Parkinson, Christopher P. Demers, Joseph G. Adel, Elad I. Levy, Eric Sauvageau, Ricardo A. Hanel, Ali Shaibani, Lee R. Guterman, L Nelson Hopkins, H Hunt Batjer, Bernard R. Bendok. (2006) Use of Heparin-coated Stents in Neurovascular Interventional Procedures: Preliminary Experience with 10 Patients. Neurosurgery 59:4, 812-821
CrossRef259
M. Grond. (2006) Leitlinien der DSG und der DGN zur Schlaganfalltherapie—neue Therapieaspekte. Clinical Research in Cardiology 95:S6, vi41-vi46
CrossRef260
Whilbert S. Aronow. (2006) Use of antiplatelet drugs in secondary prevention in patients with atherothrombotic disease. Comprehensive Therapy 32:3, 182-188
CrossRef261
S. Claiborne Johnston, Mai N. Nguyen-Huynh, Miriam E. Schwarz, Kate Fuller, Christina E. Williams, S. Andrew Josephson, Graeme J. Hankey, Robert G. Hart, Steven R. Levine, Jose Biller, Robert D. Brown, Ralph L. Sacco, L. Jaap Kappelle, Peter J. Koudstaal, Julien Bogousslavsky, Louis R. Caplan, Jan van Gijn, Ale Algra, Peter M. Rothwell, Harold P. Adams, Gregory W. Albers. (2006) National Stroke Association guidelines for the management of transient ischemic attacks. Annals of Neurology 60:3, 301-313
CrossRef262
Peter M. Rothwell. (2006) Medical and surgical management of symptomatic carotid stenosis. International Journal of Stroke 1:3, 140-149
CrossRef263
Lawrence K.S. Wong. (2006) Global burden of intracranial atherosclerosis. International Journal of Stroke 1:3, 158-159
CrossRef264
Jose I Suarez. (2006) Is angioplasty a viable approach for treating symptomatic intracranial stenosis?. Nature Clinical Practice Neurology 2:8, 416-417
CrossRef265
Salvador Cruz-Flores, Alan L Diamond, Salvador Cruz-Flores. 2006. Angioplasty for intracranial artery stenosis. .
CrossRef266
Alex Abou-Chebl, Derk W. Krieger, Christopher T. Bajzer, Jay S. Yadav. (2006) Intracranial Angioplasty and Stenting in the Awake Patient. Journal of Neuroimaging 16:3, 216-223
CrossRef267
Mikael Mazighi, Alex Abou-Chebl. (2006) Management of symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis: Endovascular therapy. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 8:4, 298-303
CrossRef268
Stefan Hähnel, Peter Ringleb, Marius Hartmann. (2006) Treatment of intracranial stenoses using the Neuroform stent system: initial experience in five cases. Neuroradiology 48:7, 479-485
CrossRef269
Peter M. Rothwell. (2006) Symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis: How, when, and who to treat?. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 8:4, 290-297
CrossRef270
Matt Fisher, Volker Knappertz. (2006) The dose of aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Current Medical Research and Opinion 22:7, 1239-1248
CrossRef271
Olaf Eberhardt, Thomas Naegele, Sabine Raygrotzki, Michael Weller, Ulrike Ernemann. (2006) Stenting of vertebrobasilar arteries in symptomatic atherosclerotic disease and acute occlusion: Case series and review of the literature. Journal of Vascular Surgery 43:6, 1145-1154
CrossRef272
Hakan Ay, Walter J. Koroshetz. (2006) Transient ischemic attack: Are there different types or classes? Risk of stroke and treatment options. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 8:3, 193-200
CrossRef273
Adnan I Qureshi, Jawad F Kirmani, Adnan Safdar, Shafiuddin Ahmed, Muhammad A Sayed, Ravi U Pande, Richard Ferguson, Linda A Hershey, Khalid J Qazi. (2006) High Prevalence of Previous Antiplatelet Drug Use in Patients with New or Recurrent Ischemic Stroke: Buffalo Metropolitan Area and Erie County Stroke Study. Pharmacotherapy 26:4, 493-498
CrossRef274
Silvina B. Tonarelli, Robert G. Hart. (2006) What's New in Stroke? The Top 10 for 2004/05. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 54:4, 674-679
CrossRef275
J. Martí. (2006) Comentarios bibliográficos. Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis 18:2, 73-74
CrossRef276
Arockia Doss, Constantine C. Phatouros. (2006) Vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 8:2, 111-119
CrossRef277
P Makela, U Hammerbeck, DN Rushton. (2006) Rehabilitation of the younger adult stroke patient. Therapy 3:2, 273-289
CrossRef278
Bruce Ovbiagele. (2006) The Emergency Department: First Line of Defense in Preventing Secondary Stroke. Academic Emergency Medicine 13:2, 215-222
CrossRef279
Thomas W. Leung, Sun U. Kwon, Ka Sing Wong. (2006) Management of patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. International Journal of Stroke 1:1, 20-25
CrossRef280
Christian Weimar, Hans-Christoph Diener. (2006) What’s new in stroke prevention and treatment. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 6:2, 185-193
CrossRef281
Nerses Sanossian, Bruce Ovbiagele. (2006) Multimodality Stroke Prevention. The Neurologist 12:1, 14-31
CrossRef282
Kwang-Yeol Park, Chin-Sang Chung, Kwang Ho Lee, Gyoeng-Moon Kim, Yong-Bum Kim, Kyungmi Oh. (2006) Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intracranial Atherosclerosis in an Asymptomatic Korean Population. Journal of Clinical Neurology 2:1, 29
CrossRef283
J. Martí-Fàbregas, D. Cocho, J.-L. Martí-Vilalta, I. Gich, R. Belvís, Y. Bravo, M. Millán, M. Castellanos, A. Rodríguez-Campello, J. Egido, D. Geffner, A. Gil-Núñez, J. Marta, R. Navarro, V. Obach, E. Palomeras. (2006) Aspirin or Anticoagulants in Stenosis of the Middle Cerebral Artery: A Randomized Trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 22:2-3, 162-169
CrossRef284
Jeffrey C Wagner, Helmi L Lutsep. (2006) Lessons from a prospective trial: no warfarin for intracranial stenosis. Future Neurology 1:1, 31-34
CrossRef285
A RABINSTEIN, A VERMA. (2006) Comparison of Warfarin and Aspirin for Symptomatic Intracranial Arterial StenosisChimowitz MI, for the Warfarin–Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Trial Investigators (Emory Univ, Atlanta, Ga; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Wayne State Univ, Detroit; et al) N Engl J Med 352:1305–1316, 2005§. Yearbook of Neurology and Neurosurgery 2006, 14-17
CrossRef286
Paul Bentley, Pankaj Sharma. (2005) Pharmacological treatment of ischemic stroke. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 108:3, 334-352
CrossRef287
Maria I Aguilar, Robert Hart, Robert Hart. 2005. Antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and no previous history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks. .
CrossRef288
Randall T. Higashida, P.M. Meyers, J.J. Connors, David Sacks, C.M. Strother, John D. Barr, Joan C. Wojak, Gary R. Duckwiler. (2005) Intracranial Angioplasty & Stenting For Cerebral Atherosclerosis: A Position Statement of the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the American Society of Neuroradiology. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 16:10, 1281-1285
CrossRef289
Maria I Aguilar, Robert Hart, Robert Hart. 2005. Oral anticoagulants for preventing stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and no previous history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks. .
CrossRef290
Endre Pongrácz, Zoltán Káposzta. (2005) Antiplatelet therapy in ischemic stroke. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 5:4, 541-549
CrossRef291
Gabrielle deVeber. (2005) In pursuit of evidence-based treatments for paediatric stroke: the UK and Chest guidelines. The Lancet Neurology 4:7, 432-436
CrossRef292
Savitz, Sean I., Caplan, Louis R., . (2005) Vertebrobasilar Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 352:25, 2618-2626
Full Text293
Larry Schuster. (2005) WARFARIN NO MORE EFFECTIVE THAN ASPIRIN FOR INTRACRANIAL ARTERIAL STENOSIS. Neurology Today 5:5, 24-25
CrossRef294
Gina Shaw. (2005) A DELICATE BALANCE. Neurology Today 5:5, 26-28
CrossRef295
Koroshetz, Walter J., . (2005) Warfarin, Aspirin, and Intracranial Vascular Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 352:13, 1368-1370
Full Text
