Original Article
Bilateral Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Globus Pallidus in Primary Generalized Dystonia
N Engl J Med 2005; 352:459-467February 3, 2005
- Abstract
Background
Severe forms of dystonia respond poorly to medical treatment. Deep-brain stimulation is a reversible neurosurgical procedure that has been used for the treatment of dystonia, but assessment of its efficacy has been limited to open studies.
Methods
We performed a prospective, controlled, multicenter study assessing the efficacy and safety of bilateral pallidal stimulation in 22 patients with primary generalized dystonia. The severity of dystonia was evaluated before surgery and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively during neurostimulation, with the use of the movement and disability subscores of the Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Scale (range, 0 to 120 and 0 to 30, respectively, with higher scores indicating greater impairment). Movement scores were assessed by a review of videotaped sessions performed by an observer who was unaware of treatment status. At three months, patients underwent a double-blind evaluation in the presence and absence of neurostimulation. We also assessed the patients' quality of life, cognition, and mood at baseline and 12 months.
Results
The dystonia movement score improved from a mean (±SD) of 46.3±21.3 before surgery to 21.0±14.1 at 12 months (P<0.001). The disability score improved from 11.6±5.5 before surgery to 6.5±4.9 at 12 months (P<0.001). General health and physical functioning were significantly improved at month 12; there were no significant changes in measures of mood and cognition. At the three-month evaluation, dystonia movement scores were significantly better with neurostimulation than without neurostimulation (24.6±17.7 vs. 34.6±12.3, P<0.001). There were five adverse events (in three patients); all resolved without permanent sequelae.
Conclusions
These findings support the efficacy and safety of the use of bilateral stimulation of the internal globus pallidus in selected patients with primary generalized dystonia.
Media in This Article
Video
A Woman with Primary Generalized Dystonia.
Figure 1
Mean (+SD) Scores for the Movement (Panel A) and Disability (Panel B) Subscales of the Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Scale before and 3, 6, and 12 Months after Surgery.Article Activity
- Article
Video
A Woman with Primary Generalized Dystonia.
Dystonia is a clinical syndrome characterized by sustained muscle contractions causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures.1 Primary generalized dystonia is a severe motor disease, causing physical and social incapacity in patients with normal cognitive function. Pharmacologic treatments have limited efficacy, and injections of botulinum toxin are useful only in restricted areas (e.g., the face and neck). Thus, surgical approaches merit investigation. Thalamotomy2 and pallidotomy3 may induce variable and unstable responses4 and unacceptable adverse effects, including speech difficulties and cognitive disturbances.5 In contrast, deep-brain stimulation targeting the internal globus pallidus is a reversible procedure with low morbidity.6-10
Although a beneficial effect of bilateral stimulation of the internal globus pallidus has been reported in children with primary generalized dystonia,11,12 little information is available on its effects in adults. Data from case reports13-21 or small groups of patients22,23 with primary generalized dystonia are scattered or embedded in reports of heterogeneous groups of patients, including those with secondary16,18,21,23 or focal15,18 disease. Moreover, the ability to draw conclusions from these reports is limited by variations in selection criteria, stimulation settings,11,12,14,21 evaluation of the clinical outcomes, and the duration of follow-up.12,18,22 In addition, in the absence of a controlled, blinded evaluation, the possibility that observed benefits are due to a placebo effect cannot be excluded. Therefore, we conducted a prospective, multicenter study to determine the effects of bilateral pallidal stimulation on motor impairment, functional disability, and the quality of life in patients with primary generalized dystonia, using standardized and blinded assessments.
Methods
Patients
Twenty-two patients were recruited in France: 10 in Grenoble, 9 in Paris, and 3 in Lille. The inclusion criteria were as follows: clinically diagnosed primary generalized dystonia with a combination of segmental crural dystonia (involving one leg and the trunk) and the involvement of any other segment (the cranium, neck, or upper or lower limbs); the absence of any secondary cause, including birth injury, head trauma, and neuroleptic treatments; a normal neurologic examination except for dystonia; normal findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain; the absence of psychiatric disturbances; normal cognitive function, as reflected by a score of at least 24 on the Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE; lower scores indicate cognitive impairment)24; and severe impairment in the ability to perform the activities of daily living despite optimal medical management. All patients were tested for the DYT1 mutation in the torsin A gene.25
Study Design
The patients served as their own controls and were evaluated while taking their usual treatments. Clinical assessment was performed before surgery and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. With the use of a standardized protocol, patients were videotaped wearing a cap to conceal evidence of prior surgery (an example is shown in the video, available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org). The patients' movements on the videos (presented in random order and with the patients' family names removed to preserve anonymity) were scored by an independent expert using the movement subscale of the validated Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Scale,26 and the patients completed questionnaires assessing their degree of disability. At the three-month follow-up visit, movement was evaluated with and without neurostimulation (in random order) on separate days. Both the patient and the neurologist who performed these assessments were unaware of the patient's neurostimulation status. The electrical variables of deep-brain stimulation were set 10 hours before video and clinical assessment. If unacceptable worsening occurred within the 10 hours before evaluation, the neurostimulator could be turned to the therapeutic-stimulation settings. The patient was videotaped just before the neurostimulator was activated. At 6 and 12 months postoperatively, evaluations were conducted with the neurostimulator activated.
The study was approved by the ethics committee of Pitié–Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris. All the patients provided written informed consent.
Surgery
Leads were implanted bilaterally in one session with the patient under local anesthesia (3 patients) or general anesthesia (19 patients) according to institutional protocols. The posterolateral ventral part of the internal globus pallidus was identified either by stereotactic brain MRI or by MRI with ventriculography and intraoperative electrophysiological recording. At the end of the surgical procedure, an electrode with four contacts (DBS-3389, Medtronic) was implanted and then connected to a neurostimulator (Kinetra, Medtronic) implanted in the subclavicular region while the patient was under general anesthesia.
Before the implantation of the neurostimulator, all but one patient underwent postoperative MRI to confirm that there was adequate electrode-contact localization at the posterolateral ventral part of the internal globus pallidus and to rule out surgical complications. The mean (±SD) coordinates of the most ventral contact of the electrodes were established as X mm lateral to the midline, Y mm anterior to the posterior commissure, and Z mm below the anterior–posterior commissure line (right hemisphere: X=20.1±1.6 mm, Y=15.0±3.0 mm, and Z=4.3±1.7 mm; left hemisphere: X=20.1±1.9 mm, Y=14.5±2.5 mm, and Z=4.4±1.7 mm). We used one or two ventral contacts as the cathode with monopolar polarity and a frequency of 100 to 185 Hz. The voltage and pulse width were adjusted according to the clinical effect.27
Clinical Evaluation
The Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Scale was used to evaluate the effects of neurostimulation. It has a nonlinear scoring system and includes a movement scale with nine subscales (one for each body part) and a disability scale (Table 1Table 1
Clinical Characteristics of the Patients.).26 The disability scores were obtained by having the patient answer a questionnaire at each examination. The health-related quality of life was assessed before surgery and at the 12-month follow-up visit with a validated French version of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form General Health Survey (SF-36), which assesses eight aspects of health status: general and mental health, physical and social functioning, physical and emotional roles, pain, and vitality; scores on each scale can range from 0 (worst) to 100 (best).28 Cognitive function24 and mood29 were also assessed before surgery and 12 months postoperatively, by means of the MMSE and the Beck Depression Inventory, respectively.Statistical Analysis
The primary outcome measures were the scores on the movement and disability subscales of the Burke–Fahn–Marsden Scale preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 months. The secondary outcome measures were the dystonia scores at 3 months (with and without neurostimulation), the quality of life at 12 months as reflected by the SF-36 scores, use of other medical therapies, neurostimulation settings, and adverse events.
Data at baseline and at month 12 were compared with the use of a Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs. Repeated measures across time were compared with the use of a linear mixed model (analysis of variance with random effects), with a random effect for the patient and a fixed effect for time.30 When the results of the global comparison were significant, pairwise comparisons were performed with the Tukey–Kramer adjustment for multiple comparisons. To look for factors that were predictive of improvement at month 12, we used the Wilcoxon test for categorical variables (sex and DYT1 status) and the Spearman correlation coefficient for quantitative variables (age, duration of disease, and total scores or subscores for the movement and disability scales).
All statistical tests were two-tailed. P values that were less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Statistical analyses were performed with the use of the SAS statistical package, version 8.1 (SAS Institute).
Results
The clinical characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table 1. The median age of the patients at surgery was 30 years (range, 14 to 54). The median age at the onset of dystonia was 8 years (range, 5 to 38), and the median duration of the disease was 18 years (range, 4 to 37). Seven patients had the DYT1 mutation.
Three months after the initiation of bilateral pallidal neurostimulation, the Burke–Fahn–Marsden movement score was significantly lower than the preoperative value (P<0.001). The improvement in scores persisted at subsequent evaluations, with a mean decrease of 51 percent at month 12 (P<0.001) (Figure 1AFigure 1
Mean (+SD) Scores for the Movement (Panel A) and Disability (Panel B) Subscales of the Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Scale before and 3, 6, and 12 Months after Surgery. and video, available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org). A total of 11 patients had an improvement in the movement score of more than 50 percent at month 3, 13 at month 6, and 14 at month 12. In two patients, motor symptoms worsened (by 10 percent and 34 percent at month 12). The seven patients who had an improvement of more than 75 percent at one year had diffuse phasic, hyperkinetic involuntary movements preoperatively. In contrast, the two patients whose dystonia worsened and the two with little improvement (0 to 25 percent) had severe tonic abnormal postures preoperatively.As compared with baseline values, the majority of movement subscores had decreased at month 3 and remained stable through month 12; the face and speech and swallowing subscores were not significantly changed at follow-up assessments, as compared with preoperative assessments. Twelve months postoperatively, axial and limb subscores had improved by 69 percent and 52 percent, respectively (P<0.001) (Table 2Table 2
Effect of Bilateral Pallidal Stimulation on Burke–Fahn–Marsden Subscores 3, 6, and 12 Months after Surgery.).The global disability score was improved at month 3 (P<0.001) and continued to improve through month 12 (Figure 1B). Scores for dressing, eating and swallowing, feeding, hygiene, and walking were improved at month 3 (P<0.001), and writing was improved at month 6 (P<0.001); these improvements remained stable thereafter (Table 2).
The general health and physical functioning subscores for the SF-36 scale improved significantly after surgery (Table 3Table 3
Scores for Health-Related Quality of Life, Cognition, and Mood before and 12 Months after Surgery.). Cognition (as measured by the MMSE) and mood (as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory) did not change significantly after surgery.None of the baseline factors we assessed (sex, age, duration of disease, DYT1 status, or global scores and subscores for the Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Scale) were significant predictors of motor improvement one year after surgery.
Evaluation of Neurostimulation at Three Months
Two of the 22 patients were not able to complete 10 hours of evaluation owing to unacceptable worsening of dystonia in the absence of neurostimulation. The neurostimulator had to be turned to the therapeutic-stimulation settings after three hours in one patient because of breathing difficulties (preoperative movement score, 95.5; score at three months without neurostimulation, 84.0; and score at three months with neurostimulation, 51.5) and after seven hours in the other patient because of recurrent dystonic spasms (preoperative score, 102.5; score at three months without neurostimulation, 66.5; and score at three months with neurostimulation, 51.0).
In all patients, the total score for the Burke–Fahn–Marsden movement subscale was worse in the absence of neurostimulation than in the presence of neurostimulation (34.6±22.3 vs. 24.6±17.7, P<0.001), although the scores did not revert to preoperative values (46.3±21.3, P<0.001) (Table 2). All subscores except speech were poorer in the absence of neurostimulation than in the presence of neurostimulation. At three months, neurostimulation did not significantly change the total score for the Burke–Fahn–Marsden disability scale (Table 2).
Stimulation Variables
At three months, all 44 electrodes were set at 130 Hz. At 12 months, 39 were set at 130 Hz, 1 at 100 Hz, and 4 at 185 Hz. The mean voltage was 3.8±0.9 V at 3 months and 3.7±1.0 V at 12 months. The mean pulse width increased from 77±30 μsec at 3 months to 139±130 μsec at 12 months. At 12 months, one contact was used in 29 of the 44 electrodes, and two contiguous contacts were used in 15 electrodes (monopolar stimulation).
Medical Treatment
Preoperatively, 20 patients received treatments for dystonia. Fourteen patients received anticholinergic agents (mean dose of trihexyphenidyl, 30 mg; range, 6 to 150; mean dose of tropatepine, 30 mg), 13 received benzodiazepines, 5 received antispastic drugs (dantrolene or baclofen), 5 received tetrabenazine (mean dose, 89±61 mg), 2 received levodopa, and 1 received bromocriptine (Table 1). Additional treatments were analgesics in five patients and antidepressants in five patients.
At 12 months, 18 patients were receiving medication for dystonia. Ten patients were receiving anticholinergic agents, but at a lower mean dose than that given preoperatively (P<0.004; mean dose of trihexyphenidyl, 19 mg; range, 4 to 40; mean dose of tropatepine, 15 mg). Eleven were receiving benzodiazepines, three baclofen, and one tetrabenazine (dose, 25 mg). One patient received analgesic agents, and two received antidepressants.
Adverse Events
Five adverse events occurred in three patients in the postoperative period; all resolved rapidly without permanent sequelae. One patient had transient perioperative edema of the frontal lobe that was not clinically evident; in the same patient, a fractured lead that leaked current was replaced. One patient had cutaneous necrosis of the scalp at the site of a resolved skin infection near the connector, and one had a localized skin infection that resolved and a hematoma near the neurostimulator.
Discussion
In patients with primary generalized dystonia, bilateral pallidal stimulation led to a sustained improvement in motor symptoms and disability over a period of one year. The improvement in mean dystonia movement scores was 51 percent, and one third of the patients had an improvement of more than 75 percent, as compared with preoperative scores.
The strengths of our study include its prospective, multicenter design and the use of standardized videos for all motor evaluations, rated by an examiner who was unaware of the patient's preoperative or postoperative status and who used a validated scale (the Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Scale). The adequacy of the position of the electrodes within the intended target was confirmed by MRI immediately after surgery.
Our results, obtained from a controlled study of a group of patients meeting strict inclusion criteria, confirm the results obtained in individual patients16,18,19,23 and open studies.11,12,22 Moreover, the benefit was observed at three months and was sustained over the course of one year. Motor improvement occurred in most segments of the body (neck, trunk, and limbs); the exceptions were facial movement and speech, which were, on average, less severely affected at baseline and remained essentially unchanged. These differential effects of neurostimulation should be considered when one is selecting patients for surgery.16,31
The beneficial effect of deep-brain stimulation was also demonstrated by the double-blind, video-controlled assessment at three months, which demonstrated worsening of the movement scores of all patients in the absence of neurostimulation, as compared with the presence of neurostimulation. Moreover, the two patients who could not complete the 10 hours of blinded evaluation were not receiving neurostimulation at the time. Although the usual pattern of dystonia reappeared in all patients in the absence of neurostimulation, their movement scores did not reach preoperative values, because “washout” effects may not be complete after 10 hours. This postneurostimulation effect suggests that neurostimulation-induced changes in dystonia are related not only to a direct action of the stimulation on neuronal tissue32,33 but also to structural or functional changes involving plasticity in cortical or subcortical networks.13 Such a mechanism could also account for the progressive improvement in dystonia over a period of several months that we and others9,17 have observed.
Despite verifying the adequacy of the placement of electrodes in all patients, we found variability in the response to therapy among patients. The majority had an improvement of at least 50 percent in motor scores, but four patients had limited improvement (25 percent or less) or worsening. Other groups have also reported variability of the response (including therapeutic failure in individual patients), despite correct positioning of the electrodes.9,17,31 This variability could be related to genetic heterogeneity of disease or to the characteristics of abnormal movements. Although it has been hypothesized that the choice of the target, the location of the electrodes, the location of dystonia, and the DYT1 status influence the therapeutic outcome,12,31 we did not identify factors predictive of the magnitude of improvement; however, the ability to identify such predictors was limited by our small sample.
We found in a post hoc analysis that the patients with the greatest improvement were those who had phasic movements, whereas patients who had little or no improvement had severe tonic posturing, although there is still limited ability to assess this variable, owing to the lack of standard criteria for classifying dystonia. Although further studies specifically addressing this question are needed, one could hypothesize that the pattern of dystonia and the underlying pathophysiology may contribute to the variability in the therapeutic outcome.17,31
The observed improvement in functional disability in our patients was consistent with a decrease in the severity of dystonia. The benefit pertained to walking, hygiene, feeding, and swallowing and eating by month 3 and to writing by month 6 and was sustained over a period of one year (see the video). Our patients also had a concomitant improvement in the health-related quality of life, whereas this finding was only briefly mentioned in a small, retrospective series of heterogeneous patients.15 In addition, the use of medications to treat dystonia was reduced after surgery.
In contrast to bilateral pallidotomy,5,17 bilateral pallidal deep-brain stimulation had a good risk–benefit ratio among our patients with dystonia. We did not observe worsening of cognition, mood changes, or any permanent adverse effects. The adverse events that occurred were inherent to deep-brain–stimulation surgery. There was one reversible cerebral adverse event: asymptomatic frontal-lobe edema. The four other adverse events (i.e., leakage of current due to lead fracture, scalp necrosis with resolved infection, hematoma, and infection in the neurostimulator pocket) were related to the hardware and similar to those previously reported.9,11,15 These types of complications accounted for the 2 to 8 percent rate of complications reported elsewhere for deep-brain stimulation in patients with dystonia.34 However, our sample was small, and an assessment of the risk of uncommon but serious complications, such as intracerebral hemorrhage, requires a much larger series of patients.
In conclusion, this prospective, double-blind, video-controlled study demonstrated that bilateral stimulation of the posterolateral ventral internal pallidus resulted in a sustained decrease in the severity of dystonia and functional disability and improved the quality of life in adult patients with generalized primary dystonia, without affecting cognition or mood.
Supported by a national grant (PHRC 98) from the Direction Régionale de la Recherche Clinique Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, the INSERM Dystonia French National Network, and an additional unrestricted grant from Medtronic, Minneapolis.
Dr. Benabid reports having received research support from Medtronic, and Dr. Pollak an honorarium for lectures from Medtronic.
We are indebted to the Clinical Research Center in Pitié–Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, and to the neurologists who referred the patients: A. Alicherif, P. Beauvais, A.R. Bentivoglio, P. Betermiez, M.C. Commare, G. Defer, A. Dürr, P. Jedynak, M. Magid, A. Mendes, M. Verin, A. Vighetto, and D. Zegers de Beyls.
Source Information
From the Department of Neurology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Paris (M.V.); INSERM Unité 289 (M.V.), the Department of Neurosurgery (P.C.), the Department of Neuroradiology and UPR 640, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Imagerie Cerebrale (D.D.), INSERM E007 and the Department of Neurology (B.P.), and the Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, and INSERM Unité 289 (Y.A.), Pitié–Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; the Department of Biological and Clinical Neurosciences (L.V., A.-L.B., C.L., O.D., C.A., P.P.) and the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit, Department of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Grenoble University Hospital, and INSERM Unité 318, Joseph Fourier University (L.V., A.-L.B., P.P.), Grenoble; the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Poitiers (J.-L.H.); the Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit (P.K., A.D.) and the Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.), Lille University Hospital, Lille; Equipe Associée 2683, University of Lille, Lille (P.K., A.D.); and the Department of Biostatistics, University Hospital Pitié–Salpêtrière and INSERM Unité 535, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif (S.T.M.) — all in France.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Vidailhet at the Department of Neurology, Saint Antoine Hospital, 184 Faubourg Saint Antoine, 75571, Paris CEDEX 12, France, or at marie.vidailhet@sat.ap-hop-paris.fr.
Members of the French SPIDY Study Group are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
Members of the French SPIDY Study Group were as follows: Neurologists: Grenoble: O. Detante, V. Fraix, P. Pollak, L. Vercueil; Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière: Y. Agid, J.-L. Houeto, V. Mesnage, M. Vidailhet, M.-L. Welter; Lille: L. Defebvre, A. Destée, P. Krystkowiak, C. Ozsancak; Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor: P. Césaro; Neurosurgeons: Grenoble: A.-L. Benabid, S. Chabardes, A. Koudsie; Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière: P. Cornu, S. Navarro; Lille: S. Blond, G. Touzet; Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor: J.P. N'Guyen; Psychiatrists: Grenoble: P. Vittini; Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière: A. Pellissolo; Lille: O. Cottencin; Intraoperative neurophysiology assessments: Grenoble: A. Benazzouz; Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière: B. Pidoux; Lille: F. Cassim, P. Derambure; Magnetic resonance imaging: Grenoble: S. Grand, J.-F. Le Bas; Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière: D. Dormont, E. Bardinet, J. Yelnik; Lille: J.-P. Pruvo, C. Delmaire; Neuropsychological evaluation: Grenoble: C. Ardouin; Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière: B. Pillon; Lille: K. Dujardin, M. Ronval; Biostatistician: S. Tezenas du Montcel; Clinical research monitor: C. Lagrange.
- References
References
1
Fahn S ,Bressman SB ,Marsden CD . Classification of dystonia. Adv Neurol 1998;78:1-10
Medline2
Andrew J ,Fowler CJ ,Harrison MJG . Stereotaxic thalamotomy in 55 cases of dystonia. Brain 1983;106:981-1000
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Vitek JL ,Zhang J ,Evatt M , et al. GPI pallidotomy for dystonia: clinical outcome and neuronal activity. Adv Neurol 1998;78:211-219
Medline4
Lozano AM ,Kumar R ,Gross RE , et al. Globus pallidus internus pallidotomy for generalized dystonia. Mov Disord 1997;12:865-870
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Ford B . Pallidotomy for generalized dystonia. Adv Neurol 2004;94:287-299
Medline6
Benabid AL ,Benazzouz A ,Hoffmann D ,Limousin P ,Krack P ,Pollak P . Long-term electrical inhibition of deep brain targets in movement disorders. Mov Disord 1998;13:Suppl 3:119-125
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline7
Jankovic J . Re-emergence of surgery for dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;65:434-434
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Lang AE . Surgical treatment of dystonia. Adv Neurol 1998;78:185-198
Medline9
Krauss JK . Deep brain stimulation for dystonia in adults: overview and developments. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2002;78:168-182
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Lozano AM ,Abosch A . Pallidal stimulation for dystonia. Adv Neurol 2004;94:301-308
Medline11
Coubes P ,Roubertie A ,Vayssiere N ,Hemm S ,Echenne B . Treatment of DYT1-generalized dystonia by stimulation of the internal globus pallidus. Lancet 2000;355:2220-2221
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Cif L ,El Fertit H ,Vayssiere N , et al. Treatment of dystonic syndromes by chronic electrical stimulation of the internal globus pallidus. J Neurosurg Sci 2003;47:52-55
Medline13
Kumar R ,Dagher A ,Hutchison WD ,Lang AE ,Lozano AM . Globus pallidus deep brain stimulation for generalized dystonia: clinical and PET investigation. Neurology 1999;53:871-874
Web of Science | Medline14
Vesper J ,Klostermann F ,Funk T ,Stockhammer F ,Brock M . Deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus (GPI) for torsion dystonia -- a report of two cases. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 2002;79:83-88
CrossRef15
Bereznai B ,Steude U ,Seelos K ,Botzel K . Chronic high-frequency globus pallidus internus stimulation in different types of dystonia: a clinical, video, and MRI report of six patients presenting with segmental, cervical, and generalized dystonia. Mov Disord 2002;17:138-144
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Tronnier VM ,Fogel W . Pallidal stimulation for generalized dystonia: report of three cases. J Neurosurg 2000;92:453-456
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Vercueil L ,Krack P ,Pollak P . Results of deep brain stimulation for dystonia: a critical reappraisal. Mov Disord 2002;17:Suppl 3:S89-S93
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Eltahawy HA ,Saint-Cyr J ,Giladi N ,Lang AE ,Lozano AM . Primary dystonia is more responsive than secondary dystonia to pallidal interventions: outcome after pallidotomy or pallidal deep brain stimulation. Neurosurgery 2004;54:613-619
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Katayama Y ,Fukaya C ,Kobayashi K ,Oshima H ,Yamamoto T . Chronic stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for control of primary generalized dystonia. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 2003;87:125-12820
Kupsch A ,Klaffke S ,Kuhn AA , et al. The effect of frequency in pallidal deep brain stimulation for primary dystonia. J Neurol 2003;250:1201-1205[Erratum, J Neurol 2004;251:1031.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Krauss JK ,Loher TJ ,Weigel R ,Capelle HH ,Weber S ,Burgunder JM . Chronic stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for treatment of non-dYT1 generalized dystonia and choreoathetosis: 2-year follow up. J Neurosurg 2003;98:785-792
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Yianni J ,Bain P ,Giladi N , et al. Globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation for dystonic conditions: a prospective audit. Mov Disord 2003;18:436-442
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Vercueil L ,Pollak P ,Fraix V , et al. Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of severe dystonia. J Neurol 2001;248:695-700
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Folstein MF ,Folstein SE ,McHugh PR . “Mini-mental state“: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189-198
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Bressman SB ,Sabatti C ,Raymond D , et al. The DYT1 phenotype and guidelines for diagnostic testing. Neurology 2000;54:1746-1752
Web of Science | Medline26
Burke RE ,Fahn S ,Marsden CD ,Bressman SB ,Moskowitz C ,Friedman J . Validity and reliability of a rating scale for the primary torsion dystonias. Neurology 1985;35:73-77
Web of Science | Medline27
Kumar R . Methods for programming and patient management with deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus for the treatment of the advanced Parkinson's disease and dystonia. Mov Disord 2002;17:Suppl 3:S198-S207
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
Ware JE Jr ,Sherbourne CD . The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF 36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992;30:473-483
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Beck AT. Beck depression inventory. San Antonio, Tex.: Psychological Corporation, 1997.
30
McCulloch CE, Searle SR. Longitudinal data. In: McCulloch CE, Searle SR, eds. Generalized, linear, and mixed models. New York: John Wiley, 2001:187-221.
31
Volkmann J ,Benecke R . Deep brain stimulation for dystonia: patient selection and evaluation. Mov Disord 2002;17:Suppl 3:S112-S115
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline32
Dostrovsky JO ,Lozano AM . Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation. Mov Disord 2002;17:Suppl 3:S63-S68
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline33
Vitek JL . Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation: excitation or inhibition. Mov Disord 2002;17:Suppl 3:S69-S72
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline34
Hariz MI . Complications of deep brain stimulation surgery. Mov Disord 2002;17:Suppl 3:S162-S166
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (223)
Citing Articles
1
Suthana, Nanthia, Haneef, Zulfi, Stern, John, Mukamel, Roy, Behnke, Eric, Knowlton, Barbara, Fried, Itzhak, . (2012) Memory Enhancement and Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Entorhinal Area. New England Journal of Medicine 366:6, 502-510
Full Text2
Saifur Rashid, Gerald Pho, Michael Czigler, Mary A. Werz, Dominique M. Durand. (2012) Low frequency stimulation of ventral hippocampal commissures reduces seizures in a rat model of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 53:1, 147-156
CrossRef3
Hortensia Gimeno, Kylee Tustin, Richard Selway, Jean-Pierre Lin. (2012) Beyond the Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale: Deep brain stimulation in childhood secondary dystonia. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology
CrossRef4
Ingo S. Nölte, Lars Gerigk, Mansour Al-Zghloul, Christoph Groden, Hans U. Kerl. (2011) Visualization of the internal globus pallidus: sequence and orientation for deep brain stimulation using a standard installation protocol at 3.0 Tesla. Acta Neurochirurgica
CrossRef5
Ellen L. Air, Jill L. Ostrem, Terence D. Sanger, Philip A. Starr. (2011) Deep brain stimulation in children: experience and technical pearls. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 8:6, 566-574
CrossRef6
Morten L. Kringelbach, Tipu Z. Aziz. (2011) Neuroethical Principles of Deep-Brain Stimulation. World Neurosurgery 76:6, 518-519
CrossRef7
Natlada Limotai, Criscely Go, Genko Oyama, Nelson Hwynn, Theresa Zesiewicz, Kelly Foote, Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Irene Malaty, Pam Zeilman, Ramon Rodriguez, Michael S. Okun. (2011) Mixed results for GPi-DBS in the treatment of cranio-facial and cranio-cervical dystonia symptoms. Journal of Neurology 258:11, 2069-2074
CrossRef8
Meng Deng, Xi Yang, Musa Silke, Weiming Qiu, Mingsheng Xu, Gustaaf Borghs, Hongzheng Chen. (2011) Electrochemical deposition of polypyrrole/graphene oxide composite on microelectrodes towards tuning the electrochemical properties of neural probes. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 158:1, 176-184
CrossRef9
I. M. Skogseid, J. Ramm-Pettersen, J. Volkmann, E. Kerty, E. Dietrichs, G. K. Røste. (2011) Good long-term efficacy of pallidal stimulation in cervical dystonia: a prospective, observer-blinded study. European Journal of Neurologyno-no
CrossRef10
Angelo Franzini, Roberto Cordella, Giuseppe Messina, Carlo Efisio Marras, Luigi Michele Romito, Francesco Carella, Alberto Albanese, Michele Rizzi, Nardo Nardocci, Giovanna Zorzi, Edvin Zekay, Giovanni Broggi. (2011) Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders. Considerations on 276 consecutive patients. Journal of Neural Transmission 118:10, 1497-1510
CrossRef11
Olivia O. Huston, Robert E. Watson, Matt A. Bernstein, Kiaran P. McGee, S. Matt Stead, Debb A. Gorman, Kendall H. Lee, John Huston. (2011) Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging findings during deep brain stimulation surgery. Journal of Neurosurgery 115:4, 852-857
CrossRef12
Julie Phukan, Alberto Albanese, Thomas Gasser, Thomas Warner. (2011) Primary dystonia and dystonia-plus syndromes: clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and pathogenesis. The Lancet Neurology
CrossRef13
M. Stamelou, M. J. Edwards, M. Hallett, K. P. Bhatia. (2011) The non-motor syndrome of primary dystonia: clinical and pathophysiological implications. Brain
CrossRef14
Johannes C. Wöhrle, Christian Blahak, Hans-Holger Capelle, Wolfgang Fogel, Hansjoerg Bäzner, Joachim K. Krauss. (2011) Combined pallidal and subthalamic nucleus stimulation in sporadic dystonia-parkinsonism. Journal of Neurosurgery1-4
CrossRef15
Gun-Marie Hariz, Patricia Limousin, Stephen Tisch, Marjan Jahanshahi, Anncristine Fjellman-Wiklund. (2011) Patients' perceptions of life shift after deep brain stimulation for primary dystonia-A qualitative study. Movement Disorders 26:11, 2101-2106
CrossRef16
Uwe Walter, Michael Kirsch, Matthias Wittstock, Jan-Uwe Müller, Reiner Benecke, Alexander Wolters. (2011) Transcranial Sonographic Localization of Deep Brain Stimulation Electrodes Is Safe, Reliable and Predicts Clinical Outcome. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 37:9, 1382-1391
CrossRef17
Ioannis U. Isaias, Jens Volkmann, Andreas Kupsch, Jean-Marc Burgunder, Jill L. Ostrem, Ron L. Alterman, Hubertus Maximilian Mehdorn, Thomas Schönecker, Joachim K. Krauss, Philip Starr, Rene Reese, Andrea A. Kühn, W. M. Michael Schüpbach, Michele Tagliati. (2011) Factors predicting protracted improvement after pallidal DBS for primary dystonia: the role of age and disease duration. Journal of Neurology 258:8, 1469-1476
CrossRef18
VERITY MCCLELLAND, KERRY MILLS, ATA SIDDIQUI, RICHARD SELWAY, JEAN-PIERRE LIN. (2011) Central motor conduction studies and diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging in children with severe primary and secondary dystonia. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 53:8, 757-763
CrossRef19
Warren A. Marks, John Honeycutt, Fernando Acosta, MaryAnn Reed, Laurie Bailey, Angela Pomykal, Mary Mercer. (2011) Dystonia due to cerebral palsy responds to deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus. Movement Disorders 26:9, 1748-1751
CrossRef20
Moran Weinberger, William D. Hutchison, Mahan Alavi, Mojgan Hodaie, Andres M. Lozano, Elena Moro, Jonathan O. Dostrovsky. (2011) Oscillatory activity in the globus pallidus internus: Comparison between Parkinson’s disease and dystonia. Clinical Neurophysiology
CrossRef21
D. Ruge, L. Cif, P. Limousin, V. Gonzalez, X. Vasques, M. I. Hariz, P. Coubes, J. C. Rothwell. (2011) Shaping reversibility? Long-term deep brain stimulation in dystonia: the relationship between effects on electrophysiology and clinical symptoms. Brain 134:7, 2106-2115
CrossRef22
Thomas Wichmann, Mahlon R. DeLong. (2011) Deep-brain stimulation for basal ganglia disorders. Basal Ganglia 1:2, 65-77
CrossRef23
C O Oluigbo, A R Rezai. (2011) Addressing Neurological Disorders With Neuromodulation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 58:7, 1907-1917
CrossRef24
Naomi Lubarr, Susan Bressman. (2011) Treatment of Generalized Dystonia. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 13:3, 274-289
CrossRef25
C. Blahak, H.-H. Capelle, H. Baezner, T. M. Kinfe, M. G. Hennerici, J. K. Krauss. (2011) Battery lifetime in pallidal deep brain stimulation for dystonia. European Journal of Neurology 18:6, 872-875
CrossRef26
Michele Tagliati, Paul Krack, Jens Volkmann, Tipu Aziz, Joachim K. Krauss, Andreas Kupsch, and Marie Vidailhet. (2011) Long-Term management of DBS in dystonia: Response to stimulation, adverse events, battery changes, and special considerations. Movement Disorders 26:S1, S54-S62
CrossRef27
Jerry L. Vitek, Mahlon R. DeLong, Philip A. Starr, Marwan I. Hariz, Leo Verhagen Metman. (2011) Intraoperative neurophysiology in DBS for dystonia. Movement Disorders 26:S1, S31-S36
CrossRef28
Helen Bronte-Stewart, Takaomi Taira, Francesc Valldeoriola, Marcello Merello, William J. Marks, Alberto Albanese, Susan Bressman, and Elena Moro. (2011) Inclusion and exclusion criteria for DBS in dystonia. Movement Disorders 26:S1, S5-S16
CrossRef29
Marjan Jahanshahi, Virginie Czernecki, and Mateusz Zurowski. (2011) Neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric, and quality of life issues in DBS for dystonia. Movement Disorders 26:S1, S63-S78
CrossRef30
Stéphane Thobois, Takaomi Taira, Cynthia Comella, Elena Moro, Susan Bressman, and Alberto Albanese. (2011) Pre-operative evaluations for DBS in dystonia. Movement Disorders 26:S1, S17-S22
CrossRef31
Philip A. Starr, Paul Bejjani, Andres M. Lozano, Leo Verhagen Metman, and Marwan I. Hariz. (2011) Stereotactic techniques and perioperative management of DBS in dystonia. Movement Disorders 26:S1, S23-S30
CrossRef32
Andreas Kupsch, Michele Tagliati, Marie Vidailhet, Tipu Aziz, Paul Krack, Elena Moro, Joachim K. Krauss. (2011) Early postoperative management of DBS in dystonia: Programming, response to stimulation, adverse events, medication changes, evaluations, and troubleshooting. Movement Disorders 26:S1, S37-S53
CrossRef33
Anthony E. Lang. (2011) Deep brain stimulation for dystonia. Movement Disorders 26:S1, S3-S4
CrossRef34
Elena Moro, Alberto Albanese, Joachim K. Krauss, Leo Verhagen Metman, Marie Vidailhet, Marwan I. Hariz. (2011) Guest Editors' introduction. Movement Disorders 26:S1, S1-S2
CrossRef35
Angelo Quartarone, Antonio Pisani. (2011) Abnormal plasticity in dystonia: Disruption of synaptic homeostasis. Neurobiology of Disease 42:2, 162-170
CrossRef36
Laurie J. Ozelius, Naomi Lubarr, Susan B. Bressman. (2011) Milestones in dystonia. Movement Disorders 26:6, 1106-1126
CrossRef37
Christian Blahak, Hans-Holger Capelle, Hansjoerg Baezner, Thomas M. Kinfe, Michael G. Hennerici, Joachim K. Krauss. (2011) Micrographia induced by pallidal DBS for segmental dystonia: a subtle sign of hypokinesia?. Journal of Neural Transmission 118:4, 549-553
CrossRef38
Arun Singh, Johannes Levin, Jan H. Mehrkens, Kai Bötzel. (2011) Alpha frequency modulation in the human basal ganglia is dependent on motor task. European Journal of Neuroscience 33:5, 960-967
CrossRef39
Marco Sassi, Mauro Porta, Domenico Servello. (2011) Deep brain stimulation therapy for treatment-refractory Tourette’s syndrome. Acta Neurochirurgica 153:3, 639-645
CrossRef40
Abilash Haridas, Michele Tagliati, Irene Osborn, Ioannis Isaias, Yakov Gologorsky, Susan B Bressman, Donald Weisz, Ron L Alterman. (2011) Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation for Primary Dystonia in Children. Neurosurgery 68:3, 738-743
CrossRef41
René Reese, Doreen Gruber, Thomas Schoenecker, Hansjörg Bäzner, Christian Blahak, H. Holger Capelle, Daniela Falk, Jan Herzog, Marcus O. Pinsker, Gerd H. Schneider, Christoph Schrader, Günther Deuschl, Günther M. Mehdorn, Andreas Kupsch, Jens Volkmann, Joachim K. Krauss. (2011) Long-term clinical outcome in meige syndrome treated with internal pallidum deep brain stimulation. Movement Disorders 26:4, 691-698
CrossRef42
Jose A. Aguilar, Theodor S. Vesagas, Roland Dominic Jamora, Rosalia A. Teleg, Lourdes Ledesma, Raymond L. Rosales, Hubert H. Fernandez, Lillian V. Lee. (2011) The Promise of Deep Brain Stimulation in X-Linked Dystonia Parkinsonism. International Journal of Neuroscience 121:S1, 57-63
CrossRef43
B. Lysyansky, O. V. Popovych, P. A. Tass. (2011) Multi-frequency activation of neuronal networks by coordinated reset stimulation. Interface Focus 1:1, 75-85
CrossRef44
Hans-Holger Capelle, Christoph Schrader, Christian Blahak, Wolfgang Fogel, Thomas M. Kinfe, Hansjoerg Baezner, Joachim K. Krauss. (2011) Deep brain stimulation for camptocormia in dystonia and Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology 258:1, 96-103
CrossRef45
M. Ensslen, J.-H. Mehrkens, K. Bötzel, A.S. Schröder, W. Müller-Felber, F. Heinen, I. Borggräfe. (2011) Dystonien im Kindesalter. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 159:1, 17-24
CrossRef46
Sabri Aydin, Bashar Abuzayed, Figen Varlibas, Hulya Apaydin, Murat Mengi, Baris Kucukyuruk, Hakan Hanimoglu, Selin Yagci, Osman Kizilkilic, Murat Hanci. (2011) Treatment of Homocystinuria-Related Dystonia with Deep Brain Stimulation: A Case Report. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 89:4, 210-213
CrossRef47
Stanley Fahn, Joseph Jankovic, Mark Hallett. 2011. Treatment of dystonia. , 293-310.
CrossRef48
A. Albanese, F. Asmus, K. P. Bhatia, A. E. Elia, B. Elibol, G. Filippini, T. Gasser, J. K. Krauss, N. Nardocci, A. Newton, J. Valls-Solé. (2011) EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of primary dystonias. European Journal of Neurology 18:1, 5-18
CrossRef49
Thomas L. Ellis. (2011) Dystonia and the Role of Deep Brain Stimulation. ISRN Surgery 2011, 1-5
CrossRef50
Stanley Fahn, Joseph Jankovic, Mark Hallett. 2011. Surgical treatment of Parkinson disease and other movement disorders. , 157-182.
CrossRef51
Marian L. Evatt, Alan Freeman, Stewart Factor. 2011. Adult-onset dystonia. , 481-511.
CrossRef52
Stéphane Thobois, Alice Poisson, Philippe Damier. 2011. Surgery for Tardive Dyskinesia. , 289-296.
CrossRef53
Alim Louis Benabid, Thomas Costecalde, Napoleon Torres, Cecile Moro, Tetiana Aksenova, Andrey Eliseyev, Guillaume Charvet, Fabien Sauter, David Ratel, Corinne Mestais, Pierre Pollak, Stephan Chabardes. 2011. Deep brain stimulation. , 71-82.
CrossRef54
Hong Souk Park, Eun Sook Park, Jin Woo Chang, Ki Seok Lee, Young Joo Suh, Sung-Rae Cho. (2011) Combined Therapy of Orthopedic Surgery after Deep Brain Stimulation in Cerebral Palsy Mixed Type - A Case Report -. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 35:5, 742
CrossRef55
Hong Souk Park, Eun Sook Park, Jin Woo Chang, Ki Seok Lee, Young Joo Suh, Sung-Rae Cho. (2011) Combined Therapy of Orthopedic Surgery after Deep Brain Stimulation in Cerebral Palsy Mixed Type - A Case Report -. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 35:5, 742
CrossRef56
Guillermo A. Monsalve, Chad W. Farley, George T. Mandybur. 2011. Expectations and Outcomes. , 413-433.
CrossRef57
Yakov Gologorsky, Ron Alterman. 2011. Cerebral – Deep. , 47-72.
CrossRef58
Jelle Demeestere, Wim Vandenberghe. (2010) Experimental Surgical Therapies for Huntington's Disease. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeuticsno-no
CrossRef59
Ninith Kartha. (2010) Therapeutic Challenges in Dystonia. Neurologic Clinics 28:4, 927-940
CrossRef60
Justus L. Groen, Katja Ritz, Maria Fiorella Contarino, Bart P. van de Warrenburg, Majid Aramideh, Elisabeth M. Foncke, Jacobus J. van Hilten, P. Richard Schuurman, Johannes D. Speelman, Johannes H. Koelman, Rob M.A. de Bie, Frank Baas, Marina A. Tijssen. (2010) DYT6 dystonia: Mutation screening, phenotype, and response to deep brain stimulation. Movement Disorders 25:14, 2420-2427
CrossRef61
A. Albanese, F. Asmus, A. Berardelli, K. Bhatia, A. E. Elia, B. Elibol, G. Filippini, T. Gasser, J. K. Krauss, N. Nardocci, A. Newton, J. Valls-Solé, M. Vidailhet. 2010. Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary (Idiopathic) Dystonia. , 191-206.
CrossRef62
Marvin A. Rossi, Glenn Stebbins, Christopher Murphy, David Greene, Spencer Brinker, David Sarcu, Aaron Tenharmsel, Travis Stoub, Michael A. Stein, Thomas J. Hoeppner, Richard W. Byrne, Michael E. Moseley, Roland A. Bammer, Steve Bild, Jennifer Dennis, Nichole Arnett, Antoaneta Balabanov, Donna Bergen, Andres M. Kanner, Michael C. Smith. (2010) Predicting white matter targets for direct neurostimulation therapy. Epilepsy Research 91:2-3, 176-186
CrossRef63
Jens Clausen. (2010) Ethical brain stimulation - neuroethics of deep brain stimulation in research and clinical practice. European Journal of Neuroscience 32:7, 1152-1162
CrossRef64
Adrian W. Laxton, David F. Tang-Wai, Mary Pat McAndrews, Dominik Zumsteg, Richard Wennberg, Ron Keren, John Wherrett, Gary Naglie, Clement Hamani, Gwenn S. Smith, Andres M. Lozano. (2010) A phase I trial of deep brain stimulation of memory circuits in Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Neurology 68:4, 521-534
CrossRef65
Zang-Hee Cho, Hoon-Ki Min, Se-Hong Oh, Jae-Yong Han, Chan-Woong Park, Je-Geun Chi, Young-Bo Kim, Sun Ha Paek, Andres M. Lozano, Kendall H. Lee. (2010) Direct visualization of deep brain stimulation targets in Parkinson disease with the use of 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neurosurgery 113:3, 639-647
CrossRef66
Luigi M. Romito, Antonio E. Elia, Angelo Franzini, Orso Bugiani, Alberto Albanese. (2010) Low-Voltage Bilateral Pallidal Stimulation for Severe Meige Syndrome in a Patient With Primary Segmental Dystonia. Neurosurgery 67, onsE308
CrossRef67
Doreen Gruber, Andrea A. Kühn, Thomas Schoenecker, Anatol Kivi, Thomas Trottenberg, Karl-Titus Hoffmann, Alireza Gharabaghi, Ute A. Kopp, Gerd-Helge Schneider, Christine Klein, Friedrich Asmus, Andreas Kupsch. (2010) Pallidal and thalamic deep brain stimulation in myoclonus-dystonia. Movement Disorders 25:11, 1733-1743
CrossRef68
Adrien Quintana, Christophe Melon, Lydia Kerkerian-Le Goff, Pascal Salin, Marc Savasta, Véronique Sgambato-Faure. (2010) Forelimb dyskinesia mediated by high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is linked to rapid activation of the NR2B subunit of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. European Journal of Neuroscience 32:3, 423-434
CrossRef69
Jared M. Pisapia, Casey H. Halpern, Noel N. Williams, Thomas A. Wadden, Gordon H. Baltuch, Sherman C. Stein. (2010) Deep brain stimulation compared with bariatric surgery for the treatment of morbid obesity: a decision analysis study. Neurosurgical FOCUS 29:2, E15
CrossRef70
Mark K. Lyons, Barry D. Birch, Renee A. Hillman, Orland K. Boucher, Virgilio Gerald H. Evidente. (2010) Long-term follow-up of deep brain stimulation for Meige syndrome. Neurosurgical FOCUS 29:2, E5
CrossRef71
J. K. Krauss. (2010) Surgical treatment of dystonia. European Journal of Neurology 17, 97-101
CrossRef72
Daniel Harnack, Andreas Kupsch. (2010) The Impact of Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation on Nigral Neuroprotection-Myth or Reality?. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 13:3, 160-167
CrossRef73
J. D. Speelman, M. F. Contarino, P. R. Schuurman, M. A. J. Tijssen, R. M. A. De Bie. (2010) Deep brain stimulation for dystonia: patient selection and outcomes. European Journal of Neurology 17, 102-106
CrossRef74
Zinovia Kefalopoulou, Anna Paschali, Elli Markaki, John Ellul, Elisabeth Chroni, Pavlos Vassilakos, Constantine Constantoyannis. (2010) Regional cerebral blood flow changes induced by deep brain stimulation in secondary dystonia. Acta Neurochirurgica 152:6, 1007-1014
CrossRef75
L. Timmermann, J. Volkmann. (2010) Tiefe Hirnstimulation zur Behandlung von Dystonie und Tremor. Der Nervenarzt 81:6, 680-687
CrossRef76
Andres M. Lozano, Joseph S. Neimat. (2010) Neurostimulation: From verification to exploration. Neurobiology of Disease 38:3, 327-328
CrossRef77
Kelly L. Collins, Emily M. Lehmann, Parag G. Patil. (2010) Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders. Neurobiology of Disease 38:3, 338-345
CrossRef78
Niels Allert, Daniela Kelm, Christian Blahak, Hans-Holger Capelle, Joachim K. Krauss. (2010) Stuttering induced by thalamic deep brain stimulation for dystonia. Journal of Neural Transmission 117:5, 617-620
CrossRef79
Elli Markaki, Zinovia Kefalopoulou, Miltiadis Georgiopoulos, Anna Paschali, Constantine Constantoyannis. (2010) Meige's syndrome: A cranial dystonia treated with bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 112:4, 344-346
CrossRef80
Mazen G. Jabre, Georges Nohra, Boulos-Paul W. Bejjani. (2010) Deep brain stimulation in the management of pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration: A missed or a new target?. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 14:3, 290-291
CrossRef81
Nada Yousif, Nuri Purswani, Richard Bayford, Dipankar Nandi, Peter Bain, Xuguang Liu. (2010) Evaluating the impact of the deep brain stimulation induced electric field on subthalamic neurons: A computational modelling study. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 188:1, 105-112
CrossRef82
M. Carbon, M. Argyelan, C. Habeck, M. F. Ghilardi, T. Fitzpatrick, V. Dhawan, M. Pourfar, S. B. Bressman, D. Eidelberg. (2010) Increased sensorimotor network activity in DYT1 dystonia: a functional imaging study. Brain 133:3, 690-700
CrossRef83
L. Timmermann, K. A. M. Pauls, K. Wieland, R. Jech, G. Kurlemann, N. Sharma, S. S. Gill, C. A. Haenggeli, S. J. Hayflick, P. Hogarth, K. L. Leenders, P. Limousin, C. J. Malanga, E. Moro, J. L. Ostrem, F. J. Revilla, P. Santens, A. Schnitzler, S. Tisch, F. Valldeoriola, J. Vesper, J. Volkmann, D. Woitalla,, S. Peker. (2010) Dystonia in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation: outcome of bilateral pallidal stimulation. Brain 133:3, 701-712
CrossRef84
Ingo Borggraefe, Jan Hinnerk Mehrkens, Mila Telegravciska, Steffen Berweck, Kai Bötzel, Florian Heinen. (2010) Bilateral pallidal stimulation in children and adolescents with primary generalized dystonia – Report of six patients and literature-based analysis of predictive outcomes variables. Brain and Development 32:3, 223-228
CrossRef85
Laura Cif, Xavier Vasques, Victoria Gonzalez, Patrice Ravel, Brigitte Biolsi, Gwenaelle Collod-Beroud, Sylvie Tuffery-Giraud, Hassan Elfertit, Mireille Claustres, Philippe Coubes. (2010) Long-term follow-up of DYT1 dystonia patients treated by deep brain stimulation: An open-label study. Movement Disorders 25:3, 289-299
CrossRef86
Monica M. Kurtis, Marta San Luciano, Qiping Yu, Robert R. Goodman, Blair Ford, Deborah Raymond, Seth L. Pullman, Rachel Saunders-Pullman. (2010) Clinical and neurophysiological improvement of SGCE myoclonus–dystonia with GPi deep brain stimulation. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 112:2, 149-152
CrossRef87
Frandy Susatia, Irene A. Malaty, Kelly D. Foote, Samuel S. Wu, Pamela R. Zeilman, Mitushi Mishra, Ramon L. Rodriguez, Ihtsham ul Haq, Charles E. Jacobson, Anqi Sun, Michael S. Okun. (2010) An evaluation of rating scales utilized for deep brain stimulation for dystonia. Journal of Neurology 257:1, 44-58
CrossRef88
Thomas Wichmann, Mahlon R. DeLong. 2010. Deep-Brain Stimulation for Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders. , 659-681.
CrossRef89
A.M. Lozano. 2010. Surgery for Movement Disorders, Overview, Including History. , 199-200.
CrossRef90
Harvey S. Singer, Jonathan W. Mink, Donald L. Gilbert, Joseph Jankovic. 2010. Dystonia. , 97-109.
CrossRef91
D. Dormont, D. Seidenwurm, D. Galanaud, P. Cornu, J. Yelnik, E. Bardinet. (2010) Neuroimaging and Deep Brain Stimulation. American Journal of Neuroradiology 31:1, 15-23
CrossRef92
Ju-Young Ghang, Myung-Ki Lee, Sung-Man Jun, Chang-Ghu Ghang. (2010) Outcome of Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation in Meige Syndrome. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 48:2, 134
CrossRef93
Gabriela Gonzalez Alemán, Gabriel A. de Erausquin, Federico Micheli. (2009) Cognitive disturbances in primary blepharospasm. Movement Disorders 24:14, 2112-2120
CrossRef94
Nada Yousif, Xuguang Liu. (2009) Investigating the depth electrode–brain interface in deep brain stimulation using finite element models with graded complexity in structure and solution. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 184:1, 142-151
CrossRef95
Paolo Gubellini, Pascal Salin, Lydia Kerkerian-Le Goff, Christelle Baunez. (2009) Deep brain stimulation in neurological diseases and experimental models: From molecule to complex behavior. Progress in Neurobiology 89:1, 79-123
CrossRef96
René Reese, Giselle Charron, Agnès Nadjar, Incarnation Aubert, Marie-Laure Thiolat, Melanie Hamann, Angelika Richter, Erwan Bezard, Wassilios G Meissner. (2009) High frequency stimulation of the entopeduncular nucleus sets the cortico-basal ganglia network to a new functional state in the dystonic hamster. Neurobiology of Disease 35:3, 399-405
CrossRef97
Harutomo Hasegawa, Nilesh Mundil, Michael Samuel, Jo Jarosz, Keyoumars Ashkan. (2009) The treatment of persistent vascular hemidystonia-hemiballismus with unilateral GPi deep brain stimulation. Movement Disorders 24:11, 1697-1698
CrossRef98
Benzi M. Kluger, Olga Klepitskaya, Michael S. Okun. (2009) Surgical Treatment of Movement Disorders. Neurologic Clinics 27:3, 633-677
CrossRef99
Uwe Walter, Alexander Wolters, Matthias Wittstock, Reiner Benecke, Henry W. Schroeder, Jan-Uwe Müller. (2009) Deep brain stimulation in dystonia: Sonographic monitoring of electrode placement into the globus pallidus internus. Movement Disorders 24:10, 1538-1541
CrossRef100
M. O. Pinsker, J. Volkmann, D. Falk, J. Herzog, F. Steigerwald, G. Deuschl, H. M. Mehdorn. (2009) Deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus in dystonia: target localisation under general anaesthesia. Acta Neurochirurgica 151:7, 751-758
CrossRef101
Nasir Raza Awan, Andres Lozano, Clement Hamani. (2009) Deep brain stimulation: current and future perspectives. Neurosurgical FOCUS 27:1, E2
CrossRef102
C. Schrader, R. Benecke, G. Deuschl, R. Hilker, A. Kupsch, M. Lange, F. Sixel-Döring, L. Timmermann, J. Volkmann, W. Fogel. (2009) Tiefe Hirnstimulation bei Dystonie. Der Nervenarzt 80:6, 656-661
CrossRef103
Warren A. Marks, John Honeycutt, Fernando Acosta, Maryann Reed. (2009) Deep Brain Stimulation for Pediatric Movement Disorders. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 16:2, 90-98
CrossRef104
Wataru Sako, Masami Nishio, Tomoyuki Maruo, Hideki Shimazu, Kazuhito Matsuzaki, Tetsuya Tamura, Hideo Mure, Yukitaka Ushio, Shinji Nagahiro, Ryuji Kaji, Satoshi Goto. (2009) Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for camptocormia associated with Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 24:7, 1076-1079
CrossRef105
P. F. Katsakiori, Z. Kefalopoulou, E. Markaki, A. Paschali, J. Ellul, G. C. Kagadis, E. Chroni, C. Constantoyannis. (2009) Deep brain stimulation for secondary dystonia: results in 8 patients. Acta Neurochirurgica 151:5, 473-478
CrossRef106
M.A. van Rijn, A.G. Munts, J. Marinus, J.H.C. Voormolen, K.S. de Boer, I.M. Teepe-Twiss, N.T. van Dasselaar, E.M. Delhaas, J.J. van Hilten. (2009) Intrathecal baclofen for dystonia of complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 143:1-2, 41-47
CrossRef107
C. Stephani, M.A. Nitsche, W. Paulus. (2009) Invasive Hirnstimulationsverfahren in der Epilepsietherapie. Zeitschrift für Epileptologie 22:2, 80-88
CrossRef108
Xavier Vasques, Laura Cif, Victoria Gonzalez, Claire Nicholson, Philippe Coubes. (2009) Factors predicting improvement in primary generalized dystonia treated by pallidal deep brain stimulation. Movement Disorders 24:6, 846-853
CrossRef109
Alexis M. Kuncel, Dennis A. Turner, Laurie J. Ozelius, Paul E. Greene, Warren M. Grill, Mark A. Stacy. (2009) Myoclonus and tremor response to thalamic deep brain stimulation parameters in a patient with inherited myoclonus–dystonia syndrome. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 111:3, 303-306
CrossRef110
E. Moro, P. Piboolnurak, T. Arenovich, S. W. Hung, Y.-Y. Poon, A. M. Lozano. (2009) Pallidal stimulation in cervical dystonia: clinical implications of acute changes in stimulation parameters. European Journal of Neurology 16:4, 506-512
CrossRef111
Z. Kefalopoulou, A. Paschali, E. Markaki, P. Vassilakos, J. Ellul, C. Constantoyannis. (2009) A double-blind study on a patient with tardive dyskinesia treated with pallidal deep brain stimulation. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 119:4, 269-273
CrossRef112
J. Volkmann. (2009) Finding the best way of stimulating the brain. European Journal of Neurology 16:4, 442-443
CrossRef113
Kiyoka Kinugawa, Marie Vidailhet, Fabienne Clot, Emmanuelle Apartis, David Grabli, Emmanuel Roze. (2009) Myoclonus-dystonia: An update. Movement Disorders 24:4, 479-489
CrossRef114
S. Elizabeth Zauber, Nidhi Watson, Cynthia L. Comella, Roy A. E. Bakay, Leo Verhagen Metman. (2009) Stimulation-induced parkinsonism after posteroventral deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for craniocervical dystonia. Journal of Neurosurgery 110:2, 229-233
CrossRef115
Constantine Constantoyannis, George C. Kagadis, John Ellul, Zinovia Kefalopoulou, Elisabeth Chroni. (2009) Nucleus ventralis oralis deep brain stimulation in postanoxic dystonia. Movement Disorders 24:2, 306-308
CrossRef116
David Grabli, Claire Ewenczyk, Maria-Clara Coelho-Braga, Christelle Lagrange, Valerie Fraix, Philippe Cornu, Alim-Louis Benabid, Marie Vidailhet, Pierre Pollak. (2009) Interruption of deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia. Movement DisordersNA-NA
CrossRef117
Patric Blomstedt, Marwan I. Hariz, Stephen Tisch, Monica Holmberg, Tommy A. Bergenheim, Lars Forsgren. (2009) A family with a hereditary form of torsion dystonia from Northern Sweden treated with bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation. Movement DisordersNA-NA
CrossRef118
Hans-Holger Capelle, Joachim K. Krauss. (2009) Neuromodulation in Dystonia: Current Aspects of Deep Brain Stimulation. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 12:1, 8-21
CrossRef119
Mathieu Anheim, Laurent Vercueil, Valerie Fraix, Stéphan Chabardès, Eric Seigneuret, Paul Krack, Alim-Louis Benabid, Marie Vidailhet, Pierre Pollak. (2008) Early stimulation of DYT1 primary generalized dystonia prevents from its secondary irreversible complications. Movement Disorders 23:15, 2261-2263
CrossRef120
Mi J. Kim, Sang R. Jeon, Han-Wook Yoo, Gu-Hwan Kim, Myoung C. Lee, Sun J. Chung. (2008) Effect of thalamotomy on focal hand dystonia in a family with DYT1 mutation. Movement Disorders 23:15, 2251-2255
CrossRef121
Kelly Dustin. (2008) Evaluation of Electromagnetic Incompatibility Concerns for Deep Brain Stimulators. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 40:5, 299-303
CrossRef122
Tadashi Hamasaki, Kazumichi Yamada, Jun-ichi Kuratsu. (2008) Hemidystonia secondary to thalamic hemorrhage treated with GPi stimulation. Movement Disorders 23:12, 1762-1766
CrossRef123
P. Blomstedt, S. Tisch, M. I. Hariz. (2008) Pallidal deep brain stimulation in the treatment of Meige syndrome. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 118:3, 198-202
CrossRef124
Theresa E. Pretto, Arif Dalvi, Un Jung Kang, Richard D. Penn. (2008) A prospective blinded evaluation of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of secondary dystonia and primary torticollis syndromes. Journal of Neurosurgery 109:3, 405-409
CrossRef125
V. K. Neychev, X. Fan, V. I. Mitev, E. J. Hess, H. A. Jinnah. (2008) The basal ganglia and cerebellum interact in the expression of dystonic movement. Brain 131:9, 2499-2509
CrossRef126
M.A. Liker, D.S. Won, V.Y. Rao, S.E. Hua. (2008) Deep Brain Stimulation: An Evolving Technology. Proceedings of the IEEE 96:7, 1129-1141
CrossRef127
I. U. Isaias, R. L. Alterman, M. Tagliati. (2008) Outcome predictors of pallidal stimulation in patients with primary dystonia: the role of disease duration. Brain 131:7, 1895-1902
CrossRef128
T. J. Loher, H.-H. Capelle, A. Kaelin-Lang, S. Weber, R. Weigel, J. M. Burgunder, J. K. Krauss. (2008) Deep brain stimulation for dystonia: outcome at long-term follow-up. Journal of Neurology 255:6, 881-884
CrossRef129
Stéphane Thobois, Bénédicte Ballanger, Jing Xie-Brustolin, Philippe Damier, Franck Durif, Jean-Philippe Azulay, Philippe Derost, Tatiana Witjas, Sylvie Raoul, Didier Le Bars, Emmanuel Broussolle. (2008) Globus pallidus stimulation reduces frontal hyperactivity in tardive dystonia. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 28:6, 1127-1138
CrossRef130
I. M. Skogseid. (2008) Pallidal deep brain stimulation is effective, and improves quality of life in primary segmental and generalized dystonia. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 117:s188, 51-55
CrossRef131
Ramesh Balasubramaniam, Saravanan Ram. (2008) Orofacial Movement Disorders. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America 20:2, 273-285
CrossRef132
Molly M. Sturman, David E. Vaillancourt, Mark B. Shapiro, Leo Verhagen Metman, Roy A.E. Bakay, Daniel M. Corcos. (2008) Effect of short and long term STN stimulation periods on parkinsonian signs. Movement Disorders 23:6, 866-874
CrossRef133
Robert E. Gross. (2008) What happened to posteroventral pallidotomy for Parkinson’s disease and dystonia?. Neurotherapeutics 5:2, 281-293
CrossRef134
Clement Hamani, Elena Moro, Cindy Zadikoff, Yu-Yan Poon, Andres M. Lozano. (2008) LOCATION OF ACTIVE CONTACTS IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY DYSTONIA TREATED WITH GLOBUS PALLIDUS DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION. Neurosurgery 62, 217-225
CrossRef135
N. Yousif, R. Bayford, S. Wang, X. Liu. (2008) Quantifying the effects of the electrode–brain interface on the crossing electric currents in deep brain recording and stimulation. Neuroscience 152:3, 683-691
CrossRef136
Maria G. Cersosimo, Gabriela B. Raina, Fabian Piedimonte, Julio Antico, Pablo Graff, Federico E. Micheli. (2008) Pallidal surgery for the treatment of primary generalized dystonia: Long-term follow-up. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 110:2, 145-150
CrossRef137
Ali R. Rezai, Andre G. Machado, Milind Deogaonkar, Hooman Azmi, Cynthia Kubu, Nicholas M. Boulis. (2008) SURGERY FOR MOVEMENT DISORDERS. Neurosurgery 62:Supplement 2, SHC-809???SHC-839
CrossRef138
C. Blahak, J. C. Wöhrle, H. H. Capelle, H. Bäzner, E. Grips, R. Weigel, K. Kekelia, J. K. Krauss. (2008) Health-related quality of life in segmental dystonia is improved by bilateral pallidal stimulation. Journal of Neurology 255:2, 178-182
CrossRef139
Stephen Tisch, John C. Rothwell, Ludvic Zrinzo, Kailash P. Bhatia, Marwan Hariz, Patricia Limousin. (2008) Cortical evoked potentials from pallidal stimulation in patients with primary generalized dystonia. Movement Disorders 23:2, 265-273
CrossRef140
X. Liu, S. Wang, J. Yianni, D. Nandi, P. G. Bain, R. Gregory, J. F. Stein, T. Z. Aziz. (2008) The sensory and motor representation of synchronized oscillations in the globus pallidus in patients with primary dystonia. Brain 131:6, 1562-1573
CrossRef141
Peter Brown, Alexandre Eusebio. (2008) Paradoxes of functional neurosurgery: Clues from basal ganglia recordings. Movement Disorders 23:1, 12-20
CrossRef142
Maria Stella Aniello, Davide Martino, Vittoria Petruzzella, Roberto Eleopra, Michelangelo Mancuso, Rosa Dell'Aglio, Michele Cavallo, Gabriele Siciliano, Giovanni Defazio. (2008) Bilateral striatal necrosis, dystonia and multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions: Case study and effect of deep brain stimulation. Movement Disorders 23:1, 114-118
CrossRef143
Daniel Harnack, Wassilios Meissner, Raik Paulat, Hannes Hilgenfeld, Wolf-Dieter Müller, Christine Winter, Rudolf Morgenstern, Andreas Kupsch. (2008) Continuous high-frequency stimulation in freely moving rats: Development of an implantable microstimulation system. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 167:2, 278-291
CrossRef144
Joerg Mueller, Inger M. Skogseid, Reiner Benecke, Andreas Kupsch, Thomas Trottenberg, Werner Poewe, Gerd H. Schneider, Wilhelm Eisner, Alexander Wolters, J.U. Müller, Günther Deuschl, Marcus O. Pinsker, Geir K. Roeste, Juliane Vollmer-Haase, Angela Brentrup, Martin Krause, Volker Tronnier, Alfons Schnitzler, Jüergen Voges, Guido Nikkhah, Jan Vesper, Markus Naumann, Jens Volkmann, . (2008) Pallidal deep brain stimulation improves quality of life in segmental and generalized dystonia: Results from a prospective, randomized sham-controlled trial. Movement Disorders 23:1, 131-134
CrossRef145
Hong Yu, Joseph S. Neimat. (2008) The treatment of movement disorders by deep brain stimulation. Neurotherapeutics 5:1, 26-36
CrossRef146
Spiridon Papapetropoulos, Sheila Baez, Jennifer Zitser, Cenk Sengun, Carlos Singer. (2008) Retrocollis: Classification, Clinical Phenotype, Treatment Outcomes and Risk Factors. European Neurology 59:1-2, 71-75
CrossRef147
Christopher R. Butson, Cameron C. McIntyre. (2008) Current steering to control the volume of tissue activated during deep brain stimulation. Brain Stimulation 1:1, 7-15
CrossRef148
J.L. Shils, L.Z. Mei, J.E. Arle. (2008) Modeling Parkinsonian Circuitry and the DBS Electrode. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 86:1, 16-29
CrossRef149
Mathieu Anheim, Valérie Fraix, Stéphan Chabardès, Paul Krack, Alim-Louis Benabid, Pierre Pollak. (2007) Lifetime of Itrel II pulse generators for subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 22:16, 2436-2439
CrossRef150
Ludy C. Shih, Daniel Tarsy. (2007) Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of atypical parkinsonism. Movement Disorders 22:15, 2149-2155
CrossRef151
P. Roggenkämper. (2007) Was tun bei unzureichender Wirkung von Botulinumtoxin in der Behandlung von Lidkrämpfen?. Spektrum der Augenheilkunde 21:5, 283-285
CrossRef152
Markus Kosel, Volker Sturm, Caroline Frick, Doris Lenartz, Gabriele Zeidler, Daniela Brodesser, Thomas E. Schlaepfer. (2007) Mood improvement after deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus for tardive dyskinesia in a patient suffering from major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research 41:9, 801-803
CrossRef153
Chikashi Fukaya, Yoichi Katayama, Toshikazu Kano, Takafumi Nagaoka, Kazutaka Kobayashi, Hideki Oshima, Takamitsu Yamamoto. (2007) Thalamic deep brain stimulation for writer's cramp. Journal of Neurosurgery 107:5, 977-982
CrossRef154
Morten L Kringelbach, Sarah LF Owen, Tipu Z Aziz. (2007) Deep-brain stimulation. Future Neurology 2:6, 633-646
CrossRef155
L. Vercueil, J. L. Houeto, P. Krystkowiak, C. Lagrange, F. Cassim, A. Benazzouz, B. Pidoux, A. Destée, Y. Agid, P. Cornu, S. Blond, A. L. Benabid, P. Pollak, M. Vidailhet, . (2007) Effects of pulse width variations in pallidal stimulation for primary generalized dystonia. Journal of Neurology 254:11, 1533-1537
CrossRef156
Matthew O. Hebb, Paula Chiasson, Anthony E. Lang, Robert M. Brownstone, Ivar Mendez. (2007) Sustained relief of dystonia following cessation of deep brain stimulation. Movement Disorders 22:13, 1958-1962
CrossRef157
Jill L. Ostrem, William J. Marks, Monica M. Volz, Susan L. Heath, Philip A. Starr. (2007) Pallidal deep brain stimulation in patients with cranial-cervical dystonia (Meige syndrome). Movement Disorders 22:13, 1885-1891
CrossRef158
Nada Yousif, Richard Bayford, Peter G. Bain, Xuguang Liu. (2007) The peri-electrode space is a significant element of the electrode–brain interface in deep brain stimulation: A computational study. Brain Research Bulletin 74:5, 361-368
CrossRef159
Virgilio Gerald H. Evidente, Mark K. Lyons, Mark Wheeler, Renee Hillman, Luann Helepolelei, Froukje Beynen, Dagmar Nolte, Ulrich Müller, Philip A. Starr. (2007) First case of X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (“Lubag”) to demonstrate a response to bilateral pallidal stimulation. Movement Disorders 22:12, 1790-1793
CrossRef160
Yasuyo Tonomura, Hiroshi Kataoka, Kazuma Sugie, Hidehiro Hirabayashi, Hiroyuki Nakase, Satoshi Ueno. (2007) Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation Associated With Cervical Dystonia. Spine 32:19, E561-E564
CrossRef161
Nada Yousif, Xuguang Liu. (2007) Modeling the current distribution across the depth electrode–brain interface in deep brain stimulation. Expert Review of Medical Devices 4:5, 623-631
CrossRef162
Cameron C McIntyre, Svjetlana Miocinovic, Christopher R Butson. (2007) Computational analysis of deep brain stimulation. Expert Review of Medical Devices 4:5, 615-622
CrossRef163
Ramon L. Rodriguez, Hubert H. Fernandez, Ihtsham Haq, Michael S. Okun. (2007) Pearls in Patient Selection for Deep Brain Stimulation. The Neurologist 13:5, 253-260
CrossRef164
Zelma HT Kiss. (2007) Bilateral pallidal neurostimulation—long-term motor and cognitive effects in primary generalized dystonia. Nature Clinical Practice Neurology 3:9, 482-483
CrossRef165
P. Roggenkämper. (2007) Was tun bei unzureichender Wirkung von Botulinumtoxin in der Behandlung von Lidkrämpfen?. Der Ophthalmologe 104:9, 763-766
CrossRef166
Drew S. Kern, Rajeev Kumar. (2007) Deep Brain Stimulation. The Neurologist 13:5, 237-252
CrossRef167
Ron L. Alterman, Michele Tagliati. (2007) Deep brain stimulation for torsion dystonia in children. Child's Nervous System 23:9, 1033-1040
CrossRef168
Clement Hamani, Elena Moro. (2007) Surgery for other movement disorders: dystonia, tics. Current Opinion in Neurology 20:4, 470-476
CrossRef169
Morten L. Kringelbach, Ned Jenkinson, Sarah L.F. Owen, Tipu Z. Aziz. (2007) Translational principles of deep brain stimulation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 8:8, 623-635
CrossRef170
John Y.K. Lee, Milind Deogaonkar, Ali Rezai. (2007) Deep brain stimulation of globus pallidus internus for dystonia. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 13:5, 261-265
CrossRef171
Stephen Tisch, John C. Rothwell, Kailash P. Bhatia, Niall Quinn, Ludvic Zrinzo, Marjan Jahanshahi, Keyoumars Ashkan, Marwan Hariz, Patricia Limousin. (2007) Pallidal stimulation modifies after-effects of paired associative stimulation on motor cortex excitability in primary generalised dystonia. Experimental Neurology 206:1, 80-85
CrossRef172
Atchar Sudhyadhom, Frank J. Bova, Kelly D. Foote, Christian A. Rosado, Lindsey Kirsch-Darrow, Michael S. Okun. (2007) Limbic, associative, and motor territories within the targets for deep brain stimulation: Potential clinical implications. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 7:4, 278-289
CrossRef173
S. Tisch, J.C. Rothwell, P. Limousin, M.I. Hariz, D.M. Corcos. (2007) The Physiological Effects of Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation in Dystonia. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 15:2, 166-172
CrossRef174
Pierre Krystkowiak, Sophie Tezenas du Montcel, Laurent Vercueil, Jean-Luc Houeto, Christelle Lagrange, Philippe Cornu, Serge Blond, Alim-Louis Benabid, Pierre Pollak, Marie Vidailhet, . (2007) Reliability of the Burke-Fahn-Marsden scale in a multicenter trial for dystonia. Movement Disorders 22:5, 685-689
CrossRef175
Christopher Kenney, Richard Simpson, Christine Hunter, William Ondo, Michael Almaguer, Anthony Davidson, Joseph Jankovic. (2007) Short-term and long-term safety of deep brain stimulation in the treatment of movement disorders. Journal of Neurosurgery 106:4, 621-625
CrossRef176
Marie Vidailhet, Laurent Vercueil, Jean-Luc Houeto, Pierre Krystkowiak, Christelle Lagrange, Jerôme Yelnik, Eric Bardinet, Alim-Louis Benabid, Soledad Navarro, Didier Dormont, Sylvie Grand, Serge Blond, Claire Ardouin, Bernard Pillon, Katy Dujardin, Valérie Hahn-Barma, Yves Agid, Alain Destée, Pierre Pollak. (2007) Bilateral, pallidal, deep-brain stimulation in primary generalised dystonia: a prospective 3 year follow-up study. The Lancet Neurology 6:3, 223-229
CrossRef177
Daniel Tarsy. (2007) Deep-brain stimulation for dystonia: new twists in assessment. The Lancet Neurology 6:3, 201-202
CrossRef178
Ron L. Alterman, Jay L. Shils, Joan Miravite, Michele Tagliati. (2007) Lower stimulation frequency can enhance tolerability and efficacy of pallidal deep brain stimulation for dystonia. Movement Disorders 22:3, 366-368
CrossRef179
Casey Halpern, Howard Hurtig, Jurg Jaggi, Murray Grossman, Michelle Won, Gordon Baltuch. (2007) Deep brain stimulation in neurologic disorders. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 13:1, 1-16
CrossRef180
Jeannette Henning, Dirk Koczan, Änne Glass, Thomas Karopka, Jens Pahnke, Arndt Rolfs, Reiner Benecke, Ulrike Gimsa. (2007) Deep brain stimulation in a rat model modulates TH, CaMKIIa and Homer1 gene expression. European Journal of Neuroscience 25:1, 239-250
CrossRef181
Christopher R. Butson, Scott E. Cooper, Jaimie M. Henderson, Cameron C. McIntyre. (2007) Patient-specific analysis of the volume of tissue activated during deep brain stimulation. NeuroImage 34:2, 661-670
CrossRef182
Joseph Jankovic. 2007. Movement Disorders. , 735-763.
CrossRef183
Octavian R. Adam, Joseph Jankovic. (2007) Treatment of dystonia. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 13, S362-S368
CrossRef184
2007. Bibliographie. , 71-87.
CrossRef185
Emmanuel Roze, Soledad Navarro, Philippe Cornu, Marie-Laure Welter, Marie Vidailhet. (2006) DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION OF THE GLOBUS PALLIDUS FOR GENERALIZED DYSTONIA IN GM1 TYPE 3 GANGLIOSIDOSIS. Neurosurgery 59:6, E1340
CrossRef186
Kupsch, Andreas, Benecke, Reiner, Müller, Jörg, Trottenberg, Thomas, Schneider, Gerd-Helge, Poewe, Werner, Eisner, Wilhelm, Wolters, Alexander, Müller, Jan-Uwe, Deuschl, Günther, Pinsker, Marcus O., Skogseid, Inger Marie, Roeste, Geir Ketil, Vollmer-Haase, Juliane, Brentrup, Angela, Krause, Martin, Tronnier, Volker, Schnitzler, Alfons, Voges, Jürgen, Nikkhah, Guido, Vesper, Jan, Naumann, Markus, Volkmann, Jens, . (2006) Pallidal Deep-Brain Stimulation in Primary Generalized or Segmental Dystonia. New England Journal of Medicine 355:19, 1978-1990
Full Text187
Joohi Shahed, Joseph Jankovic. 2006. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESISIntroduction to Dystonia. , 1-10.
CrossRef188
Ruth H. Walker, Kevin StP. McNaught, Daniel P. Perl. 2006. Pathology of the Dystonias. , 65-92.
CrossRef189
William J. Marks. 2006. Brain Surgery for Dystonia. , 393-405.
CrossRef190
Holly A. Shill, Mark Hallett. 2006. Physiology of Primary Dystonia. , 57-64.
CrossRef191
Servane Mouton, Jing Xie-Brustolin, Patrick Mertens, Gustavo Polo, Philippe Damier, Emmanuel Broussolle, Stéphane Thobois. (2006) Chorea induced by globus pallidus externus stimulation in a dystonic patient. Movement Disorders 21:10, 1771-1773
CrossRef192
Satoshi Goto, Kazumichi Yamada, Hideki Shimazu, Nagako Murase, Kazuhito Matsuzaki, Tetsuya Tamura, Shinji Nagahiro, Jun-Ichi Kuratsu, Ryuji Kaji. (2006) Impact of bilateral pallidal stimulation on DYT1-generalized dystonia in Japanese patients. Movement Disorders 21:10, 1785-1787
CrossRef193
Kathryn L. Holloway, Mark S. Baron, Rashelle Brown, David X. Cifu, William Carne, V. Ramakrishnan. (2006) Deep Brain Stimulation for Dystonia: A Meta-Analysis. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 9:4, 253-261
CrossRef194
Stephen Tisch, Patricia Limousin, John C. Rothwell, Peter Asselman, Niall Quinn, Marjan Jahanshahi, Kailash P. Bhatia, Marwan Hariz. (2006) Changes in blink reflex excitability after globus pallidus internus stimulation for dystonia. Movement Disorders 21:10, 1650-1655
CrossRef195
Joseph Jankovic. (2006) Treatment of dystonia. The Lancet Neurology 5:10, 864-872
CrossRef196
Kazumichi Yamada, Santoshi Goto, Kazuhito Matsuzaki, Tetsuya Tamura, Nagako Murase, Hideki Shimazu, Shinji Nagahiro, Jun-ichi Kuratsu, Ryuji Kaji. (2006) Alleviation of camptocormia by bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in a patient with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 12:6, 372-375
CrossRef197
Hans-Holger Capelle, Eva Grips, Ralf Weigel, Christian Blahak, Baezner Hansj??rg, Johannes C. Wohrle, Joachim K. Krauss. (2006) Posttraumatic Peripherally-induced Dystonia and Multifocal Deep Brain Stimulation: Case Report. Neurosurgery 59:3, E702
CrossRef198
Tarsy, Daniel, Simon, David K., . (2006) Dystonia. New England Journal of Medicine 355:8, 818-829
Full Text199
Joel S. Perlmutter, Jonathan W. Mink. (2006) DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION. Annual Review of Neuroscience 29:1, 229-257
CrossRef200
Shouyan Wang, Xuguang Liu, John Yianni, Alex L. Green, Carole Joint, John F. Stein, Peter G. Bain, Ralph Gregory, Tipu Z. Aziz. (2006) Use of surface electromyography to assess and select patients with idiopathic dystonia for bilateral pallidal stimulation. Journal of Neurosurgery 105:1, 21-25
CrossRef201
Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Daniel Tarsy. (2006) Treatment of dystonia. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 6:6, 863-886
CrossRef202
Joseph Jankovic. (2006) Botulinum toxin therapy for cervical dystonia. Neurotoxicity Research 9:2-3, 145-148
CrossRef203
William S Anderson, Frederick A Lenz. (2006) Surgery Insight: deep brain stimulation for movement disorders. Nature Clinical Practice Neurology 2:6, 310-320
CrossRef204
A. Albanese, M. P. Barnes, K. P. Bhatia, E. Fernandez-Alvarez, G. Filippini, T. Gasser, J. K. Krauss, A. Newton, I. Rektor, M. Savoiardo, J. Valls-Sole. (2006) A systematic review on the diagnosis and treatment of primary (idiopathic) dystonia and dystonia plus syndromes: report of an EFNS/MDS-ES Task Force. European Journal of Neurology 13:5, 433-444
CrossRef205
Alan Diamond, Joohi Shahed, Shaheda Azher, Kevin Dat-Vuong, Joseph Jankovic. (2006) Globus pallidus deep brain stimulation in dystonia. Movement Disorders 21:5, 692-695
CrossRef206
Alessandro Paluzzi, Peter G. Bain, Xuguang Liu, John Yianni, Kumar Kumarendran, Tipu Z. Aziz. (2006) Pregnancy in dystonic women with in situ deep brain stimulators. Movement Disorders 21:5, 695-698
CrossRef207
L. Mallet. (2006) La stimulation cérébrale profonde : un outil pour la modulation thérapeutique du comportement et des émotions. L'Encéphale 32:2, 44-47
CrossRef208
J. Yelnik. (2006) Anatomie structurale et fonctionnelle des ganglions de la base. L'Encéphale 32:2, 3-9
CrossRef209
Philip A. Starr, Robert S. Turner, Geoff Rau, Nadja Lindsey, Susan Heath, Monica Volz, Jill L. Ostrem, William J. Marks. (2006) Microelectrode-guided implantation of deep brain stimulators into the globus pallidus internus for dystonia: techniques, electrode locations, and outcomes. Journal of Neurosurgery 104:4, 488-501
CrossRef210
N KOCK, A ALLCHORNE, M SENAESTEVES, C WOOLF, X BREAKEFIELD. (2006) RNAi blocks DYT1 mutant torsinA inclusions in neurons. Neuroscience Letters 395:3, 201-205
CrossRef211
Xuguang Liu, John Yianni, Shouyan Wang, Peter G. Bain, John F. Stein, Tipu Z. Aziz. (2006) Different mechanisms may generate sustained hypertonic and rhythmic bursting muscle activity in idiopathic dystonia. Experimental Neurology 198:1, 204-213
CrossRef212
Christopher R Butson, Cameron C McIntyre. (2006) Role of electrode design on the volume of tissue activated during deep brain stimulation. Journal of Neural Engineering 3:1, 1-8
CrossRef213
Charlene Laino. (2006) FIRST GENE FOR TOURETTE SYNDROME AND RETINAL CELL TRANSPLANTS FOR PARKINSON TOP LIST. Neurology Today 6:3, 24-25
CrossRef214
Christopher R. Butson, Christopher B. Maks, Cameron C. McIntyre. (2006) Sources and effects of electrode impedance during deep brain stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology 117:2, 447-454
CrossRef215
Charlene Laino. (2006) FIRST GENE FOR TOURETTE SYNDROME AND RETINAL CELL TRANSPLANTS FOR PARKINSON TOP LIST. Neurology Today 6:3, 24???25
CrossRef216
C Warren Olanow. (2006) Movement disorders: a step in the right direction. The Lancet Neurology 5:1, 3-5
CrossRef217
J RAMOS. (2006) Bilateral Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Globus Pallidus in Primary Generalized DystoniaVidailhet M, for the French Stimulation du Pallidum Interne dans la Dystonie (SPIDY) Study Group (Saint Antoine Hosp, Paris; Pitié-Salpêtrière Hosp, Paris; Joseph Fourier Univ, Grenoble, France; et al) N Engl J Med 352:459–467, 2005§. Yearbook of Neurology and Neurosurgery 2006, 97-99
CrossRef218
Terence D. Sanger. (2005) Hypertonia in children: How and when to treat. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 7:6, 427-439
CrossRef219
M. Vidailhet. (2005) La toxine botulique en Neurologie. La Revue de Médecine Interne 26:7, 531-533
CrossRef220
William J. Marks. (2005) Deep brain stimulation for dystonia. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 7:3, 237-243
CrossRef221
Marie Vidailhet, Pierre Pollak. (2005) Deep brain stimulation for dystonia: Make the lame walk. Annals of Neurology 57:5, 613-614
CrossRef222
Helen S. Mayberg, Andres M. Lozano, Valerie Voon, Heather E. McNeely, David Seminowicz, Clement Hamani, Jason M. Schwalb, Sidney H. Kennedy. (2005) Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression. Neuron 45:5, 651-660
CrossRef223
Greene, Paul, . (2005) Deep-Brain Stimulation for Generalized Dystonia. New England Journal of Medicine 352:5, 498-500
Full Text
