Original Article
Oral Erythromycin and the Risk of Sudden Death from Cardiac Causes
N Engl J Med 2004; 351:1089-1096September 9, 2004
- Abstract
Background
Oral erythromycin prolongs cardiac repolarization and is associated with case reports of torsades de pointes. Because erythromycin is extensively metabolized by cytochrome P-450 3A (CYP3A) isozymes, commonly used medications that inhibit the effects of CYP3A may increase plasma erythromycin concentrations, thereby increasing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. We studied the association between the use of erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes and whether this risk was increased with the concurrent use of strong inhibitors of CYP3A.
Methods
We studied a previously identified Tennessee Medicaid cohort that included 1,249,943 person-years of follow-up and 1476 cases of confirmed sudden death from cardiac causes. The CYP3A inhibitors used in the study were nitroimidazole antifungal agents, diltiazem, verapamil, and troleandomycin; each doubles, at least, the area under the time–concentration curve for a CYP3A substrate. Amoxicillin, an antimicrobial agent with similar indications but which does not prolong cardiac repolarization, and former use of erythromycin also were studied, to assess possible confounding by indication.
Results
The multivariate adjusted rate of sudden death from cardiac causes among patients currently using erythromycin was twice as high (incidence-rate ratio, 2.01; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.08 to 3.75; P=0.03) as that among those who had not used any of the study antibiotic medications. There was no significant increase in the risk of sudden death among former users of erythromycin (incidence-rate ratio, 0.89; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.72 to 1.09; P=0.26) or among those who were currently using amoxicillin (incidence-rate ratio, 1.18; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.59 to 2.36; P=0.65). The adjusted rate of sudden death from cardiac causes was five times as high (incidence-rate ratio, 5.35; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.72 to 16.64; P=0.004) among those who concurrently used CYP3A inhibitors and erythromycin as that among those who had used neither CYP3A inhibitors nor any of the study antibiotic medications. In contrast, there was no increase in the risk of sudden death among those who concurrently used amoxicillin and CYP3A inhibitors or those currently using any of the study antibiotic medications who had formerly used CYP3A inhibitors.
Conclusions
The concurrent use of erythromycin and strong inhibitors of CYP3A should be avoided.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
The Incidence-Rate Ratio for Sudden Death from Cardiac Causes According to the Current Use of the Study Antibiotic Medications and CYP3A Inhibitors.Table 1
Characteristics of the Cohort According to Antibiotic Use.Article Activity
- Article
Erythromycin is a commonly used macrolide antimicrobial agent with a long history of use, and it is considered largely free of serious toxicity. However, there have been case reports of torsades de pointes in patients receiving both oral and intravenous erythromycin.1-4 An increase in the risk of torsades de pointes is consistent with the effects of erythromycin on cardiac electrophysiology; studies have shown prolongation of the QT interval5,6 and blockade of the potassium channel encoded by the human ether-a-go-go–related gene (HERG).7
There are important clinical questions that these case reports have not addressed. Although there is an association between erythromycin and serious ventricular tachyarrhythmias, the magnitude of the risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmia has not been quantified in population-based studies. Studies of the association of erythromycin and arrhythmia have focused on the intravenous use of the drug,1,6 perhaps because this use is involved in the majority of the reported cases1,3 and because the rapid rise to peak concentrations may increase the risk of arrhythmia. However, in clinical practice, this drug is usually administered orally, and the perception that oral use is not associated with arrhythmias is unsupported by data. Pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions also may increase the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes among patients using erythromycin. Erythromycin is extensively metabolized by cytochrome P-450 3A (CYP3A) isozymes.8 Many other commonly used medications inhibit the metabolism of drugs that is mediated by CYP3A, including nitroimidazole antifungal agents, certain calcium-channel blockers, and some antidepressant drugs. Although there have been reports of prolonged QT intervals9 and torsades de pointes4 among patients who were concurrently receiving oral erythromycin and CYP3A inhibitors, the clinical importance of this possible drug–drug interaction remains unclear.
In our population-based study, we sought to quantify the association between oral erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes, usually as the result of ventricular tachyarrhythmia. The primary questions posed in the study were whether the risk of sudden death was increased among those using oral erythromycin and whether this risk was altered by the concurrent use of erythromycin and potent inhibitors of CYP3A. To assess possible confounding by the indications for antimicrobial use, we also studied patients who were currently using amoxicillin, an antibiotic drug that is used in clinical circumstances similar to those in which erythromycin is used.
Methods
Study Cohort
We studied a cohort of Tennessee Medicaid enrollees10 who had been identified for previous investigations of sudden death from cardiac causes11,12 that included a review of the medical records for deaths occurring in the period from January 1, 1988, to December 31, 1993. Data on periods of enrollment in Medicaid and the demographic characteristics of each subject were included in an enrollment file that was linked with data from death certificates issued in Tennessee,13 including the date and cause of death. Data in medical-encounter files on filled prescriptions, outpatient visits, hospital admissions, and nursing home stays provided information that was used to identify the study cohort, to determine exposure to the study drugs, to identify potential cases of sudden death from cardiac causes, and to classify the members of the cohort according to preexisting cardiovascular conditions and other disease.
To be eligible for the study, subjects had to have had at least 365 days of continuous enrollment in Medicaid before entering the cohort, had to be between 15 and 84 years of age, could not be residing in a long-term care facility (except for subjects with mental disorders), and had to have no evidence of a life-threatening noncardiac illness.11,12 Persons who were receiving both erythromycin and amoxicillin were excluded. The follow-up began on January 1, 1988, or later, at the point when the criteria for enrollment in the cohort were met, and ended on December 31, 1993, the date of death, or the date on which the criteria for membership were no longer met, whichever occurred first.
Use of Medication
Prescriptions for erythromycin, amoxicillin, and other medications were identified from computerized Medicaid pharmacy files that included the drug, the dose, and the total medication dispensed (number of days of supply). Such records are an excellent source of data on prescription medications, because they are not subject to information bias14,15 and have a concordance of better than 90 percent with patients' self-reports on the use of medication.15-18
Before conducting the analysis, we reviewed the literature to identify medications that are strong inhibitors of CYP3A in vivo and therefore could produce clinically important interactions with erythromycin. The a priori requirement was published prospective data (thus, case reports were excluded) that showed a doubling or more of the area under the time–plasma concentration curve (AUC) for a recognized CYP3A substrate. Thus, the drugs included azole antifungal drugs (ketoconazole,19 itraconazole,20 and fluconazole,21 all administered systemically), diltiazem,22 verapamil,22 and troleandomycin.23 Mibefradil24 and nefazodone25 met our criteria but were not marketed during the period of the study. Clarithromycin, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, was considered separately as a potential confounder, because it is linked with torsades de pointes and is metabolized by CYP3A. The protease inhibitors are potent CYP3A inhibitors, but the use of these drugs was considered an indicator of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, and patients receiving them were excluded from the study. Other drugs that are commonly included on lists of CYP3A inhibitors26-29 (e.g., cimetidine) were not included, because in vivo data showed that their effect on CYP3A substrates did not meet our criteria for a doubling or more of the AUC.
Every person-day of follow-up was classified according to the study medication used and the type of use. Current use was defined according to days of supply from the day the prescription was filled. Nonuse of a medication was defined as no use within the previous 365 days. Former use was defined as some use of a study medication that was not current but had occurred within the previous 365 days. The characteristics of former users of the study medication should be similar to those of current users with regard to potential risk factors for sudden death that are difficult to measure and that are associated with receiving the study medication.
Sudden Death from Cardiac Causes
The study outcome was sudden death from cardiac causes occurring in a community setting.30-33 Previous studies have suggested that 85 percent of such deaths are provoked by a ventricular tachyarrhythmia.30,31 In the present study, sudden death from cardiac causes was defined as a sudden pulseless condition that was fatal (within 48 hours) and that was consistent with a ventricular tachyarrhythmia occurring in the absence of a known noncardiac condition as the proximate cause of the death.32 Study cases11,12 were those that involved a witnessed collapse or evidence that the person was alive within 24 hours before the death was reported. We excluded deaths from cardiac arrests that occurred in a hospital or another institutional setting, that were not sudden, or for which documentation suggested the presence of an underlying noncardiac cause (e.g., substance overdose or pneumonia) or a different cardiac cause (e.g., heart failure or bradyarrhythmia).
For all deaths occurring among the study cohort during the follow-up period, we screened data from computerized death certificates and other records of medical encounters to identify potential cases that met the criteria for the study.11,12 Nurses employed by the study reviewed the records of terminal medical encounters. One of the authors, a physician, classified each death, and another author, a cardiac electrophysiologist, reviewed questionable cases; both were unaware of the patients' medication use.
Among members of the cohort there were 4404 potentially qualifying deaths. Of these, 614 (14 percent) occurred at home, with no record of a terminal medical encounter, and we were unable to obtain records for 822 deaths (19 percent). Of the 2968 deaths for which records were obtained, we excluded 174 that were the result of sudden death from cardiac causes occurring in a hospital or other institution, 505 that resulted from other causes, and 802 for which information on the circumstances of the death or the time when the subject was last known to be alive was missing from the records. The study also excluded 11 deaths among persons who had received both erythromycin and amoxicillin within the past year (although none of the subjects were currently using these medications), leaving 1476 cases of sudden death from cardiac causes.
Statistical Analysis
Multivariate incidence-rate ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals were estimated with the use of Poisson regression models. Potential confounders were evaluated for each person-day of the follow-up period, including calendar year and demographic characteristics as well as measures of the use of medical care and of the presence of coexisting conditions that had been identified at medical encounters within the 365 days preceding the death. The measures of medical encounters included a low frequency of outpatient encounters (i.e., no visits to physicians or the filling of no more than one prescription), the use of antipsychotic11 and cyclic antidepressant12 drugs, serious noncardiovascular somatic disease (requiring hospital admission), and a summary score for the risk of cardiovascular disease. As described previously,11,12 this score was calculated on the basis of medical care received for cardiovascular disease, including the specific medications the patient was given, hospital admissions, visits to emergency departments, and visits to physicians. The score was then classified into 10 values, with the lowest representing the absence of the diagnosis or treatment of cardiovascular disease and with the remaining 9 values approximate quantiles for the cohort.
Previous studies have reported a high degree of validity for the two main components of this score, the computerized records of medical encounters at which medications were provided14-18 and the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease that was made at the hospital.34,35 Furthermore, after adjustment for age and sex, there was a difference of a factor of eight in the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes between patients with the highest scores and those with the lowest. All statistical analyses were performed with the use of SAS software, version 8.0 (SAS Institute). All P values are two-sided. The study was approved by the Vanderbilt University Medical Center committee for the protection of human subjects, and informed consent was waived.
Results
The study cohort included 1,249,943 person-years of follow-up. The mean age among members of the cohort was 45 years; 25 percent of the subjects were 65 years of age or older. Female subjects accounted for 70 percent of the cohort (reflecting the demographics of the population covered by Medicaid10), and 58 percent of the subjects were white. There were 22 percent who had not had a visit with a physician in the year preceding the study, and 29 percent of the subjects had filled no more than one prescription in the past year. Of the cohort, 34 percent had medical encounters in the past year related to cardiovascular disease. Of the deaths among members of the cohort, a total of 1476 met the study definition of sudden death from cardiac causes, for a rate of 1.2 deaths per 1000 person-years.
The study included 5305 person-years of current use of erythromycin and 111,779 person-years of former use, as well as 6846 person-years of current use of amoxicillin. Current and former users of the study antibiotic drugs were slightly younger than nonusers (Table 1Table 1
Characteristics of the Cohort According to Antibiotic Use.) and more likely to be female and white. After adjustment for age and sex, nonusers had fewer previous medical encounters of any kind and fewer medical encounters with reference to cardiovascular disease than did users of erythromycin or amoxicillin. However, current and former users of erythromycin and current users of amoxicillin were very similar with regard to their demographic characteristics and medical encounters in the year preceding the study related to both cardiovascular disease and other diseases.The rate of sudden death from cardiac causes was twice as high among current users of erythromycin (incidence-rate ratio, 2.01; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.08 to 3.75; P=0.03) (Table 2Table 2
Incidence-Rate Ratio for Sudden Death from Cardiac Causes, According to Antibiotic Use.) as among those who did not use any of the study antibiotic medications. In contrast, there was no significant increase in the risk of sudden death among former users of erythromycin (incidence rate ratio, 0.89; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.72 to 1.09; P=0.26) or current users of amoxicillin (incidence rate ratio, 1.18; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.59 to 2.36; P=0.65).There was a marked increase in the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes among concurrent users of the study CYP3A inhibitors and erythromycin (Table 3Table 3
Incidence-Rate Ratio for Sudden Death from Cardiac Causes, According to Use of CYP3A Inhibitors and Antibiotic Drugs. and Figure 1Figure 1The Incidence-Rate Ratio for Sudden Death from Cardiac Causes According to the Current Use of the Study Antibiotic Medications and CYP3A Inhibitors.). Among these patients, there were 3 such deaths during 194 person-years of follow-up, or 15.5 deaths per 1000 person-years. In the multivariate analysis, the incidence-rate ratio was 5.35 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.72 to 16.64; P=0.004), indicating a risk of sudden death more than five times as high as that among those who used neither CYP3A inhibitors nor study antibiotics. Among other patients currently using CYP3A inhibitors, there was no evidence of an increase in the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes among those who were concurrently using amoxicillin or those who were not currently using any of the study antibiotic medications (Table 3). There was also no evidence of an increase in the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes among those who had formerly used CYP3A inhibitors, regardless of their use or nonuse of any of the study antibiotic medications.When we estimated the effect of specific CYP3A inhibitors that were used concurrently with erythromycin, calcium-channel blockers accounted for nearly all the person-years of follow-up and all cases of sudden death from cardiac causes. There was one death in 106 person-years among current users of diltiazem and two deaths in 78 person-years among current users of verapamil. There were no deaths in the 10 person-years of exposure to nitroimidazoles or to more than a single CYP3A inhibitor. We also identified 114 person-years of concurrent use of erythromycin and other calcium-channel blockers that did not inhibit CYP3A to a clinically important degree (nearly all for nifedipine); there were no sudden deaths from cardiac causes in this group.
We performed several supplementary analyses to determine whether the increase in the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes that was associated with the current use of erythromycin was confounded by other medications thought to predispose patients to arrhythmias. These analyses included other drugs that can cause torsades de pointes the metabolism of which is likely to be inhibited by erythromycin (including cisapride,36 terfenadine,37 astemizole,38 clarithromycin,39 and pimozide40), antiarrhythmic medications considered to cause torsades de pointes with relatively high frequency (including disopyramide, procainamide, amiodarone, and sotalol41), as well as quinidine, an antiarrhythmic drug that can cause torsades de pointes and is a CYP3A substrate,42 and other medications thought to cause torsades de pointes1 or to prolong the QT interval.43,44 The association between erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes was unchanged in all of these analyses.
Discussion
Case reports have long suggested that erythromycin is associated with an increase in the risk of torsades de pointes. Two reviews of data from the Adverse Drug Event reporting system of the Food and Drug Administration identified 346 reports of cardiac arrhythmias2 and 82 reports consistent with torsades de pointes3 in which erythromycin was mentioned. The present controlled study provides confirmatory evidence: the rate of sudden death from cardiac causes was twice as high among patients who were current users of oral erythromycin as among those who had not used any of the study antibiotic drugs. In contrast, those who had formerly used erythromycin or were currently using amoxicillin had no significant increase in risk. A key finding was that the risk was greatest among those concomitantly using erythromycin and the study drugs that were likely to inhibit its metabolism. Among such patients, the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes was five times as high as that among those who were not using any of the study antibiotic drugs or CYP3A inhibitors. These findings were not affected by the concurrent use of other drugs known to increase the risk of ventricular arrhythmias the metabolism of which is inhibited by erythromycin or by use of other potentially arrhythmogenic drugs.
There were several limitations to the study. Although the cohort included both a large number of subjects who had used the study antibiotic drugs and a large number of sudden deaths from cardiac causes, there were only 194 person-years of follow-up for the concurrent use of erythromycin and the study CYP3A inhibitors, with three sudden deaths from cardiac causes. Nevertheless, given the low incidence of sudden death from cardiac causes among members of the study cohort (1.2 per 1000 person-years of follow-up), this finding was significant (P=0.004) and, thus, unlikely to be due to chance. Indeed, in a similar group of patients (who were concurrently using amoxicillin and CYP3A inhibitors or were currently using amoxicillin or erythromycin and had formerly used CYP3A inhibitors), with a total of 778 person-years of follow-up, there were no sudden deaths from cardiac causes.
The study data did not include information on a variety of behavioral risk factors that are associated with cardiovascular disease, including smoking, higher body-mass index, high consumption of saturated fats, and lack of physical activity. We addressed this potential confounding in several ways. First, adverse effects of these risk factors are likely to be mediated to a large extent by other variables, such as the presence of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and preexisting cardiovascular disease, such as heart failure, angina, and myocardial infarction. If such conditions were diagnosed and treated, they were controlled for in the statistical analysis. Second, the study included several control groups that, with regard to unmeasured confounders, should be very similar to the group that used erythromycin and the group that used the study CYP3A inhibitors. These control groups included concurrent users of amoxicillin and the CYP3A inhibitors, current users of erythromycin and former, not current, users of CYP3A inhibitors, and current users of erythromycin and calcium-channel blockers that do not affect CYP3A metabolism. None of these groups had an increase in the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes.
Drugs that have the potential to interact with erythromycin were restricted to the inhibitors of CYP3A for which a prospective study showed a doubling or more of the AUC of a recognized CYP3A substrate. Thus, cimetidine26 and several other less potent CYP3A inhibitors were not included in the study. We reasoned that the increase in the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes would be mediated by the increase in plasma erythromycin concentrations. Hence, drug interactions that result in small increases in erythromycin concentrations would be less likely to cause adverse clinical outcomes and thus more difficult to detect. Because erythromycin is an old drug, there are a limited number of studies on potential CYP-mediated drug–drug interactions. We thus inferred an effect of the study CYP3A inhibitors on erythromycin from their effects on other well-recognized CYP3A substrates. This inference is reasonable, since the mechanism of the interaction is understood and its effects are predictable.
The study provided no direct data with regard to the mechanisms by which the concomitant use of erythromycin and the study CYP3A inhibitors increased the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes. We believe that the most probable explanation is that the concurrent use resulted in an increase in the plasma erythromycin concentrations, thereby increasing the risk of QT prolongation (a known, dose-associated effect of erythromycin6) and thus of serious ventricular arrhythmias. However, other factors may be involved. Two calcium-channel blockers, verapamil and diltiazem, accounted for nearly all the use of CYP3A inhibitors in the study. Both drugs are CYP3A substrates, and erythromycin, a CYP3A inhibitor, is likely to increase their plasma concentrations. Furthermore, erythromycin and verapamil are also substrates and inhibitors of P-glycoprotein, a drug-efflux pump, and each could therefore alter the other's concentration. Well-recognized consequences of an overdose of a calcium-channel blocker are bradycardia, hypotension, and heart block, which can provoke sudden death from cardiac causes.45
The cohort had limited use of clarithromycin and several other drugs that prolong the QT interval and are metabolized by CYP3A.36-40 Although the absence of such drugs from the study did not confound the association between erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes, the sample size was insufficient to study the independent association of these drugs with an increase in risk. Further investigations are needed.
In conclusion, patients who used both erythromycin and the study CYP3A inhibitors had a risk of sudden death from cardiac causes that was five times as great as that among patients who had not used these drugs. Given that there are alternatives to erythromycin and to most CYP3A inhibitors, the use of this combination should be avoided in clinical practice.
Supported in part by grants from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Centers for Education and Research on Therapeutics (HS1-0384), the Food and Drug Administration (FD-U-001641), and the National Institutes of Health (GM-31304) and by a contract wth Janssen Pharmaceutica.
Dr. Ray reports having served as a consultant to Pfizer and Bristol-Myers Squibb, receiving research funding from Pfizer, and having provided expert testimony for litigation involving cerivastatin, fenfluramine derivatives, and rofecoxib. Dr. Murray reports having served as a consultant to Procter & Gamble. Dr. Stein reports having served as a consultant to Bristol-Myers Squibb.
We are indebted to the Tennessee Bureau of TennCare and the Tennessee Department of Health, which provided the study data.
Source Information
From the Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine (W.A.R., S.M., K.H.), and the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Divisions of Cardiology (K.T.M.), Clinical Pharmacology (K.T.M., S.S.N., C.M.S.), and Rheumatology (C.M.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center (W.A.R.) — both in Nashville.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Ray at cindy.naron@vanderbilt.edu.
- References
References
1
De Ponti F ,Poluzzi E ,Montanaro N . QT-interval prolongation by non-cardiac drugs: lessons to be learned from recent experience. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56:1-18
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Drici MD ,Knollmann BC ,Wang WX ,Woosley RL . Cardiac actions of erythromycin: influence of female sex. JAMA 1998;280:1774-1776
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Shaffer D ,Singer S ,Korvick J ,Honig P . Concomitant risk factors in reports of torsades de pointes associated with macrolide use: review of the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:197-200
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Koh TW . Risk of torsades de pointes from oral erythromycin with concomitant carbimazole (methimazole) administration. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001;24:1575-1576
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Vogt AW ,Zollo RA . Long Q-T syndrome associated with oral erythromycin used in preoperative bowel preparation. Anesth Analg 1997;85:1011-1013
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Tschida SJ ,Guay DRP ,Straka RJ ,Hoey LL ,Johanning R ,Vance-Bryan K . QTc-interval prolongation associated with slow intravenous erythromycin lactobionate infusions in critically ill patients: a prospective evaluation and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 1996;16:663-674
Web of Science | Medline7
Stanat SJC ,Carlton CG ,Crumb WJ Jr ,Agrawal KC ,Clarkson CW . Characterization of the inhibitory effects of erythromycin and clarithromycin on the HERG potassium channel. Mol Cell Biochem 2003;254:1-7
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Paine MF ,Wagner DA ,Hoffmaster KA ,Watkins PB . Cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein mediate the interaction between an oral erythromycin breath test and rifampin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;72:524-535
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Goldschmidt N ,Azaz-Livshits T ,Gotsman I ,Nir-Paz R ,Ben-Yehuda A ,Muszkat M . Compound cardiac toxicity of oral erythromycin and verapamil. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:1396-1399
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Ray WA ,Griffin MR . Use of Medicaid data for pharmacoepidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:837-849
Web of Science | Medline11
Ray WA ,Meredith S ,Thapa PB ,Meador KG ,Hall K ,Murray KT . Antipsychotics and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:1161-1167
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Ray WA ,Meredith S ,Thapa PB ,Hall K ,Murray KT . Cyclic antidepressants and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;75:234-241
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Piper JM ,Ray WA ,Griffin MR ,Fought R ,Daugherty JR ,Mitchel E Jr . Methodological issues in evaluating expanded Medicaid coverage for pregnant women. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:561-571
Web of Science | Medline14
Strom BL ,Carson JL . Use of automated databases for pharmacoepidemiology research. Epidemiol Rev 1990;12:87-107
Web of Science | Medline15
West SL ,Savitz DA ,Koch G ,Strom BL ,Guess HA ,Hartzema A . Recall accuracy for prescription medications: self-report compared with database information. Am J Epidemiol 1995;142:1103-1112
Web of Science | Medline16
Landry JA ,Smyer MA ,Tubman JG ,Lago DJ ,Simonson W . Validation of two methods of data collection of self-reported medicine use among the elderly. Gerontologist 1988;28:672-676
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Leister KA ,Edwards WA ,Christensen DB ,Clark H . A comparison of patient drug regimens as viewed by the physician, pharmacist and patient. Med Care 1981;24:658-664
CrossRef | Web of Science18
Johnson RE ,Vollmer WM . Comparing sources of drug data about the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39:1079-1084
Web of Science | Medline19
Olkkola KT ,Backman JT ,Neuvonen PJ . Midazolam should be avoided in patients receiving the systemic antimycotics ketoconazole or itraconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994;55:481-485
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Kivisto KT ,Lamberg TS ,Kantola T ,Neuvonen PJ . Plasma buspirone concentrations are greatly increased by erythromycin and itraconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997;62:348-354
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Ahonen J ,Olkkola KT ,Neuvonen PJ . Effect of route of administration of fluconazole on the interaction between fluconazole and midazolam. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997;51:415-419
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Lamberg TS ,Kivisto KT ,Neuvonen PJ . Effects of verapamil and diltiazem on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of buspirone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;63:640-645
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Warot D ,Bergougnan L ,Lamiable D , et al. Troleandomycin-triazolam interaction in healthy volunteers: pharmacokinetic and psychometric evaluation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987;32:389-393
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Varis T ,Backman JT ,Kivisto KT ,Neuvonen PJ . Diltiazem and mibefradil increase the plasma concentrations and greatly enhance the adrenal-suppressant effect of oral methylprednisolone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;67:215-221
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Abernethy DR ,Barbey JT ,Franc J , et al. Loratadine and terfenadine interaction with nefazodone: both antihistamines are associated with QTc prolongation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;69:96-103
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Kirch W ,Janisch HD ,Ohnhaus EE ,van Peer A . Cisapride-cimetidine interaction: enhanced cisapride bioavailability and accelerated cimetidine absorption. Ther Drug Monit 1989;11:411-414
Web of Science | Medline27
Lam YW ,Alfaro CL ,Ereshefsky L ,Miller M . Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of oral midazolam with ketoconazole, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and nefazodone. J Clin Pharmacol 2003;43:1274-1282
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
Simard C ,O'Hara GE ,Prevost J ,Guilbaud R ,Massee R ,Turgeon J . Study of the drug-drug interaction between simvastatin and cisapride in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2001;57:229-234
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Nicolau DP ,Uber WE ,Crumbley AJ III ,Strange C . Amiodarone-cyclosporine interaction in a heart transplant patient. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992;11:564-568
Web of Science | Medline30
Marcus FI ,Cobb LA ,Edwards JE , et al. Mechanism of death and prevalence of myocardial ischemic symptoms in the terminal event after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:8-15
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline31
Hinkle LE Jr ,Thaler HT . Clinical classification of cardiac deaths. Circulation 1982;65:457-464
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline32
Siscovick DS ,Raghunathan TE ,Psaty BM , et al. Diuretic therapy for hypertension and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1852-1857
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline33
Albert CM ,Hennekens CH ,O'Donnell CJ , et al. Fish consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death. JAMA 1998;279:23-28
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline34
Fisher ES ,Whaley FS ,Krushat WM , et al. The accuracy of Medicare's hospital claims data: progress has been made, but problems remain. Am J Public Health 1992;82:243-248
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline35
Rawson NSB ,Malcolm E . Validity of the recording of ischaemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Saskatchewan health care datafiles. Stat Med 1995;14:2627-2643
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline36
Wiseman LR ,Faulds D . Cisapride: an updated review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy as a prokinetic agent in gastrointestinal motility disorders. Drugs 1994;47:116-152
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline37
Monahan BP ,Ferguson CL ,Killeavy ES ,Lloyd BK ,Troy J ,Cantilena LR Jr . Torsades de pointes occurring in association with terfenadine use. JAMA 1990;264:2788-2790
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline38
Matsumoto S ,Yamazoe Y . Involvement of multiple human cytochromes P450 in the liver microsomal metabolism of astemizole and a comparison with terfenadine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001;51:133-142
Web of Science | Medline39
Ouellet D ,Hsu A ,Granneman GR , et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and clarithromycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;64:355-362
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline40
Desta Z ,Kerbusch T ,Soukhova N ,Richard E ,Ko JW ,Flockhart DA . Identification and characterization of human cytochrome P450 isoforms interacting with pimozide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998;285:428-437
Web of Science | Medline41
Murray KT, Roden DM. Disorders of cardiac repolarization: the long QT syndromes. In: Crawford MH, DiMarco JO, Paulus WJ, eds. Cardiology. St. Louis: Mosby, 2004:765-74.
42
Damkier P ,Hansen LL ,Brosen K . Effect of diclofenac, disulfiram, itraconazole, grapefruit juice and erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of quinidine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999;48:829-838
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline43
Curtis LH ,Ostbye T ,Sendersky V , et al. Prescription of QT-prolonging drugs in a cohort of about 5 million outpatients. Am J Med 2003;114:135-141
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline44
Gil M ,Sala M ,Anguera I , et al. QT prolongation and torsades de pointes in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus and treated with methadone. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:995-997
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline45
Hofer CA ,Smith JK ,Tenholder MF . Verapamil intoxication: a literature review of overdoses and discussion of therapeutic options. Am J Med 1993;95:431-438
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (135)
Citing Articles
1
Kalyan Sunder Pasupathy. (2012) Transforming Healthcare. International Journal of Healthcare Delivery Reform Initiatives 2:2, 35-55
CrossRef2
Anahita Bhathena, David A. Katz. 2012. Genetics of Drug Disposition. .
CrossRef3
William F. Malcolm, C. Michael Cotten. (2012) Metoclopramide, H2 Blockers, and Proton Pump Inhibitors: Pharmacotherapy for Gastroesophageal Reflux in Neonates. Clinics in Perinatology
CrossRef4
Leonardo Tamariz, Thomas Harkins, Vinit Nair. (2012) A systematic review of validated methods for identifying ventricular arrhythmias using administrative and claims data. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 21, 148-153
CrossRef5
P. Zarogoulidis, N. Papanas, I. Kioumis, E. Chatzaki, E. Maltezos, K. Zarogoulidis. (2011) Macrolides: from in vitro anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties to clinical practice in respiratory diseases. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
CrossRef6
Peter Milberg, Rainer Klocke, Gerrit Frommeyer, Trong Hung Quang, Kati Dieks, Jörg Stypmann, Nani Osada, Michael Kuhlmann, Michael Fehr, Hendrik Milting, Sigrid Nikol, Johannes Waltenberger, Günter Breithardt, Lars Eckardt. (2011) G-CSF therapy reduces myocardial repolarization reserve in the presence of increased arteriogenesis, angiogenesis and connexin 43 expression in an experimental model of pacing-induced heart failure. Basic Research in Cardiology
CrossRef7
Daniel B. Kramer, Peter J. Zimetbaum. (2011) Long-QT Syndrome. Cardiology in Review 19:5, 217-225
CrossRef8
P. G. Arbogast, W. A. Ray. (2011) Performance of Disease Risk Scores, Propensity Scores, and Traditional Multivariable Outcome Regression in the Presence of Multiple Confounders. American Journal of Epidemiology 174:5, 613-620
CrossRef9
Adrienne M. Gilligan, Terri L. Warholak, John E. Murphy, Lisa E. Hines, Daniel C. Malone. (2011) Pharmacy Students’ Retention of Knowledge of Drug-Drug Interactions. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 75:6, 110
CrossRef10
William L. Hasler. (2011) Gastroparesis: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 8:8, 438-453
CrossRef11
A. -M. Dive. (2011) Prokinétiques chez le patient de réanimation : quand et lesquels ?. Réanimation 20:4, 319-326
CrossRef12
Jie Zhang, Huifeng Yun, Nicole C. Wright, Meredith Kilgore, Kenneth G. Saag, Elizabeth Delzell. (2011) Potential and Pitfalls of Using Large Administrative Claims Data to Study the Safety of Osteoporosis Therapies. Current Rheumatology Reports 13:3, 273-282
CrossRef13
Yaoquan Liu, Christopher W. Carreras, Mark Claypool, David C. Myles, Simon J. Shaw. (2011) The role of the 4′′-hydroxyl on motilin agonist potency in the 9-dihydroerythromycin series. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 21:12, 3712-3714
CrossRef14
Hugh S Lam, Pak C Ng. (2011) Use of prokinetics in the preterm infant. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 23:2, 156-160
CrossRef15
Kana Ram Jat, Rakesh Lodha, Sushil K. Kabra. (2011) Arrhythmias in Children. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 78:2, 211-218
CrossRef16
Nandita Sinha, Srikanta Sen. (2011) Predicting hERG activities of compounds from their 3D structures: Development and evaluation of a global descriptors based QSAR model. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 46:2, 618-630
CrossRef17
Yaoquan Liu, Yong Li, David C. Myles, Mark Claypool, Christopher W. Carreras, Simon J. Shaw. (2010) 9-Dihydroerythromycin ethers as motilin agonists—Developing structure–activity relationships for potency and safety. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 18:21, 7651-7658
CrossRef18
Yaoquan Liu, Yong Li, Yue Chen, Hao Zheng, Mark Claypool, David C. Myles, Christopher W. Carreras. (2010) 9-Dihydroerythromycins as non-antibiotic motilin receptor agonists. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 20:19, 5658-5661
CrossRef19
Catherine B. Johannes, Cristina Varas-Lorenzo, Lisa J. McQuay, Kirk D. Midkiff, Daniel Fife. (2010) Risk of serious ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in a cohort of users of domperidone: a nested case-control study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 19:9, 881-888
CrossRef20
Teijo I Saari, Klaus T Olkkola. (2010) Azole antimycotics and drug interactions in the perioperative period. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 23:4, 441-448
CrossRef21
Edward C Li, John S Esterly, Shaunte Pohl, Shane D Scott, Brian F McBride. (2010) Drug-Induced QT-Interval Prolongation: Considerations for Clinicians. Pharmacotherapy 30:7, 684-701
CrossRef22
Sean Hennessy, Charles E. Leonard, Cristin P. Freeman, Rajat Deo, Craig Newcomb, Stephen E. Kimmel, Brian L. Strom, Warren B. Bilker. (2010) Validation of diagnostic codes for outpatient-originating sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmia in Medicaid and Medicare claims data. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 19:6, 555-562
CrossRef23
John Papadopoulos, Pamela L. Smithburger. (2010) Common drug interactions leading to adverse drug events in the intensive care unit: Management and pharmacokinetic considerations. Critical Care Medicine 38, S126-S135
CrossRef24
Cecilia P. Chung, Katherine T. Murray, C. Michael Stein, Kathi Hall, Wayne A. Ray. (2010) A computer case definition for sudden cardiac death. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 19:6, 563-572
CrossRef25
Maria Virginia Soldovieri, Maurizio Taglialatela. 2010. Cellular Mechanisms, Molecular Targets, and Structure-Function Relationships in Drug-Induced Arrhythmias: Antihistamines, Psychoactive Drugs, and Antimicrobial Agents. , 47-96.
CrossRef26
Baharak Moshiree, Renee McDonald, Wei Hou, Phillip P. Toskes. (2010) Comparison of the Effect of Azithromycin Versus Erythromycin on Antroduodenal Pressure Profiles of Patients with Chronic Functional Gastrointestinal Pain and Gastroparesis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 55:3, 675-683
CrossRef27
Larissa Fabritz, Paulus Kirchhof. (2010) Predictable and Less Predictable Unwanted Cardiac Drugs Effects: Individual Pre-Disposition and Transient Precipitating Factors. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 106:3, 263-268
CrossRef28
Judy W.M. Cheng, William H. Frishman, Wilbert S. Aronow. (2010) Updates on Cytochrome P450-Mediated Cardiovascular Drug Interactions. Disease-a-Month 56:3, 163-179
CrossRef29
Uday C Ghoshal. (2010) Pharmacotherapy for Gastroparesis: An Attempt to Evaluate a Safer Alternative. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 16:4, 350
CrossRef30
Fabrice Extramiana, Rémi Dubois, Martino Vaglio, Pierre Roussel, Gerard Dreyfus, Fabio Badilini, Antoine Leenhardt, Pierre Maison-Blanche. (2010) The Time Course of New T-Wave ECG Descriptors Following Single- and Double-Dose Administration of Sotalol in Healthy Subjects. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 15:1, 26-35
CrossRef31
Jean M Larson, Anna Tavakkoli, Walter E Drane, Phillip P Toskes, Baharak Moshiree. (2010) Advantages of Azithromycin Over Erythromycin in Improving the Gastric Emptying Half-Time in Adult Patients With Gastroparesis. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 16:4, 407
CrossRef32
D. L. Hershman, D. L. Buono, J. Malin, R. McBride, W. Y. Tsai, A. I. Neugut. (2009) Patterns of Use and Risks Associated With Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents Among Medicare Patients With Cancer. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101:23, 1633-1641
CrossRef33
James M. Bailey, Jackie S. Scott, Jonathan B. Basilla, Victoria J. Bolton, Izzy Boyfield, David G. Evans, Etienne Fleury, Tom D. Heightman, Emma M. Jarvie, Kirk Lawless, Kim L. Matthews, Fiona McKay, Hindy Mok, Alison Muir, Barry S. Orlek, Gareth J. Sanger, Geoffrey Stemp, Alexander J. Stevens, Mervyn Thompson, John Ward, Kalindi Vaidya, Susan M. Westaway. (2009) The discovery and optimisation of benzazepine sulfonamide and sulfones as potent agonists of the motilin receptor. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 19:22, 6452-6458
CrossRef34
Kate Jolly, Michael D. Gammage, Kar Keung Cheng, Peter Bradburn, Miriam V. Banting, Michael J. S. Langman. (2009) Sudden death in patients receiving drugs tending to prolong the QT interval. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 68:5, 743-751
CrossRef35
Christianne L. Roumie, Neesha N. Choma, Lisa Kaltenbach, Edward F. Mitchel, Jr, Patrick G. Arbogast, Marie R. Griffin. (2009) Non-aspirin NSAIDs, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and risk for cardiovascular events-stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and death from coronary heart disease. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 18:11, 1053-1063
CrossRef36
Cheryl E. Gariepy, Hayat Mousa. (2009) Clinical management of motility disorders in children. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery 18:4, 224-238
CrossRef37
Eric V. Granowitz, Richard B. Brown. 2009. Adverse Reactions to Antibiotics inCriticalCare. , 542-556.
CrossRef38
Kim R. Saverno, Daniel C. Malone, John Kurowsky. (2009) Pharmacy Students' Ability to Identify Potential Drug-Drug Interactions. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 73:2, 27
CrossRef39
Nazaret Cobos-Trigueros, Oier Ateka, Cristina Pitart, Jordi Vila. (2009) Macrólidos y cetólidos. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica 27:7, 412-418
CrossRef40
(2009) Erythromycin Withdrawal Time in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) after Oral Administration. Journal of the Korean Fisheries Society 42:3, 204-208
CrossRef41
Jing Ma, Christopher K. Rayner, Karen L. Jones, Michael Horowitz. (2009) Diabetic Gastroparesis. Drugs 69:8, 971-986
CrossRef42
Matthew J. Killeen. (2009) Drug-induced arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death: implications for the pharmaceutical industry. Drug Discovery Today 14:11-12, 589-597
CrossRef43
Adriano R. Tonelli, Walter E. Drane, Dennis P. Collins, Wanda Nichols, Veena B. Antony, Eric L. Olson. (2009) Erythromycin improves gastric emptying half-time in adult cystic fibrosis patients with gastroparesis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 8:3, 193-197
CrossRef44
Joan Khoo, Christopher K Rayner, Karen L Jones, Michael Horowitz. (2009) Pathophysiology and management of gastroparesis. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 3:2, 167-181
CrossRef45
Isabel Spriet, Wouter Meersseman, Jan Hoon, Sandrina Winckelmann, Alexander Wilmer, Ludo Willems. (2009) Mini-series: II. Clinical aspects. Clinically relevant CYP450-mediated drug interactions in the ICU. Intensive Care Medicine 35:4, 603-612
CrossRef46
Rose A. Devasia, Timothy F. Jones, Beth Collier, William Schaffner. (2009) Compliance With Azithromycin Versus Erythromycin in the Setting of a Pertussis Outbreak. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 337:3, 176-178
CrossRef47
Judy W M Cheng, William H Frishman, Wilbert S Aronow. (2009) Updates on Cytochrome P450-Mediated Cardiovascular Drug Interactions. American Journal of Therapeutics 16:2, 155-163
CrossRef48
Karen M. Stockl, Lisa Le, Shaoang Zhang, Ann S.M. Harada. (2009) Risk of acute myocardial infarction in patients treated with thiazolidinediones or other antidiabetic medications. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 18:2, 166-174
CrossRef49
Ray, Wayne A., Chung, Cecilia P., Murray, Katherine T., Hall, Kathi, Stein, C. Michael, . (2009) Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death. New England Journal of Medicine 360:3, 225-235
Full Text50
Antonella Zambon, Hernan Polo Friz, Paolo Contiero, Giovanni Corrao. (2009) Effect of Macrolide and Fluoroquinolone Antibacterials on the Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmia and Cardiac Arrest. Drug Safety 32:2, 159-167
CrossRef51
Jeremy Stapleton, John M. Wo. (2009) Current Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting Associated with Gastroparesis: Antiemetics, Prokinetics, Tricyclics. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 19:1, 57-72
CrossRef52
Peer Tfelt-Hansen, Jacob Tfelt-Hansen. (2009) Verapamil for Cluster Headache. Clinical Pharmacology and Possible Mode of Action. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 49:1, 117-125
CrossRef53
Emanuel Raschi, Elisabetta Poluzzi, Chiara Zuliani, Arno Muller, Herman Goossens, Fabrizio De Ponti. (2009) Exposure to antibacterial agents with QT liability in 14 European countries: trends over an 8-year period. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 67:1, 88-98
CrossRef54
M.L. Avramov Ivić, S.D. Petrović, D.Ž. Mijin, F. Vanmoos, D.Ž. Orlović, D.Ž. Marjanović, V.V. Radović. (2008) The electrochemical behavior of erythromycin A on a gold electrode. Electrochimica Acta 54:2, 649-654
CrossRef55
Heike Deisemann, Nadine Ahrens, Irene Schlobohm, Christian Kirchhoff, Rainer Netzer, Clemens Möller. (2008) Effects of Common Antitussive Drugs on the hERG Potassium Channel Current. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 52:6, 494-499
CrossRef56
Bradley D. Freeman, David J. Dixon, Craig M. Coopersmith, Barbara A. Zehnbauer, Timothy G. Buchman. (2008) Pharmacoepidemiology of QT-interval prolonging drug administration in critically ill patients. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 17:10, 971-981
CrossRef57
Priska Vonbach, André Dubied, Stephan Krähenbühl, Jürg H. Beer. (2008) Prevalence of drug–drug interactions at hospital entry and during hospital stay of patients in internal medicine. European Journal of Internal Medicine 19:6, 413-420
CrossRef58
A S Bass, B Darpo, A Breidenbach, K Bruse, H S Feldman, D Garnes, T Hammond, W Haverkamp, C January, J Koerner, C Lawrence, D Leishman, D Roden, J P Valentin, M A Vos, Y-Y Zhou, T Karluss, P Sager. (2008) International Life Sciences Institute (Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, HESI) initiative on moving towards better predictors of drug-induced torsades de pointes. British Journal of Pharmacology 154:7, 1491-1501
CrossRef59
D M Roden. (2008) Cellular basis of drug-induced torsades de pointes. British Journal of Pharmacology 154:7, 1502-1507
CrossRef60
J. Simkó, A. Csilek, J. Karászi, I. Lőrincz. (2008) Proarrhythmic Potential of Antimicrobial Agents. Infection 36:3, 194-206
CrossRef61
William L Hasler. (2008) Management of gastroparesis. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2:3, 411-423
CrossRef62
Prince J Kannankeril. (2008) Understanding drug-induced torsades de pointes: a genetic stance. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 7:3, 231-239
CrossRef63
J. J. Gagne, V. Maio, C. Rabinowitz. (2008) Prevalence and predictors of potential drug–drug interactions in Regione Emilia-Romagna, Italy. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 33:2, 141-151
CrossRef64
Bruno Charpiat, Benoit Allenet, Renaud Roubille, Laurence Escofier, Pierrick Bedouch, Michel Juste, François-Xavier Rose, Ornella Conort. (2008) Facteurs à prendre en considération pour la gestion des interactions médicamenteuses en pratique clinique. La Presse Médicale 37:4, 654-664
CrossRef65
Eric V. Granowitz, Richard B. Brown. (2008) Antibiotic Adverse Reactions and Drug Interactions. Critical Care Clinics 24:2, 421-442
CrossRef66
Jeroen PP Smits, Marieke T Blom, Arthur AM Wilde, Hanno L Tan. (2008) Cardiac sodium channels and inherited electrophysiologic disorders: a pharmacogenetic overview. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 9:4, 537-549
CrossRef67
Patrick G. Arbogast, Lisa Kaltenbach, Hua Ding, Wayne A. Ray. (2008) Adjustment for Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors Using a Summary Risk Score. Epidemiology 19:1, 30-37
CrossRef68
Yu Ko, Daniel C Malone, Grant H Skrepnek, Edward P Armstrong, John E Murphy, Jacob Abarca, Rick A Rehfeld, Sally J Reel, Raymond L Woosley. (2008) Prescribers??? Knowledge of and Sources of Information for Potential??Drug-Drug Interactions. Drug Safety 31:6, 525-536
CrossRef69
Natasa Savic, Ljiljana Gojkovic-Bukarica. (2008) Long QT syndrome: Genetic implications and drug influence. Vojnosanitetski pregled 65:4, 308-312
CrossRef70
Matthijs L Becker, Loes E Visser, Teun van Gelder, Albert Hofman, Bruno H Ch Stricker. (2008) Increasing Exposure to Drug-Drug Interactions Between 1992 and 2005 in People Aged ≥55 Years. Drugs & Aging 25:2, 145-152
CrossRef71
Arthi Sanjeevi. (2007) Gastric motility. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 23:6, 625-630
CrossRef72
Priska Vonbach, André Dubied, Jürg H. Beer, Stephan Krähenbühl. (2007) Recognition and management of potential drug–drug interactions in patients on internal medicine wards. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 63:11, 1075-1083
CrossRef73
R. W. MCCALLUM, O. CYNSHI, . (2007) Clinical trial: effect of mitemcinal (a motilin agonist) on gastric emptying in patients with gastroparesis - a randomized, multicentre, placebo-controlled study. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 26:8, 1121-1130
CrossRef74
Carlos G. Grijalva, Cecilia P. Chung, Patrick G. Arbogast, Charles M. Stein, Edward F. Mitchel, Marie R. Griffin. (2007) Assessment of Adherence to and Persistence on Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Medical Care 45:Suppl 2, S66-S76
CrossRef75
William L. Hasler. (2007) Gastroparesis: Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 36:3, 619-647
CrossRef76
William L. Hasler. (2007) Type 1 diabetes and gastroparesis: Diagnosis and treatment. Current Gastroenterology Reports 9:4, 261-269
CrossRef77
R. W. MCCALLUM, O. CYNSHI, . (2007) Efficacy of mitemcinal, a motilin agonist, on gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with symptoms suggesting diabetic gastropathy: a randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled trial. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 26:1, 107-116
CrossRef78
Sanjay Jain, William Bishai, Charles H. Nightingale. 2007. Macrolide, Azalide, and Ketolides. , 217-230.
CrossRef79
Akshay Gupta, Andrew T. Lawrence, Kousik Krishnan, Clifford J. Kavinsky, Richard G. Trohman. (2007) Current concepts in the mechanisms and management of drug-induced QT prolongation and torsade de pointes. American Heart Journal 153:6, 891-899
CrossRef80
Daniel C. Malone, Jacob Abarca, Grant H. Skrepnek, John E. Murphy, Edward P. Armstrong, Amy J. Grizzle, Rick A. Rehfeld, Raymond L. Woosley. (2007) Pharmacist Workload and Pharmacy Characteristics Associated With the Dispensing of Potentially Clinically Important Drug-Drug Interactions. Medical Care 45:5, 456-462
CrossRef81
J.A. Philips, F.M. Marty, R.M. Stone, B.A. Koplan, J.T. Katz, L.R. Baden. (2007) Torsades de pointes associated with voriconazole use. Transplant Infectious Disease 9:1, 33-36
CrossRef82
D. Hershman, A. I. Neugut, J. S. Jacobson, J. Wang, W.-Y. Tsai, R. McBride, C. L. Bennett, V. R. Grann. (2007) Acute Myeloid Leukemia or Myelodysplastic Syndrome Following Use of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factors During Breast Cancer Adjuvant Chemotherapy. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 99:3, 196-205
CrossRef83
Domenic A. Sica, L. Michael Prisant. (2007) Pharmacologic and Therapeutic Considerations in Hypertension Therapy With Calcium Channel Blockers: Focus on Verapamil. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 9:2, 1-22
CrossRef84
Marie L. De Bruin, Pim N. J. Langendijk, Richard P. Koopmans, Arthur A. M. Wilde, Hubert G. M. Leufkens, Arno W. Hoes. (2007) In-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with use of non-antiarrhythmic QTc-prolonging drugs. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 63:2, 216-223
CrossRef85
S. Leclerc, A. Teixeira, E. Mahé, V. Descamps, B. Crickx, O. Chosidow. (2007) Recurrent Erysipelas: 47 Cases. Dermatology 214:1, 52-57
CrossRef86
Prince J Kannankeril, Dan M Roden. (2007) Drug-induced long QT and torsade de pointes: recent advances. Current Opinion in Cardiology 22:1, 39-43
CrossRef87
Paul King. (2007) Is there a Role for Inhaled Corticosteroids and Macrolide Therapy in Bronchiectasis?. Drugs 67:7, 965-974
CrossRef88
Rebecca J. Beyth, Ronald I. Shorr. 2007. Medication use. , xix-xxxviii.
CrossRef89
SHELDON H. PRESKORN, ROZINA SHAH, MELISSA NEFF, AMANDA L. GOLBECK, JOE CHOI. (2007) The Potential for Clinically Significant Drug-Drug Interactions Involving the CYP 2D6 System: Effects with Fluoxetine and Paroxetine versus Sertraline. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 13:1, 5-12
CrossRef90
Keon Hee Ryu. (2007) Anesthetic Drug Interactions. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 53:1, 1
CrossRef91
Yuka SUGIYAMA, Nobuhito MIMURA, Takashi KUWABARA, Hiroyuki KOBAYASHI, Junko USHIKI, Eiichi FUSE. (2007) Effect of Benidipine on Simvastatin Metabolism in Human Liver Microsomes. Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 22:3, 199-205
CrossRef92
E. J. C. Goldstein, R. C. Owens, T. D. Nolin. (2006) Antimicrobial-Associated QT Interval Prolongation: Pointes of Interest. Clinical Infectious Diseases 43:12, 1603-1611
CrossRef93
Emilio Sternieri, Ciro Pio Rosario Coccia, Diego Pinetti, Simona Guerzoni, Anna Ferrari. (2006) Pharmacokinetics and interactions of headache medications, part II: prophylactic treatments. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 2:6, 981-1007
CrossRef94
Fabrice Extramiana, Pierre Maison-Blanche, Abdeddayem Haggui, Fabio Badilini, Philippe Beaufils, Antoine Leenhardt. (2006) Control of rapid heart rate changes for electrocardiographic analysis: implications for thorough QT studies. Clinical Cardiology 29:12, 534-539
CrossRef95
Manjunath P. Pai, Kathryn M. Momary, Keith A. Rodvold. (2006) Antibiotic Drug Interactions. Medical Clinics of North America 90:6, 1223-1255
CrossRef96
Douglas P. Zipes, A. John Camm, Martin Borggrefe, Alfred E. Buxton, Bernard Chaitman, Martin Fromer, Gabriel Gregoratos, George Klein, Arthur J. Moss, Robert J. Myerburg, Silvia G. Priori, Miguel A. Quinones, Dan M. Roden, Michael J. Silka, Cynthia Tracy, Sidney C. Smith, Alice K. Jacobs, Cynthia D. Adams, Elliott M. Antman, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Sharon A. Hunt, Jonathan L. Halperin, Rick Nishimura, Joseph P. Ornato, Richard L. Page, Barbara Riegel, Silvia G. Priori, Jean-Jacques Blanc, Andrzej Budaj, A. John Camm, Veronica Dean, Jaap W. Deckers, Catherine Despres, Kenneth Dickstein, John Lekakis, Keith McGregor, Marco Metra, Joao Morais, Ady Osterspey, Juan Luis Tamargo, José Luis Zamorano. (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 48:5, e247-e346
CrossRef97
Sheldon Preskorn. (2006) Counterpoint. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:8, 1614-1615
CrossRef98
Sheldon Preskorn, Steve Werder. (2006) Detrimental Antidepressant Drug–Drug Interactions: Are They Clinically Relevant?. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:8, 1605-1612
CrossRef99
Glenn S Tillotson, Joseph M Blondeau. (2006) Antimicrobial development and the risk–benefit assessment: recent adverse events and their implications. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 4:4, 515-517
CrossRef100
Arata AZUMA, Shoji KUDOH. (2006) Diffuse panbronchiolitis in East Asia. Respirology 11:3, 249-261
CrossRef101
t. l. abell, vr. k. bernstein, t. cutts, g. farrugia, j. forster, w. l. hasler, r. w. mccallum, k. w. olden, h. p. parkman, c. r. parrish, p. j. pasricha, c. m. prather, e. e. soffer, r. twillman, a. i. vinik. (2006) Treatment of gastroparesis: a multidisciplinary clinical review. The American Motility Society Task Force on Gastroparesis (members in alphabetical order). Neurogastroenterology and Motility 18:4, 263-283
CrossRef102
Lucie Blais, Catherine Lemière, Dick Menzies, Djamal Berbiche. (2006) Validity of asthma diagnoses recorded in the Medical Services database of Quebec. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 15:4, 245-252
CrossRef103
H MANN. (2006) Drug-Associated Disease: Cytochrome P450 Interactions. Critical Care Clinics 22:2, 329-345
CrossRef104
Sean Hennessy. (2006) Use of Health Care Databases in Pharmacoepidemiology. Basic <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Clinical Pharmacology <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Toxicology 98:3, 311-313
CrossRef105
Andrew McKeon, Carl Vaughan, Norman Delanty. (2006) Seizure versus syncope. The Lancet Neurology 5:2, 171-180
CrossRef106
Alan J. Magill. (2006) Malaria: Diagnosis and treatment of falciparum malaria in travelers during and after travel. Current Infectious Disease Reports 8:1, 35-42
CrossRef107
John A. Tilelli, Kathleen M. Smith, Robert Pettignano. (2006) Life-Threatening Bradyarrhythmia After Massive Azithromycin Overdose. Pharmacotherapy 26:1, 147-150
CrossRef108
D. M. RODEN. (2006) Long QT syndrome: reduced repolarization reserve and the genetic link. Journal of Internal Medicine 259:1, 59-69
CrossRef109
Cord Sunderkötter, Mathias Herrmann, Uta Jappe. (2006) Antimicrobial therapy in Dermatology. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 4:1, 10-27
CrossRef110
Ivana Cvetanovic, Vasant Ranade, Congrong Lin, John Somberg. (2006) The Differential Antibacterial and Gastrointestinal Effects of Erythromycin and Its Chiral Isolates. American Journal of Therapeutics 13:1, 48-56
CrossRef111
Kathy N Williams, William R Bishai. (2005) Clarithromycin extended-release in community-acquired respiratory tract infections. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 6:16, 2867-2876
CrossRef112
W. V. R. Vieweg, R. K. Schneider, M. A. Wood. (2005) Torsade de pointes in a patient with complex medical and psychiatric conditions receiving low-dose quetiapine. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 112:4, 318-322
CrossRef113
I. F. N. Hung, A. K. L. Wu, V. C. C. Cheng, B. S. F. Tang, K. W. To, C. K. Yeung, P. C. Y. Woo, S. K. P. Lau, B. M. Y. Cheung, K. Y. Yuen. (2005) Fatal Interaction between Clarithromycin and Colchicine in Patients with Renal Insufficiency: A Retrospective Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 41:3, 291-300
CrossRef114
Michael J. Wahl, Thomas J. Pallasch. (2005) Dentistry and endocarditis. Current Infectious Disease Reports 7:4, 251-256
CrossRef115
B. E. Smink. (2005) Plotseling overlijden door erytromycine. Medisch-Farmaceutische Mededelingen 43:6, 191-191
CrossRef116
Wilkinson, Grant R., . (2005) Drug Metabolism and Variability among Patients in Drug Response. New England Journal of Medicine 352:21, 2211-2221
Full Text117
SHELDON H. PRESKORN. (2005) The Difference Between the Formal and the Functional Dose: The Case of the Patient on Thioridazine and Fluvoxamine. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 11:3, 192-196
CrossRef118
Carmen M. Faulkner, Heather L. Cox, John C. Williamson. (2005) Unique Aspects of Antimicrobial Use in Older Adults. Clinical Infectious Diseases 40:7, 997-1004
CrossRef119
Hewlett, Erik L., Edwards, Kathryn M., . (2005) Pertussis — Not Just for Kids. New England Journal of Medicine 352:12, 1215-1222
Full Text120
SHELDON H. PRESKORN. (2005) Drug-Drug Interactions: Proof of Relevance (Part I). Journal of Psychiatric Practice 11:2, 116-122
CrossRef121
Manju T. Beier. (2005) Pharmacokinetic interaction and erythromycin-induced sudden cardiac death: Implications for practice. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 6:2, 154
CrossRef122
Newton G. Osborne. (2005) Erythromycin: Concerns of Female Patients and Drug Interaction Risks. Journal of Gynecologic Surgery 21:1, 31-32
CrossRef123
David Amrol, John J. Murray. (2005) Alternative medical treatment strategies for chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic sinusitis. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery 13:1, 55-59
CrossRef124
Grant H. Skrepnek, Edward P. Armstrong, Daniel C. Malone, Sulabha Ramachandran. (2005) An economic and outcomes assessment of first-line monotherapy in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia within managed care. Current Medical Research and Opinion 21:2, 261-270
CrossRef125
Michael N Alekshun. (2005) New advances in antibiotic development and discovery. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 14:2, 117-134
CrossRef126
Raymond J. Lanzafame. (2005) Safety, Scrutiny and Conflicts: Assessing the Fallout and Lessons Learned From Pharmaceuticals. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 23:1, 1-2
CrossRef127
David J Graham, David Campen, Rita Hui, Michele Spence, Craig Cheetham, Gerald Levy, Stanford Shoor, Wayne A Ray. (2005) Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nested case-control study. The Lancet 365:9458, 475-481
CrossRef128
(2005) Oral Erythromycin and the Risk of Sudden Death. New England Journal of Medicine 352:3, 301-304
Full Text129
Arata AZUMA, Shoji KUDOH. (2005) Securing the Safety and Efficacy of Macrolide Therapy for Chronic Small Airway Diseases. Internal Medicine 44:3, 167-168
CrossRef130
SHELDON H. PRESKORN. (2005) Multiple Medication Use in Patients Seen in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System: So What?. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 11:1, 46-50
CrossRef131
Manju T. Beier. (2005) Pharmacokinetic Interaction and Erythromycin-Induced Sudden Cardiac Death. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 6:2, 154
CrossRef132
H. R. Vries. (2005) Mors subita door oraal erytromycine. Medisch-Farmaceutische Mededelingen 43:1, 19-19
CrossRef133
Raymond J. Lanzafame. (2004) Truths, Truisms and Learning in an Outcomes-Oriented Universe. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 22:6, 459-460
CrossRef134
(2004) Antibiotics; adverse effects: Oral erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes. British Dental Journal 197:8, 471-471
CrossRef135
Liu, Barbara A., Juurlink, David N., . (2004) Drugs and the QT Interval — Caveat Doctor. New England Journal of Medicine 351:11, 1053-1056
Full Text
- Letters
