Original Article
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
N Engl J Med 2004; 351:647-656August 12, 2004
- Abstract
Background
The Ontario Prehospital Advanced Life Support (OPALS) Study tested the incremental effect on the rate of survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of adding a program of advanced life support to a program of rapid defibrillation.
Methods
This multicenter, controlled clinical trial was conducted in 17 cities before and after advanced-life-support programs were instituted and enrolled 5638 patients who had had cardiac arrest outside the hospital. Of those patients, 1391 were enrolled during the rapid-defibrillation phase and 4247 during the subsequent advanced-life-support phase. Paramedics were trained in standard advanced life support, which includes endotracheal intubation and the administration of intravenous drugs.
Results
From the rapid-defibrillation phase to the advanced-life-support phase, the rate of admission to a hospital increased significantly (10.9 percent vs. 14.6 percent, P<0.001), but the rate of survival to hospital discharge did not (5.0 percent vs. 5.1 percent, P=0.83). The multivariate odds ratio for survival after advanced life support was 1.1 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.5); after an arrest witnessed by a bystander, 4.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 3.1 to 6.4); after cardiopulmonary resuscitation administered by a bystander, 3.7 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.5 to 5.4); and after rapid defibrillation, 3.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 8.4). There was no improvement in the rate of survival with the use of advanced life support in any subgroup.
Conclusions
The addition of advanced-life-support interventions did not improve the rate of survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a previously optimized emergency-medical-services system of rapid defibrillation. In order to save lives, health care planners should make cardiopulmonary resuscitation by citizens and rapid-defibrillation responses a priority for the resources of emergency-medical-services systems.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Odds Ratios for Survival to Hospital Discharge Associated with Selected Factors.Figure 2
Actual versus Predicted Interrupted-Time-Series Model for Survival to Discharge for 100 Consecutive Months, from the Rapid-Defibrillation Phase to the Advanced-Life-Support Phase.Article Activity
- Article
Sudden cardiac arrest occurring outside the hospital is an important public health problem. Almost half a million deaths per year in the United States are attributed to sudden cardiac arrest, and 47 percent of those deaths occur outside hospitals.1 Most communities have overall survival rates of less than 5 percent for cardiac arrests occurring outside the hospital. There is no evidence that these rates are increasing, despite extensive use of advanced treatments and technology.2,3 The American Heart Association's four-step “chain of survival” concept has been promoted as a means of optimizing community responses.4 Better survival has been associated with the first three links in the chain: early access to emergency medical care, early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and early defibrillation.5,6 Early advanced care (advanced cardiac life support), the fourth link, is often considered of benefit in that it provides advanced airway management (endotracheal intubation) and intravenous drug therapy.7-10 The incremental benefit of advanced life support has not been established for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.11
High-quality controlled clinical trials of prehospital advanced life support in cardiac arrest are difficult to conduct and are rare. Several observational studies failed to find a difference in survival rates with the use of advanced cardiac care, but their conclusions cannot be generalized to other settings.12-14
In Ontario, a jurisdiction of 12 million people, the provincial government has demanded evidence to support budgetary requests to maintain and improve emergency medical services. The Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care funded the Ontario Prehospital Advanced Life Support (OPALS) Study, a large, multicenter, controlled clinical trial conducted in a prehospital setting. The three-phase study involved specific prehospital programs in multiple Ontario cities to determine the incremental benefit to survival and morbidity for four major groups of critically ill and injured patients. The first phase showed that, in patients who had had out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the following factors were independently associated with survival: CPR administered by bystanders and CPR administered by first responders.5 In the second phase, optimization of existing rapid-defibrillation programs, by the more efficient dispatch of ambulances and the use of automated external defibrillators by firefighters, demonstrated a 33 percent relative increase in survival to hospital discharge.6 Nevertheless, overall survival remained low as compared with other published rates of survival of up to 20 percent,15 and the expectation is that advanced-life-support programs would lead to greater improvements in survival.
The objective of the current study, the OPALS Study for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, is to assess the incremental benefit with respect to survival and morbidity that results from the implementation of full prehospital advanced-life-support programs in the context of an existing emergency-medical-services system of rapid defibrillation.
Methods
Design
We performed a “before–after” controlled trial (before and after advanced-life-support programs were instituted), with the unit of study being all eligible patients with cardiac arrest seen during two distinct phases: the rapid-defibrillation phase (12 months), which introduced optimized rapid defibrillation,6 and the advanced-life-support phase (36 months), which assessed full advanced-life-support programs.16 Data were pooled across communities and the data-collection phases within each community were separated by intervening and overlapping run-in periods to allow for training and system optimization.
Setting
Eleven base hospitals throughout Ontario participated in the OPALS Study and provided medical direction for emergency medical services for the 17 urban study communities. The aggregate population was 2.5 million people, with the populations of particular cities ranging from 20,000 to 750,000. One community had a population of less than 30,000, six had populations of 30,000 to 99,999, five had populations of 100,000 to 199,999, four had populations of 200,000 to 500,000, and one had a population of more than 500,000. Each community was served by its own Central Ambulance Communications Center, which provided the study with electronic dispatch information. Prehospital care was documented with the use of the standard Ontario Ambulance Call Report form. At the outset of the advanced-life-support phase, each community had met and maintained the criteria for the phase II rapid-defibrillation program: the time from receipt of the dispatch call to arrival of a first responder with a defibrillator at the scene was eight minutes or less for at least 90 percent of cases.
Population
The study population comprised all persons 16 years of age or older who had out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and for whom resuscitation was attempted. We used the Utstein-style guidelines for reporting the data about the cardiac arrests.17 Excluded were children younger than 16 years of age, persons who were dead, patients with trauma, and others with disorders that clearly had a noncardiac cause. The study received full approval by the Ottawa Hospital Research Ethics Board, and the requirement for informed consent was waived.
Intervention
The study intervention consisted of an advanced-life-support program whereby paramedics were trained to perform endotracheal intubation, to insert intravenous lines, and to administer intravenous medications. These paramedics had previously graduated from a 10-month community college program, had training in the use of automated external defibrillators, and had several years of experience. For the study, the paramedics completed the Canadian Medical Association Level III Emergency Medical Technician training program, which involved 6 weeks of didactic instruction, 6 weeks of clinical instruction, and 12 weeks of preceptorship training in the field. To qualify for the advanced-life-support phase of the OPALS Study, each community had to meet four criteria: emergency medical services had to achieve a rapid-defibrillation response interval of 8 minutes or less in 90 percent of patients with cardiac arrest, advanced-life-support paramedics had to respond to 95 percent of patients, paramedics had to arrive at the scene within 11 minutes for 80 percent of patients, and paramedics had to successfully perform an endotracheal intubation in 90 percent of patients. These criteria were monitored regularly, and the three communities that failed to meet the standards were excluded.
Outcome Measures
The primary outcome measure was survival to hospital discharge, defined as the patient's leaving the hospital alive. Secondary survival measures, collected according to the Utstein style, included the return of spontaneous circulation and admission to the hospital. The survivors' cerebral-performance category was assessed at discharge, with level 1 indicating excellent cerebral performance, level 4 coma, and level 5 brain death or death.18 Health-related quality of life was measured at one year by the Ontario Health Utility Index, Mark III.19,20
Statistical Analysis
The primary hypothesis of improved survival rates from the rapid-defibrillation and advanced-life-support phases was tested with chi-square analysis. All reported P values are two-tailed. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals were calculated for the absolute difference in survival rates between phases. The minimal sample size for comparing survival was estimated to be 1200 patients for the rapid-defibrillation phase and 3600 for the advanced-life-support phase, on the basis of a two-sided alpha level of 0.05, a beta error of 0.20, a baseline survival rate of 5.0 percent, a 1:3 ratio of rapid-defibrillation patients to advanced-life-support patients, and power to detect a 40 percent change in survival (an increase in absolute survival from 5.0 percent to 7.0 percent). Stepwise logistic-regression analysis was performed to control for the following possible confounding variables: community, ambulance service, age, sex, whether cardiac arrest was witnessed, initial cardiac rhythm, initiation of CPR by a bystander or by a firefighter or police officer, and time intervals (from receipt of a call to arrival at the scene, from arrival at the scene to arrival at the patient's side, from arrival at the patient's side to departure from the scene, from departure from the scene to arrival at the hospital). Survival was also displayed graphically over time, and the resultant interrupted time-series analysis was used to evaluate the intervention. Differences between phases for other data were analyzed with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, or Student's t-test, as appropriate.
Results
Three of 20 participating communities were unable to meet the study criteria for inclusion in the advanced-life-support program and were excluded, leaving 17 communities in the final analysis. Two communities were unable to maintain the program standards for the entire 36-month period, and data from these sites were truncated early. Data from the rapid-defibrillation phase were truncated proportionately. Four other communities entered the advanced-life-support phase late and provided less than 36 months worth of data. Consequently, they too had their rapid-defibrillation phase data truncated proportionately.
The OPALS Study enrolled 5638 patients: 1391 consecutive patients in the 12-month rapid-defibrillation phase (from July 1, 1994, to February 28, 1998) and 4247 in the advanced-life-support phase (from February 1, 1998, to June 30, 2002). In each community, the two phases were separated by a run-in period of 6 to 36 months. In general, patients in the two phases had similar characteristics (Table 1Table 1
Baseline Characteristics of the 5638 Study Patients in the 12-Month Rapid-Defibrillation and the 36-Month Advanced-Life-Support Phases.). The responses to patients with cardiac arrest were similar in the two phases, except that the advanced-life-support phase had higher proportions of CPR administered by firefighters and police officers and defibrillation delivered by first responders, and lower proportions of CPR by bystanders.The primary outcome, the rate of survival to hospital discharge, did not improve significantly from the rapid-defibrillation phase to the advanced-life-support phase (5.0 percent to 5.1 percent, P=0.83) (Table 2Table 2
Survival and Functional Outcomes of Patients from the Two Study Phases.). There were, however, improvements in the secondary outcomes, which were the rates of a return of spontaneous circulation (12.9 percent to 18.0 percent, P<0.001) and admission to the hospital (10.9 percent to 14.6 percent, P<0.001). The proportion of survivors with a cerebral-performance category of 1 (out of 5) was unchanged (78.3 percent vs. 66.8 percent, P=0.73). The median score on the Health Utility Index, Mark III, for one-year survivors was also unchanged between phases.Logistic-regression analysis showed that the odds ratio for survival in the advanced-life-support phase, as compared with the rapid-defibrillation phase, was 1.1 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.5) (Figure 1Figure 1
Odds Ratios for Survival to Hospital Discharge Associated with Selected Factors.). In contrast, the first three links in the chain of survival had odds ratios as follows: early access (cardiac arrest witnessed by a bystander), 4.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 3.1 to 6.4); early CPR (CPR administered by a bystander), 3.7 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.5 to 5.4); and early defibrillation (automated external defibrillator used within eight minutes after cardiac arrest), 3.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 8.4).Figure 2Figure 2
Actual versus Predicted Interrupted-Time-Series Model for Survival to Discharge for 100 Consecutive Months, from the Rapid-Defibrillation Phase to the Advanced-Life-Support Phase. shows the results of the time-series analysis during a consecutive 100-month period with each community's start date in the advanced-life-support phase synchronized and the run-in periods included. The change in survival after the onset of the advanced-life-support phase had a P value of 0.83. We evaluated a number of clinically important subgroups, and none had better survival in the advanced-life-support phase (Table 3Table 3
Survival of Clinically Important Subgroups.).Discussion
This controlled clinical trial was designed to assess the incremental value of prehospital advanced-life-support interventions. The study had the power and design to discriminate between the effects that rapid defibrillation and advanced life support have on rates of survival to hospital discharge, links that have together been described as definitive care.21 The results of the OPALS Study did not show any incremental benefit of introducing a full advanced-life-support program to an emergency-medical-services system of optimized rapid defibrillation. Despite the large sample, controlled design, and multiple approaches to the analysis, we were not able to identify any evidence of a benefit of advanced life support for any subgroup of patients. The results did confirm, however, the separate value of each of the first three links in the chain of survival: early access, early CPR, and early defibrillation.6 Cardiac arrest witnessed by a bystander, CPR by a bystander, and use of a defibrillator in eight minutes or less were each strongly associated with improved survival. We believe that public health and emergency-medical-services managers should recognize and address the two key modifiable links in their communities — namely, CPR by bystanders and rapid defibrillation.
These results are consistent with previous case series that demonstrated poor survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, despite the benefit of advanced-life-support interventions. The rate of survival was as low as 1.3 percent in Chicago and 1.4 percent in New York City.22,23 Two meta-analyses showed no benefits of advanced life support for emergency-medical-services systems.3,24 A number of reports have attributed improved survival after cardiac arrest to the provision of prehospital advanced life support.2,4 These reports, however, generally did not adjust for the second and third links — that is, early CPR and early defibrillation.
Other investigations of the effectiveness of advanced life support have been limited by small samples and nonexperimental designs.12-14 Our study was characterized by a large sample and a controlled clinical design implemented in 17 communities across a broad geographic area. We believe that these findings can be generalized to most communities with populations of less than 1 million. Training of paramedics was delivered at a single institution with a standardized national curriculum and clinical training period. All trainees were experienced emergency medical technicians and had the benefit of a 6-to-36-month run-in period in which to perfect their advanced-life-support skills. Quality assurance was vigorously monitored, and communities that did not meet the four performance criteria were excluded.
The optimal response interval for advanced life support is less well understood than is the optimal response time for defibrillation.25-28 In our study, advanced-life-support providers met our arbitrary standard of arriving on the scene within 11 minutes 87 percent of the time. They also performed intubation with a high degree of success. In addition, rapid response with a defibrillator was maintained throughout both study phases.
An important potential limitation is that the study was designed as a before–after controlled trial rather than as a randomized trial. Nevertheless, we do not believe that this undermines the validity of the findings. Randomization by patient was not possible, because the paramedics considered it unethical to randomly withhold potentially lifesaving procedures from patients.
The primary outcome measure was survival to hospital discharge and was not subject to ascertainment bias. Selection bias was minimized by the population-based approach, in which all patients in each community were included for defined enrollment periods. We are not aware of any important new therapies or any general societal increase in survival rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the study period. Nevertheless, multiple statistical approaches were taken to assure the validity and robustness of our outcome assessments. Multivariate logistic-regression analyses that included cardiac arrests witnessed by emergency-medical-services personnel, initial rhythm, and interaction terms were performed, and the results did not change. A potential but unlikely threat to the validity of our findings was the minor differences in the study populations before and after advanced-life-support programs were instituted. A concern could have been whether first responders or emergency-medical-services attendants delayed CPR in order to defibrillate or perform advanced-life-support procedures. We found no evidence that this occurred in our communities.
Intermediate survival outcomes (return of spontaneous circulation and admission to a hospital) improved in the advanced-life-support phase. Skeptics could argue that the only outcome of the advanced-life-support program was an increase in the burden for hospitals and critical care units. Alternatively, optimists could argue that better postresuscitation care could ultimately lead to better survival rates. The recent interest in hypothermia therapy may help achieve this survival promise. We believe, however, that survival to discharge and neurologic performance are by far the most important outcomes for a clinical trial of cardiac arrest. We believe that decision makers for communities and national organizations should invest far more time and resources in optimizing the first three links in the chain of survival — that is, the early identification of cardiac arrest, CPR by a bystander, and rapid-defibrillation programs.
The introduction of advanced-life-support programs should not compromise investment in early access, early CPR, and early defibrillation. Although our studies show the very powerful effect that the second link — CPR by a bystander — has on survival rates, with odds ratios consistently greater than 3, there has been no increase in the frequency at which CPR has been administered by bystanders during the past 10 years. Public and media awareness of the value of CPR is far less than the awareness of more “high-tech” initiatives such as public-access defibrillation programs, despite the fact that the latter have the potential to benefit less than 10 percent of patients with cardiac arrest.29-32 We must also ensure that responders do not delay or overlook CPR while they focus on defibrillation or advanced-life-support measures.
The third link, which can be described as a community-wide system to optimize the defibrillation response, also has an odds ratio exceeding 3. Inexpensive initiatives include improving the dispatch of ambulances and instituting programs to teach first responders (firefighters and police officers) to use automated external defibrillators.
Our study does not address the value of advanced-life-support programs in urban communities that have high rates of CPR by bystanders or very rapid advanced-life-support responders. Some cities have had higher overall survival rates with advanced-life-support systems than the rates in our study, but those cities typically have a high rate of CPR by bystanders. Also unknown is the benefit of advanced life support in rural communities, where transport times to a hospital are longer.33
The OPALS Study showed that the systematic introduction of full advanced-life-support programs to an emergency-medical-services system that had previously optimized its rapid-defibrillation program did not decrease mortality or morbidity associated with cardiac arrest. In out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the second and third links in the chain of survival are far more important than the fourth link. In order to save lives, and to do so efficiently, public health planners should make CPR by bystanders and a rapid defibrillation response major priorities for the allocation of resources.
Supported by peer-reviewed grants from the Emergency Health Services Branch of the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care and the Canadian Health Services Research Foundation, by a Distinguished Investigator Award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (to Dr. Stiell), and by a Career Scientist Award from the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (to Dr. Nichol).
Dr. Stiell reports having received unrestricted research funding from Medtronic Physio-Control.
We are indebted to the following additional members of the OPALS Study Group: M. Stempien, C. Parkinson (Halton-Mississauga); D. Waldbillig, K. Ballah (Cambridge); G. Jones, M. Halladay (Kingston); J. Dreyer, K. Boyle (London); J. Maloney, J. Trickett (Ottawa); V. Arcieri, J. Fader (Peterborough); M. Lees, D. LaBarre (Sarnia); R. Lepage, S. Salminen (Sudbury); A. Affleck, T. Tyson (Thunder Bay); J. Fedoruk, M. Gobet (Windsor); to the other members of the OPALS Study Coordinating Center, including Tammy Beaudoin (research coordinator), David Brisson (research coordinator), Irene Harris (administrative assistant), and My-Linh Tran (database coordinator); and to Cathy Francis (Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care) for her support.
Source Information
From the Departments of Emergency Medicine (I.G.S.), Epidemiology and Community Medicine (G.A.W.), and Medicine (G.N.), and the Clinical Epidemiology Program (L.P.N., D.C., J.B.), Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ont., Canada; Interdev Technologies, Toronto (B.F.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson (D.W.S.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.J.D.); the Greater Niagara Base Hospital, Niagara Falls, Ont., Canada (D.M., L.L.-T.); Emergency Health Services, Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, Toronto (T.C.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Queens University, Kingston, Ont., Canada (E.D.); and the Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (M.L.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Stiell at the Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Office F657, Ottawa Health Research Institute, the Ottawa Hospital, Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada, or at istiell@ohri.ca.
- References
References
1
Zheng Z-J ,Croft JB ,Giles WH ,Mensah GA . Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 1989 to 1998. Circulation 2001;104:2158-2163
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Eisenberg MS ,Horwood BT ,Cummins RO ,Reynolds-Haertle R ,Hearne TR . Cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a tale of 29 cities. Ann Emerg Med 1990;19:179-186
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Nichol G ,Stiell IG ,Laupacis A ,Pham B ,De Maio VJ ,Wells GA . A cumulative meta-analysis of the effectiveness of defibrillator-capable emergency medical services for victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 1999;34:517-525
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Cummins RO ,Ornato JP ,Thies WH ,Pepe PE . Improving survival from sudden cardiac arrest: the “chain of survival“ concept. Circulation 1991;83:1832-1847
Web of Science | Medline5
Stiell IG ,Wells GA ,De Maio VJ , et al. Modifiable factors associated with improved cardiac arrest survival in a multicenter basic life support/defibrillation system: OPALS Study Phase I results. Ann Emerg Med 1999;33:44-50
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Stiell IG ,Wells GA ,Field BJ , et al. Improved out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival through the inexpensive optimization of an existing defibrillation program: OPALS Study Phase II. JAMA 1999;281:1175-1181
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline7
Pantridge JF ,Geddes JS . A mobile intensive-care unit in the management of myocardial infarction. Lancet 1967;2:271-273
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Eisenberg MS ,Copass MK ,Hallstrom A ,Cobb LA ,Bergner L . Management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: failure of basic emergency medical technician services. JAMA 1980;243:1049-1051
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Vertesi L ,Wilson L ,Glick N . Cardiac arrest: comparison of paramedic and conventional ambulance services. Can Med Assoc J 1983;128:809-812
Web of Science | Medline10
Rowley JM ,Mounser P ,Garner C ,Hampton JR . Advanced training for ambulance crews: implications from 403 consecutive patients with cardiac arrest managed by crews with simple training. BMJ 1987;295:1387-1389
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Pepe PE ,Abramson NS ,Brown CG . ACLS -- does it really work? Ann Emerg Med 1994;23:1037-1041
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Mitchell RG ,Guly UM ,Rainer TH ,Robertson CE . Can the full range of paramedic skills improve survival from out of hospital cardiac arrests? J Accid Emerg Med 1997;14:274-277
Medline13
Guly UM ,Mitchell RG ,Cook R ,Steedman DJ ,Robertson CE . Paramedics and technicians are equally successful at managing cardiac arrest outside hospital. BMJ 1995;310:1091-1094
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Rainer TH ,Marshall R ,Cusack S . Paramedics, technicians, and survival from out of hospital cardiac arrest. J Accid Emerg Med 1997;14:278-282
Medline15
Carveth SW ,Olson D ,Bechtel J . Proceedings: emergency medical care system: Lincoln (Neb) mobile heart team. Arch Surg 1974;108:528-530
Web of Science | Medline16
Stiell IG ,Wells GA ,Spaite DW , et al. The Ontario Prehospital Advanced Life Support (OPALS) Study: rationale and methodology for cardiac arrest patients. Ann Emerg Med 1998;32:180-190
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Cummins RO ,Chamberlain DA ,Abramson NS , et al. Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the Utstein style. Ann Emerg Med 1991;20:861-874
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
The Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial II Study Group
CrossRef | Medline19
Furlong W, Feeny D, Torrance GW, et al. Multiplicative multi-attribute utility function for the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3) System: technical report 98-11. Hamilton, Ont., Canada: McMaster University Centre for Health Economics, 1998.
20
Stiell IG ,Nichol G ,Wells GA , et al. Health-related quality of life is better for cardiac arrest survivors who received citizen cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 2003;108:1939-1944
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Eisenberg MS ,Bergner L ,Hallstrom A . Cardiac resuscitation in the community: importance of rapid provision and implications for program planning. JAMA 1979;241:1905-1907
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Becker LB ,Ostrander MP ,Barrett J ,Kondos GT . Outcome of CPR in a large metropolitan area -- where are the survivors? Ann Emerg Med 1991;20:355-361
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Lombardi G ,Gallagher J ,Gennis P . Outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in New York City: the Pre-Hospital Arrest Survival Evaluation (PHASE) study. JAMA 1994;271:678-683
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Nichol G ,Detsky AS ,Stiell IG ,O'Rourke K ,Wells GA ,Laupacis A . Effectiveness of emergency medical services for victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a metaanalysis. Ann Emerg Med 1996;27:700-710
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Eisenberg M ,Bergner L ,Hallstrom A . Paramedic programs and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. I. Factors associated with successful resuscitation. Am J Public Health 1979;69:30-38
Web of Science | Medline26
Larsen MP ,Eisenberg MS ,Cummins RO ,Hallstrom AP . Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a graphic model. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:1652-1658
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
De Maio VJ ,Stiell IG ,Wells GA ,Spaite DW . Optimal defibrillation response intervals for maximum out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival rates. Ann Emerg Med 2003;42:242-250
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
Cone DC . The eight-minute defibrillation response interval debunked: or is it? Ann Emerg Med 2003;42:251-255
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Becker L ,Eisenberg M ,Fahrenbruch C ,Cobb L . Public locations of cardiac arrest: implications for public access defibrillation. Circulation 1998;97:2106-2109
Web of Science | Medline30
Gratton M ,Lindholm DJ ,Campbell JP . Public-access defibrillation: where do we place the AEDs? Prehosp Emerg Care 1999;3:303-305
CrossRef | Medline31
Vaillancourt C ,De Maio VJ ,Stiell IG , et al. Determination of accurate out-of-hospital cardiac arrest location in 20 communities. Acad Emerg Med 2003;10:466-466
CrossRef32
De Maio VJ ,Stiell IG ,Vaillancourt C , et al. A location-specific utility measure to guide the distribution of public access defibrillation (PAD) programs within the community. Acad Emerg Med 2003;10:504-504
CrossRef33
Donovan P ,Cline DM ,Whitley TW ,Foster C ,Outlaw M . Prehospital care by EMTs and EMT-Is in a rural setting: prolongation of scene times by ALS procedures. Ann Emerg Med 1989;18:495-500
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (241)
Citing Articles
1
R. S. Howard, P. A. Holmes, A. Siddiqui, D. Treacher, I. Tsiropoulos, M. Koutroumanidis. (2012) Hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury: imaging and neurophysiology abnormalities related to outcome. QJM
CrossRef2
Li-chien Chien, Hsiang-chin Hsu, Chih-hao Lin, Ching-fa Cheng, Yung-chuang Tung, Hsien-cheng Hung, Yu-ching Yeh, Ming-che Tsai. (2012) Use of an intubating laryngeal mask airway on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in a developing emergency medical service system. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association
CrossRef3
Florence Dumas, Thomas D. Rea. (2012) Long-term prognosis following resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: role of aetiology and presenting arrest rhythm. Resuscitation
CrossRef4
Eddy S. Lang, Daniel W. Spaite, Zoe J. Oliver, Catherine S. Gotschall, Robert A. Swor, Drew E. Dawson, Richard C. Hunt. (2012) A National Model for Developing, Implementing, and Evaluating Evidence-based Guidelines for Prehospital Care. Academic Emergency Medicine 19:2, 201-209
CrossRef5
Andry Papastylianou, S. Mentzelopoulos. (2012) Current Pharmacological Advances in the Treatment of Cardiac Arrest. Emergency Medicine International 2012, 1-9
CrossRef6
Peter Whitney-Cashio, Melissa Sartin, William J. Brady, Kelly Williamson, Kostas Alibertis, Gilbert Somers, Robert E. O′Connor. (2012) The introduction of public access defibrillation to a university community: the University of Virginia public access defibrillation program. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 30:1, 240-242
CrossRef7
James T. Niemann. (2011) Sodium nitroprusside-enhanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Are we out of the box yet?*. Critical Care Medicine 39:12, 2775-2776
CrossRef8
Patrick Chow-In Ko, Ming-Tai Cheng, Edward Pei-Chuan Huang, Wen-Chu Chiang, Matthew Heui-Ming Ma. (2011) Basic life support equipped with automated external defibrillator may not be categorized the same as traditional basic life support in meta-analysis. Resuscitation 82:12, e7
CrossRef9
G. Bakalos, M. Mamali, C. Komninos, E. Koukou, A. Tsantilas, S. Tzima, T. Rosenberg. (2011) Reply letter to: Do we really need more research in order to be convinced that advanced life support is superior to basic life support for the non traumatic cardiac arrest patients?. Resuscitation 82:12, e9-e10
CrossRef10
Christian Vaillancourt, Manya L. Charette, Katarina Bohm, James Dunford, Maaret Castrén. (2011) In out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients, does the description of any specific symptoms to the emergency medical dispatcher improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of cardiac arrest: A systematic review of the literature. Resuscitation 82:12, 1483-1489
CrossRef11
Christian Vaillancourt, Siobhan Everson-Stewart, Jim Christenson, Douglas Andrusiek, Judy Powell, Graham Nichol, Sheldon Cheskes, Tom P. Aufderheide, Robert Berg, Ian G. Stiell. (2011) The impact of increased chest compression fraction on return of spontaneous circulation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients not in ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 82:12, 1501-1507
CrossRef12
Marna Rayl Greenberg, Gavin C. Barr, Valerie A. Rupp, Nainesh Patel, Kevin R. Weaver, Kimberly Hamilton, James F. Reed. (2011) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Prescription Program: A Pilot Randomized Comparator Trial. The Journal of Emergency Medicine
CrossRef13
Shijie Sun, Yinlun Weng, Xiaobo Wu, Katherine Tang, Sen Ye, Wei Chen, Max Harry Weil, Wanchun Tang. (2011) Optimizing the duration of CPR prior to defibrillation improves the outcome of CPR in a rat model of prolonged cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 82, S3-S7
CrossRef14
Jason Schultz, Nicolas Segal, James Kolbeck, Emily Caldwell, Marit Thorsgard, Scott McKnite, Tom P. Aufderheide, Keith G. Lurie, Demetris Yannopoulos. (2011) Sodium nitroprusside enhanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation prevents post-resuscitation left ventricular dysfunction and improves 24-hour survival and neurological function in a porcine model of prolonged untreated ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 82, S35-S40
CrossRef15
Vinodh Bhagyalakshmi Nanjayya, Vineet Nayyar. (2011) Immediate coronary angiogram in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest - an Australian study. Resuscitation
CrossRef16
Catherine Cleaveland, William J. Brady. 2011. Strategies in out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Automatic External Defibrillator and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. , 138-146.
CrossRef17
Benjamin J. Lawner, Amal Mattu. 2011. Cardiac Arrest. , 123-137.
CrossRef18
Kjetil Sunde, Petter Andreas Steen. (2011) The Use of Vasopressor Agents During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Critical Care Clinics
CrossRef19
Erik P. Hess, Roger D. White. (2011) Automated External Defibrillation. Critical Care Clinics
CrossRef20
Theresa M. Olasveengen, Lars Wik, Kjetil Sunde, Petter A. Steen. (2011) Outcome when adrenaline (epinephrine) was actually given vs. not given - post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Resuscitation
CrossRef21
Peter Monteleone, Christine M. Lin. (2011) In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
CrossRef22
Tanner S. Boyd, Debra G. Perina. (2011) Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
CrossRef23
Peter P. Monteleone, Heather A. Borek, Seth O. Althoff. (2011) Electrical Therapies in Cardiac Arrest. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
CrossRef24
Kelly Williamson, Meghan Breed, Kostas Alibertis, William Brady. (2011) The Impact of the Code Drugs: Cardioactive Medications in Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
CrossRef25
G. Bakalos, M. Mamali, C. Komninos, E. Koukou, A. Tsantilas, S. Tzima, T. Rosenberg. (2011) Advanced life support versus basic life support in the pre-hospital setting: A meta-analysis. Resuscitation 82:9, 1130-1137
CrossRef26
Peter Whitney-Cashio, Melissa Sartin, William J. Brady, Kelly Williamson, Kostas Alibertis, Gilbert Somers, Robert E. O'Connor. (2011) The introduction of public access defibrillation to a university community: The University of Virginia Public Access Defibrillation Program. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
CrossRef27
Laura A. McLay, Edward L. Boone, J. Paul Brooks. (2011) Analyzing the volume and nature of emergency medical calls during severe weather events using regression methodologies. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences
CrossRef28
Stiell, Ian G., Nichol, Graham, Leroux, Brian G., Rea, Thomas D., Ornato, Joseph P., Powell, Judy, Christenson, James, Callaway, Clifton W., Kudenchuk, Peter J., Aufderheide, Tom P., Idris, Ahamed H., Daya, Mohamud R., Wang, Henry E., Morrison, Laurie J., Davis, Daniel, Andrusiek, Douglas, Stephens, Shannon, Cheskes, Sheldon, Schmicker, Robert H., Fowler, Ray, Vaillancourt, Christian, Hostler, David, Zive, Dana, Pirrallo, Ronald G., Vilke, Gary M., Sopko, George, Weisfeldt, Myron, . (2011) Early versus Later Rhythm Analysis in Patients with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. New England Journal of Medicine 365:9, 787-797
Full Text29
Christopher W. Seymour, Colin R. Cooke, Paul L. Hebert, Thomas D. Rea. (2011) Intravenous Access During Out-of-Hospital Emergency Care of Noninjured Patients: A Population-Based Outcome Study. Annals of Emergency Medicine
CrossRef30
J.L. Pérez-Vela, J.B. López-Messa, H. Martín-Hernández, P. Herrero-Ansola. (2011) Novelties in advanced life support. Medicina Intensiva (English Edition) 35:6, 373-387
CrossRef31
B.K. Kanstad, S.Aa. Nilsen, K. Fredriksen. (2011) CPR knowledge and attitude to performing bystander CPR among secondary school students in Norway. Resuscitation 82:8, 1053-1059
CrossRef32
J.L. Pérez-Vela, J.B. López-Messa, H. Martín-Hernández, P. Herrero-Ansola. (2011) Novedades en soporte vital avanzado. Medicina Intensiva 35:6, 373-387
CrossRef33
W. Gaber, H.-J. Trappe. (2011) Frühdefibrillation am Flughafen Frankfurt. Der Kardiologe
CrossRef34
Hendrika Meischke, Victoria Taylor, Rebecca Calhoun, Qi Liu, Channdara Sos, Shin-Ping Tu, Mei-Po Yip, Devora Eisenberg. (2011) Preparedness for Cardiac Emergencies Among Cambodians with Limited English Proficiency. Journal of Community Health
CrossRef35
Rosa María Hormeño Bermejo, Juan Antonio Cordero Torres, Gloria Garcés Ibáñez, Antonia Escobar Escobar, Alberto Javier Santos García, Jesús Arroyo Fernández de Aguilar. (2011) Análisis de la asistencia a la parada cardiorrespiratoria por una Unidad Medicalizada de Emergencias. Atención Primaria 43:7, 369-376
CrossRef36
Laura A. McLay, Maria E. Mayorga. (2011) Evaluating the impact of performance goals on dispatching decisions in emergency medical service. IIE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering 1:3, 185-196
CrossRef37
C. Deasy, J.E. Bray, K. Smith, L.R. Harriss, S.A. Bernard, P.M. Davidson, P. Cameron. (2011) Resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in residential aged care facilities in Melbourne, Australia. Resuscitation
CrossRef38
Anurag Gupta, Amin Al-Ahmad. 2011. Adult Advanced Cardiac Life Support. , 261-271.
CrossRef39
Steven M. Bradley, Carol E. Fahrenbruch, Hendrika Meischke, Judith Allen, Megan Bloomingdale, Thomas D. Rea. (2011) Bystander CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: The role of limited English proficiency. Resuscitation 82:6, 680-684
CrossRef40
Ding-Kuo Chien, Shin-Han Tsai, Wen-Han Chang. (2011) Comparing Outcomes of Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Between Prehospital Basic Life Support and Advanced Life Support. International Journal of Gerontology 5:2, 131-132
CrossRef41
Tanner Boyd, William Brady. (2011) The “Code Drugs in Cardiac Arrest”—the use of cardioactive medications in cardiac arrest resuscitation. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
CrossRef42
Prasanthi Govindarajan, Lisa Lin, Adam Landman, Jason T. McMullan, Bryan F. McNally, Allison J. Crouch, Comilla Sasson. (2011) Practice variability among the EMS systems participating in Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES). Resuscitation
CrossRef43
Elise Teteris, Kristin Fraser, Bruce Wright, Kevin McLaughlin. (2011) Does training learners on simulators benefit real patients?. Advances in Health Sciences Education
CrossRef44
Miki Enami, Yutaka Takei, Hideo Inaba, Takahiro Yachida, Keisuke Ohta, Testuo Maeda, Yoshikazu Goto. (2011) Differential effects of ageing and BLS training experience on attitude towards basic life support. Resuscitation 82:5, 577-583
CrossRef45
Gareth E. Davies, David J. Lockey. (2011) Thirteen Survivors of Prehospital Thoracotomy for Penetrating Trauma: A Prehospital Physician-Performed Resuscitation Procedure That Can Yield Good Results. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 70:5, E75-E78
CrossRef46
Kari B. Haley, E. Brooke Lerner, Ronald G. Pirrallo, Howard Croft, Anne Johnson, Michael Uihlein. (2011) The Frequency and Consequences of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Performed by Bystanders on Patients Who Are Not in Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emergency Care 15:2, 282-287
CrossRef47
Matthias Fischer, Johannes Kamp, Luis Garcia-Castrillo Riesgo, Iain Robertson-Steel, Jerry Overton, Alexandra Ziemann, Thomas Krafft. (2011) Comparing emergency medical service systems—A project of the European Emergency Data (EED) Project. Resuscitation 82:3, 285-293
CrossRef48
Steven C Brooks, Blair L Bigham, Laurie J Morrison, Steven C Brooks. 2011. Mechanical versus manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest. .
CrossRef49
Tomohiko Sakai, Taku Iwami, Tetsuhisa Kitamura, Chika Nishiyama, Takashi Kawamura, Kentaro Kajino, Hiroshi Tanaka, Seishiro Marukawa, Osamu Tasaki, Tadahiko Shiozaki, Hiroshi Ogura, Yasuyuki Kuwagata, Takeshi Shimazu. (2011) Effectiveness of the new ‘Mobile AED Map’ to find and retrieve an AED: A randomised controlled trial. Resuscitation 82:1, 69-73
CrossRef50
Sang Do Shin, Gil Joon Suh, Ki Ok Ahn, Kyoung Jun Song. (2011) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in low-volume versus high-volume emergency departments: An observational study and propensity score matching analysis. Resuscitation 82:1, 32-39
CrossRef51
Christian Vaillancourt, Ines Midzic, Monica Taljaard, Brian Chisamore. (2011) Performer fatigue and CPR quality comparing 30:2 to 15:2 compression to ventilation ratios in older bystanders: A randomized crossover trial. Resuscitation 82:1, 51-56
CrossRef52
Ulrich Schmidt, Matthias Eikermann. (2011) Organizational Aspects of Difficult Airway Management. Anesthesiology 114:1, 3-6
CrossRef53
Amy H. Kaji, Arslan M. Hanif, James T. Niemann. (2011) Advanced Rescuer- versus Citizen-Witnessed Cardiac Arrest: Is There a Difference in Outcome??. Prehospital Emergency Care 15:1, 55-60
CrossRef54
The Survey of Survivors After Out-o. (2011) Atropine Sulfate for Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest due to Asystole and Pulseless Electrical Activity. Circulation Journal 75:3, 580-588
CrossRef55
Hideo Yasunaga, Hiroaki Miyata, Hiromasa Horiguchi, Seizan Tanabe, Manabu Akahane, Toshio Ogawa, Soichi Koike, Tomoaki Imamura. (2011) Population density, call-response interval, and survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. International Journal of Health Geographics 10:1, 26
CrossRef56
Rinaldo Bellomo, Michael Bailey, Glenn M Eastwood, Alistair Nichol, David Pilcher, Graeme K Hart, Michael C Reade, Moritoki Egi, D James Cooper, . (2011) Arterial hyperoxia and in-hospital mortality after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Critical Care 15:2, R90
CrossRef57
Peter T Morley. (2011) The key to advanced airways during cardiac arrest: well trained and early. Critical Care 16:1, 104
CrossRef58
Kentaro Kajino, Taku Iwami, Tetsuhisa Kitamura, Mohamud Daya, Marcus EH Ong, Tatsuya Nishiuchi, Yasuyuki Hayashi, Tomohiko Sakai, Takeshi Shimazu, Atsushi Hiraide, Masashi Kishi, Shigeru Yamayoshi. (2011) Comparison of supraglottic airway versus endotracheal intubation for the pre-hospital treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Critical Care 15:5, R236
CrossRef59
Christopher W. Seymour, Roger A. Band, Colin R. Cooke, Mark E. Mikkelsen, Julie Hylton, Tom D. Rea, Christopher H. Goss, David F. Gaieski. (2010) Out-of-hospital characteristics and care of patients with severe sepsis: A cohort study. Journal of Critical Care 25:4, 553-562
CrossRef60
V. Wenzel, S.G. Russo, H.R. Arntz, J. Bahr, M.A. Baubin, B.W. Böttiger, B. Dirks, U. Kreimeier, M. Fries, C. Eich. (2010) Kommentar zu den Leitlinien 2010 zur kardiopulmonalen Reanimation des European Resuscitation Council. Der Anaesthesist 59:12, 1105-1123
CrossRef61
C.D. Deakin, J.P. Nolan, J. Soar, K. Sunde, R.W. Koster, G.B. Smith, G.D. Perkins. (2010) Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene („advanced life support“). Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 13:7, 559-620
CrossRef62
Yutaka Takei, Hideo Inaba, Takahiro Yachida, Miki Enami, Yoshikazu Goto, Keisuke Ohta. (2010) Analysis of reasons for emergency call delays in Japan in relation to location: High incidence of correctable causes and the impact of delays on patient outcomes. Resuscitation 81:11, 1492-1498
CrossRef63
Brian W. Roberts, Stephen Trzeciak. (2010) Cardiovascular effects of therapeutic hypothermia after resuscitation from cardiac arrest?*. Critical Care Medicine 38:11, 2264-2265
CrossRef64
Stuart Nairn, Stephen Timmons. (2010) Scientific uncertainty and the creation of resuscitation guidelines. Social Theory & Health 8:4, 289-308
CrossRef65
Charles D. Deakin, Laurie J. Morrison, Peter T. Morley, Clifton W. Callaway, Richard E. Kerber, Steven L. Kronick, Eric J. Lavonas, Mark S. Link, Robert W. Neumar, Charles W. Otto, Michael Parr, Michael Shuster, Kjetil Sunde, Mary Ann Peberdy, Wanchun Tang, Terry L. Vanden Hoek, Bernd W. Böttiger, Saul Drajer, Swee Han Lim, Jerry P. Nolan. (2010) Part 8: Advanced life support. Resuscitation 81:1, e93-e174
CrossRef66
Jerry P. Nolan, Mary Fran Hazinski, John E. Billi, Bernd W. Boettiger, Leo Bossaert, Allan R. de Caen, Charles D. Deakin, Saul Drajer, Brian Eigel, Robert W. Hickey, Ian Jacobs, Monica E. Kleinman, Walter Kloeck, Rudolph W. Koster, Swee Han Lim, Mary E. Mancini, William H. Montgomery, Peter T. Morley, Laurie J. Morrison, Vinay M. Nadkarni, Robert E. O’Connor, Kazuo Okada, Jeffrey M. Perlman, Michael R. Sayre, Michael Shuster, Jasmeet Soar, Kjetil Sunde, Andrew H. Travers, Jonathan Wyllie, David Zideman. (2010) Part 1: Executive summary. Resuscitation 81:1, e1-e25
CrossRef67
Paul R. Hinchey, J. Brent Myers, Ryan Lewis, Valerie J. De Maio, Eric Reyer, Daniel Licatese, Joseph Zalkin, Graham Snyder. (2010) Improved Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Survival After the Sequential Implementation of 2005 AHA Guidelines for Compressions, Ventilations, and Induced Hypothermia: The Wake County Experience. Annals of Emergency Medicine 56:4, 348-357
CrossRef68
Jerry P. Nolan, Jasmeet Soar, David A. Zideman, Dominique Biarent, Leo L. Bossaert, Charles Deakin, Rudolph W. Koster, Jonathan Wyllie, Bernd Böttiger. (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 1. Executive summary. Resuscitation 81:10, 1219-1276
CrossRef69
Stacey S. Cofield, Robin Conwit, William Barsan, James Quinn. (2010) Recruitment and Retention of Patients into Emergency Medicine Clinical Trials. Academic Emergency Medicine 17:10, 1104-1112
CrossRef70
Charles D. Deakin, Jerry P. Nolan, Jasmeet Soar, Kjetil Sunde, Rudolph W. Koster, Gary B. Smith, Gavin D. Perkins. (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 4. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 81:10, 1305-1352
CrossRef71
Marcus Eng Hock Ong, Tut Fu Chiam, Faith Suan Peng Ng, Papia Sultana, Swee Han Lim, Benjamin Sieu-Hon Leong, Victor Yeok Kein Ong, Elaine Ching Ching Tan, Lai Peng Tham, Susan Yap, V. Anantharaman, . (2010) Reducing Ambulance Response Times Using Geospatial-Time Analysis of Ambulance Deployment. Academic Emergency Medicine 17:9, 951-957
CrossRef72
M. Arslan Hanif, Amy H. Kaji, James T. Niemann. (2010) Advanced Airway Management Does Not Improve Outcome of Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest. Academic Emergency Medicine 17:9, 926-931
CrossRef73
Anne Møller Nielsen, Mikael J.V. Henriksen, Dan Lou Isbye, Freddy K. Lippert, Lars Simon Rasmussen. (2010) Acquisition and retention of basic life support skills in an untrained population using a personal resuscitation manikin and video self-instruction (VSI). Resuscitation 81:9, 1156-1160
CrossRef74
C. TORGERSEN, C. A. SCHMITTINGER, J. TAKALA, S. M. JAKOB, M. W. DÜNSER. (2010) The association between early hemodynamic variables and outcome in normothermic comatose patients following cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 54:8, 1027-1035
CrossRef75
Tomohiko Sakai, Taku Iwami, Osamu Tasaki, Takashi Kawamura, Yasuyuki Hayashi, Hiroshi Rinka, Yasuo Ohishi, Tomoyoshi Mohri, Masafumi Kishimoto, Tatsuya Nishiuchi, Kentaro Kajino, Hisatake Matsumoto, Toshifumi Uejima, Masahiko Nitta, Chizuka Shiokawa, Hisashi Ikeuchi, Atsushi Hiraide, Hisashi Sugimoto, Yasuyuki Kuwagata. (2010) Incidence and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation: Data from a large population-based cohort. Resuscitation 81:8, 956-961
CrossRef76
Joseph W. Heidenreich, Aleta Bonner, Arthur B. Sanders. (2010) Rescuer Fatigue in the Elderly: Standard vs. Hands-only CPR. The Journal of Emergency Medicine
CrossRef77
Laura A. McLay. 2010. Emergency Medical Service Systems that Improve Patient Survivability. .
CrossRef78
Laura A. McLay, Maria E. Mayorga. (2010) Evaluating emergency medical service performance measures. Health Care Management Science 13:2, 124-136
CrossRef79
Timothy J. Mader, Adam R. Kellogg, Joshua K. Walterscheid, Cynthia C. Lodding, Lawrence D. Sherman. (2010) A randomized comparison of cardiocerebral and cardiopulmonary resuscitation using a swine model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 81:5, 596-602
CrossRef80
Michael W. Hubble, Lawrence Brown, Denise A. Wilfong, Attila Hertelendy, Randall W. Benner, Michael E. Richards. (2010) A Meta-Analysis of Prehospital Airway Control Techniques Part I: Orotracheal and Nasotracheal Intubation Success Rates. Prehospital Emergency Care 14:3, 377-401
CrossRef81
ERIK P. HESS, ROGER D. WHITE. (2010) Optimizing Survival from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 21:5, 590-595
CrossRef82
Miki Enami, Yutaka Takei, Yoshikazu Goto, Keisuke Ohta, Hideo Inaba. (2010) The effects of the new CPR guideline on attitude toward basic life support in Japan. Resuscitation 81:5, 562-567
CrossRef83
Christian Martin-Gill, Francis X. Guyette, Jon C. Rittenberger. (2010) Effect of Crew Size on Objective Measures of Resuscitation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emergency Care 14:2, 229-234
CrossRef84
Leo Kobayashi, David G. Lindquist, Ilse M. Jenouri, Kevin M. Dushay, Donna Haze, Elizabeth M. Sutton, Jessica L. Smith, Robert J. Tubbs, Frank L. Overly, John Foggle, Jennifer Dunbar-Viveiros, Mark S. Jones, Scott T. Marcotte, David L. Werner, Mary R. Cooper, Peggy B. Martin, Dominick Tammaro, Gregory D. Jay. (2010) Comparison of sudden cardiac arrest resuscitation performance data obtained from in-hospital incident chart review and in situ high-fidelity medical simulation. Resuscitation 81:4, 463-471
CrossRef85
Youichi Yanagawa, Toshihisa Sakamoto. (2010) Analysis of Prehospital Care for Cardiac Arrest in an Urban Setting in Japan. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 38:3, 340-345
CrossRef86
Jason S. Haukoos, Gary Witt, Craig Gravitz, Julianne Dean, David M. Jackson, Thomas Candlin, Peter Vellman, John Riccio, Kennon Heard, Tom Kazutomi, Dylan Luyten, Gilbert Pineda, Jeff Gunter, Jennifer Biltoft, Christopher Colwell, . (2010) Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest in Denver, Colorado: Epidemiology and Outcomes. Academic Emergency Medicine 17:4, 391-398
CrossRef87
Inger Lund-Kordahl, Theresa M. Olasveengen, Tonje Lorem, Martin Samdal, Lars Wik, Kjetil Sunde. (2010) Improving outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by strengthening weak links of the local Chain of Survival; quality of advanced life support and post-resuscitation care. Resuscitation 81:4, 422-426
CrossRef88
Myron L. Weisfeldt, Colleen M. Sitlani, Joseph P. Ornato, Thomas Rea, Tom P. Aufderheide, Daniel Davis, Jonathan Dreyer, Erik P. Hess, Jonathan Jui, Justin Maloney, George Sopko, Judy Powell, Graham Nichol, Laurie J. Morrison. (2010) Survival After Application of Automatic External Defibrillators Before Arrival of the Emergency Medical System. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55:16, 1713-1720
CrossRef89
Calum Redpath, Christie Sambell, Ian Stiell, Helen Johansen, Kathryn Williams, Rafeeq Samie, Martin Green, Michael Gollob, Robert Lemery, David Birnie. (2010) In-hospital mortality in 13,263 survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Canada. American Heart Journal 159:4, 577-583.e1
CrossRef90
H.-J. Trappe. (2010) Externe automatisierte Defibrillatoren. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 13:2, 119-124
CrossRef91
Stephen Timmons, Brian Crosbie, Russell Harrison-Paul. (2010) Displacement of death in public space by lay people using the automated external defibrillator. Health & Place 16:2, 365-370
CrossRef92
Joyce Yeung, Gavin D. Perkins. (2010) Timing of drug administration during CPR and the role of simulation. Resuscitation 81:3, 265-266
CrossRef93
Thomas D. Rea, Andrea J. Cook, Ian G. Stiell, Judy Powell, Blair Bigham, Clifton W. Callaway, Sumeet Chugh, Tom P. Aufderheide, Laurie Morrison, Thomas E. Terndrup, Tammy Beaudoin, Lynn Wittwer, Dan Davis, Ahamed Idris, Graham Nichol. (2010) Predicting Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Role of the Utstein Data Elements. Annals of Emergency Medicine 55:3, 249-257
CrossRef94
Thomas D. Rea, Ronald E. Stickney, Alidene Doherty, Paula Lank. (2010) Performance of chest compressions by laypersons during the Public Access Defibrillation Trial. Resuscitation 81:3, 293-296
CrossRef95
Tao Yu, Giuseppe Ristagno, Yongqin Li, Joe Bisera, Max Harry Weil, Wanchun Tang. (2010) The resuscitation blanket: A useful tool for “hands-on” defibrillation. Resuscitation 81:2, 230-235
CrossRef96
Steven M. Bradley, Erin E. Gabriel, Tom P. Aufderheide, Roxy Barnes, Jim Christenson, Daniel P. Davis, Ian G. Stiell, Graham Nichol. (2010) Survival Increases with CPR by Emergency Medical Services before defibrillation of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia: Observations from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Resuscitation 81:2, 155-162
CrossRef97
Ken Nagao, Kimio Kikushima, Kazuhiro Watanabe, Eizo Tachibana, Yoshiteru Tominaga, Katsushige Tada, Mitsuru Ishii, Nobutaka Chiba, Asuka Kasai, Taketomo Soga, Masakazu Matsuzaki, Kei Nishikawa, Yutaka Tateda, Harumi Ikeda, Tsukasa Yagi. (2010) Early Induction of Hypothermia During Cardiac Arrest Improves Neurological Outcomes in Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Who Undergo Emergency Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Circulation Journal 74:1, 77-85
CrossRef98
Jerry P. Nolan, David Lockey. (2009) Airway management for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest—More data required. Resuscitation 80:12, 1333-1334
CrossRef99
Theresa M. Olasveengen, Inger Lund-Kordahl, Petter A. Steen, Kjetil Sunde. (2009) Out-of hospital advanced life support with or without a physician: Effects on quality of CPR and outcome. Resuscitation 80:11, 1248-1252
CrossRef100
Cindy Goodrich. (2009) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. AACN Advanced Critical Care 20:4, 373-383
CrossRef101
M. Baubin, B. Dirks, M. Holzer, V. Wenzel. (2009) ILCOR hot topics. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 12:S2, 28-33
CrossRef102
Michael L. Ruygrok, Richard L. Byyny, Jason S. Haukoos. (2009) Validation of 3 Termination of Resuscitation Criteria for Good Neurologic Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Annals of Emergency Medicine 54:2, 239-247
CrossRef103
Daniel W. Spaite, Ian G. Stiell, Bentley J. Bobrow, Melanie de Boer, Justin Maloney, Kurt Denninghoff, Tyler F. Vadeboncoeur, Jonathan Dreyer, George A. Wells. (2009) Effect of Transport Interval on Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Survival in the OPALS Study: Implications for Triaging Patients to Specialized Cardiac Arrest Centers. Annals of Emergency Medicine 54:2, 248-255
CrossRef104
Sergio Castrejón, Marcelino Cortés, María L. Salto, Luiz C. Benittez, Rafael Rubio, Miriam Juárez, Esteban López de Sá, Héctor Bueno, Pedro L. Sánchez, Francisco Fernández Avilés. (2009) Mejora del pronóstico tras parada cardiorrespiratoria de causa cardiaca mediante el empleo de hipotermia moderada: comparación con un grupo control. Revista Española de Cardiología 62:7, 733-741
CrossRef105
Laura A. McLay. (2009) A maximum expected covering location model with two types of servers. IIE Transactions 41:8, 730-741
CrossRef106
C. Siebers, B. Müßig, T. Huppertz, K.-G. Kanz. (2009) Atemwegsmanagement in der Initialphase der Reanimation. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 12:4, 277-282
CrossRef107
Ken Nagao. (2009) Chest compression-only cardiocerebral resuscitation. Current Opinion in Critical Care 15:3, 189-197
CrossRef108
Michael J Kellum. (2009) Improving performance of emergency medical services personnel during resuscitation of cardiac arrest patients: the McMAID approach. Current Opinion in Critical Care 15:3, 216-220
CrossRef109
Julie Z. Sneath, Russell Lacey. (2009) Marketing Defibrillation Training Programs and Bystander Intervention Support. Health Marketing Quarterly 26:2, 87-97
CrossRef110
Markus B. Skrifvars, James Boyd, Markku Kuisma. (2009) Prearrest signs of shock and respiratory insufficiency in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests witnessed by crew of the emergency medical service. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 27:4, 440-448
CrossRef111
Michael Fries, Mark Coburn, Kay W. Nolte, Anne Timper, Kai Kottmann, Timur H. Kuru, Joachim Weis, Rolf Rossaint. (2009) Early administration of xenon or isoflurane may not improve functional outcome and cerebral alterations in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:5, 584-590
CrossRef112
H. Baris Deniz, Alexandra Ward, J. Jaime Caro, Piedad Alvarez, Hamid Sadri. (2009) Cost-benefit analysis of primary prevention of sudden cardiac death with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator versus amiodarone in Canada. Current Medical Research and Opinion 25:3, 617-626
CrossRef113
P. Nordberg, J. Hollenberg, J. Herlitz, M. Rosenqvist, L. Svensson. (2009) Aspects on the increase in bystander CPR in Sweden and its association with outcome. Resuscitation 80:3, 329-333
CrossRef114
Stephen Joel Coons, Mignonne C. Guy. (2009) Performing bystander CPR for sudden cardiac arrest: Behavioral intentions among the general adult population in Arizona. Resuscitation 80:3, 334-340
CrossRef115
H.-J. Trappe. (2009) Prä- oder intrahospitaler Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand. Der Kardiologe 3:1, 37-46
CrossRef116
Hans-Joachim Trappe. (2009) Kammerflattern, Kammerflimmern und ventrikuläre Tachykardien. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 46:2, 101-108
CrossRef117
Ian G. Stiell, Lisa P. Nesbitt, Graham Nichol, Justin Maloney, Jonathan Dreyer, Tammy Beaudoin, Josée Blackburn, George A. Wells. (2009) Comparison of the Cerebral Performance Category Score and the Health Utilities Index for Survivors of Cardiac Arrest. Annals of Emergency Medicine 53:2, 241-248.e1
CrossRef118
Joong Eui Rhee, Taeyun Kim, Kyuseok Kim, Saewon Choi. (2009) Is there any room for shortening hands-off time further when using an AED?. Resuscitation 80:2, 231-237
CrossRef119
Charles Cady, Steven Andrews, The National Association of EMS Phy. (2009) Prehospital Resuscitated Cardiac Arrest Patients: Role for Induced Hypothermia. Prehospital Emergency Care 13:3, 402-405
CrossRef120
David T. Markel, Laura S. Gold, Carol E. Fahrenbruch, Mickey S. Eisenberg. (2009) Prompt Advanced Life Support Improves Survival from Ventricular Fibrillation. Prehospital Emergency Care 13:3, 329-334
CrossRef121
Ronald K. Tam, Justin Maloney, Isabelle Gaboury, Jeannette M. Verdon, John Trickett, Shannon D. Leduc, Pierre Poirier. (2009) Review of Endotracheal Intubations by Ottawa Advanced Care Paramedics in Canada. Prehospital Emergency Care 13:3, 311-315
CrossRef122
Satoshi Yasuda, Hirotaka Sawano, Hiroshi Hazui, Kaoru Ukai, Hiroyuki Yokoyama, Akiko Yoshida, Junko Oohashi, Kazuhiro Sase, Hiroshi Nonogi. (2009) Japanese Journal of Electrocardiology 29:1, 44-49
CrossRef123
Theresa M. Olasveengen, Martin Samdal, Petter Andreas Steen, Lars Wik, Kjetil Sunde. (2009) Progressing from initial non-shockable rhythms to a shockable rhythm is associated with improved outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:1, 24-29
CrossRef124
B. Roessler, R. Fleischhackl, H. Losert, J. Arrich, M. Mittlboeck, H. Domanovits, K. Hoerauf. (2009) Reduced hands-off-time and time to first shock in CPR according to the ERC Guidelines 2005. Resuscitation 80:1, 104-108
CrossRef125
Teruo Shiraki, Kazuhiro Osawa, Hideyuki Suzuki, Masatoki Yoshida, Natsuki Takahashi, Kazufumi Takeuchi, Machiko Tanakaya, Kunihisa Kohno, Daiji Saito. (2009) Incidence and Outcomes of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the Eastern Part of Yamaguchi Prefecture. International Heart Journal 50:4, 489-500
CrossRef126
Giuseppe Ristagno, Wanchun Tang, Max Harry Weil. (2009) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: From the Beginning to the Present Day. Critical Care Clinics 25:1, 133-151
CrossRef127
A. Cariou, A. Lanceleur, V. Lemiale. 2009. Arrêt cardiaque. , 605-621.
CrossRef128
J. Hope Kilgannon, Brian W. Roberts, Lisa R. Reihl, Michael E. Chansky, Alan E. Jones, R. Phillip Dellinger, Joseph E. Parrillo, Stephen Trzeciak. (2008) Early arterial hypotension is common in the post-cardiac arrest syndrome and associated with increased in-hospital mortality. Resuscitation 79:3, 410-416
CrossRef129
Keng Sheng Chew, Mohd Noh Abu Yazid. (2008) The willingness of final year medical and dental students to perform bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in an Asian community. International Journal of Emergency Medicine 1:4, 301-309
CrossRef130
Jerry P. Nolan, Robert W. Neumar, Christophe Adrie, Mayuki Aibiki, Robert A. Berg, Bernd W. Böttiger, Clifton Callaway, Robert S.B. Clark, Romergryko G. Geocadin, Edward C. Jauch, Karl B. Kern, Ivan Laurent, W.T. Longstreth, Raina M. Merchant, Peter Morley, Laurie J. Morrison, Vinay Nadkarni, Mary Ann Peberdy, Emanuel P. Rivers, Antonio Rodriguez-Nunez, Frank W. Sellke, Christian Spaulding, Kjetil Sunde, Terry Vanden Hoek. (2008) Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. Resuscitation 79:3, 350-379
CrossRef131
Victoria A.H. Sillberg, Jeffrey J. Perry, Ian G. Stiell, George A. Wells. (2008) Is the combination of vasopressin and epinephrine superior to repeated doses of epinephrine alone in the treatment of cardiac arrest—A systematic review. Resuscitation 79:3, 380-386
CrossRef132
C. Vaillancourt, A. Lui, V.J. De Maio, G.A. Wells, I.G. Stiell. (2008) Socioeconomic status influences bystander CPR and survival rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. Resuscitation 79:3, 417-423
CrossRef133
Peter Vanbrabant, Peter R. Sinnaeve. (2008) Thrombolysis in cardiac arrest: One size fits all or tailored to highly selected patients?. European Journal of Internal Medicine 19:7, 473-475
CrossRef134
Matthias Derwall, Anne Timper, Kai Kottmann, Rolf Rossaint, Michael Fries. (2008) Neuroprotective effects of the inhalational anesthetics isoflurane and xenon after cardiac arrest in pigs. Critical Care Medicine 36:Suppl, S492-S495
CrossRef135
&NA;. (2008) Medical Futility in Asystolic Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Survey of Anesthesiology 52:5, 261-262
CrossRef136
Daniel W. Spaite, Ben J. Bobrow, Tyler F. Vadeboncoeur, Vatsal Chikani, Lani Clark, Terry Mullins, Arthur B. Sanders. (2008) The impact of prehospital transport interval on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Implications for regionalization of post-resuscitation care. Resuscitation 79:1, 61-66
CrossRef137
Michael J. Kellum, Kevin W. Kennedy, Richard Barney, Franz A. Keilhauer, Michael Bellino, Mathias Zuercher, Gordon A. Ewy. (2008) Cardiocerebral Resuscitation Improves Neurologically Intact Survival of Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Annals of Emergency Medicine 52:3, 244-252
CrossRef138
Keith Van Meter, Simon Sheps, Fred Kriedt, James Moises, Diana Barratt, Heather Murphy-Lavoie, Paul G. Harch, Nicolas Bazan. (2008) Hyperbaric oxygen improves rate of return of spontaneous circulation after prolonged normothermic porcine cardiopulmonary arrest. Resuscitation 78:2, 200-214
CrossRef139
T. M. OLASVEENGEN, L. WIK, P. A. STEEN. (2008) Standard basic life support vs. continuous chest compressions only in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 52:7, 914-919
CrossRef140
Ian G. Stiell, Clif Callaway, Dan Davis, Tom Terndrup, Judy Powell, Andrea Cook, Peter J. Kudenchuk, Mohamud Daya, Richard Kerber, Ahamed Idris, Laurie J. Morrison, Tom Aufderheide. (2008) Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) PRIMED cardiac arrest trial methods. Resuscitation 78:2, 186-195
CrossRef141
Michael Fries, Kay Wilhelm Nolte, Mark Coburn, Steffen Rex, Anne Timper, Kai Kottmann, Katharina Siepmann, Martin Häusler, Joachim Weis, Rolf Rossaint. (2008) Xenon reduces neurohistopathological damage and improves the early neurological deficit after cardiac arrest in pigs*. Critical Care Medicine 36:8, 2420-2426
CrossRef142
Elizabeth A. Hunt, Melinda Fiedor-Hamilton, Walter J. Eppich. (2008) Resuscitation Education: Narrowing the Gap Between Evidence-Based Resuscitation Guidelines and Performance Using Best Educational Practices. Pediatric Clinics of North America 55:4, 1025-1050
CrossRef143
Steven C Brooks, Blair L Bigham, Laurie J Morrison, Steven C Brooks. 2008. Mechanical chest compressions versus manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest. .
CrossRef144
Katsutoshi Tanno, Yasushi Itoh, Yoshihiro Takeyama, Satoshi Nara, Kazuhisa Mori, Yasufumi Asai. (2008) Utstein style study of cardiopulmonary bypass after cardiac arrest. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 26:6, 649-654
CrossRef145
Wilhelm Behringer. (2008) Prevention and therapy of postresuscitation neurologic dysfunction. Current Opinion in Critical Care 14:3, 305-310
CrossRef146
Jerry P Nolan, Jasmeet Soar. (2008) Airway techniques and ventilation strategies. Current Opinion in Critical Care 14:3, 279-286
CrossRef147
J. Hope Kilgannon, Brian W. Roberts, Mary Stauss, Mary Jo Cimino, Lynn Ferchau, Michael E. Chansky, R. Phillip Dellinger, Joseph E. Parrillo, Stephen Trzeciak. (2008) Use of a Standardized Order Set for Achieving Target Temperature in the Implementation of Therapeutic Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest: A Feasibility Study. Academic Emergency Medicine 15:6, 499-505
CrossRef148
Jennifer J. Majersik, Robert Silbergleit, William J. Meurer, Devin L. Brown, Lynda D. Lisabeth, Lewis B. Morgenstern. (2008) Public health impact of full implementation of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 77:2, 189-194
CrossRef149
Jerry P Nolan. (2008) Basic life support. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 21:2, 194-199
CrossRef150
Alan E. Jones, Nathan I. Shapiro, J. Hope Kilgannon, Stephen Trzeciak. (2008) Goal-directed hemodynamic optimization in the post-cardiac arrest syndrome: A systematic review. Resuscitation 77:1, 26-29
CrossRef151
Michael Fries, Kay Nolte, Füsun Demir, Kai Kottmann, Anne Timper, Mark Coburn, Joachim Weis, Rolf Rossaint. (2008) Neurocognitive performance after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Critical Care Medicine 36:3, 842-847
CrossRef152
Sarah E. Haskell, Melanie A. Kenney, Sonali Patel, Teri L. Sanddal, Katrina L. Altenhofen, Nels D. Sanddal, Dianne L. Atkins. (2008) Awareness of guidelines for use of automated external defibrillators in children within emergency medical services. Resuscitation 76:3, 354-359
CrossRef153
Timothy J. Mader. (2008) Prolonged cardiac arrest: A revised model of porcine ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 76:3, 481-484
CrossRef154
Jonas A. Cooper, Joshua M. Cooper. (2008) New strategies for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 10:1, 49-58
CrossRef155
Tommaso Sanna, Giuseppe La Torre, Chiara de Waure, Andrea Scapigliati, Walter Ricciardi, Antonio Dello Russo, Gemma Pelargonio, Michela Casella, Fulvio Bellocci. (2008) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation alone vs. cardiopulmonary resuscitation plus automated external defibrillator use by non-healthcare professionals: A meta-analysis on 1583 cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 76:2, 226-232
CrossRef156
Taneli Väyrynen, Markku Kuisma, Teuvo Määttä, James Boyd. (2008) Who survives from out-of-hospital pulseless electrical activity?. Resuscitation 76:2, 207-213
CrossRef157
Jerry Nolan. (2008) Strategies to prevent unrecognised oesophageal intubation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 76:1, 1-2
CrossRef158
Elizabeth O'Brien, David Hendricks, David C. Cone. (2008) Field Termination of Resuscitation: Analysis of a Newly Implemented Protocol. Prehospital Emergency Care 12:1, 57-61
CrossRef159
T. VÄYRYNEN, M. KUISMA, T. MÄÄTTÄ, J. BOYD. (2008) Medical futility in asystolic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 52:1, 81-87
CrossRef160
Walid Ahmar, Peter Morley, Silvana Marasco, William Chan, Anuradha Aggarwal. (2007) Sternal fracture and osteomyelitis: An unusual complication of a precordial thump. Resuscitation 75:3, 540-542
CrossRef161
C. Axelsson, Å.B. Axelsson, L. Svensson, J. Herlitz. (2007) Characteristics and outcome among patients suffering from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with the emphasis on availability for intervention trials. Resuscitation 75:3, 460-468
CrossRef162
Masha Fridman, Vanessa Barnes, Andrew Whyman, Alex Currell, Stephen Bernard, Tony Walker, Karen L. Smith. (2007) A model of survival following pre-hospital cardiac arrest based on the Victorian Ambulance Cardiac Arrest Register. Resuscitation 75:2, 311-322
CrossRef163
MICHAEL A. DeVITA, NICHOLAS G. BIRCHER. (2007) Is cardiopulmonary resuscitation meaningless ritual or meaningful therapy? The impact of uncertainty. Critical Quarterly 49:3, 4-12
CrossRef164
Bernard A. Foëx, Anthony H. Gleeson, Fiona E. Lecky. (2007) To resuscitate? Or not to resuscitate? That is the question*. Critical Care Medicine 35:10, 2432-2433
CrossRef165
Christian Vaillancourt, Aikta Verma, John Trickett, Denis Crete, Tammy Beaudoin, Lisa Nesbitt, George A. Wells, Ian G. Stiell. (2007) Evaluating the Effectiveness of Dispatch-assisted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Instructions. Academic Emergency Medicine 14:10, 877-883
CrossRef166
K. Crewdson, D. Lockey, G. Davies. (2007) Outcome from paediatric cardiac arrest associated with trauma. Resuscitation 75:1, 29-34
CrossRef167
Matthew Huei-Ming Ma, Wen-Chu Chiang, Patrick Chow-In Ko, Jimmy Ching-Chih Huang, Chi-Hao Lin, Hui-Chi Wang, Wei-Tien Chang, Chien-Hwa Hwang, Yao-Cheng Wang, Guan-Hwa Hsiung, Bin-Chou Lee, Shyr-Chyr Chen, Wen-Jone Chen, Fang-Yue Lin. (2007) Outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Metropolitan Taipei: Does an advanced life support service make a difference?. Resuscitation 74:3, 461-469
CrossRef168
Melinda M. Hayes, Gordon A. Ewy, Nathan D. Anavy, Ronald W. Hilwig, Arthur B. Sanders, Robert A. Berg, Charles W. Otto, Karl B. Kern. (2007) Continuous passive oxygen insufflation results in a similar outcome to positive pressure ventilation in a swine model of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 74:2, 357-365
CrossRef169
Markus Brucke, Matthias Helm, Andreas Schwartz, Lorenz Lampl. (2007) Two rescuer resuscitation—Mission impossible?. Resuscitation 74:2, 317-324
CrossRef170
Laurie J. Morrison, P. Richard Verbeek, Marian J. Vermeulen, Alex Kiss, Katherine S. Allan, Lisa Nesbitt, Ian Stiell. (2007) Derivation and evaluation of a termination of resuscitation clinical prediction rule for advanced life support providers. Resuscitation 74:2, 266-275
CrossRef171
Joshua C. Reynolds, Jon C. Rittenberger, James J. Menegazzi. (2007) Drug administration in animal studies of cardiac arrest does not reflect human clinical experience. Resuscitation 74:1, 13-26
CrossRef172
Daniel P. Davis, Roger Fisher, Steven Aguilar, Marcelyn Metz, Ginger Ochs, Lana McCallum-Brown, Prasanthi Ramanujam, Colleen Buono, Gary M. Vilke, Theodore C. Chan, James V. Dunford. (2007) The feasibility of a regional cardiac arrest receiving system. Resuscitation 74:1, 44-51
CrossRef173
Jim Christenson, Sarah Nafziger, Scott Compton, Kris Vijayaraghavan, Brian Slater, Robert Ledingham, Judy Powell, Mary Ann McBurnie. (2007) The effect of time on CPR and automated external defibrillator skills in the Public Access Defibrillation Trial. Resuscitation 74:1, 52-62
CrossRef174
Michael J Kellum. (2007) Compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation for bystanders and first responders. Current Opinion in Critical Care 13:3, 268-272
CrossRef175
Stiell, Ian G., Spaite, Daniel W., Field, Brian, Nesbitt, Lisa P., Munkley, Doug, Maloney, Justin, Dreyer, Jon, Toohey, Lorraine Luinstra, Campeau, Tony, Dagnone, Eugene, Lyver, Marion, Wells, George A., . (2007) Advanced Life Support for Out-of-Hospital Respiratory Distress. New England Journal of Medicine 356:21, 2156-2164
Full Text176
Heidi L. Estner, Christian Günzel, Gjin Ndrepepa, Frederic William, Dirk Blaumeiser, Bernd Rupprecht, Gabriele Hessling, Isabel Deisenhofer, Michael A. Weber, Karl Wilhelm, Claus Schmitt, Albert Schömig. (2007) Outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a physician-staffed emergency medical system according to the Utstein style. American Heart Journal 153:5, 792-799
CrossRef177
Bruno Mégarbane, Pascal Leprince, Nicolas Deye, Dabor Résière, Gilles Guerrier, Samia Rettab, Jonathan Théodore, Souheil Karyo, Iradj Gandjbakhch, Frédéric J. Baud. (2007) Emergency feasibility in medical intensive care unit of extracorporeal life support for refractory cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Medicine 33:5, 758-764
CrossRef178
(2007) In reply. Academic Emergency Medicine 14:4, 383-384
CrossRef179
Jon C. Rittenberger, James J. Menegazzi, Clifton W. Callaway. (2007) Association of delay to first intervention with return of spontaneous circulation in a swine model of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 73:1, 154-160
CrossRef180
(2007) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders with chest compression only (SOS-KANTO): an observational study. The Lancet 369:9565, 920-926
CrossRef181
Manish N. Shah, Rollin J. Fairbanks, E. Brooke Lerner. (2007) Cardiac Arrests in Skilled Nursing Facilities: Continuing Room for Improvement?. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 8:3, e27-e31
CrossRef182
M. Niskanen, M. Reinikainen, J. Kurola. (2007) Outcome from intensive care after cardiac arrest: comparison between two patient samples treated in 1986?87 and 1999?2001 in Finnish ICUs. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 51:2, 151-157
CrossRef183
Daniel P. Davis, Lisa A. Garberson, Douglas L. Andrusiek, David Hostler, Mohamud Daya, Ronald Pirrallo, Alan Craig, Shannon Stephens, Jonathan Larsen, Alexander F. Drum, Raymond Fowler. (2007) A Descriptive Analysis of Emergency Medical Service Systems Participating in the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Network. Prehospital Emergency Care 11:4, 369-382
CrossRef184
J. Jaime Caro, Alexandra Ward, H. Baris Deniz, Judith A. O'Brien, Jenifer L. Ehreth. (2007) Cost-Benefit Analysis of Preventing Sudden Cardiac Deaths with an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator versus Amiodarone. Value in Health 10:1, 13-22
CrossRef185
Rishi Sukhija, Vimal Mehta, Marino Leonardi, Jawahar L. Mehta. (2007) Implantable cardioverter defibrillators for prevention of sudden cardiac Death. Clinical Cardiology 30:1, 3-8
CrossRef186
Robert B. Dunne, Scott Compton, R.J. Zalenski, Robert Swor, Robert Welch, Brooks F. Bock. (2007) Outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Detroit. Resuscitation 72:1, 59-65
CrossRef187
Marcus E.H. Ong, Martin H. Osmond, Rick Gerein, Lisa Nesbitt, My-Linh Tran, Ian Stiell. (2007) Comparing pre-hospital clinical diagnosis of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with etiology by coroner's diagnosis. Resuscitation 72:1, 26-34
CrossRef188
(2006) Termination of Resuscitation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. New England Journal of Medicine 355:21, 2257-2260
Full Text189
Tsung-Chien Lu, Ying-Ta Chen, Patrick Chow-In Ko, Chih-Hao Lin, Fuh-Yuan Shih, Zui-Shen Yen, Matthew Huei-Ming Ma, Shyr-Chyr Chen, Wen-Jone Chen, Fang-Yue Lin. (2006) The demand for prehospital advanced life support and the appropriateness of dispatch in Taipei. Resuscitation 71:2, 171-179
CrossRef190
C CLARE. (2006) Do public access defibrillation (PAD) programmes lead to an increase of patients surviving to discharge from hospital following out of hospital cardiac arrest?—a literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies 43:8, 1057-1062
CrossRef191
Gerald Gartlehner, Richard A. Hansen, Daniel Nissman, Kathleen N. Lohr, Timothy S. Carey. (2006) A simple and valid tool distinguished efficacy from effectiveness studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 59:10, 1040-1048
CrossRef192
Idit Matot, Amir Shleifer, Moshe Hersch, Chaim Lotan, Carolyn F. Weiniger, Yael Dror, Sharon Einav. (2006) In-hospital cardiac arrest: Is outcome related to the time of arrest?. Resuscitation 71:1, 56-64
CrossRef193
Joseph W. Heidenreich, Robert A. Berg, Travis A. Higdon, Gordon A. Ewy, Karl B. Kern, Arthur B. Sanders. (2006) Rescuer Fatigue: Standard versus Continuous Chest-Compression Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Academic Emergency Medicine 13:10, 1020-1026
CrossRef194
Ermengol Vallès, Vicens Martí, Mariana Noguero, Josep Guindo, José M. Domínguez de Rozas. (2006) Pronóstico de los pacientes ingresados en una unidad coronaria después de la recuperación de una muerte súbita de causa cardíaca fuera del hospital. Medicina Clínica 127:8, 281-285
CrossRef195
V. Wenzel, S. Russo, H. R. Arntz, J. Bahr, M. A. Baubin, B. W. Böttiger, B. Dirks, V. Dörges, C. Eich, M. Fischer, B. Wolcke, S. Schwab, W. G. Voelckel, H. W. Gervais. (2006) Die neuen Reanimationsleitlinien 2005 des European Resuscitation Council. Der Anaesthesist 55:9, 958-979
CrossRef196
(2006) Adult advanced life support: Australian Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2006. Emergency Medicine Australasia 18:4, 337-356
CrossRef197
Jon C. Rittenberger, James E. Bost, James J. Menegazzi. (2006) Time to give the first medication during resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 70:2, 201-206
CrossRef198
Giuseppe Citerio, Ilaria Buquicchio, Gian Piera Rossi, Mario Landriscina, Maurizio Raimondi, Lorenzo Petrovich, Antonio Pesenti. (2006) Prospective performance evaluation of emergency medical services for cardiac arrest in Lombardia: is something moving forward?. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 13:4, 192-196
CrossRef199
Manish N. Shah, Rollin J. Fairbanks, E. Brooke Lerner. (2006) Cardiac Arrests in Skilled Nursing Facilities: Continuing Room for Improvement?. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 7:6, 350-354
CrossRef200
William P. Bozeman, Douglas M. Kleiner, Kevin L. Ferguson. (2006) Empiric tenecteplase is associated with increased return of spontaneous circulation and short term survival in cardiac arrest patients unresponsive to standard interventions. Resuscitation 69:3, 399-406
CrossRef201
Richard Bradley Gerein, Martin H. Osmond, Ian G. Stiell, Lisa P. Nesbitt, Starla Burns. (2006) What Are the Etiology and Epidemiology of Out-of-hospital Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Ontario, Canada?. Academic Emergency Medicine 13:6, 653-658
CrossRef202
Catherine Bertrand, François Hemery, Pierre Carli, Patrick Goldstein, Catherine Espesson, Michel Rüttimann, Jean Michel Macher, Brigitte Raffy, Patrick Fuster, François Dolveck, Alain Rozenberg, Eric Lecarpentier, Philippe Duvaldestin, Jean-Marie Saissy, Georges Boussignac, Laurent Brochard, . (2006) Constant flow insufflation of oxygen as the sole mode of ventilation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Medicine 32:6, 843-851
CrossRef203
Sharon Einav, Amir Shleifer, Jeremy D. Kark, Giora Landesberg, Idit Matot. (2006) Performance of department staff in the window between discovery of collapse to cardiac arrest team arrival. Resuscitation 69:2, 213-220
CrossRef204
Roman Fleischhackl, Gerry Foitik, Gerald Czech, Bernhard Roessler, Martina Mittlboeck, Hans Domanovits, Klaus Hoerauf. (2006) Reaching the public via a multi media campaign as a first step to nationwide public access defibrillation. Resuscitation 69:2, 269-275
CrossRef205
William J. Groh. (2006) Lessons From a Population. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 47:6, 1167-1168
CrossRef206
Marcus E.H. Ong, Ian Stiell, Martin H. Osmond, Lisa Nesbitt, Rick Gerein, Starla Campbell, Barry McLellan. (2006) Etiology of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by coroner's diagnosis. Resuscitation 68:3, 335-342
CrossRef207
H.-J. Trappe, D. Andresen, H.-R. Arntz, H.-J. Becker, K. Werdan. (2006) Positionspapier zur „Automatisierten Externen Defibrillation“. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 43:1, 55-63
CrossRef208
J. P. Nolan, C. D. Deakin, J. Soar, B. W. Böttiger, G. Smith, M. Baubin, B. Dirks, V. Wenzel. (2006) Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene (ALS). Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 9:1, 38-80
CrossRef209
H. Lienhart, M. Knauer, D. Bach, V. Wenzel. (2006) Erfolgreiche Reanimation nach Frühdefibrillation durch Pistendienst. Der Anaesthesist 55:1, 41-44
CrossRef210
Hideyuki Muraoka, Yasuo Ohishi, Hiroshi Hazui, Nobuyuki Negoro, Motonobu Murai, Makiko Kawakami, Isao Nishihara, Hitoshi Fukumoto, Hiroshi Morita, Toshiaki Hanafusa. (2006) Location of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests in Takatsuki City. Circulation Journal 70:7, 827-831
CrossRef211
Roman Fleischhackl, Florian Singer, Wolfgang Nitsche, Guenther Gamperl, Bernhard Roessler, Jasmin Arrich, Sabine Fleischhackl, Heidrun Losert, Fritz Sterz, Martina Mittlboeck, Klaus Hoerauf. (2006) Influence of Electromagnetic Fields on Function of Automated External Defibrillators. Academic Emergency Medicine 13:1, 1-6
CrossRef212
Justin Kahalé, Martin H. Osmond, Lisa Nesbitt, Ian G. Stiell. (2006) What Are the Characteristics andOutcomes of Nontransported Pediatric Patients?. Prehospital Emergency Care 10:1, 28-34
CrossRef213
(2006) Abstracts. International Journal of Disaster Medicine 4:1-2, 59-90
CrossRef214
S WERNER. (2006) Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac ArrestStiell IG, for the Ontario Prehospital Advanced Life Support Study Group (Univ of Ottawa, Canada; et al) N Engl J Med 351:647–656, 2004§. Yearbook of Emergency Medicine 2006, 45-47
CrossRef215
Jerry P. Nolan, Charles D. Deakin, Jasmeet Soar, Bernd W. Böttiger, Gary Smith. (2005) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2005. Resuscitation 67, S39-S86
CrossRef216
Jes??s L??pez-Herce, Cristina Garc??a, Pedro Dom??nguez, Antonio Rodr??guez-N????ez, Angel Carrillo, Custodio Calvo, Miguel Angel Delgado. (2005) Outcome of Out-of-Hospital Cardiorespiratory Arrest in Children. Pediatric Emergency Care 21:12, 807-815
CrossRef217
Philip J. Podrid, Robert J. Myerburg. (2005) Epidemiology and stratification of risk for sudden cardiac death. Clinical Cardiology 28:S1, 3-11
CrossRef218
Julia M. Spence, Vincenza Notarangelo, Jamie Frank, Jennifer Long, Laurie J. Morrison. (2005) Responses to Written Notification during Out-of-hospital Care Trials Using Waiver of Informed Consent. Academic Emergency Medicine 12:11, 1099-1103
CrossRef219
(2005) Part 4: Advanced life support. Resuscitation 67:2-3, 213-247
CrossRef220
William O. Roberts, Barry J. Maron. (2005) Evidence for Decreasing Occurrence of Sudden Cardiac Death Associated With the Marathon. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 46:7, 1373-1374
CrossRef221
Jing-quan Zhong, Paul Dorian. (2005) Epinephrine and vasopressin during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 66:3, 263-269
CrossRef222
U. Tebbe. (2005) Reanimationsregister der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitender kardiologischer Krankenhausärzte. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 8:5, 306-314
CrossRef223
Peter T. Pons, Jason S. Haukoos, Whitney Bludworth, Thomas Cribley, Kathryn A. Pons, Vincent J. Markovchick. (2005) Paramedic Response Time: Does It Affect Patient Survival?. Academic Emergency Medicine 12:7, 594-600
CrossRef224
H.-J. Trappe. (2005) Frühdefibrillation in USA, Europa und Deutschland. Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie 16:2, 94-102
CrossRef225
H.-J. Trappe, D. Andresen, H.-R. Arntz, H.-J. Becker, K. Werdan. (2005) Positionspapier zur „Automatisierten Externen Defibrillation“. Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie 16:2, 118-126
CrossRef226
G. Nichol, P. Steen, J. Herlitz, L.J. Morrison, I. Jacobs, J.P. Ornato, R. O’Connor, V. Nadkarni. (2005) International Resuscitation Network Registry: design, rationale and preliminary results. Resuscitation 65:3, 265-277
CrossRef227
Michael Fries, Wanchun Tang. (2005) How does interruption of cardiopulmonary resuscitation affect survival from cardiac arrest?. Current Opinion in Critical Care 11:3, 200-203
CrossRef228
H.-J. Trappe. (2005) Langzeitverlauf von Patienten mit Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand außerhalb eines Krankenhauses nach erfolgreicher rechtzeitiger Defibrillation. Intensivmedizin + Notfallmedizin 42:4, 311-316
CrossRef229
Stephan C. U. Marsch, Franziska Tschan, Norbert Semmer, Martin Spychiger, Marc Breuer, Patrick R. Hunziker. (2005) Performance of first responders in simulated cardiac arrests*. Critical Care Medicine 33:5, 963-967
CrossRef230
Sharon Einav, Charles Weissman, Jeremy Kark, Chaim Lotan, Idit Matot. (2005) Future shock: automatic external defibrillators. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 18:2, 175-180
CrossRef231
H.-J. Trappe, D. Andresen, H.-R. Arntz, H.-J. Becker, K. Werdan. (2005) Positionspapier zur ?Automatisierten Externen Defibrillation?. Zeitschrift f
r Kardiologie 94:4, 287-295
CrossRef232
Mary Ann Peberdy, Joseph P. Ornato. (2005) Post-resuscitation care: is it the missing link in the Chain of Survival?. Resuscitation 64:2, 135-137
CrossRef233
Robert Swor, Gail Fahoome, Scott Compton. (2005) Potential Impact of a Targeted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Program for Older Adults on Survival from Private-residence Cardiac Arrest. Academic Emergency Medicine 12:1, 7-12
CrossRef234
Martin von Planta. (2005) Scientific Basis of Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation, an Evidence-Based Review. Heart Drug 5:4, 205-213
CrossRef235
Michael R. Sayre, Lynn J. White, Lawrence H. Brown, Susan D. McHenry. (2005) The National EMS Research Strategic Plan. Prehospital Emergency Care 9:3, 255-266
CrossRef236
SOS-KANTO Committee. (2005) Incidence of Ventricular Fibrillation in Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Japan. Circulation Journal 69:10, 1157-1162
CrossRef237
Roxanne Nelson. (2005) The Public Defibrillator. AJN, American Journal of Nursing 105:1, 25-26
CrossRef238
(2004) Advanced Cardiac Life Support. New England Journal of Medicine 351:24, 2553-2554
Full Text239
Bryan Young, Andrew Krahn. (2004) Implications of defibrillation. The Lancet 364:9448, 1836-1837
CrossRef240
Callans, David J., . (2004) Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest — The Solution Is Shocking. New England Journal of Medicine 351:7, 632-634
Full Text241
MOISHE LIBERMAN, CHARLES C BRANAS, DAVID S MULDER, ANDRÉ LAVOIE, JOHN S. SAMPALIS. (2004) Advanced Versus Basic Life Support in the Pre‐Hospital Setting – The Controversy between the ‘Scoop and Run’ and the ‘Stay and Play’ Approach to the Care of the Injured Patient. International Journal of Disaster Medicine 2:1-2, 9-17
CrossRef
- Letters
