Original Article
Amiodarone as Compared with Lidocaine for Shock-Resistant Ventricular Fibrillation
N Engl J Med 2002; 346:884-890March 21, 2002
- Abstract
Background
Lidocaine has been the initial antiarrhythmic drug treatment recommended for patients with ventricular fibrillation that is resistant to conversion by defibrillator shocks. We performed a randomized trial comparing intravenous lidocaine with intravenous amiodarone as an adjunct to defibrillation in victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
Methods
Patients were enrolled if they had out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation resistant to three shocks, intravenous epinephrine, and a further shock; or if they had recurrent ventricular fibrillation after initially successful defibrillation. They were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to receive intravenous amiodarone plus lidocaine placebo or intravenous lidocaine plus amiodarone placebo. The primary end point was the proportion of patients who survived to be admitted to the hospital.
Results
In total, 347 patients (mean [±SD] age, 67±14 years) were enrolled. The mean interval between the time at which paramedics were dispatched to the scene of the cardiac arrest and the time of their arrival was 7±3 minutes, and the mean interval from dispatch to drug administration was 25±8 minutes. After treatment with amiodarone, 22.8 percent of 180 patients survived to hospital admission, as compared with 12.0 percent of 167 patients treated with lidocaine (P=0.009; odds ratio, 2.17; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.21 to 3.83). Among patients for whom the time from dispatch to the administration of the drug was equal to or less than the median time (24 minutes), 27.7 percent of those given amiodarone and 15.3 percent of those given lidocaine survived to hospital admission (P=0.05).
Conclusions
As compared with lidocaine, amiodarone leads to substantially higher rates of survival to hospital admission in patients with shock-resistant out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation.
Media in This Article
Figure 2
Rate of Survival to Hospital Admission in All Patients, According to the Length of Time from the Dispatch of the Emergency-Medical-Services Crew to the Administration of Study Drug.Figure 1
Effect of Treatment with Amiodarone or Lidocaine on the Rate of Survival to Hospital Admission in All Patients and in Selected Subgroups.Article Activity
- Article
Ventricular fibrillation is the most common cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.1 An estimated 250,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur each year in the United States; the case fatality rate remains very high, generally more than 95 percent.1
Antiarrhythmic therapy is often administered to patients with ventricular fibrillation; the “Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care” of the American Heart Association and the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation recommend antiarrhythmic drugs as “acceptable” and “probably helpful” in the treatment of ventricular fibrillation that persists after three or more external defibrillation shocks.2 Lidocaine has traditionally been used in such cases, as well as for the prevention of recurrent ventricular fibrillation.3 However, no randomized clinical trial has demonstrated the efficacy of lidocaine for these indications. The current guidelines recommend considering the use of either amiodarone or lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation.2
The Amiodarone versus Lidocaine in Prehospital Ventricular Fibrillation Evaluation (ALIVE) was a double-blind, controlled clinical trial comparing amiodarone with lidocaine in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in Toronto.
Methods
Patients
Patients were eligible if they were adults with electrocardiographically documented out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation, not due to trauma, or with other cardiac rhythms that converted to ventricular fibrillation; if the ventricular fibrillation was resistant to three shocks from an external defibrillator, at least one dose of intravenous epinephrine, and a fourth defibrillator shock; and if they continued to have ventricular fibrillation or had recurrent ventricular fibrillation after successful initial defibrillation.
Protocol
The study was conducted under the auspices of the Toronto Emergency Medical Services system, a multitiered out-of-hospital emergency-response system that follows treatment protocols in accordance with the American Heart Association guidelines for advanced cardiac life support.2 The human-subjects review committee of the University of Toronto approved the study, including its provisions for waiver of informed consent. The investigator-initiated protocol was designed, drafted, and executed, and the results were analyzed, without any contribution from the study sponsors (Wyeth–Ayerst Laboratories). The manuscript was written entirely by the study authors and was not sent to the sponsors for review. All the authors contributed to the planning and execution of the trial, as well as to the analysis of the results and the drafting of the manuscript.
Drug-administration kits were distributed to ambulances, one at a time, in balanced, randomized order in blocks of four. Each kit contained either active amiodarone (Cordarone, Wyeth–Ayerst Laboratories, Philadelphia) and lidocaine placebo or active lidocaine (supplied by Sanofi-Synthelabo, Paris) and amiodarone placebo. Amiodarone (5 mg per kilogram of estimated body weight) or its matching placebo containing the same diluent (polysorbate 80), diluted to 30 ml with 5 percent dextrose in water, and lidocaine (1.5 mg per kilogram at a concentration of 10 mg per milliliter) or its matching placebo were infused rapidly into a peripheral vein, and further defibrillator shocks were administered as necessary, along with further advanced cardiac life support.2,3
If ventricular fibrillation persisted after a further shock, a second dose of the study drug was administered (1.5 mg of lidocaine per kilogram or 2.5 mg of amiodarone per kilogram, together with placebo), and attempts at resuscitation were continued. Resuscitated patients were admitted to 1 of 17 community hospitals, without disclosure of their treatment assignment or any directives for further treatment.
Recording of Data
All data were analyzed without knowledge of the patients' treatment assignments. Data on the patient's course before hospitalization were obtained from the ambulance call report, which included documentation of the initial and all subsequent cardiac rhythms during treatment of the arrest, all drugs administered, the state of circulation (the presence or absence of a spontaneous palpable pulse), and the time, recorded in Utstein reference format. The time of dispatch was recorded as the time when the emergency-response dispatch center ordered emergency personnel to go to the scene. Data on admission to and discharge from the hospital were obtained from hospital charts.
End Points
The primary study end point was survival to admission to the hospital intensive care unit; patients who died in the emergency department were not considered to have been admitted. Secondary end points included survival to discharge from the hospital and adverse events, defined as the need to administer atropine or dopamine after administration of the study drug.
Statistical Analysis
On the basis of an estimated improvement in survival to hospital admission from 25 percent among patients receiving lidocaine to 40 percent among those receiving amiodarone, an alpha error of 0.05, and a power of 80 percent, a required sample size of 160 patients in each treatment group, or a total of 320 patients, was calculated; this figure was increased to 350 to allow for missing data. The study results were reviewed by an independent data and safety monitoring board, whose members could recommend termination of the study.
Summary statistics for continuous variables were recorded as means and standard deviations, as well as medians; comparisons between the two treatment groups were performed with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. All P values are two-tailed. Categorical data were summarized as frequencies and percentages, and comparisons between the two treatment groups were performed with the Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Multiple logistic regression with backward selection of variables and calculation of odds ratios was used to identify variables that predicted the rate of survival to hospital admission.
Results
Between November 1995 and April 2001, 347 patients (mean [±SD] age, 67±14 years) were randomly assigned to receive amiodarone (180 patients) or lidocaine (167 patients). During this period, cardiac arrests occurred at the rate of approximately 1400 per year in the metropolitan Toronto Emergency Medical Services system; 78 percent of these arrests were treated by advanced life-support crews. Approximately 26 percent of the patients treated by the crews had ventricular fibrillation.
All patients in the study had ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia at some time during treatment of the cardiac arrest. The distribution of initial rhythms and rhythm at the time of administration of the study drug, intervals to procedures, and characteristics of patients is given in Table 1Table 1
Clinical Characteristics of the Patients and Course of Resuscitation before the Administration of Amiodarone or Lidocaine.. The mean interval from the time at which paramedics were dispatched to the scene and their arrival at the patient's side was 7±3 minutes, and the mean interval from dispatch to the time of drug administration was 25±8 minutes. Except for the study drugs administered, there were no significant differences between the amiodarone and lidocaine groups in any treatment or procedure (Table 1). Eighty-seven patients in the amiodarone group and 86 patients in the lidocaine group received a second dose of the study drug.Effect of Clinical Variables on Survival
Shorter intervals from the dispatch of the crew to the administration of the study drug were associated with increased survival to hospital admission. The 50 percent of patients with such intervals at or below the median of 24 minutes had an overall survival to hospital admission of 21.4 percent, as compared with 12.7 percent for the patients with intervals above the median (P=0.04). Unadjusted analysis found no association between survival to hospital admission and whether or not the first shock was administered by a basic-life-support crew (which was not equipped for advanced cardiac life-support treatment or administration of the study drug), the interval from dispatch to the first attempt at defibrillation (for patients with ventricular fibrillation as the initial rhythm), or whether or not a bystander performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (Table 2Table 2
Odds Ratios for Survival to Hospital Admission According to Selected Factors, from the Unadjusted and Adjusted Analyses.). However, among patients whose initial rhythm was ventricular fibrillation, the interval from the first shock to the administration of the drug was a significant predictor of survival (odds ratio for survival for each minute of delay, 0.87; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.80 to 0.96; P=0.003).Patients in whom cardiac arrest was due to ventricular fibrillation were more likely to survive to hospital admission than those whose initial rhythm was asystole or pulseless electrical activity (19.6 percent vs. 8.2 percent; P<0.05; odds ratio for survival, 2.27; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.99 to 5.23). Of the 35 patients who had a transient return of spontaneous circulation before the administration of the study drug (10 percent of the entire study group), 15 (42.9 percent) survived to hospital admission, as compared with 46 of the 312 patients (14.7 percent) without transient return of spontaneous circulation (P≤0.001). The characteristics of resuscitation and treatment before and after the administration of amiodarone or lidocaine are listed in Table 3Table 3
Characteristics of Resuscitation and Treatment before and after the Administration of Amiodarone or Lidocaine..Effect of the Study Drug on Survival
Forty-one patients (22.8 percent) in the amiodarone group survived to hospital admission, as compared with 20 patients (12.0 percent) in the lidocaine group (P=0.009; unadjusted odds ratio for survival, 2.17; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.21 to 3.83) (Table 2). This change represents a relative improvement of 90 percent (Figure 1Figure 1
Effect of Treatment with Amiodarone or Lidocaine on the Rate of Survival to Hospital Admission in All Patients and in Selected Subgroups.). After adjustment for other factors that may influence the likelihood of survival, the only factors that significantly influenced the primary outcome were the study-drug assignment, the length of time to the administration of the drug (odds ratio for survival for each minute of delay, 0.88; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.83 to 0.93; P<0.001), and the presence or absence of a transient return of spontaneous circulation before the administration of the study drug (odds ratio for survival with transient return, 5.93; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.46 to 14.26; P<0.001). The adjusted odds ratio for survival to hospital admission in recipients of amiodarone as compared with recipients of lidocaine was 2.49 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.28 to 4.85; P=0.007).A minority of patients had a transient return of spontaneous circulation before the administration of the study drug: 24 patients in the amiodarone group (13.3 percent) and 11 patients in the lidocaine group (6.6 percent, P=0.04) (Table 3). Ten of the 24 amiodarone-treated patients (41.7 percent) survived to hospital admission, and 4 of these 10 (16.7 percent) survived to discharge from the hospital. Three of the 11 lidocaine-treated patients (27.3 percent) survived to admission, and none survived to discharge (P=0.48 and P=0.28, respectively). Among the patients in whom there was no transient return of spontaneous circulation, 31 of 156 treated with amiodarone (19.9 percent) survived to hospital admission, as compared with 17 of 156 treated with lidocaine (10.9 percent, P=0.04) (Figure 1).
Among patients who had ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia as their initial rhythm, 35 of 141 given amiodarone (24.8 percent) survived to hospital admission, as compared with 19 of 134 given lidocaine (14.2 percent, P=0.03). Among 69 patients with an initial rhythm other than ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, 6 of 38 given amiodarone (15.8 percent) survived to hospital admission, as compared with 1 of 31 given lidocaine (3.2 percent, P=0.08) (Figure 1).
Figure 2Figure 2
Rate of Survival to Hospital Admission in All Patients, According to the Length of Time from the Dispatch of the Emergency-Medical-Services Crew to the Administration of Study Drug. illustrates the effect of length of time between the dispatch of the crew and the administration of the study drug on the proportion of amiodarone-treated and lidocaine-treated patients who survived to hospital admission. Among both patients treated at or before the median interval (24 minutes) and those treated after the median interval, the proportion surviving until admission was significantly higher after treatment with amiodarone than after treatment with lidocaine (time effect, P<0.001; drug effect, P=0.005; interaction between time and drug, P=0.26).There were no differences between the treatment groups in the proportions of patients who needed treatment of bradycardia with atropine or pressor treatment with dopamine or in the proportions receiving open-label lidocaine (Table 3).
The proportion of patients in whom asystole occurred following defibrillation shock after administration of the initial study drug was significantly higher in the lidocaine group (41 of 142 patients, 28.9 percent) than in the amiodarone group (28 of 152, 18.4 percent; P=0.04).
Survival after Hospital Admission
Among the 41 patients who survived to hospital admission after receiving amiodarone, 9 (5 percent of the entire group) survived to hospital discharge, as compared with 5 of the 20 initial survivors in the lidocaine group (3 percent of the entire group, P=0.34). The initial rhythm was ventricular fibrillation in all the long-term survivors; among those in whom the initial rhythm was ventricular fibrillation, 9 of 140 treated with amiodarone (6.4 percent) and 5 of 132 treated with lidocaine (3.8 percent) were discharged from the hospital alive (P=0.32).
Discussion
Although antiarrhythmic drug therapy is often administered during the course of cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, there has been no agreement on the preferred drug in such situations.1 According to the “Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care,” amiodarone and lidocaine should be considered for patients with persistent or recurrent ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia after three unsuccessful defibrillator shocks, administration of epinephrine or vasopressin, and one or more subsequent attempts at defibrillation.2 The evidence in favor of amiodarone is classified as 2b (i.e., its use is based on “fair to good evidence,” and it is “acceptable, safe, and useful”) and the evidence in favor of lidocaine as “indeterminate” (i.e., it is “recommended for use, but where the research quantity/quality falls short of supporting a final class decision”).
Lidocaine has traditionally been the antiarrhythmic drug of choice for the treatment of shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation, as well as for the prevention of recurrence of ventricular fibrillation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.1,2,4 Despite its long history of use, ease and simplicity of administration, and well-understood pharmacologic and adverse-effect profiles, there is no evidence from randomized, clinical trials in the out-of-hospital setting that lidocaine is superior to other drugs or to placebo in terms of any end point related to out-of-hospital resuscitation, including the rates of survival to hospital admission and survival to hospital discharge.2 In small randomized trials comparing lidocaine with bretylium, there were no significant differences between the treatment groups in the proportion surviving until admission to the hospital.5,6 A small randomized comparison of amiodarone with lidocaine (involving 20 patients) found that more patients treated with amiodarone were successfully resuscitated.7 A randomized study comparing lidocaine with epinephrine found that more patients treated with lidocaine had asystole and that there was no difference between the groups in the proportion with return of spontaneous circulation.8 In a retrospective study of in-hospital cardiac arrest, there were more deaths among patients given lidocaine than among patients not given lidocaine,9 and in an animal model of cardiac arrest, amiodarone was associated with significantly better resuscitation rates than lidocaine.10 In animal models of myocardial ischemia, lidocaine, like other sodium-channel blockers, may be proarrhythmic.11 However, lidocaine continues to be used in many emergency-medical-services systems as an adjunctive treatment for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation and for the prevention of recurrent ventricular fibrillation after successful defibrillation.12
Intravenous amiodarone has been used in the treatment of frequent recurrences of destabilizing ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation in the hospital.13-15 Intravenous amiodarone appears effective in the prevention of recurrent ventricular fibrillation and unstable ventricular tachycardia that is resistant to lidocaine and procainamide.13,14 The Amiodarone in Out-of-Hospital Resuscitation of Refractory Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia (ARREST) study compared amiodarone with placebo in a blinded, randomized trial in patients with shock-refractory out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia; 44 percent of amiodarone-treated patients and 34 percent of placebo-treated patients survived to hospital admission (P=0.03).16 This was the first large, randomized study to show a benefit of any antiarrhythmic drug over placebo in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
Uncertainties remain about the use of amiodarone outside the hospital. Intravenous amiodarone has adverse effects, including a tendency to cause hypotension and bradycardia; it also has complex electrophysiological properties, including adrenergic blockade, calcium-channel blockade, sodium-channel blockade, and at least some degree of prolongation of the action potential.13 In its current formulation, amiodarone is not available in prefilled syringes and must be drawn up into a syringe for dilution and administration — a potentially time-consuming process, since the drug readily foams when the solution is agitated. The complexity of administration of amiodarone in its current formulation and its cost have been considered limitations to its out-of-hospital use.
Despite these potential limitations, amiodarone led to a statistically significant and relatively large improvement in the proportion of patients who survived to hospital admission in our study. Moreover, amiodarone led to a significant improvement in survival to admission in all patient subgroups — a finding consistent with the results in the whole study. The study did not have adequate statistical power, and was not expected, to show a significant improvement in survival to hospital discharge, and none was seen.
One cannot conclude from this study that intravenous amiodarone will necessarily increase the proportion of patients surviving to hospital discharge if it is administered to patients with shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation in the community. However, our findings are consistent with those of the ARREST trial in strongly suggesting that amiodarone has clinical effectiveness in the initial stages of resuscitation, and they indicate that amiodarone is superior to lidocaine for shock-resistant out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Our findings also suggest that the earlier amiodarone can be administered in the course of a complicated cardiac arrest, the greater is the likelihood of at least short-term benefit. On the basis of these results and the accumulated evidence from previous clinical trials, there appears to be no indication for the administration of lidocaine to patients with shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation in the out-of-hospital setting. We believe that if an antiarrhythmic drug is to be considered in this situation, intravenous amiodarone should be the drug of choice. The potential use of amiodarone earlier in the course of resuscitation from life-threatening out-of-hospital arrhythmias and its potential effect on survival to discharge from the hospital await clarification in future clinical trials.
Supported by an unrestricted research grant from Wyeth–Ayerst Laboratories.
Drs. Dorian and Cass have given lectures and participated in educational programs sponsored by Wyeth–Ayerst Laboratories.
We are indebted to Kim Dawdy, Marta Boszko, and James Noble for their assistance and to Graham Munro and Andy McCabe, paramedic representatives on the study steering committee, and all the paramedics of the Toronto Emergency Medical Services System, without whose efforts this study would not have been possible; to Stuart Connolly, M.D., and Robin Roberts, M.Tech., who were members of the Data and Safety Monitoring Board; and to Dr. Chris Rubes (deceased), former medical director, Sunnybrook Base Hospital Program, for his support and efforts during the planning and initiation of the trial.
Source Information
From the Departments of Medicine and Emergency Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital (P.D., D.C., R.G., A.B.); the Division of Prehospital Care, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre (B.S.); and the Department of Anesthesia, University Health Network (R.C.) — all in Toronto.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Dorian at St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond St., Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada, or at dorianp@smh.toronto.on.ca.
- References
References
1
Eisenberg MS ,Mengert TJ . Cardiac resuscitation. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1304-1313
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline2
Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: an international consensus on science 3
Emergency Cardiac Care Committee and Subcommittees, American Heart Association
CrossRef4
Dorian P ,Fain ES ,Davy JM ,Winkle RA . Lidocaine causes a reversible, concentration-dependent increase in defibrillation energy requirements. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8:327-332
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Haynes RE ,Chinn TL ,Copass MK ,Cobb LA . Comparison of bretylium tosylate and lidocaine in management of out of hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Cardiol 1981;48:353-356
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Olson DW ,Thompson BM ,Darin JC ,Milbrath MH . A randomized comparison study of bretylium tosylate and lidocaine in resuscitation of patients from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in a paramedic system. Ann Emerg Med 1984;13:807-810
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline7
Kentsch M ,Berkel H ,Bleifeld W . Intravenose amiodarone-applikation bei therapierefraktarem kammerflimmern. Intensivmedizin 1988;25:70-748
Weaver WD ,Fahrenbruch CE ,Johnson DD ,Hallstrom AP ,Cobb LA ,Copass MK . Effects of epinephrine and lidocaine therapy on outcome after cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 1990;82:2027-2034
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
van Walraven C, Stiell IG, Wells GA, Hebert PC, Vandemheen K, OTAC Study Group
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Anastasiou-Nana MI ,Nanas JN ,Nanas SN , et al. Effects of amiodarone on refractory ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: experimental study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:253-258
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Aupetit JF ,Timour Q ,Loufoua-Moundanga J , et al. Profibrillatory effects of lidocaine in the acutely ischemic porcine heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995;25:810-816
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Dorian P ,Philippon F . The management of acute ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Can J Cardiol 2000;16:Suppl C:16C-19C
Web of Science | Medline13
Kowey PR ,Levine JH ,Herre JM , et al. Randomized, double-blind comparison of intravenous amiodarone and bretylium in the treatment of patients with recurrent, hemodynamically destabilizing ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Circulation 1995;92:3255-3263
Web of Science | Medline14
Levine JH ,Massumi A ,Scheinman MM , et al. Intravenous amiodarone for recurrent sustained hypotensive ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:67-75
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Scheinman MM ,Levine JH ,Cannom DS , et al. Dose-ranging study of intravenous amiodarone in patients with life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Circulation 1995;92:3264-3272
Web of Science | Medline16
Kudenchuk PJ ,Cobb LA ,Copass MK , et al. Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1999;341:871-878
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (172)
Citing Articles
1
Alessandro Marinelli, Alessandro Capucci. (2012) Amiodarone ( Nexterone ) injection for the treatment and prophylaxis of frequently recurring ventricular fibrillation. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy1-12
CrossRef2
George E. Billman, Heinz Gögelein, Hartmut Ruetten, Klaus J. Wirth. (2012) Effects of a novel amiodarone-like compound SAR114646A on the pig atrium and susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation in dogs and pigs. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology
CrossRef3
Andry Papastylianou, S. Mentzelopoulos. (2012) Current Pharmacological Advances in the Treatment of Cardiac Arrest. Emergency Medicine International 2012, 1-9
CrossRef4
Girish M. Nair, Jeffrey S. Healey, Syamkumar M. Divakaramenon, Stuart J. Connolly, Carlos A. Morillo. (2011) Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy for New-Onset Ventricular Arrhythmia (VT/VF) in ICD Patients. Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics 3:4, 651-661
CrossRef5
Liqun Wu, Qi Jin, Ning Zhang, Yang Pang, Shujing Ren, Jian Zhou, Changjian Lin, Tianyou Ling, Gang Gu, Weifeng Shen, Jian Huang, Congxin Huang. (2011) The Effects of Acute Amiodarone on Short- and Long-duration Ventricular Defibrillation Threshold in Canines. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 58:4, 432-438
CrossRef6
Kelly Williamson, Meghan Breed, Kostas Alibertis, William Brady. (2011) The Impact of the Code Drugs: Cardioactive Medications in Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
CrossRef7
H.-J. Trappe. (2011) Rhythmusstörungen bei Schwangeren. Der Kardiologe
CrossRef8
Atul Jindal, M. Jayashree, Sunit C. Singhi. (2011) Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Stabilization. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 78:9, 1109-1117
CrossRef9
Anna Mizzi, Thanh Tran, Devanand Mangar, Enrico M. Camporesi. (2011) Amiodarone Supplants Lidocaine in ACLS and CPR Protocols. Anesthesiology Clinics 29:3, 535-545
CrossRef10
Heinz Goegelein, Patrick Gautier, Alain Roccon, Stephen O’Connor, Hartmut Ruetten. (2011) Effects of the novel amiodarone-like compound SAR114646A on cardiac ion channels and ventricular arrhythmias in rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 384:3, 231-244
CrossRef11
J.L. Pérez-Vela, J.B. López-Messa, H. Martín-Hernández, P. Herrero-Ansola. (2011) Novedades en soporte vital avanzado. Medicina Intensiva 35:6, 373-387
CrossRef12
J.L. Pérez-Vela, J.B. López-Messa, H. Martín-Hernández, P. Herrero-Ansola. (2011) Novelties in advanced life support. Medicina Intensiva (English Edition) 35:6, 373-387
CrossRef13
Ankur A. Doshi, Clifton W. Callaway. 2011. The Post-Cardiac Arrest Patient. , 5-25.
CrossRef14
Luis Alberto Pallás Beneyto, Olga Rodríguez Luis, Vicente Miguel Bayarri. (2011) Reanimación cardiocerebral intrahospitalaria. Medicina Clínica
CrossRef15
Marcus Eng Hock Ong, Tommaso Pellis, Mark S. Link. (2011) The use of antiarrhythmic drugs for adult cardiac arrest: A systematic review. Resuscitation 82:6, 665-670
CrossRef16
Tanner Boyd, William Brady. (2011) The “Code Drugs in Cardiac Arrest”—the use of cardioactive medications in cardiac arrest resuscitation. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
CrossRef17
(2011) Medications in Adult Cardiac Arrest. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010. Emergency Medicine Australasia 23:3, 282-285
CrossRef18
Endre Zima. (2011) Intensive management of electrical storm and incessant ventricular arrhythmias. Interventional Medicine and Applied Science 3:2, 47-54
CrossRef19
Demetris Yannopoulos, Kostantinos Kotsifas, Keith G. Lurie. (2011) Advances in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Heart Failure Clinics 7:2, 251-268
CrossRef20
Manabu Akahane, Toshio Ogawa, Soichi Koike, Seizan Tanabe, Hiromasa Horiguchi, Tatsuhiro Mizoguchi, Hideo Yasunaga, Tomoaki Imamura. (2011) The Effects of Sex on Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes. The American Journal of Medicine 124:4, 325-333
CrossRef21
H.-J. Trappe. (2011) Lebensbedrohliche Herzrhythmusstörungen in der Klinik. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 14:2, 109-116
CrossRef22
Jason S. Haukoos. 2011. Management of cardiac arrest and principles of resuscitation. , 11-17.
CrossRef23
Jonathan P. Piccini, Phillip J. Schulte, Karen S. Pieper, Rajendra H. Mehta, Harvey D. White, Frans Van de Werf, Diego Ardissino, Robert M. Califf, Christopher B. Granger, E. Magnus Ohman, John H. Alexander. (2011) Antiarrhythmic drug therapy for sustained ventricular arrhythmias complicating acute myocardial infarction*. Critical Care Medicine 39:1, 78-83
CrossRef24
Johann Auer, Gudrun Lamm. (2011) Drug therapy for sustained ventricular arrhythmias complicating acute myocardial infarction: What does the crystal ball tell you?*. Critical Care Medicine 39:1, 204-205
CrossRef25
Jamie McElrath Schwartz, Eugenie S. Heitmiller, Elizabeth A. Hunt, Donald H. Shaffner. 2011. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. , 1200-1249.
CrossRef26
Jing-sha Li, Jing-quan Zhong, Qi-xian Zeng, Hong-zhen Liu, Guo-ying Su, Yun Zhang. (2011) Effect of ZP123, a Gap Junction Modifier, on Prolonged Ventricular Fibrillation in Swine. Cardiology 118:3, 147-152
CrossRef27
Adnan M. Bakar, Kenneth E. Remy, Charles L. Schleien. 2011. Physiologic Foundations of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. , 449-473.
CrossRef28
Robert M. Sutton, Robert A. Berg, Vinay Nadkarni. 2011. Performance of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Infants and Children. , 474-482.
CrossRef29
Tsuyoshi Shiga. (2011) Japanese Journal of Electrocardiology 31:4, 365-375
CrossRef30
V. Wenzel, S.G. Russo, H.R. Arntz, J. Bahr, M.A. Baubin, B.W. Böttiger, B. Dirks, U. Kreimeier, M. Fries, C. Eich. (2010) Kommentar zu den Leitlinien 2010 zur kardiopulmonalen Reanimation des European Resuscitation Council. Der Anaesthesist 59:12, 1105-1123
CrossRef31
C. Sohns, M. Zabel. (2010) Aktueller Stellenwert von Amiodaron in der antiarrhythmischen Therapie. Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie 21:4, 239-243
CrossRef32
D. Biarent, R. Bingham, C. Eich, J. López-Herce, I. Maconochie, A. Rodrίguez-Núñez, T. Rajka, D. Zideman. (2010) Lebensrettende Maßnahmen bei Kindern („paediatric life support“). Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 13:7, 635-664
CrossRef33
C.D. Deakin, J.P. Nolan, J. Soar, K. Sunde, R.W. Koster, G.B. Smith, G.D. Perkins. (2010) Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene („advanced life support“). Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 13:7, 559-620
CrossRef34
Stuart Nairn, Stephen Timmons. (2010) Scientific uncertainty and the creation of resuscitation guidelines. Social Theory & Health 8:4, 289-308
CrossRef35
Allan R. de Caen, Monica E. Kleinman, Leon Chameides, Dianne L. Atkins, Robert A. Berg, Marc D. Berg, Farhan Bhanji, Dominique Biarent, Robert Bingham, Ashraf H. Coovadia, Mary Fran Hazinski, Robert W. Hickey, Vinay M. Nadkarni, Amelia G. Reis, Antonio Rodriguez-Nunez, James Tibballs, Arno L. Zaritsky, David Zideman. (2010) Part 10: Paediatric basic and advanced life support. Resuscitation 81:1, e213-e259
CrossRef36
Jerry P. Nolan, Jasmeet Soar, David A. Zideman, Dominique Biarent, Leo L. Bossaert, Charles Deakin, Rudolph W. Koster, Jonathan Wyllie, Bernd Böttiger. (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 1. Executive summary. Resuscitation 81:10, 1219-1276
CrossRef37
Tadeusz F. Krzemiński, Katarzyna Mitręga, Michał Żorniak, Maurycy Porc. (2010) Differential effects of four xylidine derivatives in the model of ischemia- and re-perfusion-induced arrhythmias in rats in vivo. European Journal of Pharmacology 644:1-3, 120-127
CrossRef38
Yoshihisa Morita, Ju Mizuno, Tatsuya Yoshimura, Shigeho Morita. (2010) Efficacy of amiodarone on refractory ventricular fibrillation resistant to lidocaine and cardioversion during weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass in aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis with left ventricular hypertrophy. Journal of Anesthesia 24:5, 761-764
CrossRef39
Charles D. Deakin, Laurie J. Morrison, Peter T. Morley, Clifton W. Callaway, Richard E. Kerber, Steven L. Kronick, Eric J. Lavonas, Mark S. Link, Robert W. Neumar, Charles W. Otto, Michael Parr, Michael Shuster, Kjetil Sunde, Mary Ann Peberdy, Wanchun Tang, Terry L. Vanden Hoek, Bernd W. Böttiger, Saul Drajer, Swee Han Lim, Jerry P. Nolan. (2010) Part 8: Advanced life support. Resuscitation 81:1, e93-e174
CrossRef40
Dominique Biarent, Robert Bingham, Christoph Eich, Jesús López-Herce, Ian Maconochie, Antonio Rodríguez-Núñez, Thomas Rajka, David Zideman. (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 6. Paediatric life support. Resuscitation 81:10, 1364-1388
CrossRef41
Tomohisa Niiya, Erik Litonius, Liisa Petäjä, Pertti J. Neuvonen, Per H. Rosenberg. (2010) Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Sequesters Amiodarone in Plasma and Eliminates Its Hypotensive Action in Pigs. Annals of Emergency Medicine 56:4, 402-408.e2
CrossRef42
Subha Varahan, Ruchir Sehra, Sanjiv M. Narayan. (2010) Improved survival in the real world with revised cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines: Doing better out of hospital but not out of the woods yet. Heart Rhythm 7:10, 1363-1364
CrossRef43
Charles D. Deakin, Jerry P. Nolan, Jasmeet Soar, Kjetil Sunde, Rudolph W. Koster, Gary B. Smith, Gavin D. Perkins. (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 4. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 81:10, 1305-1352
CrossRef44
Tomohiko Sakai, Taku Iwami, Osamu Tasaki, Takashi Kawamura, Yasuyuki Hayashi, Hiroshi Rinka, Yasuo Ohishi, Tomoyoshi Mohri, Masafumi Kishimoto, Tatsuya Nishiuchi, Kentaro Kajino, Hisatake Matsumoto, Toshifumi Uejima, Masahiko Nitta, Chizuka Shiokawa, Hisashi Ikeuchi, Atsushi Hiraide, Hisashi Sugimoto, Yasuyuki Kuwagata. (2010) Incidence and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation: Data from a large population-based cohort. Resuscitation 81:8, 956-961
CrossRef45
Xian-Fei Ji, Chun-Sheng Li, Shuo Wang, Lin Yang, Lu-Hong Cong. (2010) Comparison of the efficacy of nifekalant and amiodarone in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 81:8, 1031-1036
CrossRef46
David A. Zideman. 2010. Resuscitation in Intensive Care. , 22-41.
CrossRef47
Harumichi Nakagawa, Haruo Honjo, Yuko S. Ishiguro, Masatoshi Yamazaki, Yusuke Okuno, Masahide Harada, Hiroki Takanari, Ichiro Sakuma, Kaichiro Kamiya, Itsuo Kodama. (2010) Acute amiodarone promotes drift and early termination of spiral wave re-entry. Heart and Vessels 25:4, 338-347
CrossRef48
Mari Amino, Koichiro Yoshioka, Tobias Opthof, Seiji Morita, Shunryo Uemura, Kozo Tamura, Tomokazu Fukushima, Shigeo Higami, Hiroyuki Otsuka, Kazuki Akieda, Makiyoshi Shima, Daisuke Fujibayashi, Tadashi Hashida, Sadaki Inokuchi, Itsuo Kodama, Teruhisa Tanabe. (2010) Comparative Study of Nifekalant Versus Amiodarone for Shock-Resistant Ventricular Fibrillation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Arrest Patients. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 55:4, 391-398
CrossRef49
Aloka Samantaray, Abha Chandra, Sanjukta Panigrahi. (2010) Amiodarone for the Prevention of Reperfusion Ventricular Fibrillation. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 24:2, 239-243
CrossRef50
H.-J. Trappe. (2010) Konzept der „5A“ für die Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin. Der Kardiologe 4:1, 43-54
CrossRef51
Shun Kohsaka. (2010) Japanese Journal of Electrocardiology 30:4, 350-353
CrossRef52
Wataru Shimizu. (2010) Japanese Journal of Electrocardiology 30:4, 344-349
CrossRef53
Satoshi Yasuda, Hirotaka Sawano, Hiroshi Hazui, Isao Ukai, Hiroyuki Yokoyama, Junko Ohashi, Kazuhiro Sase, Akiko Kada, Hiroshi Nonogi, The J-PULSE Investigators. (2010) Report From J-PULSE Multicenter Registry of Patients With Shock-Resistant Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Treated With Nifekalant Hydrochloride. Circulation Journal 74:11, 2308-2313
CrossRef54
Yosuke Miwa, Takanori Ikeda, Hisaaki Mera, Mutsumi Miyakoshi, Kyoko Hoshida, Ryoji Yanagisawa, Haruhisa Ishiguro, Takehiro Tsukada, Atsuko Abe, Satoru Yusu, Hideaki Yoshino. (2010) Effects of Landiolol, an Ultra-Short-Acting β1-Selective Blocker, on Electrical Storm Refractory to Class III Antiarrhythmic Drugs. Circulation Journal 74:5, 856-863
CrossRef55
Marcus L. Koller, Burghard Schumacher. (2010) Medikamentöse Therapie von Herzrhythmusstörungen. Medizinische Klinik 105:1, 26-40
CrossRef56
Tsuyoshi Shiga, Keiji Tanaka, Rinya Kato, Mari Amino, Yuji Matsudo, Toshihiro Honda, Koichi Sagara, Atsushi Takahashi, Takao Katoh, Mitsuyoshi Urashima, Satoshi Ogawa, Teruo Takano, Hiroshi Kasanuki. (2010) Nifekalant versus lidocaine for in-hospital shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia. Resuscitation 81:1, 47-52
CrossRef57
Michiro Kiryu, Shinichi Niwano, Jun Kishihara, Yuya Aoyama, Shoko Ishikawa, Masami Murakami, Sayaka Kurokawa, Yoshihiro Yumoto, Ryuta Imaki, Hidehira Fukaya, Hiroe Niwano, Tohru Izumi. (2010) Preventive Effect of Amiodarone on VT/VF Events in ICD Patients with Structural Heart Diseases. Journal of Arrhythmia 26:4, 250-258
CrossRef58
Kaichiro Kamiya. (2010) Japanese Journal of Electrocardiology 30:4, 337-343
CrossRef59
Chakib M Ayoub, Pierre M Sfeir, Pierre Bou-Khalil, Mireille Azar, Alaʼ S Haddadin, Diala Harfouch, Viviane G Nasr, Mohamad F El-Khatib. (2009) Prophylactic amiodarone versus lidocaine for prevention of reperfusion ventricular fibrillation after release of aortic cross-clamp. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 26:12, 1056-1060
CrossRef60
H.-J. Trappe. (2009) Antiarrhythmische Therapie mit Amiodaron bei tachykarden Rhythmusstörungen. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 46:8, 563-572
CrossRef61
H.G. Lienhart, A.C. Severing, K.H. Stadlbauer, V.D. Mayr, H.R. Arntz, B. Jahn, M. Luger, K.H. Lindner, V. Wenzel. (2009) Effekt von Amiodaron bei der präklinischen Reanimation. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 12:7, 513-517
CrossRef62
H.-J. Trappe. (2009) Tachykarde Rhythmusstörungen in der Notfall- und Rettungsmedizin: Von der Tablette bis zur Ablation. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 12:6, 429-435
CrossRef63
M. Baubin, B. Dirks, M. Holzer, V. Wenzel. (2009) ILCOR hot topics. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 12:S2, 28-33
CrossRef64
Jacob Steinmetz. (2009) Cardiac arrest – Midway between two guidelines: From an anaesthesiologist's point of view. Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care 20:3, 113-119
CrossRef65
Takao Katoh. (2009) Japanese Journal of Electrocardiology 29:1, 3-9
CrossRef66
Satoru Yusu, Takanori Ikeda, Hisaaki Mera, Mutsumi Miyakoshi, Yosuke Miwa, Atsuko Abe, Takehiro Tsukada, Haruhisa Ishiguro, Hisashi Shimizu, Hideaki Yoshino. (2009) Effects of Intravenous Nifekalant as a Lifesaving Drug for Severe Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias Complicating Acute Coronary Syndrome. Circulation Journal 73:11, 2021-2028
CrossRef67
Paul E. Pepe, Michael K. Copass, George Sopko. (2009) Clinical trials in the out-of-hospital setting: Rationale and strategies for successful implementation. Critical Care Medicine 37:Supplement, S91-S101
CrossRef68
Satoshi Yasuda, Hiroaki Shimokawa. (2009) Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation Journal 73:11, 2000-2008
CrossRef69
Kengo F. Kusano, Koji Nakagawa, Takeshi Tada, Satoshi Nagase, Kazufumi Nakamura, Hiroshi Morita, Nobuhiro Nishii, Soichiro Fuke, Yoshiki Hata, Tohru Ohe. (2009) Japanese Journal of Electrocardiology 29:1, 26-33
CrossRef70
Satoshi Yasuda, Hirotaka Sawano, Hiroshi Hazui, Kaoru Ukai, Hiroyuki Yokoyama, Akiko Yoshida, Junko Oohashi, Kazuhiro Sase, Hiroshi Nonogi. (2009) Japanese Journal of Electrocardiology 29:1, 44-49
CrossRef71
A. Cariou, A. Lanceleur, V. Lemiale. 2009. Arrêt cardiaque. , 605-621.
CrossRef72
N. Butte, B.W. Böttiger, P. Teschendorf. (2008) Amiodaron zur Therapie perioperativer kardialer Rhythmusstörungen. Der Anaesthesist 57:12, 1183-1192
CrossRef73
Sumeet S. Chugh, Kyndaron Reinier, Carmen Teodorescu, Audrey Evanado, Elizabeth Kehr, Mershed Al Samara, Ronald Mariani, Karen Gunson, Jonathan Jui. (2008) Epidemiology of Sudden Cardiac Death: Clinical and Research Implications. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 51:3, 213-228
CrossRef74
Bramah N Singh. (2008) Amiodarone as Paradigm for Developing New Drugs for Atrial Fibrillation. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 52:4, 300-305
CrossRef75
Ricardo A. Samson, Dianne L. Atkins. (2008) Tachyarrhythmias and Defibrillation. Pediatric Clinics of North America 55:4, 887-907
CrossRef76
Charles R. Wira, Joseph U. Becker, Gerard Martin, Michael W. Donnino. (2008) Anti-arrhythmic and vasopressor medications for the treatment of ventricular fibrillation in severe hypothermia: A systematic review of the literature. Resuscitation 78:1, 21-29
CrossRef77
Fabian Spöhr, Volker Wenzel, Bernd W Böttiger. (2008) Thrombolysis and other drugs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Current Opinion in Critical Care 14:3, 292-298
CrossRef78
Dustin L. Gammon, Shujun Su, Roger Huckfeldt, Janet Jordan, Robert Patterson, Phillip J. Finley, Cindy Lowe. (2008) Alteration in prehospital drug concentration after thermal exposure. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 26:5, 566-573
CrossRef79
Hans-Joachim Trappe. (2008) Das Konzept der "5A" für die Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 45:5, 263-276
CrossRef80
Jennifer J. Majersik, Robert Silbergleit, William J. Meurer, Devin L. Brown, Lynda D. Lisabeth, Lewis B. Morgenstern. (2008) Public health impact of full implementation of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 77:2, 189-194
CrossRef81
Karl Mischke, Thomas Schimpf, Christian Knackstedt, Dirk Frechen, Felix Gramley, Obeida Rana, Erol Saygili, Christian Meyer, Malte Kelm, Patrick Schauerte. (2008) Comparison of four clinically used external defibrillators for transesophageal defibrillation. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 45:2, 76-81
CrossRef82
Timothy J. Mader. (2008) Prolonged cardiac arrest: A revised model of porcine ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 76:3, 481-484
CrossRef83
Haruaki Nakaya. (2008) Electropharmacological basis of antiarrhythmic drugs and treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 131:6, 446-451
CrossRef84
Shoji Hirasawa, Shinichi Niwano, Jun Kishihara, Michirou Kiryu, Ryuta Imaki, Tohru Izumi. (2008) Effect of nifekalant on life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with cardiopulmonary resuscitation or during the perioperative state. Journal of Arrhythmia 24:3, 141-148
CrossRef85
Tessie W. October, Charles L. Schleien, Robert A. Berg, Vinay M. Nadkarni, Marilyn C. Morris. (2008) Increasing amiodarone use in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: An analysis of the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Critical Care Medicine 36:1, 126-130
CrossRef86
Robert A. Berg, Vinay M. Nadkarni. 2008. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. , 275-281.
CrossRef87
Daniel Bourque, Raoul Daoust, Vérilibe Huard, Marco Charneux. (2007) β-Blockers for the treatment of cardiac arrest from ventricular fibrillation?. Resuscitation 75:3, 434-444
CrossRef88
Stephanie J. Doniger, Ghazala Q. Sharieff. (2007) Pediatric Resuscitation Update. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 25:4, 947-960
CrossRef89
MICHAEL A. DeVITA, NICHOLAS G. BIRCHER. (2007) Is cardiopulmonary resuscitation meaningless ritual or meaningful therapy? The impact of uncertainty. Critical Quarterly 49:3, 4-12
CrossRef90
Amanda J. Hays, Yolanda Corso. (2007) Pharmacotherapy for a Pulseless Cardiac Arrest. AACN Advanced Critical Care 18:4, 337-343
CrossRef91
Larry M. Diamond. (2007) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Acute Cardiovascular Life Support—A Protocol Review of the Updated Guidelines. Critical Care Clinics 23:4, 873-880
CrossRef92
Nora Goldschlager, Andrew E. Epstein, Gerald V. Naccarelli, Brian Olshansky, Bramah Singh, Harold R. Collard, Elizabeth Murphy. (2007) A Practical Guide for Clinicians Who Treat Patients with Amiodarone: 2007. Heart Rhythm 4:9, 1250-1259
CrossRef93
Shirin Honarbakhsh ., Mojtaba Zaghari ., Mahmood Shivazad .. (2007) Interactive Effects of Dietary Betaine and Saline Water on Carcass Traits of Broiler Chicks. Journal of Biological Sciences 7:7, 1208-1214
CrossRef94
H.-R. Arntz. (2007) Neue Leitlinien zur Reanimation:. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 44:4, 194-200
CrossRef95
(2007) In reply. Academic Emergency Medicine 14:4, 383-384
CrossRef96
Darren Walters. (2007) Easier, More Effective, Evidence-based Guidelines for Resuscitation: Understanding the Changes to the Australian Resuscitation Guidelines 2006. Heart, Lung and Circulation 16:1, 2-6
CrossRef97
Takao Katoh, Satoshi Ogawa, Iwao Yamaguchi, Hiroshi Kasanuki, Hirokazu Hayakawa. (2007) Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Amiodarone Infusion in Japanese Patients with Hemodynamically Compromised Ventricular Tachycardia or Ventricular Fibrillation. Journal of Arrhythmia 23:2, 131-139
CrossRef98
Yoshifusa Aizawa. (2007) Antiarrhythmic agent: a potassium channel blocker. Nihon Shuchu Chiryo Igakukai zasshi 14:3, 267-269
CrossRef99
Tsuyoshi Shiga, Hiroshi Kasanuki. (2007) Drug Therapy for Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia in Heart Failure. Circulation Journal 71:SupplementA, A90-A96
CrossRef100
William E Dager, Cynthia A Sanoski, Barbara S Wiggins, James E Tisdale. (2006) Pharmacotherapy Considerations in Advanced Cardiac Life Support. Pharmacotherapy 26:12, 1703-1729
CrossRef101
V. Wenzel, S. Russo, H. R. Arntz, J. Bahr, M. A. Baubin, B. W. Böttiger, B. Dirks, V. Dörges, C. Eich, M. Fischer, B. Wolcke, S. Schwab, W. G. Voelckel, H. W. Gervais. (2006) Die neuen Reanimationsleitlinien 2005 des European Resuscitation Council. Der Anaesthesist 55:9, 958-979
CrossRef102
Graham Nichol, Judy Powell, Lois van Ottingham, Ron Maier, Tom Rea, Jim Christenson, Al Hallstrom. (2006) Consent in resuscitation trials: Benefit or harm for patients and society?. Resuscitation 70:3, 360-368
CrossRef103
Douglas P. Zipes, A. John Camm, Martin Borggrefe, Alfred E. Buxton, Bernard Chaitman, Martin Fromer, Gabriel Gregoratos, George Klein, Arthur J. Moss, Robert J. Myerburg, Silvia G. Priori, Miguel A. Quinones, Dan M. Roden, Michael J. Silka, Cynthia Tracy, Sidney C. Smith, Alice K. Jacobs, Cynthia D. Adams, Elliott M. Antman, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Sharon A. Hunt, Jonathan L. Halperin, Rick Nishimura, Joseph P. Ornato, Richard L. Page, Barbara Riegel, Silvia G. Priori, Jean-Jacques Blanc, Andrzej Budaj, A. John Camm, Veronica Dean, Jaap W. Deckers, Catherine Despres, Kenneth Dickstein, John Lekakis, Keith McGregor, Marco Metra, Joao Morais, Ady Osterspey, Juan Luis Tamargo, José Luis Zamorano. (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 48:5, e247-e346
CrossRef104
Bramah N. Singh. (2006) Amiodarone: A multifaceted antiarrhythmic drug. Current Cardiology Reports 8:5, 349-355
CrossRef105
(2006) Adult advanced life support: Australian Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2006. Emergency Medicine Australasia 18:4, 337-356
CrossRef106
(2006) Paediatric advanced life support: Australian Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2006. Emergency Medicine Australasia 18:4, 357-371
CrossRef107
Jon C. Rittenberger, James E. Bost, James J. Menegazzi. (2006) Time to give the first medication during resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 70:2, 201-206
CrossRef108
Rhonda S. Rea, Sandra L. Kane-Gill, Maria I. Rudis, Amy L. Seybert, Lance J. Oyen, Narith N. Ou, Julie L. Stauss, Levent Kirisci, Umbreen Idrees, Sean O. Henderson. (2006) Comparing intravenous amiodarone or lidocaine, or both, outcomes for inpatients with pulseless ventricular arrhythmias*. Critical Care Medicine 34:6, 1617-1623
CrossRef109
William E. Dager. (2006) Achieving optimal antiarrhythmic therapy in advanced cardiac life support*. Critical Care Medicine 34:6, 1825-1826
CrossRef110
Charles Wira, Gerard Martin, Jason Stoner, Kenneth Margolis, Michael Donnino. (2006) Application of normothermic cardiac arrest algorithms to hypothermic cardiac arrest in a canine model. Resuscitation 69:3, 509-516
CrossRef111
R. D. White. (2006) 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Physiologic and Educational Rationale for Changes. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 81:6, 736-740
CrossRef112
Jodi H. Fugate. (2006) Pharmacologic Management of Cardiac Emergencies. Journal of Infusion Nursing 29:3, 147-150
CrossRef113
H.-J. Trappe. (2006) Neue Aspekte von Technik und Pharmakologie der Reanimation. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 43:3, 226-234
CrossRef114
Ricardo A. Samson, Marc D. Berg, Robert A. Berg. (2006) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation algorithms, defibrillation and optimized ventilation during resuscitation. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 19:2, 146-156
CrossRef115
Fabian Sp??hr, Volker Wenzel, Bernd W. B??ttiger. (2006) Drug treatment and thrombolytics during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 19:2, 157-165
CrossRef116
Riyad B. Abu-Laban. (2006) Amiodarone and apparently unimproved survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest: Association, causation or a mix of both?. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 22:3, 203-204
CrossRef117
P. Timothy Pollak, Vinnie Wee, Ahmed Al-Hazmi, Janet Martin, Kelly B. Zarnke. (2006) The use of amiodarone for in-hospital cardiac arrest at two tertiary care centres. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 22:3, 199-202
CrossRef118
Joseph P. Ornato, Mary Ann Peberdy. (2006) Prehospital and Emergency Department Care to Preserve Neurologic Function During and Following Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Neurologic Clinics 24:1, 23-39
CrossRef119
D. Biarent, R. Bingham, S. Richmond, I. Maconochie, J. Wyllie, S. Simpson, A. Rodriguez-Nunez, D. Zideman, C. Eich, R. Huth. (2006) Lebensrettende Maßnahmen bei Kindern (Paediatric Life Support, PLS). Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 9:1, 90-122
CrossRef120
J. P. Nolan, C. D. Deakin, J. Soar, B. W. Böttiger, G. Smith, M. Baubin, B. Dirks, V. Wenzel. (2006) Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene (ALS). Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 9:1, 38-80
CrossRef121
Steven P. Schulman, Tracey K. Hartmann, Romergryko G. Geocadin. (2006) Intensive Care After Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest: A Focus on Heart and Brain Injury. Neurologic Clinics 24:1, 41-59
CrossRef122
Koichiro Yoshioka, Mari Amino, Seiji Morita, Yoshihide Nakagawa, Kazutane Usui, Atsuhiko Sugimoto, Atsushi Matsuzaki, Yoshiaki Deguchi, Isotoshi Yamamoto, Sadaki Inokuchi, Yuji Ikari, Itsuo Kodama, Teruhisa Tanabe. (2006) Can Nifekalant Hydrochloride be Used as a First-Line Drug for Cardiopulmonary Arrest (CPA)?. Circulation Journal 70:1, 21-27
CrossRef123
R. Blaine Easley, Charles L. Schleien, Donald H. Shaffner. 2006. Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. , 1110-1154.
CrossRef124
Yoshio Tahara, Kazuo Kimura, Masami Kosuge, Toshiaki Ebina, Shinichi Sumita, Kiyoshi Hibi, Hideshi Toyama, Takayuki Kosuge, Yoshihiro Moriwaki, Noriyuki Suzuki, Mitsugi Sugiyama, Satoshi Umemura. (2006) Comparison of Nifekalant and Lidocaine for the Treatment of Shock-Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation. Circulation Journal 70:4, 442-446
CrossRef125
Cabot, Richard C.Harris, Nancy Lee, Shepard, Jo-Anne O., Ebeling, Sally H.Ellender, Stacey M.Peters, Christine C., Marill, Keith A., Ellinor, Patrick T., . (2005) Case 37-2005. New England Journal of Medicine 353:23, 2492-2501
Full Text126
Jerry P. Nolan, Charles D. Deakin, Jasmeet Soar, Bernd W. Böttiger, Gary Smith. (2005) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2005. Resuscitation 67, S39-S86
CrossRef127
Dominique Biarent, Robert Bingham, Sam Richmond, Ian Maconochie, Jonathan Wyllie, Sheila Simpson, Antonio Rodriguez Nunez, David Zideman. (2005) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2005. Resuscitation 67, S97-S133
CrossRef128
(2005) Part 4: Advanced life support. Resuscitation 67:2-3, 213-247
CrossRef129
(2005) Part 6: Paediatric basic and advanced life support. Resuscitation 67:2-3, 271-291
CrossRef130
P. Kovoor, A. Love, J. Hall, R. Kruit, N. Sadick, D. Ho, B.-A. Adelstein, D. L. Ross. (2005) Randomized double-blind trial of sotalol versus lignocaine in out-of-hospital refractory cardiac arrest due to ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Internal Medicine Journal 35:9, 518-525
CrossRef131
David C. Cone, Robert E. O’Connor. (2005) Are US informed consent requirements driving resuscitation research overseas?. Resuscitation 66:2, 141-148
CrossRef132
P. A. Steen. (2005) The future of CPR. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 49:7, 909-912
CrossRef133
T. Klingenheben. (2005) Reanimation bei Kammerflimmern: Worauf kommt es an?. Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie 16:2, 78-83
CrossRef134
Marcos Adriano Lessa, Eduardo Tibirica. (2005) Acute cardiodepressant effects induced by bolus intravenous administration of amiodarone in rabbits. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 19:2, 165-172
CrossRef135
C. Stellbrink. (2005) Therapie bedrohlicher Herzrhythmusst
rungen. Der Internist 46:3, 275-284
CrossRef136
T. Klingenheben, A. M. Zeiher, S. Fichtlscherer. (2005) Reanimation nach pr
CrossRef137
Mary Ann Peberdy, Joseph P. Ornato. (2005) Post-resuscitation care: is it the missing link in the Chain of Survival?. Resuscitation 64:2, 135-137
CrossRef138
James J. Menegazzi, W. Callaway. (2005) Why Isn't Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest the Standard of Care ?. Prehospital Emergency Care 9:4, 475-476
CrossRef139
Jiro Ando, Mikio Kakishita, Koyu Sakai, Yasuo Komura, Kei Nishiyama, Masashi Iwabuchi, Hiroyoshi Yokoi, Hitoshi Yasumoto, Hideyuki Nosaka, Masakiyo Nobuyoshi. (2005) Efficacy of Nifekalant Hydrochloride in the Treatment of Fatal Ventricular Arrhythmia in Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease. International Heart Journal 46:4, 647-656
CrossRef140
Juergen Schreieck, Bernhard Zrenner, Isabel Deisenhofer, Claus Schmitt. (2005) Rescue ablation of electrical storm in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: A potential-guided ablation approach by modifying substrate of intractable, unmappable ventricular tachycardias. Heart Rhythm 2:1, 10-14
CrossRef141
Martin von Planta. (2005) Scientific Basis of Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation, an Evidence-Based Review. Heart Drug 5:4, 205-213
CrossRef142
MASAKI IGARASHI, TADASHI FUJINO, MIWAKO TOYODA, KEISHI SUGINO, KENICHIROU SASAO, SHUICHI SASAMOTO, TAKAYUKI OTSUKA, KENZABURO KOBAYASHI, YOSHIFUMI OKANO, KATSUNORI YOSIWARA, NOBUYA KOYAMA. (2005) Defibrillation Effects of Intravenous Nifekalant in Patients with Out-of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 28:s1, S155-S157
CrossRef143
John C. Somberg, Wei Cao, Ivana Cvetanovic, Vasant Ranade, Janos Molnar. (2005) Pharmacology and Toxicology of a New Aqueous Formulation of Intravenous Amiodarone (Amio-Aqueous) Compared with Cordarone IV. American Journal of Therapeutics 12:1, 9-16
CrossRef144
Hanne Elming, Bente Brendorp, Steen Pehrson, Ole Dyg Pedersen, Lars Køber, Christian Torp-Petersen. (2004) A benefit–risk assessment of class III antiarrhythmic agents. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 3:6, 559-577
CrossRef145
, Terri A. Schmidt, David Salo, Jason A. Hughes, Jean T. Abbott, Joel M. Geiderman, Catherine X. Johnson, Katie B. McClure, Mary Pat McKay, Junaid A. Razzak, Raquel M. Schears, Robert C. Solomon. (2004) Confronting the Ethical Challenges to Informed Consent in Emergency Medicine Research. Academic Emergency Medicine 11:10, 1082-1089
CrossRef146
John Charin Somberg, Ivana Cvetanovic, Vasant Ranade, Janos Molnar. (2004) Comparative Effects of Rapid Bolus Administration of Aqueous Amiodarone Versus 10-Minute Cordarone I.V. Infusion on Mean Arterial Blood Pressure in Conscious Dogs. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 18:5, 345-351
CrossRef147
G Nichol, E Huszti, J Rokosh, A Dumbrell, J McGowan, L Becker. (2004) Impact of informed consent requirements on cardiac arrest research in the United States: exception from consent or from research?. Resuscitation 62:1, 3-23
CrossRef148
M. B. Skrifvars, M. Kuisma, J. Boyd, T. Maatta, J. Repo, P. H. Rosenberg, M. Castren. (2004) The use of undiluted amiodarone in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 48:5, 582-587
CrossRef149
Victoria L. Chadwick, Joseph E. Arrowsmith. (2004) Recent advances in pediatric resuscitation. Pediatric Anesthesia 14:5, 417-420
CrossRef150
Eleftheria P Tsagalou, Maria I Anastasiou-Nana, Christos E Charitos, Costantinos X Siafakas, Stavros G Drakos, Argirios Ntalianis, John V Terrovitis, Emmanuel M Mavrikakis, Antonios Doufas, John N Nanas. (2004) Time course of fibrillation and defibrillation thresholds after an intravenous bolus of amiodarone—an experimental study. Resuscitation 61:1, 83-89
CrossRef151
Robert Swor, Scott Compton. (2004) E
STIMATING COST -EFFECTIVENESS OF MASS CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION TRAINING STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE SURVIVAL FROM CARDIAC ARREST IN PRIVATE LOCATIONS . Prehospital Emergency Care 8:4, 420-423
CrossRef152
Anouk P. van Alem, Jelle Post, Rudolph W. Koster. (2003) VF recurrence: characteristics and patient outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 59:2, 181-188
CrossRef153
Mary Ann Peberdy, William Kaye, Joseph P. Ornato, Gregory L. Larkin, Vinay Nadkarni, Mary Elizabeth Mancini, Robert A. Berg, Graham Nichol, Tanya Lane-Trultt. (2003) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of adults in the hospital: A report of 14 720 cardiac arrests from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Resuscitation 58:3, 297-308
CrossRef154
Andrea Sarkozy, Paul Dorian. (2003) Advances in the acute pharmacologic management of cardiac arrhythmias. Current Cardiology Reports 5:5, 387-394
CrossRef155
Edison F. Paiva, Maria Beatriz M. Perondi, Karl B. Kern, Robert A. Berg, Sergio Timerman, Luiz F. Cardoso, José Antonio F. Ramirez. (2003) Effect of amiodarone on haemodynamics during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a canine model of resistant ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 58:2, 203-208
CrossRef156
David C. Parish, K.M. Dinesh Chandra, Francis C. Dane. (2003) Success changes the problem: Why ventricular fibrillation is declining, why pulseless electrical activity is emerging, and what to do about it. Resuscitation 58:1, 31-35
CrossRef157
M MORRIS, V NADKARNI. (2003) Pediatric cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation: an overview and future directions. Critical Care Clinics 19:3, 337-364
CrossRef158
Andrea Sarkozy, Paul Dorian. (2003) Strategies for reversing shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. Current Opinion in Critical Care 9:3, 189-193
CrossRef159
Alex M. Heyse, Walter A. Buylaert, Paul A. Calle. (2003) How do Belgian mobile intensive care units deal with cardiovascular emergencies?. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 10:2, 94-97
CrossRef160
Lyndon C. Xavier, Karl B. Kern. (2003) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Guidelines 2000 update: what's happened since?. Current Opinion in Critical Care 9:3, 218-221
CrossRef161
Shinobu Matsui, Zhi-Ping Zong, Jian-Feng Han, Shogo Katsuda, Nobuo Yamaguchi, Michael L.X. Fu. (2003) Amiodarone minimizes experimental autoimmune myocarditis in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 469:1-3, 165-173
CrossRef162
Katie B. McClure, Nicole M. DeIorio, Mary D. Gunnels, Maria J. Ochsner, Michelle H. Biros, Terri A. Schmidt. (2003) Attitudes of Emergency Department Patients and Visitors Regarding Emergency Exception from Informed Consent in Resuscitation Research, Community Consultation, and Public Notification. Academic Emergency Medicine 10:4, 352-359
CrossRef163
Jan Nemec, Win-Kuang Shen. (2003) Antiarrhythmic drugs: new agents and evolving concepts. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 12:3, 435-453
CrossRef164
Jason Stoner, Gerard Martin, Kevin O'Mara, Joseph Ehlers, Michael Tomlanovich. (2003) Amiodarone and Bretylium in the Treatment of Hypothermic Ventricular Fibrillation in a Canine Model. Academic Emergency Medicine 10:3, 187-191
CrossRef165
John M. Field. (2003) Update on cardiac resuscitation for sudden death: International Guidelines 2000 on Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care. Current Opinion in Cardiology 18:1, 14-25
CrossRef166
Linda R Peterson, Kenneth B Schechtman, Gregory A Ewald, Edward M Geltman, Timothy Meyer, Pamela Krekeler, Joseph G Rogers. (2003) The effect of β-adrenergic blockers on the prognostic value of peak exercise oxygen uptake in patients with heart failure. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 22:1, 70-77
CrossRef167
Joseph Varon, Paul E Marik. (2003) Treatment of Cardiac Arrest with Automatic External Defibrillators. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 3:4, 265-270
CrossRef168
Simone E Taylor. (2002) Amiodarone: An emergency medicine perspective. Emergency Medicine Australasia 14:4, 422-429
CrossRef169
Bramah N. Singh. (2002) Amiodarone compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. Current Cardiology Reports 4:5, 399-400
CrossRef170
(2002) Amiodarone versus Lidocaine for Shock-Resistant Ventricular Fibrillation. New England Journal of Medicine 347:5, 368-370
Full Text171
Bente Brendorp, Oledyg Pedersen, Christian Torp-Pedersen, Naji Sahebzadah, Lars K??ber. (2002) A Benefit-Risk Assessment of Class III Antiarrhythmic Agents. Drug Safety 25:12, 847-865
CrossRef172
Teresa E. Pazdral, John H. Burton, Tania D. Strout, Jay R. Bradshaw. (2002) A MIODARONE AND R URAL E MERGENCY M EDICAL S ERVICES C ARDIAC A RREST P ATIENTS : A C OST A NALYSIS. Prehospital Emergency Care 6:3, 291-294
CrossRef
- Letters
