Original Article
A Trial of the Beta-Blocker Bucindolol in Patients with Advanced Chronic Heart Failure
N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1659-1667May 31, 2001
- Abstract
Background
Although beta-adrenergic–receptor antagonists reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic heart failure, their effect on survival in patients with more advanced heart failure is unknown.
Methods
A total of 2708 patients with heart failure designated as New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III (in 92 percent of the patients) or IV (in 8 percent) and a left ventricular ejection fraction of 35 percent or lower were randomly assigned to double-blind treatment with either bucindolol (1354 patients) or placebo (1354 patients) and followed for the primary end point of death from any cause.
Results
The data and safety monitoring board recommended stopping the trial after the seventh interim analysis. At that time, there was no significant difference in mortality between the two groups (unadjusted P=0.16). The results presented here are based on complete follow-up at the time of study termination (average, 2.0 years). There were a total of 449 deaths in the placebo group (33 percent) and 411 deaths in the bucindolol group (30 percent, adjusted P=0.13). The risk of the secondary end point of death from cardiovascular causes was lower in the bucindolol group (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.74 to 0.99), as was the risk of heart transplantation or death. In a subgroup analysis, there was a survival benefit in nonblack patients.
Conclusions
In a demographically diverse group of patients with NYHA class III and IV heart failure, bucindolol resulted in no significant overall survival benefit.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Survival According to Treatment Group.Figure 2
Hazard Ratios for Death in Prespecified Subgroups of Patients.Article Activity
- Article
Beta-blockers have emerged as an important treatment for chronic heart failure. Two recently completed trials, the Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure1 and the Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II,2 demonstrated statistically significant and clinically relevant decreases in the rates of hospitalization and death with beta-adrenergic–receptor antagonists in patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II, III, or IV heart failure. However, mortality in the placebo group in these trials was only 11 to 13 percent annually, suggesting that the proportion of high-risk, severely ill patients was low. Furthermore, both studies were performed in largely white European populations.
In heart failure, cardiac adrenergic drive and systemic adrenergic drive are activated in proportion to the severity of symptoms and are strongly prognostic for outcome.3-6 Since beta-adrenergic–blocking agents initially depress myocardial function7 and may worsen symptoms with initial dosing and upward titration,8 it is not known whether these agents would be tolerated or whether they would improve survival among patients with advanced heart failure who are more dependent on beta-adrenergic support. In addition, it is important to explore the effect of beta-blockade in racial and other demographic groups that have not been studied extensively in previous trials.1,2 Blacks represent a substantial proportion of the patients with heart failure in the United States and have a higher rate of death from heart failure than nonblacks.9,10 The Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST) was designed to determine whether bucindolol hydrochloride (Bextra, Incara Pharmaceuticals, Research Triangle Park, N.C.), a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocker and mild vasodilator, would reduce the rate of death from any cause among patients with advanced heart failure and to assess its effect in various subgroups defined by ethnic background and demographic criteria — specifically women and members of minority groups.
Methods
Study Subjects
The design of the trial has been described previously.11 All patients had NYHA class III or IV heart failure that was due to primary or secondary dilated cardiomyopathy, as well as a left ventricular ejection fraction of 35 percent or lower. All patients were required to have received optimal medical therapy, including the use of angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitors (if tolerated), for at least one month. Before the publication of the results of the Digitalis Investigation Group trial,12 digoxin therapy was required, but thereafter its use became discretionary. The racial and ethnic classification of the patients was self-reported. All patients were 18 years old or older and gave written informed consent. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board of each participating site.
Patients were excluded if they had a reversible cause of heart failure, uncorrected primary valvular disease, untreated thyroid disease, obstructive or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, pericardial disease, amyloidosis, active myocarditis, a malfunctioning artificial heart valve, or a history of myocardial infarction within the previous six months. Patients were also excluded if they were candidates for heart transplantation; if they had undergone a revascularization procedure (a percutaneous transluminal intervention or a coronary-artery bypass procedure) within the previous 60 days; if they had unstable angina (requiring treatment with more than six nitroglycerin tablets per week); if they had a heart rate slower than 50 beats per minute; if they were undergoing treatment with other investigational agents; if they had a life expectancy of less than 3 years; if they had active liver disease (indicated by a total serum bilirubin concentration of 3.0 mg per deciliter [51 μmol per liter] or higher); if they had renal disease (indicated by a serum creatinine level of 3.0 mg per deciliter [265 μmol per liter] or higher); or if they had hematologic, gastrointestinal, immunologic, endocrine, metabolic, or central nervous system disease that could adversely affect the safety or the efficacy of the study drug. Patients with decompensated heart failure (i.e., those with evidence of hypoperfusion, acute pulmonary edema, or hypotension with a systolic blood pressure of less than 80 mm Hg) were excluded, as were active abusers of alcohol (ingesting more than 100 g of ethanol per day) or illicit drugs. Patients were also excluded if they had taken any of the following: calcium-channel–blocking agents (including amlodipine), theophylline, tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, or beta-agonists within 1 week before the base-line evaluation; beta-adrenergic–blocking agents within 30 days before the base-line evaluation; flecainide, encainide, propafenone, or disopyramide within 2 weeks before randomization; or amiodarone within 8 weeks before the base-line evaluation.
Within 60 days before randomization, patients underwent a gated radionuclide ventriculographic assessment of the left ventricular ejection fraction; within 14 days before randomization, they underwent electrocardiography, chest radiography for the measurement of the cardiothoracic ratio, and laboratory blood tests including measurement of plasma norepinephrine in a blood sample obtained when the patient was resting in a supine position. Patients were included only if their symptoms were considered to be NYHA class III or IV on the day of randomization after at least seven days of stability.
Randomization
Patients were randomly assigned by a central coordinating center to bucindolol or a matched placebo. Randomization was stratified at each clinical site according to the underlying cause of heart failure (the presence or absence of coronary artery disease), the left ventricular ejection fraction (greater than 20 percent vs. 20 percent or lower), sex, and race (black vs. nonblack) and was balanced for each of these factors by means of an adaptive allocation scheme with a biased coin design.13
Treatment and Follow-up
On the day of randomization, patients were given an initial oral dose of 3 mg of the study medication (bucindolol or placebo), which was repeated twice daily for one week. Subsequently, doses were increased (as tolerated) on a weekly basis to 6.25 mg, 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, and (for patients who weighed 75 kg or more) 100 mg orally twice daily. These increases were slowed or stopped and the doses of diuretics and concomitant medications adjusted at the discretion of the investigator on the basis of the patient's response. Patients had follow-up visits at 3, 6, and 12 months after randomization, with regular follow-up visits every 6 months thereafter, for a planned average follow-up of 3 years. Gated radionuclide ventriculographic assessment of the left ventricular ejection fraction, measurement of the plasma norepinephrine concentration, laboratory blood tests, chest radiography, and electrocardiography were repeated 3 and 12 months after randomization.
End Points
The primary end point of the study was death from any cause. Secondary end points included death from cardiovascular causes (defined as death due to pump failure or an ischemic event or sudden death); hospitalization for any reason; hospitalization because of heart failure; a composite of death or heart transplantation; the left ventricular ejection fraction at 3 and 12 months; myocardial infarction; quality of life; and any change in the need for concomitant therapy. The cause of death was adjudicated by a central end-points committee whose members were blinded to the treatment-group assignments. The results with respect to quality of life, myocardial infarction, and changes in the need for concomitant therapy are not reported here.
Statistical Analysis
We estimated that a sample of 2800 patients would be required for the study to detect a 25 percent reduction in annual mortality (from an estimated 15 percent) with bucindolol therapy with a statistical power of 85 percent with use of the log-rank test and a significance level of 5 percent.14,15 The design of the trial called for an enrollment period of 3 years, a minimum follow-up of 18 months, and a maximum follow-up of 4.5 years. The trial was monitored by an independent data and safety monitoring board. The group sequential method of Lan and DeMets,16-18 with a linear alpha spending function,16 was used for monitoring the interim data analyses. After the fifth interim analysis, the data and safety monitoring board changed the stopping rule to a nominal 0.05 level, and this rule was used during the sixth and seventh interim analyses.
Continuous variables are reported as means ±SD, and reported P values are for comparisons between treatment groups by the t-test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, unless otherwise noted. Categorical variables are reported as proportions, and the reported P values are for comparisons between the treatment groups by the chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Cumulative survival curves were constructed by means of Kaplan–Meier methods,19,20 and differences between the treatment groups were evaluated with the use of the log-rank test. The Cox proportional-hazards regression model was used to examine the effect of treatment in the presence of prespecified covariates.21-24 All analyses were conducted in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle.
Because of the change in monitoring boundaries during the trial, it is difficult to calculate an adjusted P value to reflect the eight analyses of the study results. However, to attempt to adjust for the multiple examinations of the data, we used as an adjusted P value the null probability of exceeding one of the seven interim stopping boundaries or, if no interim boundaries were exceeded, of obtaining a final result at least as extreme as the observed result. We report unadjusted estimates and confidence intervals for the primary end point, but we report both the unadjusted and adjusted P values. The reported P values for the secondary study end points have not been formally adjusted for the number of multiple secondary end points, but they have been interpreted in view of the multiple tests conducted. All reported P values are two-sided.
Results
Characteristics of the Patients
Between May 31, 1995, and December 31, 1998, a total of 2708 patients underwent randomization at 90 clinical sites in the United States and Canada. The base-line characteristics of the patients are given in Table 1Table 1
Base-Line Clinical Characteristics of the Patients According to Treatment Group.. No significant differences between groups were observed except for slightly higher rates in the bucindolol group of current smoking and of the use of antiarrhythmic drugs other than amiodarone.Follow-up
We report data collected through July 26, 1999. On that day, the data and safety monitoring board recommended the early termination of the trial after the seventh interim analysis, citing the “totality of evidence regarding the usefulness of β-blocker treatment derived from BEST and other studies.” The board's recommendation was influenced by information that had been accruing from other studies of beta-blockers in chronic heart failure and by a concern about the equipoise of the trial. At the time of this recommendation, there was no significant difference in mortality between the two treatment groups (unadjusted P=0.16). On July 29, 1999, the trial was terminated by the study's sponsors (the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the Department of Veterans Affairs). The mean duration of follow-up reported to the time the study was terminated was 2.0 years.
A total of eight patients (less than 1 percent) — three in the placebo group and five in the bucindolol group — either withdrew consent or were lost to follow-up. The average degree of compliance with treatment during the trial, as assessed by pill counts, was 81 percent in both groups. For patients who were receiving treatment at the time the study was terminated, the mean dose was 76 mg twice daily for the patients in the bucindolol group and 79 mg twice daily for the patients in the placebo group. During the trial, 25 percent of the patients in the placebo group and 23 percent of those in the bucindolol group permanently discontinued the study medication (P=0.16); the rate of use of open-label beta-blockers differed between the groups (10 percent in the placebo group, as compared with 6 percent in the bucindolol group; P<0.001) and was higher than had been anticipated.
Survival
A total of 449 patients in the placebo group (33 percent) died, as did 411 in the bucindolol group (30 percent; hazard ratio, 0.90; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.78 to 1.02; unadjusted P=0.10; adjusted P=0.13) (Table 2Table 2
Primary and Secondary End Points. and Figure 1Figure 1Survival According to Treatment Group.) — a nonsignificant trend. This resulted in annual mortality of 17 percent in the placebo group as compared with 15 percent in the bucindolol group.Secondary End Points
The rate of death from cardiovascular causes was significantly lower with bucindolol (P=0.04), and the rates of death due to pump failure and sudden death were somewhat lower; these results are consistent with the overall effect on death from cardiovascular causes (Table 2). Bucindolol significantly reduced the proportion of patients who had to be hospitalized for illnesses related to heart failure, as determined by each local investigator (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.69 to 0.88; P<0.001), and there was a nonsignificant difference in favor of bucindolol in the proportion of patients who were hospitalized for any reason (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.84 to 1.01; P=0.08). Bucindolol reduced the average number of hospitalizations and the average number of inpatient days per patient. The combined end point of death or heart transplantation during the trial occurred in 32 percent of the patients in the bucindolol group and 35 percent of those in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.77 to 0.99; P=0.04). The left ventricular ejection fraction showed greater improvement with bucindolol therapy than with placebo at 3 months (5.5±7.8 ejection-fraction units, vs. 2.1±6.9 in the placebo group; P<0.001) and at 12 months (7.3±10.0 ejection-fraction units, vs. 3.3±8.7 in the placebo group; P<0.001).
Other Analyses
With bucindolol therapy, the heart rate was lowered significantly at 3 months (decrease from base line, 9.4±13.0 beats per minute, vs. a decrease of 1.3±12.9 in the placebo group; P<0.001) and at 12 months (a decrease of 8.6±13.9 beats per minute, vs. a decrease of 2.1±13.4 in the placebo group; P<0.001), and the plasma norepinephrine levels were reduced at 3 months (decrease from base line, 72±345 pg per milliliter, vs. an increase of 27±300 in the placebo group; P<0.001) and at 12 months (a decrease of 22±300 pg per milliliter, as compared with an increase of 45±309 in the placebo group; P<0.001).
Subgroup Analysis
The hazard ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals for the main effects, as estimated with the Cox proportional-hazards model, are presented in Figure 2Figure 2
Hazard Ratios for Death in Prespecified Subgroups of Patients. for the subgroups that were prespecified in the protocol. A nominally significant interaction effect was found only for race (black vs. nonblack) and treatment (χ2=5.06, P=0.02). With any reasonable adjustment for multiple comparisons, this finding could be explained as due to chance. The apparent interaction effect for race and treatment reflects the lack of benefit observed in blacks (hazard ratio for death with bucindolol vs. placebo, 1.17; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.89 to 1.53; P=0.27), but there was a significant survival benefit in nonblack patients (hazard ratio, 0.82; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.70 to 0.96; P=0.01).We also found a trend toward improved survival with bucindolol among patients with less advanced heart failure: for patients with NYHA class III heart failure, the hazard ratio for death was 0.87 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.75 to 1.01; P=0.06); for those with a left ventricular ejection fraction greater than 20 percent, the hazard ratio was 0.83 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.69 to 1.00; P=0.05). Similar trends were seen in patients with and without coronary artery disease. Given the small number of patients in our study with NYHA class IV heart failure, firm conclusions cannot be reached about the effect of bucindolol on mortality in this subgroup.
Adverse Events
The incidence of selected adverse events is presented in Table 3Table 3
Incidence of Selected Adverse Events According to Treatment Group.. As expected, the incidence of angina, tachycardia, and palpitations was significantly reduced with bucindolol therapy. The incidence of bradycardia, intermittent claudication, diarrhea, dizziness, and hyperglycemia was increased with bucindolol therapy. The incidence of insomnia and depression was reduced with beta-blockade, and reports of impotence were no more frequent than in the placebo group.Discussion
We found no significant improvement in overall survival in patients assigned to receive the beta-blocker bucindolol. The rates of the secondary end points of death from cardiovascular causes and hospitalization because of heart failure were significantly reduced by treatment with bucindolol. The reason for the difference between the reduction in mortality in our study and those found in other recently reported trials of beta-blockers1,2 is not clear. One possibility is that the patient populations studied were different. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that bucindolol had a beneficial effect on the rate of death in nonblack patients and a nonsignificant benefit in patients with NYHA class III heart failure that was not dissimilar from the effects found in previous trials of beta-blockers conducted in similar patient populations, primarily in Europe.1,2 Alternatively, different pharmacologic properties of the various beta-blocking agents used in the studies could explain the smaller effect in our study. The absence of an early separation between the survival curves for the two groups is probably related to the same factors that caused the study results to be neutral.
Among the patients in our study with NYHA functional class III heart failure, the annual mortality rate was 16 percent in the placebo group, as compared with 12 percent in the Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II and 13 percent in the Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure. For patients with NYHA class IV heart failure, the annual mortality rate in the placebo group was 28 percent, as compared with 20 percent in the Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II. These data suggest that within each NYHA class, we enrolled more patients with advanced heart failure or coexisting conditions than did the other two trials. If the severity of the heart failure modulates the effect of treatment with beta-blocking agents, the loss of adrenergic support that results from the initiation of beta-blocker therapy may not be as well tolerated in patients with more advanced disease. Also, the myocardium may have less capacity to respond to treatment, perhaps because there is less viable myocardium.
We enrolled a substantial number of women, and the results did not demonstrate a sex-related effect of bucindolol. However, the data did suggest the possibility that bucindolol may be beneficial in nonblack but not in black patients. Although these results may represent a chance finding, the observed interaction raises the possibility of differences between racial groups in the response to beta-blockers in patients with chronic heart failure. Other studies of hypertensive patients25,26 and patients with heart failure10,27,28 have also suggested the possibility of a difference between racial groups in the response to treatment with angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers. Two studies of beta-blocking agents in patients with heart failure have reported similar results in blacks and in nonblacks; one of these studies, however, was conducted in a population with mild-to-moderate heart failure and reported a total of only 14 deaths in black patients treated with placebo or carvedilol,29 and the other study was extremely small, with a cohort of only 54 patients.30
Although it is likely that the differences in the observed effect on mortality in black and nonblack populations have many determinants (including, as described above, the possibility that the difference is a chance finding), blacks may have race-specific responses to pharmacologic therapy for cardiovascular disease. The genetic or other reasons for heterogeneous responses to such therapy in different racial groups are currently unknown but may include differences in the renin–angiotensin system31,32 or the beta-adrenergic pathway.33 Chance and more advanced ventricular dysfunction cannot be excluded as possible reasons for the differential effect.
Another possible explanation for the apparent difference between the results of our study and those of other studies of beta-blockers and mortality may derive from the unique pharmacologic properties of bucindolol. Bucindolol is a nonselective beta-blocking agent34 without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in the human heart34-37; because of its mild vasodilator effect36 and low inverse agonist properties (the ability of an antagonist to inactivate active-state receptors),38 bucindolol is well tolerated in patients with advanced heart failure. Strong β2-adrenergic blockade and only weak α1-blocking properties39 make bucindolol uniquely sympatholytic among beta-blocking agents that have been evaluated in trials in patients with heart failure.40,41 In fact, in our study, the 19 percent reduction in systemic norepinephrine levels (as compared with the change in placebo group) at three months was similar to the 23 percent reduction that was associated with treatment with the centrally acting sympatholytic agent moxonidine in the Effect of Sustained-Release Moxonidine on Mortality and Morbidity in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure trial (unpublished data). In that study, moxonidine increased mortality by more than 50 percent, which led to the premature termination of the trial.42 Unlike receptor blockade, sympatholysis produces an irreversible loss of adrenergic support to the failing heart, which may be deleterious early in the course of therapy in patients with advanced heart failure. This property could also have had a mitigating effect on the mortality-lowering aspects of beta-receptor blockade in our study.
There is no longer any doubt that beta-blockers have a role in the treatment of mild-to-moderate (NYHA class II to III) chronic heart failure. Our findings raise questions about the efficacy of these agents in blacks and in patients with more advanced heart failure, as well as about the equivalency of beta-blockers. In doing so, it makes clear the need for studies that examine the mechanism of the heterogeneity of response to beta-blockers and for clinical trials that directly evaluate beta-blockers in blacks and in patients with NYHA class IV heart failure.
Supported by the Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program, through an interagency agreement. Additional support was provided by Incara Pharmaceuticals, which supplied bucindolol and placebo.
The BEST Manuscript Writing Committee (Eric J. Eichhorn, M.D., Michael J. Domanski, M.D., Heidi Krause-Steinrauf, M.S., Michael R. Bristow, M.D., Ph.D., and Philip W. Lavori, Ph.D.) takes responsibility for the content of this article.
Source Information
Address reprint requests to Dr. Eichhorn at the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory (IIIA2), University of Texas Southwestern and Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4500 S. Lancaster, Dallas, TX 75216, or at eric.eichhorn@utsouthwestern.edu.
The study investigators are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
The following people contributed to the Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST): Steering Committee: E. Eichhorn (study cochairman), M. Domanski (study cochairman), H. Krause-Steinrauf (study biostatistician), J. Anderson, K. Boardman, M. Bristow, P. Carson, C. Colling, B. Greenberg, P. Lavori, J. Lindenfeld, D. Ward (Incara Pharmaceuticals), R. Zelis. Data and Safety Monitoring Board: E. Braunwald (chairman), R. Cody, G. Francis, K. Davis, M. Ezekowitz, G. Knatterud. End Point Committee: P. Carson (cochairman), S. Gottlieb (cochairman), I. Anand, H. Krause-Steinrauf, C. O'Connor, J. Plehn, M. Silver, M. White. Recruitment Committee: P. Carson, C. Colling, M. Domanski, E. Eichhorn, N. Friedberger, B. Greenberg, H. Krause-Steinrauf, J. Lindenfeld, J. Salerno, J. Wood. Monitoring Committee: M. Bristow, B. Greenberg, H. Krause-Steinrauf, P. Lavori, M. Schleman (Astra-Merck), D. Ward (Incara Pharmaceuticals), R. Zelis. Substudies Committee: M. Bristow, W. Colucci, M. Domanski, E. Eichhorn, S. Gottlieb, H. Krause-Steinrauf, S. Kubo, P. Lavori, T. Le Jemtel, D. Mann, R. Zelis, M. Zile. Closeout Committee: K. Boardman, C. Colling, E. Eichhorn, H. Krause-Steinrauf, J. Lindenfeld, L. Marcoux, Y. Rosenberg, K. Urbanek, D. Ward (Incara Pharmaceuticals), J. Wood. National Research Study Coordinator: L. Marcoux. BEST Investigational Group: Albany Medical Center — R. Capone, K. Edmunds; Albert Einstein College of Medicine — T. LeJemtel, M. Jones, J. Varela; Baptist Memorial Hospital — F. McGrew III, S. Duffy; Baylor College of Medicine — G. Torre-Amione, J. Farmer, C. Foreman, J. Vinluan; Cardiology of Tulsa — D. Ensley, M. Dixon; Cedars–Sinai Medical Center — S. Khan, R. Verne, L. Defensor; Cleveland Clinic Foundation — J. Young, J. Del Valle; Cook County Hospital — J. Matthew, R. Rajanahally, P. Chong; Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center — J. Plehn, R. Palac, C. Carlson; Duke University Medical Center — C. O'Connor, R. Larsen, A. Sykes; Elmhurst Hospital Center — J. De Leon, M. Fussner; George Washington University — R. Katz, A. Cangialosi; Georgetown University Hospital — D. Pearle, A. Baughn, S. Kelly; Grady Memorial Hospital — R. Schlant, V. Jeffries; Heart Care Midwest — B. Clemson, M. Pierson, D. Best; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania — E. Loh, M. St. John Sutton, F. Pickering; Johns Hopkins Hospital — P. Kessler, J. Hare, G. Edness; LDS Hospital — J. Anderson, D. Renlund, C. Maycock, K. Walker; Louisiana State University — J. Ghali, B. Cowan; Loyola University Medical Center — M. Silver, B. Pisani, M. Morrow, D. Jednachowski; Maricopa Medical Research Foundation — R. Patel, M. Dachman, C. Foley; Mayo Clinic, Rochester — L. Olson, R. Frantz, S. Eifert-Rain; Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale — R. Lee, G. LeBrun; MCP Hahnemann University — S. Brozena, J. Treacy, C. Del Bello; Medical College of Virginia — M. Peberdy, M. Flattery; Medical College of Wisconsin — J. Hosenpud, S. Mauermann, J. Gosset; Medical University of South Carolina — A. Van Bakel, G. Hendrix, M. Schulz, J. Evans; Minneapolis Heart Institute — W. Pedersen, L. Corriveau; Montreal Heart Institute — M. White, D. Leclerc, L. Whitton, J. Rjouleau; Morristown Memorial Hospital — J. Banas, Jr., J. Heric; National Naval Medical Center — D. Ferguson, J. Hardin, J. Bryant; Nebraska Heart Institute — S. Krueger, V. Norton, P. Vermas, S. Harre; New England Medical Center — J. Udelson, P. Wedge; Oklahoma Foundation for Cardiology Research — R. Kipperman, Y. Zhang; Oregon Health Sciences University — R. Hershberger, M. Guillotte, D. Burgess; New Mexico Heart Institute — K. Heilman III; Pennsylvania State University Hospital — J. Boehmer, R. Lenker-Battista; Robert Wood Johnson Medical School — J. Kostis, D. Hoagland; Shands Hospital, University of Florida — C. Pepine, J. Aranda, P. Morgan, D. Leach; St. John's Mercy Medical Center — H. Kennedy, P. Abele, L. Mezei, B. Von Ritter; University of Texas Southwestern — C. Yancy, C. Debes; Washington University School of Medicine — E. Geltman, K. Carbone, C. Hinden; University of Alabama Medical Center — W. Rogers, V. Bittner, G. Blackburn; University of California, San Diego, Medical Center — B. Greenberg, A. Contasti, D. Hermann; University of Cincinnati — W. Abraham, G. Bhat, S. MacDonald, R. Trupp; University of Colorado Health Science Center — M. Bristow, B. Lowes, J. Lindenfeld, D. Ferguson; University of Connecticut Health Center — W. Hager, M. Barry, L. Kearney; University of Florida Health Science Center — A. Miller, G. Tripp; University of Iowa Hospital — R. Oren, C. Pies, M. Duncan; University of Maryland — M. Fisher, M. Cines, J. Marshall; University Medical Center, University of Arizona — P. Fenster, T. Struiksma; University of Minnesota Hospital — S. Kubo, A. Bank, L. Witte; University of Mississippi Medical Center — C. Moore, T. Guy, T. Thomas; University of Montreal — F. Sestier, L. Day, D. Sauard; University of North Carolina — K. Adams, V. Johnson, S. Clarke; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center — D. McNamara, M. Losego, Y. Cannon; University of Rochester Medical Center — C. Seng-Liang, E. Perkins, D. Petrie, J. Armstrong; University of Utah Health Science Center — E. Gilbert, K. Volkman, J. Housley; University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics — P. Rahko, P. Wiederholt, C. VanderArk; Watson Clinic — K. Browne, S. Collins; Yale–New Haven Hospital — T. Ramahi, K. Rohlfs; Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) Baltimore — S. Gottlieb, N. Greenberg; VAMC Boston — M. Slawsky, L. Keane; VAMC Bronx — L. Baruch, P. Patacsil, T. Jamil; VAMC Charleston — M. Zile, M. Knotts, L. Harrell; VAMC Dallas — P. Grayburn, L. Marcoux; VAMC Denver — R. Bies, B. Hattler, K. Thompson, B. Watson; VAMC Durham — F. Cobb, G. Dodson, T. Thomas; VAMC Fresno — P. Deedwania, E. Carbajal, R. Kanefield; VAMC Hines — H. Loeb, A. Henrick; VAMC Houston — D. Mann, S. Eiswirth, B. Bozkurt, A. Desmai; VAMC Jackson — T. Srivastava, J. Voelkel; VAMC Lexington — A. Cross, D. Booth, L. Shockey; VAMC Little Rock — H. Dinh, E. Smith, B. Cotter; VAMC Long Beach — H. Olson, S. Saniga-Parker; VAMC Madison — P. Kosolcharoen, L. Williams; VAMC Memphis — K. Ramanathan, L. Johnson; VAMC Minneapolis — I. Anand, S. Ziesche, A. Holmstrom, S. Berg; VAMC Newington — R. Suri, J. Folger; VAMC Portland — E. Murphy, K. Martin, N. Valone; VAMC Richmond — P. Mohanty, E. Gavis; VAMC St. Louis — W. Martin, C. Inman, S. Witry; VAMC Salem — N. Jarmukli, D. Atkins, T. Gibson; VAMC San Francisco — B. Massie, S. Ammon, D. Bello, E. Der; VAMC San Diego — R. Shabetai, R. Cremo; VAMC Sepulveda — M. Heng, C. Lyu, S. Heng; VAMC San Antonio — D. Murray, J. Anderson, J. Dugan; VAMC Tampa — G. Cintron, J. Parks III; VAMC Tucson — S. Goldman, D. Carroll, J. Ohm; VAMC Washington, D.C. — P. Carson, D. Lee. VA Palo Alto Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center: P. Lavori, H. Krause-Steinrauf, S. Thaneemit-Chen, V. Krishnan, K. Urbanek, J. Wood, N. Friedberger, J. Cockroft, C. Kerner, M. Penick, K. Green, S. King, Z. Zhang, K. Mahadocon, C. Franciscus, A. Kim, W. Chen, L. Nielsen, L. Rupper, D. Romero, C. Welte. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Study Operations: M. Domanski, Y. Rosenberg, D. Follmann. VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center: C. Colling, K. Boardman, J. Peterson. Clinical Research Associates: L. Blanski, J. Hartman, A. Herring, C. Orcutt, K. Sheridan, J. Brehm, S. Lichtenberger, J. Bruce, A. Turpin, M. Norris.
- References
References
1
MERIT-HF Study Group
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Cohn JN ,Levine TB ,Olivari MT , et al. Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1984;311:819-823
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline4
Kay DM ,Lefkovits J ,Jennings GL ,Bergin P ,Broughton A ,Esler MD . Adverse consequences of high sympathetic nervous activity in the failing human heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1257-1263
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Francis GS ,Cohn JN ,Johnson G ,Rector TS ,Goldman S ,Simon A . Plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity, and congestive heart failure: relations to survival and the effects of therapy in V-HeFT II. Circulation 1993;87:Suppl V:V-1406
Packer M ,Lee WH ,Kessler PD ,Gottlieb SS ,Bernstein JL ,Kukin ML . Role of neurohormonal mechanisms in determining survival in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Circulation 1987;75:Suppl IV:IV-807
Hall SA ,Cigarroa CG ,Marcoux L ,Risser RC ,Grayburn PA ,Eichhorn EJ . Time course of improvement in left ventricular function, mass and geometry in patients with congestive heart failure treated with β-adrenergic blockade. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1154-1161
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Eichhorn EJ ,Bristow MR . Practical guidelines for initiation of β-adrenergic blockade in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:794-798
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Gillum RF . Epidemiology of heart failure in the United States. Am Heart J 1993;126:1042-1047
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Dries DL ,Exner DV ,Gersh BJ ,Cooper HA ,Carson PE ,Domanski MJ . Racial differences in the outcome of left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1999;340:609-616[Erratum, N Engl J Med 1999;341:298.]
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline11
The BEST Steering Committee
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
The Digitalis Investigation Group
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline13
Efron B . Forcing a sequential experiment to be balanced. Biometrika 1971;58:403-417
CrossRef | Web of Science14
Lakatos E . Sample size determination in clinical trials with time-dependent rates of losses and noncompliance. Control Clin Trials 1986;7:189-199
CrossRef | Medline15
Lakatos E . Sample size based on the log-rank statistic in complex clinical trials. Biometrics 1988;44:229-241[Erratum, Biometrics 1988;44:923.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Lan KKG ,DeMets DL . Discrete sequential boundaries for clinical trials. Biometrika 1983;70:659-663
CrossRef | Web of Science17
Lan KKG ,Rosenberger WF ,Lachin JM . Use of spending functions for occasional or continuous monitoring of data in clinical trials. Stat Med 1993;12:2219-2231
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Lan KKG ,Lachin JM . Implementation of group sequential logrank tests in a maximum duration trial. Biometrics 1990;46:759-770
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Kaplan EL ,Meier P . Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc 1958;53:457-481
CrossRef | Web of Science20
SAS (r) proprietary software, release 6.12. Cary, N.C.: SAS Institute, 1996.
21
Cox DR . Regression models and life-tables. J R Stat Soc [B] 1972;34:187-20222
S-PLUS: version 3.4. Seattle: Insightful, 1998 (software).
23
Harrell FE. Predicting outcomes: applied survival analysis and logistic regression. Charlottesville: School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1996.
24
Harrell FE. Design and Hmisc S-PLUS function libraries: S-PLUS 2000. Seattle: Insightful, June 1999 (software).
25
Materson BJ ,Reda DJ ,Cushman WC , et al. Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men: a comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo. N Engl J Med 1993;328:914-921[Erratum, N Engl J Med 1994;330:1689.]
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline26
Johnson JA ,Burlew BS ,Stiles RN . Racial differences in beta-adrenoceptor-mediated responsiveness. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995;25:90-96
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
Carson P ,Ziesche S ,Johnson G ,Cohn JN . Racial differences in response to therapy for heart failure: analysis of the Vasodilator-Heart Failure trials. J Card Fail 1999;5:178-187
CrossRef | Medline28
Exner DV ,Dries DL ,Domanski MJ ,Cohn JN . Lesser response to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor therapy in black as compared with white patients with left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1351-1357
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline29
Yancy C ,Fowler MB ,Colucci WS ,Gilbert EM ,Lukas MA ,Young ST . Response of black heart failure patients to carvedilol. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:Suppl A:284A-284A abstract.30
Freudenberger R ,Kalman J ,Mannino M ,Buchholz-Varley C ,Ocampo O ,Kukin M . Effect of race in the response to metoprolol in patients with congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;80:1372-1374
Web of Science31
Bloem LJ ,Manatunga AK ,Pratt JH . Racial difference in the relationship of an angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism to serum angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity. Hypertension 1996;27:62-66
Web of Science | Medline32
Rotimi C ,Puras A ,Cooper R . Polymorphisms of renin-angiotensin genes among Nigerians, Jamaicans, and African Americans. Hypertension 1996;27:558-563
Web of Science | Medline33
Moore JD ,Mason DA ,Green SA ,Hsu J ,Liggett SB . Racial differences in the frequencies of cardiac beta(1)-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms: analysis of c145A>G and c1165G>C. Hum Mutat 1999;14:271-271
CrossRef | Medline34
Hershberger RE ,Wynn JR ,Sundberg L ,Bristow MR . Mechanism of action of bucindolol in human ventricular myocardium. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990;15:959-967
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline35
Sederberg J ,Wichman SE ,Lindenfeld J , et al. Bucindolol has no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) in nonfailing human ventricular preparations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:Suppl A:207A-207A abstract.
Web of Science36
Gilbert EM ,Anderson JL ,Deitchman D , et al. Long-term β-blocker vasodilator therapy improves cardiac function in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a double-blind, randomized study of bucindolol versus placebo. Am J Med 1990;88:223-229
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline37
Bristow MR ,Roden RL ,Lowes BD ,Gilbert EM ,Eichhorn EJ . The role of third generation β-blocking agents in chronic heart failure. Clin Cardiol 1998;21:Suppl 1:I-3[Erratum, Clin Cardiol 1999;22:ia.]
CrossRef38
Yoshikawa T ,Port JD ,Asano K , et al. Cardiac adrenergic receptor effects of carvedilol. Eur Heart J 1996;17:Suppl B:8-16
Web of Science | Medline39
Uchida W ,Kimura T ,Satoh S . Presence of presynaptic inhibitory α1-adrenoceptors in the cardiac sympathetic nerves of the dog: effects of prazosin and yohimbine on sympathetic neurotransmission to the heart. Eur J Pharmacol 1984;103:51-56
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline40
Lowes BD ,Lindenfeld JA ,Gilbert EM , et al. Differential effects ofβ-blocking agents on adrenergic activity. Circulation 2000;102:Suppl II:II-628 abstract.41
Gilbert EM ,Abraham WT ,Olsen S , et al. Comparative hemodynamic, left ventricular functional, and antiadrenergic effects of chronic treatment with metoprolol versus carvedilol in the failing heart. Circulation 1996;94:2817-2825
Web of Science | Medline42
Coats AJS . Heart Failure 99 -- in MOXCON story. Int J Cardiol 1999;71:109-111
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (276)
Citing Articles
1
Jasmine A. Talameh, Howard L. Mcleod, Kirkwood F. Adams, J. Herbert Patterson. (2012) Genetic Tailoring of Pharmacotherapy in Heart Failure: Optimize the Old, While We Wait for Something New. Journal of Cardiac Failure
CrossRef2
Dennis Ladage, Robert H.G. Schwinger, Klara Brixius. (2012) Cardio-Selective Beta-Blocker: Pharmacological Evidence and Their Influence on Exercise Capacity. Cardiovascular Therapeuticsno-no
CrossRef3
Jasmine A. Talameh, David E. Lanfear. (2011) Pharmacogenetics in Chronic Heart Failure: New Developments and Current Challenges. Current Heart Failure Reports
CrossRef4
Christopher M. O'Connor, Mona Fiuzat, JoAnn Lindenfeld, Alan Miller, Carlo Lombardi, Peter Carson, Linda K. Shaw, Li-Joy Wang, Patricia Connolly, Roger Mills, Clyde Yancy, Kenneth Mahaffey. (2011) Mode of Death and Hospitalization from the Second Follow-Up Serial Infusions of Nesiritide (FUSION II) Trial and Comparison of Clinical Events Committee Adjudicated Versus Investigator Reported Outcomes. The American Journal of Cardiology 108:10, 1449-1457
CrossRef5
J. M. Testani, S. G. Coca, R. P. Shannon, S. E. Kimmel, T. P. Cappola. (2011) Influence of renal dysfunction phenotype on mortality in the setting of cardiac dysfunction: analysis of three randomized controlled trials. European Journal of Heart Failure 13:11, 1224-1230
CrossRef6
Nicoletta Riva, Gregory YH Lip. (2011) Nebivolol for the treatment of heart failure. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs1-14
CrossRef7
Michel White, Ravi V. Desai, Jason L. Guichard, Marjan Mujib, Inmaculada B. Aban, Mustafa I. Ahmed, Margaret A. Feller, Simon de Denus, Ali Ahmed. (2011) Bucindolol, Systolic Blood Pressure, and Outcomes in Systolic Heart Failure: A Prespecified Post Hoc Analysis of BEST. Canadian Journal of Cardiology
CrossRef8
G. Michael Felker. (2011) Biomarkers as Surrogate End Points in Heart Failure Trials. Heart Failure Clinics 7:4, 501-507
CrossRef9
Mona Fiuzat, Robert M. Califf. (2011) Conduct of Clinical Trials in Acute Heart Failure: Regional Differences in Heart Failure Clinical Trials. Heart Failure Clinics 7:4, 539-544
CrossRef10
M. T. Hoogwegt, N. Kupper, D. A. M. J. Theuns, L. Jordaens, S. S. Pedersen. (2011) Beta-blocker therapy is not associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients receiving an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Europace
CrossRef11
David R. Holmes, Jeffrey A. Becker, Christopher B. Granger, Marian C. Limacher, Robert Lee Page, Cathy Sila, Joseph P. Drozda, Joseph G. Cacchione, Blair D. Erb, Robert A. Harrington, Jerry D. Kennett, Harlan M. Krumholz, Frederick A. Masoudi, Eric D. Peterson, Athena Poppas, David J. Sahn, Mark L. Sanz, David M. Shahian, John R. Windle, Janet F. Wyman. (2011) ACCF/AHA 2011 Health Policy Statement on Therapeutic Interchange and Substitution. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:12, 1287-1307
CrossRef12
Mihai Gheorghiade, James D. Flaherty, Gregg C. Fonarow, Ravi V. Desai, Richard Lee, David McGiffin, Thomas E. Love, Inmaculada Aban, Eric J. Eichhorn, Robert O. Bonow, Ali Ahmed. (2011) Coronary artery disease, coronary revascularization, and outcomes in chronic advanced systolic heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 151:1, 69-75
CrossRef13
Christopher M. O'Connor, Mona Fiuzat, Karl Swedberg, Michael Caron, Bruce Koch, Peter E. Carson, Wendy Gattis-Stough, Gordon W. Davis, Michael R. Bristow. (2011) Influence of Global Region on Outcomes in Heart Failure Beta-Blocker Trials. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:9, 915-922
CrossRef14
Esther S.H. Kim, Thomas P. Carrigan, Venu Menon. (2011) International Participation in Cardiovascular Randomized Controlled Trials Sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:7, 671-676
CrossRef15
Barry M. Massie. (2011) Globalization of Clinical Trials. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:9, 923-924
CrossRef16
JoAnn Lindenfeld, Robert W. Schrier. (2011) Blood Urea Nitrogen. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:4, 383-385
CrossRef17
Omar F. AbouEzzeddine, Margaret M. Redfield. (2011) Who Has Advanced Heart Failure? Definition and Epidemiology. Congestive Heart Failure 17:4, 160-168
CrossRef18
Jeffrey M. Testani, Thomas P. Cappola, Colleen M. Brensinger, Richard P. Shannon, Stephen E. Kimmel. (2011) Interaction Between Loop Diuretic-Associated Mortality and Blood Urea Nitrogen Concentration in Chronic Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:4, 375-382
CrossRef19
Qian Li, Robert J. Glynn, Nancy A. Dreyer, Jun Liu, Helen Mogun, Soko Setoguchi. (2011) Validity of claims-based definitions of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in Medicare patients. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 20:7, 700-708
CrossRef20
Murray Esler. (2011) The sympathetic nervous system through the ages: from Thomas Willis to resistant hypertension. Experimental Physiology 96:7, 611-622
CrossRef21
Philip B Adamson, William T Abraham, Jay Yadav. (2011) Wireless pulmonary artery haemodynamic monitoring – Authors' reply. The Lancet 377:9784, 2177
CrossRef22
M. Samir Arnaout, Wael Almahmeed, Mohsen Ibrahim, James Ker, Ma Taher Khalil, Corrie T. Van Wyk, Giuseppe Mancia, Eyas Al Mousa. (2011) Hypertension and its management in countries in Africa and the Middle East, with special reference to the place of β -blockade. Current Medical Research and Opinion 27:6, 1223-1236
CrossRef23
Ravi V. Desai, Jason L. Guichard, Marjan Mujib, Mustafa I. Ahmed, Margaret A. Feller, Gregg C. Fonarow, Philippe Meyer, Ami E. Iskandrian, Herman J. Bogaard, Michel White, Inmaculada B. Aban, Wilbert S. Aronow, Prakash Deedwania, Finn Waagstein, Ali Ahmed. (2011) Reduced right ventricular ejection fraction and increased mortality in chronic systolic heart failure patients receiving beta-blockers: Insights from the BEST trial. International Journal of Cardiology
CrossRef24
Philippe Meyer, Ravi V. Desai, Marjan Mujib, Margaret A. Feller, Chris Adamopoulos, Maciej Banach, Mitja Lainscak, Inmaculada Aban, Michel White, Wilbert S. Aronow, Prakash Deedwania, Ami E. Iskandrian, Ali Ahmed. (2011) Right ventricular ejection fraction <20% is an independent predictor of mortality but not of hospitalization in older systolic heart failure patients. International Journal of Cardiology
CrossRef25
JKL Walker, RB Penn, NA Hanania, BF Dickey, RA Bond. (2011) New perspectives regarding β2-adrenoceptor ligands in the treatment of asthma. British Journal of Pharmacology 163:1, 18-28
CrossRef26
Nicholas B Norgard, Gina M Prescott. (2011) Future of personalized pharmacotherapy in chronic heart failure patients. Future Cardiology 7:3, 357-379
CrossRef27
Clive Page. (2011) Paradoxical pharmacology: turning our pharmacological models upside down. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 32:4, 197-200
CrossRef28
Christer Kubon, Nisha B. Mistry, Irene Grundvold, Sigrun Halvorsen, Sverre E. Kjeldsen, Arne S. Westheim. (2011) The role of beta-blockers in the treatment of chronic heart failure. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 32:4, 206-212
CrossRef29
R. V. Desai, P. Meyer, M. I. Ahmed, M. Mujib, C. Adamopoulos, M. White, I. B. Aban, A. E. Iskandrian, A. Ahmed. (2011) Relationship between left and right ventricular ejection fractions in chronic advanced systolic heart failure: insights from the BEST trial. European Journal of Heart Failure 13:4, 392-397
CrossRef30
G. S. Filippatos, M. I. Ahmed, J. D. Gladden, M. Mujib, I. B. Aban, T. E. Love, P. W. Sanders, B. Pitt, S. D. Anker, A. Ahmed. (2011) Hyperuricaemia, chronic kidney disease, and outcomes in heart failure: potential mechanistic insights from epidemiological data. European Heart Journal 32:6, 712-720
CrossRef31
Frans H Rutten. (2011) β-blockers and their mortality benefits: underprescribed in heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Future Cardiology 7:1, 43-53
CrossRef32
FRANCISCO LEYVA, PAUL W. X. FOLEY, SHAJIL CHALIL, NICK IRWIN, RUSSELL E. A. SMITH. (2011) Female Gender is Associated with a Better Outcome after Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 34:1, 82-88
CrossRef33
Mustafa I. Ahmed, Marjan Mujib, Ravi V. Desai, Margaret A. Feller, Casey Daniel, Inmaculada B. Aban, Thomas E. Love, Prakash Deedwania, Bertram Pitt, Wilbert S. Aronow. (2010) Outcomes in younger and older adults with chronic advanced systolic heart failure: A propensity-matched study. International Journal of Cardiology
CrossRef34
Vijay U. Rao, John R. Teerlink. 2010. Treating Systolic Heart Failure. , 287-326.
CrossRef35
Ruchika Dutta, Barry H. Greenberg. 2010. Neurohormonal Blocking Agents in the Treatment of Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Heart Failure. , 83-116.
CrossRef36
Daniel J. Penny, Giles Wesley Vick. (2010) Novel Therapies in Childhood Heart Failure: Today and Tomorrow. Heart Failure Clinics 6:4, 591-621
CrossRef37
Giuseppe Boriani, Igor Diemberger, Cinzia Valzania, Mauro Biffi, Cristian Martignani, Emanuel Raschi, Valentina Mantovani, Matteo Ziacchi, Matteo Bertini, Fabrizio De Ponti, Angelo Branzi. (2010) Role of drugs and devices in patients at risk of sudden cardiac death. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 24:5, 575-594
CrossRef38
Peter Carson, Mona Fiuzat, Christopher O'Connor, Inder Anand, Jonathan Plehn, Jo Ann Lindenfeld, Marc Silver, Michel White, Alan Miller, Gordon Davis, Alastair D. Robertson, Michael Bristow, Stephen Gottlieb. (2010) Determination of hospitalization type by investigator case report form or adjudication committee in a large heart failure clinical trial (β-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial [BEST]). American Heart Journal 160:4, 649-654
CrossRef39
Jason McHugh, Prabhat Pokhrel, Kimberly Barber, Guozhen Liu. (2010) Beta-blockers in the management of cardiovascular diseases. Osteopathic Family Physician 2:5, 131-138
CrossRef40
Daniel G. Kramer, Thomas A. Trikalinos, David M. Kent, George V. Antonopoulos, Marvin A. Konstam, James E. Udelson. (2010) Quantitative Evaluation of Drug or Device Effects on Ventricular Remodeling as Predictors of Therapeutic Effects on Mortality in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 56:5, 392-406
CrossRef41
Ravi V. Desai, Maciej Banach, Mustafa I. Ahmed, Marjan Mujib, Inmaculada Aban, Thomas E. Love, Michel White, Gregg Fonarow, Prakash Deedwania, Wilbert S. Aronow, Ali Ahmed. (2010) Impact of Baseline Systolic Blood Pressure on Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Advanced Chronic Systolic Heart Failure (Insights from the BEST Trial). The American Journal of Cardiology 106:2, 221-227
CrossRef42
(2010) Section 13: Evaluation and Therapy for Heart Failure in the Setting of Ischemic Heart Disease. Journal of Cardiac Failure 16:6, e157-e165
CrossRef43
(2010) Section 15: Management of Heart Failure in Special Populations. Journal of Cardiac Failure 16:6, e169-e175
CrossRef44
An L. Moens, Ronghua Yang, Vabren L. Watts, Lili A. Barouch. (2010) Beta 3-adrenoreceptor regulation of nitric oxide in the cardiovascular system. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 48:6, 1088-1095
CrossRef45
Bodh I Jugdutt. (2010) Heart failure in the elderly: advances and challenges. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 8:5, 695-715
CrossRef46
C. Thuillez. (2010) Dysfonction endothéliale : le rôle des bêtabloquants vasodilatateurs dans l’hypertension artérielle et l’insuffisance cardiaque chronique. Annales de Cardiologie et d'Angéiologie 59:2, 86-92
CrossRef47
Gordon W Moe, Jack Tu. (2010) Heart failure in the ethnic minorities. Current Opinion in Cardiology 25:2, 124-130
CrossRef48
Akash R Patel, Robert E Shaddy. (2010) Role of β-blocker therapy in pediatric heart failure. Pediatric Health 4:1, 45-58
CrossRef49
Miguel Yebra-Yebra, Jesús Recio, José Carlos Arévalo-Lorido, Luis Cornide-Santos, José Manuel Cerqueiro-González, Luis Manzano. (2010) Seguridad y tolerancia del tratamiento con bloqueadores beta en el paciente anciano con insuficiencia cardíaca. Estudio BETANIC. Medicina Clínica 134:4, 141-145
CrossRef50
Maria Gabriella Matera, Eugenio Martuscelli, Mario Cazzola. (2010) Pharmacological modulation of β-adrenoceptor function in patients with coexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 23:1, 1-8
CrossRef51
Charles R Salters, Alison L Bailey, Thomas F Whayne. (2010) Current treatment of heart failure in the USA. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 8:2, 279-290
CrossRef52
Roger Hullin. 2010. Treatment of Left Ventricular Failure. , 152-160.
CrossRef53
Ibrahim N. Mansour, Sirikarn Napan, M. Tarek Alahdab, Thomas D. Stamos. (2010) Carbohydrate Antigen 125 Predicts Long-Term Mortality in African American Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. Congestive Heart Failure 16:1, 15-20
CrossRef54
Robert E. Shaddy, Daniel J. Penny. 2010. Chronic Cardiac Failure. , 257-268.
CrossRef55
Gerald W. Dorn. (2009) Pharmacogenetic profiling in the treatment of heart disease. Translational Research 154:6, 295-302
CrossRef56
Nancy M. Albert, Kathleen Trochelman, Kathryn H. Meyer, Benjamin Nutter. (2009) Characteristics Associated with Racial Disparities in Illness Beliefs of Patients with Heart Failure. Behavioral Medicine 35:4, 112-125
CrossRef57
Usman Javed, Prakash C. Deedwania. (2009) Beta-Adrenergic Blockers for Chronic Heart Failure. Cardiology in Review 17:6, 287-292
CrossRef58
P. W.X. Foley, F. Leyva, M. P. Frenneaux. (2009) What is treatment success in cardiac resynchronization therapy?. Europace 11:Supplement 5, v58-v65
CrossRef59
Filippos Triposkiadis, George Karayannis, Grigorios Giamouzis, John Skoularigis, George Louridas, Javed Butler. (2009) The Sympathetic Nervous System in Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 54:19, 1747-1762
CrossRef60
Naveen L. Pereira, Richard M. Weinshilboum. (2009) Cardiovascular pharmacogenomics and individualized drug therapy. Nature Reviews Cardiology 6:10, 632-638
CrossRef61
Daniel Kurnik, Andrew J Cunningham, Gbenga G Sofowora, Utkarsh Kohli, Chun Li, Eitan A Friedman, Mordechai Muszkat, Usha B Menon, Alastair JJ Wood, C Michael Stein. (2009) GRK5 Gln41Leu polymorphism is not associated with sensitivity to β 1 -adrenergic blockade in humans. Pharmacogenomics 10:10, 1581-1587
CrossRef62
Piergiuseppe Agostoni, Pietro Palermo, Mauro Contini. (2009) Respiratory Effects of β-blocker Therapy in Heart Failure. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 23:5, 377-384
CrossRef63
Steven M. Shaw, Teresa Coppinger, Carolyn Waywell, Louise Dunne, Louise D. Archer, William R. Critchley, Nizar Yonan, James E. Fildes, Simon G. Williams. (2009) The Effect of Beta-Blockers on the Adaptive Immune System in Chronic Heart Failure. Cardiovascular Therapeutics 27:3, 181-186
CrossRef64
Parminder S. Chaggar, Chris J. Malkin, Steven M. Shaw, Simon G. Williams, Kevin S. Channer. (2009) Neuroendocrine Effects on the Heart and Targets for Therapeutic Manipulation in Heart Failure. Cardiovascular Therapeutics 27:3, 187-193
CrossRef65
M. I. Ahmed, M. White, O. J. Ekundayo, T. E. Love, I. Aban, B. Liu, W. S. Aronow, A. Ahmed. (2009) A history of atrial fibrillation and outcomes in chronic advanced systolic heart failure: a propensity-matched study. European Heart Journal 30:16, 2029-2037
CrossRef66
Livia Goldraich, Luis Beck-da-Silva, Nadine Clausell. (2009) Are scores useful in advanced heart failure?. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 7:8, 985-997
CrossRef67
M. Klapholz. (2009) -Blocker Use for the Stages of Heart Failure. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84:8, 718-729
CrossRef68
Paolo Palatini. (2009) Elevated Heart Rate in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Target for Treatment?. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 52:1, 46-60
CrossRef69
Tomasz J Kuzniar, Rajesh Balagani, Kathryn A Radigan, Phillip Factor, Gökhan M Mutlu. (2009) Coma With Absent Brainstem Reflexes Resulting From Zolpidem Overdose. American Journal of Therapeutics1
CrossRef70
Sharon Cresci, Reagan J. Kelly, Thomas P. Cappola, Abhinav Diwan, Daniel Dries, Sharon L.R. Kardia, Gerald W. Dorn. (2009) Clinical and Genetic Modifiers of Long-Term Survival in Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 54:5, 432-444
CrossRef71
Gregg C Fonarow. (2009) Role of carvedilol controlled-release in cardiovascular disease. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 7:5, 483-498
CrossRef72
Keith C. Ferdinand, Daphne P. Ferdinand. (2009) Cardiovascular disease disparities: Racial/ethnic factors and potential solutions. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 3:3, 187-193
CrossRef73
Mariell Jessup, William T. Abraham, Donald E. Casey, Arthur M. Feldman, Gary S. Francis, Theodore G. Ganiats, Marvin A. Konstam, Donna M. Mancini, Peter S. Rahko, Marc A. Silver, Lynne Warner Stevenson, Clyde W. Yancy. (2009) 2009 Focused Update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:15, 1343-1382
CrossRef74
Sharon Ann Hunt, William T. Abraham, Marshall H. Chin, Arthur M. Feldman, Gary S. Francis, Theodore G. Ganiats, Mariell Jessup, Marvin A. Konstam, Donna M. Mancini, Keith Michl, John A. Oates, Peter S. Rahko, Marc A. Silver, Lynne Warner Stevenson, Clyde W. Yancy. (2009) 2009 Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:15, e1-e90
CrossRef75
Deddo Moertl, Rudolf Berger, Alexandra Hammer, Martin Huelsmann, Raisa Hutuleac, Richard Pacher. (2009) B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Predicts Benefit From a Home-Based Nurse Care in Chronic Heart Failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure 15:3, 233-240
CrossRef76
R. Willenheimer. (2009) The current role of beta-blockers in chronic heart failure: with special emphasis on the CIBIS III trial. European Heart Journal Supplements 11:Suppl A, A15-A20
CrossRef77
Jamshid Shirani, Vasken Dilsizian. (2009) Molecular imaging targets of cardiac remodeling. Current Cardiology Reports 11:2, 148-154
CrossRef78
Pawan D. Patel, Jose L. Velazquez, Rohit R. Arora. (2009) Endothelial dysfunction in African-Americans. International Journal of Cardiology 132:2, 157-172
CrossRef79
Joseph F. Styron, Preeti Jois-Bilowich, Randall Starling, Robert E. Hobbs, Michael C. Kontos, Peter S. Pang, W. Frank Peacock. (2009) Initial Emergency Department Systolic Blood Pressure Predicts Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. Congestive Heart Failure 15:1, 9-13
CrossRef80
J. Paul Rocchiccioli, John J.V. McMurray. (2008) Medical management of advanced heart failure. Progress in Palliative Care 16:5, 229-240
CrossRef81
(2008) Guía de práctica clínica de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología (ESC) para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda y crónica (2008). Revista Española de Cardiología 61:12, 1329.e1-1329.e70
CrossRef82
Benjamin W Van Tassell, Przemyslaw Radwanski, Matthew Movsesian, Mark A Munger. (2008) Combination Therapy with β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists and Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors for Chronic Heart Failure. Pharmacotherapy 28:12, 1523-1530
CrossRef83
Brian D. Lowes, Peter M. Buttrick. (2008) Genetic determinants of drug response in heart failure. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 2:6, 485-490
CrossRef84
Jane L Yen-Revollo, J Todd Auman, Howard L McLeod. (2008) Race does not explain genetic heterogeneity in pharmacogenomic pathways. Pharmacogenomics 9:11, 1639-1645
CrossRef85
Ali Ahmed, Ruth C. Campbell. (2008) Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease in Heart Failure. Heart Failure Clinics 4:4, 387-399
CrossRef86
Daniel Kurnik, Chun Li, Gbenga G. Sofowora, Eitan A. Friedman, Mordechai Muszkat, Hong-Guang Xie, Paul A. Harris, Scott M. Williams, Usha B. Nair, Alastair J.J. Wood, C. Michael Stein. (2008) Beta-1-adrenoceptor genetic variants and ethnicity independently affect response to beta-blockade. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 18:10, 895-902
CrossRef87
, K. Dickstein, A. Cohen-Solal, G. Filippatos, J. J.V. McMurray, P. Ponikowski, P. A. Poole-Wilson, A. Stromberg, D. J. van Veldhuisen, D. Atar, A. W. Hoes, A. Keren, A. Mebazaa, M. Nieminen, S. G. Priori, K. Swedberg, , A. Vahanian, J. Camm, R. De Caterina, V. Dean, K. Dickstein, G. Filippatos, C. Funck-Brentano, I. Hellemans, S. D. Kristensen, K. McGregor, U. Sechtem, S. Silber, M. Tendera, P. Widimsky, J. L. Zamorano, , M. Tendera, A. Auricchio, J. Bax, M. Bohm, U. Corra, P. della Bella, P. M. Elliott, F. Follath, M. Gheorghiade, Y. Hasin, A. Hernborg, T. Jaarsma, M. Komajda, R. Kornowski, M. Piepoli, B. Prendergast, L. Tavazzi, J.-L. Vachiery, F. W. A. Verheugt, J. L. Zamorano, F. Zannad. (2008) ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). European Heart Journal 29:19, 2388-2442
CrossRef88
Jamshid Shirani, Vasken Dilsizian. (2008) Imaging left ventricular remodeling: targeting the neurohumoral axis. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 5, S57-S62
CrossRef89
Rangadham Nagarakanti, Michael Ezekowitz. (2008) Diastolic dysfunction and atrial fibrillation. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology 22:2, 111-118
CrossRef90
Dimitris Tousoulis, Charalambos Antoniades, Apostolos Drolias, Elli Stefanadi, Kyriakoyla Marinou, Carmen Vasiliadou, Costas Tsioufis, Kostas Toutouzas, George Latsios, Christodoulos Stefanadis. (2008) Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Modify the Effect of β-Blockers on Long-Term Survival of Patients With End-Stage Heart Failure and Major Depression. Journal of Cardiac Failure 14:6, 456-464
CrossRef91
Clyde W. Yancy. (2008) Race-based therapeutics. Current Hypertension Reports 10:4, 276-285
CrossRef92
Alexander V Gourine, K Michael Spyer, Andrey Gourine. (2008) β-blockers: acting in the brain but healing the heart. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 6:7, 913-915
CrossRef93
Alberto J. Kaumann, Peter Molenaar. (2008) The low-affinity site of the β1-adrenoceptor and its relevance to cardiovascular pharmacology. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 118:3, 303-336
CrossRef94
Antonio Berruezo, Josep Brugada. (2008) Betablockers: Is the Reduction of Sudden Death Related to Pure Electrophysiologic Effects?. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 22:3, 163-164
CrossRef95
Tamara B. Horwich, Gregg C. Fonarow. (2008) Heart failure in African Americans: Earlier onset, different etiologies, and poorer prognosis. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 2:3, 198-202
CrossRef96
Aysha Arshad, Anisha Mandava, Ganesh Kamath, Dan Musat. (2008) Sudden Cardiac Death and the Role of Medical Therapy. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 50:6, 420-438
CrossRef97
Dennis M McNamara. (2008) Emerging role of pharmacogenomics in heart failure. Current Opinion in Cardiology 23:3, 261-268
CrossRef98
Utpal N. Sagar, Mustafa M. Ahmed, Suzanne Adams, David J. Whellan. (2008) Does Body Mass Index Really Matter in the Management of Heart Failure?. Cardiology in Review 16:3, 124-128
CrossRef99
Brian D. Lowes, Peter M. Buttrick. (2008) Genetic determinants of drug response in heart failure. Current Cardiology Reports 10:3, 176-181
CrossRef100
L. Michael Prisant, Kevin L. Thomas, Eldrin F. Lewis, Zhen Huang, Gary S. Francis, W. Douglas Weaver, Marc A. Pfeffer, John J.V. McMurray, Robert M. Califf, Eric J. Velazquez. (2008) Racial Analysis of Patients With Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Heart Failure and/or Left Ventricular Dysfunction Treated With Valsartan, Captopril, or Both. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51:19, 1865-1871
CrossRef101
Stephen B Liggett, Sharon Cresci, Reagan J Kelly, Faisal M Syed, Scot J Matkovich, Harvey S Hahn, Abhinav Diwan, Jeffrey S Martini, Li Sparks, Rohan R Parekh, John A Spertus, Walter J Koch, Sharon L R Kardia, Gerald W Dorn II. (2008) A GRK5 polymorphism that inhibits β-adrenergic receptor signaling is protective in heart failure. Nature Medicine 14:5, 510-517
CrossRef102
Margherita Padeletti, Sanja Jelic, Thierry H. LeJemtel. (2008) Coexistent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure in the elderly. International Journal of Cardiology 125:2, 209-215
CrossRef103
Thomas Dieterle, Matthias Pfisterer, Hanspeter Brunner-La Rocca. (2008) Heart failure in the elderly. Aging Health 4:2, 137-155
CrossRef104
Jalal K Ghali, JoAnn Lindenfeld. (2008) Sex differences in response to chronic heart failure therapies. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 6:4, 555-565
CrossRef105
Genevieve Flannery, Rosie Gehrig-Mills, Baki Billah, Henry Krum. (2008) Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on the Effect of Magnitude of Heart Rate Reduction on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Systolic Chronic Heart Failure Receiving Beta-Blockers. The American Journal of Cardiology 101:6, 865-869
CrossRef106
Jens Rosenberg, Finn Gustafsson. (2008) Bisoprolol for congestive heart failure. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 9:2, 293-300
CrossRef107
Susan R Foerster, Charles E Canter. (2008) Pediatric Heart Failure Therapy with ??-Adrenoceptor Antagonists. Pediatric Drugs 10:2, 125-134
CrossRef108
Darcy A. Lamb, David F. Blackburn, Anne M. PausJenssen, William M. Semchuk, Patrick Robertson. (2008) Heart failure: Back to basics for pharmacists. Canadian Pharmacists Journal 141:1, 48-57
CrossRef109
Denis Heng-Yan Leung. 2007. Stopping Boundaries. .
CrossRef110
Anastasios Lymperopoulos, Giuseppe Rengo, Walter J. Koch. (2007) Adrenal adrenoceptors in heart failure: fine-tuning cardiac stimulation. Trends in Molecular Medicine 13:12, 503-511
CrossRef111
Masoor Kamalesh. (2007) Heart Failure in Diabetes and Related Conditions. Journal of Cardiac Failure 13:10, 861-873
CrossRef112
Lidia Staszewsky, Maylene Wong, Serge Masson, Simona Barlera, Elisa Carretta, Aldo P. Maggioni, Inder S. Anand, Jay N. Cohn, Gianni Tognoni, Roberto Latini. (2007) Clinical, Neurohormonal, and Inflammatory Markers and Overall Prognostic Role of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Patients With Heart Failure: Data From the Val-HeFT Heart Failure Trial. Journal of Cardiac Failure 13:10, 797-804
CrossRef113
Charles W. Tate, Alastair D. Robertson, Ronald Zolty, Simon F. Shakar, Joann Lindenfeld, Eugene E. Wolfel, Michael R. Bristow, Brian D. Lowes. (2007) Quality of Life and Prognosis in Heart Failure: Results of the Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST). Journal of Cardiac Failure 13:9, 732-737
CrossRef114
Christopher M. O'Connor, Pradeep Arumugham. (2007) Inotropic Drugs and Neurohormonal Antagonists in the Treatment of HF in the Elderly. Heart Failure Clinics 3:4, 477-484
CrossRef115
Donat R. Spahn, Pierre-Guy Chassot, Michael Zaugg. (2007) Pragmatic Treatment versus Elaborative but Incomplete Testing. Anesthesiology 107:4, 526-529
CrossRef116
Richard A. Bond, Domenico Spina, Sergio Parra, Clive P. Page. (2007) Getting to the heart of asthma: Can “β blockers” be useful to treat asthma?. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 115:3, 360-374
CrossRef117
Robert P. Frantz, Brian D. Lowes, Paul A. Grayburn, Michel White, Heidi Krause-Steinrauf, Vaishali Krishnan, Lauren Uyeda, John C. Burnett. (2007) Baseline and Serial Neurohormones in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure Treated With and Without Bucindolol: Results of the Neurohumoral Substudy of the Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Study (BEST). Journal of Cardiac Failure 13:6, 437-444
CrossRef118
Paul P. Lunkenheimer, Klaus Redmann, Colin W. Cryer, Randas V. Batista, Jacobus J. Stanton, Peter Niederer, Robert H. Anderson. (2007) Beta-blockade at low doses restoring the physiological balance in myocytic antagonism. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 32:2, 225-230
CrossRef119
Michael Zaugg, Lukas Bestmann, Johannes Wacker, Eliana Lucchinetti, Anita Boltres, Christian Schulz, Martin Hersberger, Gabriela K??lin, Lukas Furrer, Christoph Hofer, Stephan Blumenthal, Annabelle M??ller, Andreas Zollinger, Donat R. Spahn, Alain Borgeat. (2007) Adrenergic Receptor Genotype but Not Perioperative Bisoprolol Therapy May Determine Cardiovascular Outcome in At-risk Patients Undergoing Surgery with Spinal Block. Anesthesiology 107:1, 33-44
CrossRef120
Chang-seng LIANG. (2007) Cardiac sympathetic nerve terminal function in congestive heart failure. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 28:7, 921-927
CrossRef121
S. D. Naik, Ronald S. Freudenberger. (2007) Beta-blocker contraindications: Are there patients or situations where use is inappropriate?. Current Heart Failure Reports 4:2, 93-98
CrossRef122
Jaekyu Shin, Julie A Johnson. (2007) Pharmacogenetics of β-Blockers. Pharmacotherapy 27:6, 874-887
CrossRef123
Steve Tsai, Marc Klapholz. (2007) Tips and tricks on outpatient initiation and uptitration of beta-blockade in heart failure. Current Heart Failure Reports 4:2, 110-116
CrossRef124
Larisa H Cavallari. (2007) β-adrenergic receptor pharmacogenetics. Future Cardiology 3:3, 229-232
CrossRef125
Clyde W. Yancy. (2007) Race-based therapeutics. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 1:2, 108-117
CrossRef126
Giuseppe Boriani, Cinzia Valzania, Igor Diemberger, Mauro Biffi, Cristian Martignani, Matteo Bertini, Matteo Ziacchi, Giulia Domenichini, Davide Saporito, Claudio Rapezzi, Angelo Branzi. (2007) Potential of non-antiarrhythmic drugs to provide an innovative upstream approach to the pharmacological prevention of sudden cardiac death. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 16:5, 605-623
CrossRef127
Gautam R. Shroff, Anne L. Taylor, Monica Colvin-Adams. (2007) Race-related differences in heart failure therapies: Simply black and white or shades of grey?. Current Cardiology Reports 9:3, 178-181
CrossRef128
Michael Domanski, Sean Coady, Jerome Fleg, Xin Tian, Vandana Sachdev. (2007) Effect of Statin Therapy on Survival in Patients With Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy (from the Beta Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial [BEST]). The American Journal of Cardiology 99:10, 1448-1450
CrossRef129
Mark E Dunlap. (2007) New Studies Influencing Treatment of Heart Failure: 2006 Update. Pharmacotherapy 27:4 Part 2, 3S-11S
CrossRef130
Clyde W. Yancy. (2007) Heart Failure and Its Management With ?-Blockade: Potential Applications of Once-Daily Therapy. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 9:s4, 28-35
CrossRef131
William H. Frishman. (2007) A Historical Perspective on the Development of ?-Adrenergic Blockers. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 9:s4, 19-27
CrossRef132
Krista M. Dale, Craig I. Coleman, Sachin A. Shah, Aarti A. Patel, Jeffrey Kluger, C. Michael White. (2007) Impact of gender on statin efficacy. Current Medical Research and Opinion 23:3, 565-574
CrossRef133
Marco Metra, Savina Nodari, Tania Bordonali, Patrizia Milani, Francesco Fracassi, Livio Dei Cas. (2007) β-blocker therapy of heart failure: an update. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 8:3, 289-298
CrossRef134
Christopher M. O'Connor, Pradeep Arumugham. (2007) Inotropic Drugs and Neurohormonal Antagonists in the Treatment of HF in the Elderly. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 23:1, 141-153
CrossRef135
Brent R. DeGeorge, Walter J. Koch. (2007) Beta blocker specificity: a building block toward personalized medicine. Journal of Clinical Investigation 117:1, 86-89
CrossRef136
Komei Tanaka, Masahiro Ito, Makoto Kodama, Hiroki Maruyama, Makoto Hoyano, Wataru Mitsuma, Noriaki Iino, Satoru Hirono, Yuji Okura, Fumitake Gejyo, Naohito Tanabe, Yoshifusa Aizawa. (2007) Longitudinal Change in Renal Function in Patients With Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Without Renal Insufficiency at Initial Diagnosis. Circulation Journal 71:12, 1927-1931
CrossRef137
Daniela Dobre, Flora M Haaijer-Ruskamp, Adriaan A Voors, Dirk J van Veldhuisen. (2007) β-Adrenoceptor Antagonists in Elderly Patients with Heart Failure. Drugs & Aging 24:12, 1031-1044
CrossRef138
Robert Neil Doughty, Harvey D White. (2007) Carvedilol: use in chronic heart failure. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 5:1, 21-31
CrossRef139
William T. Abraham, Barry M. Massie, Mary Ann Lukas, Sandra R. Lottes, Jeanenne J. Nelson, Michael B. Fowler, Barry Greenberg, Edward M. Gilbert, Joseph A. Franciosa. (2007) Tolerability, Safety, and Efficacy of ?-Blockade in Black Patients With Heart Failure in the Community Setting: Insights From a Large Prospective ?-Blocker Registry. Congestive Heart Failure 13:1, 16-21
CrossRef140
Philip B. Adamson, Edward M. Gilbert. (2006) Reducing the Risk of Sudden Death in Heart Failure With β-Blockers. Journal of Cardiac Failure 12:9, 734-746
CrossRef141
Gregg C Fonarow. (2006) Profile of carvedilol controlled-release: a new once-daily formulation of carvedilol. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 7:18, 2533-2546
CrossRef142
Melvin R. Echols, G. Michael Felker, Kevin L. Thomas, Karen S. Pieper, Jyotsna Garg, Michael S. Cuffe, Mihai Gheorghiade, Robert M. Califf, Christopher M. O'Connor. (2006) Racial Differences in the Characteristics of Patients Admitted for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure and Their Relation to Outcomes: Results From the OPTIME-CHF Trial. Journal of Cardiac Failure 12:9, 684-688
CrossRef143
Melvin R Echols, Clyde W Yancy. (2006) Isosorbide dinitrate-hydralazine combination therapy in African Americans with heart failure. Vascular Health and Risk Management 2:4, 423-431
CrossRef144
John D. Harding, Mariell Jessup. (2006) New Directions in the Medical Management of Heart Failure. Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 17:4, 334-342
CrossRef145
Jill M. Gelow, James C. Fang. (2006) Update in the Approach to and Management of Heart Failure. Southern Medical Journal 99:12, 1346-1355
CrossRef146
Sachin S. Sule, William Frishman. (2006) Nebivolol. Cardiology in Review 14:5, 259-264
CrossRef147
Leanne Groban, John Butterworth. (2006) Perioperative Management of Chronic Heart Failure. Anesthesia & Analgesia 103:3, 557-575
CrossRef148
Rana Billeh, David Hirsh, Colin Barker, Birgit Jorgensen, Raban Jeger, Krishnan Ramanathan, Chi-Hong Tseng, Alhakam Hudaihed, Francois Haas, Ulrich P. Jorde. (2006) Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Acute ? 1 -Blockade With 50 mg Metoprolol Tartrate vs 25 mg Carvedilol in Normal Subjects. Congestive Heart Failure 12:5, 254-257
CrossRef149
María G. Crespo Leiro, María J. Paniagua Martín. (2006) Insuficiencia cardiaca. ¿Son diferentes las mujeres?. Revista Española de Cardiología 59:7, 725-735
CrossRef150
Albert Yuh-Jer Shen, Somjot S Brar, Steven S Khan, Dean A Kujubu. (2006) Association of race, heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Future Cardiology 2:4, 441-454
CrossRef151
Brian R Dulin, Henry Krum. (2006) Drug therapy of chronic heart failure in the elderly: the current state of clinical-trial evidence. Current Opinion in Cardiology 21:4, 393-399
CrossRef152
Rachele Adorisio, Leonardo De Luca, Joseph Rossi, Mihai Gheorghiade. (2006) Pharmacological treatment of chronic heart failure. Heart Failure Reviews 11:2, 109-123
CrossRef153
Kathy Hebert, Lee Arcement, Ron Horswell. (2006) Hurricanes and heart failure: A review of the who, what, when, and where of beta-blocker therapy. Current Heart Failure Reports 3:2, 89-95
CrossRef154
Judy W.M. Cheng. (2006) A review of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in the management of heart failure in black patients, with a focus on a new fixed-dose combination. Clinical Therapeutics 28:5, 666-678
CrossRef155
Robert E Shaddy. (2006) Drug trials in pediatric heart failure: hype or improved clinical science?. Future Cardiology 2:3, 281-286
CrossRef156
A. A. Mangoni, S. H. D. Jackson. (2006) The implications of a growing evidence base for drug use in elderly patients. Part 3. beta-adrenoceptor blockers in heart failure and thrombolytics in acute myocardial infarction. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 61:5, 513-520
CrossRef157
Marco Metra, Livio Dei Cas, John G.F. Cleland. (2006) Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Characteristics of β-Blockers: When Differences May Matter. Journal of Cardiac Failure 12:3, 177-181
CrossRef158
Eldrin F. Lewis, Carol M. Flavell. 2006. Prognosis Assessment and End of Life Issues. , 531-546.
CrossRef159
Emily J. Tsai, Thomas P. Cappola. 2006. Beta-Blockers in Heart Failure. , 113-136.
CrossRef160
Keith C. Ferdinand. (2006) The Isosorbide-Hydralazine Story: Is There a Case for Race-Based Cardiovascular Medicine?. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 8:3, 156-158
CrossRef161
Heart Failure Society of America. (2006) Section 13: Evaluation and Therapy for Heart Failure in the Setting of Ischemic Heart Disease. Journal of Cardiac Failure 12:1, e104-e111
CrossRef162
Heart Failure Society of America. (2006) Section 15: Management of Heart Failure in Special Populations. Journal of Cardiac Failure 12:1, e115-e119
CrossRef163
Jennifer J. G Steffensmeier, Michael E Ernst, Michael Kelly, Arthur J Hartz. (2006) Do Randomized Controlled Trials Always Trump Case Reports? A Second Look at Propranolol and Depression. Pharmacotherapy 26:2, 162-167
CrossRef164
Yoshihisa Matsumura, Jun Takata, Hiroaki Kitaoka, Toru Kubo, Yuichi Baba, Eri Hoshikawa, Tomoyuki Hamada, Makoto Okawa, Nobuhiko Hitomi, Kyoko Sato, Naohito Yamasaki, Toshikazu Yabe, Takashi Furuno, Masanori Nishinaga, Yoshinori Doi. (2006) Long-Term Prognosis of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Revisited. Circulation Journal 70:4, 376-383
CrossRef165
Andrew J S Coats. (2006) ??-Adrenoceptor Antagonists in Elderly Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Drugs & Aging 23:2, 93-99
CrossRef166
Matthew J. Kolek, John F. Carlquist, Surai Thaneemit-Chen, Laura C. Lazzeroni, Bryant M. Whiting, Benjamin D. Horne, Joseph B. Muhlestein, Philip Lavori, Jeffrey L. Anderson. (2005) The Role of a Common Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase (AMPD)-1 Polymorphism in Outcomes of Ischemic and Nonischemic Heart Failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure 11:9, 677-683
CrossRef167
Ulf Landmesser, Helmut Drexler. (2005) Chronic heart failure: an overview of conventional treatment versus novel approaches. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 2:12, 628-638
CrossRef168
Keith C Ferdinand. (2005) Isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine hydrochloride: a review of efficacy and safety. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 3:6, 993-1001
CrossRef169
Robin AP Weir, Henry J Dargie. (2005) Carvedilol in chronic heart failure: past, present and future. Future Cardiology 1:6, 723-734
CrossRef170
Jonathan Sackner-Bernstein. (2005) Reducing the risks of sudden death and heart failure post myocardial infarction: Utility of optimized pharmacotherapy. Clinical Cardiology 28:S1, 19-27
CrossRef171
Clyde W. Yancy. (2005) Heart Failure in African Americans. The American Journal of Cardiology 96:7, 3-12
CrossRef172
Anne L. Taylor. (2005) The African American Heart Failure Trial: A Clinical Trial Update. The American Journal of Cardiology 96:7, 44-48
CrossRef173
Sharon Ann Hunt. (2005) ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 46:6, e1-e82
CrossRef174
John V Terrovitis, Maria I Anastasiou-Nana, John N Nanas. (2005) Out-patient management of chronic heart failure. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 6:11, 1857-1881
CrossRef175
Sharon Ann Hunt, William T. Abraham, Marshall H. Chin, Arthur M. Feldman, Gary S. Francis, Theodore G. Ganiats, Mariell Jessup, Marvin A. Konstam, Donna M. Mancini, Keith Michl, John A. Oates, Peter S. Rahko, Marc A. Silver, Lynne Warner Stevenson, Clyde W. Yancy, Elliott M. Antman, Sidney C. Smith, Cynthia D. Adams, Jeffrey L. Anderson, David P. Faxon, Valentin Fuster, Jonathan L. Halperin, Loren F. Hiratzka, Sharon Ann Hunt, Alice K. Jacobs, Rick Nishimura, Joseph P. Ornato, Richard L. Page, Barbara Riegel. (2005) ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult—Summary Article. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 46:6, 1116-1143
CrossRef176
(2005) Guías de Práctica Clínica sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca crónica. Versión resumida (actualización 2005). Revista Española de Cardiología 58:9, 1062-1092
CrossRef177
U. C. Hoppe, M. Böhm, R. Dietz, P. Hanrath, H. K. Kroemer, A. Osterspey, A. A. Schmaltz, E. Erdmann. (2005) Leitlinien zur Therapie der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz. Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 94:8, 488-509
CrossRef178
Robert Wolk, Bruce D. Johnson, Virend K. Somers, Thomas G. Allison, Ray W. Squires, Gerald T. Gau, Lyle J. Olson. (2005) Effects of β-Blocker Therapy on Ventilatory Responses to Exercise in Patients With Heart Failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure 11:5, 333-339
CrossRef179
Reinhard Rychlik, Hanna Rulhoff. (2005) Socioeconomic relevance of selected treatment strategies in patients with chronic heart failure. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 5:3, 277-286
CrossRef180
Steven G. Terra, Karen K. Hamilton, Daniel F. Pauly, Craig R. Lee, J. Herbert Patterson, Kirkwood F. Adams, Richard S. Schofield, Bernadette S. Belgado, James A. Hill, Juan M. Aranda, Hossein N. Yarandi, Julie A. Johnson. (2005) ??1-Adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and left ventricular remodeling changes in response to ??-blocker therapy. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 15:4, 227-234
CrossRef181
J. Wacker, T. Pasch, M. C. Schaub, M. Zaugg. (2005) Perioperative Strategien zur Regulierung des Sympathikotonus. Der Anaesthesist 54:4, 303-318
CrossRef182
Jenny L. Sauls, Tom Rone. (2005) Emerging Trends in the Management of Heart Failure: Beta Blocker Therapy. Nursing Clinics of North America 40:1, 135-148
CrossRef183
Michael Zaugg, Marcus C. Schaub. (2005) Genetic Modulation of Adrenergic Activity in the Heart and Vasculature: Implications for Perioperative Medicine. Anesthesiology 102:2, 429-446
CrossRef184
Kristin E Ellison, Gaurang Gandhi. (2005) Optimising the Use of ??-Adrenoceptor Antagonists in Coronary Artery Disease. Drugs 65:6, 787-797
CrossRef185
Marius Marcian Vintila. (2005) Clinical Relevance of Differences between Various Beta-Blockers. Heart Drug 5:1, 11-13
CrossRef186
(2005) Documento de Consenso de Expertos sobre bloqueadores de los receptores ß-adrenérgicos. Revista Española de Cardiología 58:1, 65-90
CrossRef187
John J.V. McMurray, Marc A. Pfeffer. (2004) The year in heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 44:12, 2398-2405
CrossRef188
Taylor, Anne L., Ziesche, Susan, Yancy, Clyde, Carson, Peter, D'Agostino, Ralph Jr., Ferdinand, Keith, Taylor, Malcolm, Adams, Kirkwood, Sabolinski, Michael, Worcel, Manuel, Cohn, Jay N., . (2004) Combination of Isosorbide Dinitrate and Hydralazine in Blacks with Heart Failure. New England Journal of Medicine 351:20, 2049-2057
Full Text189
Srinivas Iyengar, William T. Abraham. (2004) Pharmacogenomics and Heart Failure: Tailor-Made Therapy?. Congestive Heart Failure 10:6, 273-288
CrossRef190
Sarah K Tate, David B Goldstein. (2004) Will tomorrow's medicines work for everyone?. Nature Genetics 36:11s, S34-S42
CrossRef191
Jalal K. Ghali. (2004) Cerebroprotection mediated by angiotensin II. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 44:10, 2097
CrossRef192
Liu Nian, Yu Ronghui, Ruan Yanfel, Zhou Qiang, Pu Jun, Li Yang. (2004) Protective effect of carvedilol on abnormality of L-type calcium current induced by oxygen free radical in cardiomyocytes. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Medical Sciences] 24:5, 433-436
CrossRef193
Anne L. Taylor. (2004) Endothelial Dysfunction and Nitric Oxide Enhancing Therapy: A New Approach to the Treatment of Heart Failure. Congestive Heart Failure 10:5, 237-242
CrossRef194
Clyde W. Yancy. (2004) The prevention of heart failure in minority communities and discrepancies in health care delivery systems. Medical Clinics of North America 88:5, 1347-1368
CrossRef195
Liviu Klein, Mihai Gheorghiade. (2004) Coronary artery disease and prevention of heart failure. Medical Clinics of North America 88:5, 1209-1235
CrossRef196
Eliot H Ohlstein, Anne M Romanic. (2004) New developments in the use of β-blockers for the management of heart failure. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 13:8, 999-1005
CrossRef197
Ali Ahmed, Louis J. Dell???Italia. (2004) Use of Beta-Blockers in Older Adults with Chronic Heart Failure. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 328:2, 100-111
CrossRef198
Olaf Hedrich, Mark Jacob, Paul J. Hauptman. (2004) Progression of coronary artery disease in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Coronary Artery Disease 15:5, 291-297
CrossRef199
Feras M. Bader, John F. MacGregor, Edward M. Gilbert. (2004) Initiation and use of beta-blockers in class IV heart failure. Current Heart Failure Reports 1:2, 72-76
CrossRef200
Inder S. Anand. (2004) Is too much neurohormonal blockade harmful?. Current Cardiology Reports 6:3, 169-175
CrossRef201
Stefan D Anker, Ewa A Jankowska, Darlington O Okonko. (2004) Therapeutic patents for chronic heart failure: a review of patent applications from 1996 to 2002. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 14:5, 639-654
CrossRef202
Mariell Jessup, Ileana L Piña. (2004) Is it important to examine gender differences in the epidemiology and outcome of severe heart failure?. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 127:5, 1247-1252
CrossRef203
Jean-Bernard Durand. (2004) Heart Failure Management in African Americans: Meeting the Challenge. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 6:s4, 42-47
CrossRef204
Stevo Julius, Michael H Alderman, Gareth Beevers, Björn Dahlöf, Richard B Devereux, Janice G Douglas, Jonathan M Edelman, Katherine E Harris, Sverre E Kjeldsen, Shawna Nesbitt, Otelio S Randall, Jackson T Wright. (2004) Cardiovascular risk reduction in hypertensive black patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 43:6, 1047-1055
CrossRef205
Jonathan D. Sackner-Bernstein, Hal A. Skopicki. (2004) Racing away from bias* *Editorials published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of JACC or the American College of Cardiology.. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 43:5, 785-786
CrossRef206
Nobuyuki Shiba, Jun Watanabe, Tsuyoshi Shinozaki, Yoshito Koseki, Masahito Sakuma, Yutaka Kagaya, Kunio Shirato, the CHART investigators. (2004) Analysis of Chronic Heart Failure Registry in the Tohoku District. Circulation Journal 68:5, 427-434
CrossRef207
Clyde W. Yancy, Mark Strong. (2004) The Natural History, Epidemiology, and Prognosis of Heart Failure in African Americans. Congestive Heart Failure 10:1, 15-22
CrossRef208
Clyde W. Yancy, Sonjay Laskar, Eric Erichhom. (2004) The Use of Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists in the Treatment of African Americans With Heart Failure. Congestive Heart Failure 10:1, 34-37
CrossRef209
Matthew J. Sorrentino. (2003) Beta-blockers for congestive heart failure. Comprehensive Therapy 29:4, 210-214
CrossRef210
Wendy M. Book, Brenda J. Hott. (2003) Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers in heart failure. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 5:6, 475-485
CrossRef211
Jalal K Ghali, Heidi J Krause-Steinrauf, Kirkwood F Adams, Steven S Khan, Yves D Rosenberg, Clyde W Yancy, James B Young, Steven Goldman, Mary Ann Peberdy, JoAnn Lindenfeld. (2003) Gender differences in advanced heart failure: insights from the BEST study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42:12, 2128-2134
CrossRef212
Milton Packer. (2003) Do β-blockers prolong survival in heart failure only by inhibiting the β1-receptor? A perspective on the results of the COMET trial. Journal of Cardiac Failure 9:6, 429-443
CrossRef213
WH Wilson Tang, Gary S Francis. (2003) Novel pharmacological treatments for heart failure. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 12:11, 1791-1801
CrossRef214
Daniel E. Forman, Michael W. Rich. (2003) Heart Failure in the Elderly. Congestive Heart Failure 9:6, 311-323
CrossRef215
Diana B Petitti. (2003) New hope for hormone replacement and the heart?. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42:7, 1246-1248
CrossRef216
JoAnn Lindenfeld, Jalal K Ghali, Heidi J Krause-Steinrauf, Steven Khan, Kirkwood Adams, Steven Goldman, Mary Ann Peberdy, Clyde Yancy, Surai Thaneemit-Chen, Rhonda L Larsen, James Young, Brian Lowes, Yves D Rosenberg. (2003) Hormone replacement therapy is associated with improved survival in women with advanced heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42:7, 1238-1245
CrossRef217
Georges Chahoud, Jacob Joseph. (2003) Beta-blockade in chronic heart failure: does it work in everyone?. Current Opinion in Cardiology 18:5, 400-405
CrossRef218
Michael Domanski, Heidi Krause-Steinrauf, Prakash Deedwania, Dean Follmann, Jalal K Ghali, Edward Gilbert, Steven Haffner, Richard Katz, JoAnn Lindenfeld, Brian D Lowes, Wade Martin, Frank McGrew, Michael R Bristow. (2003) The effect of diabetes on outcomes of patients with advanced heart failure in the BEST trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42:5, 914-922
CrossRef219
William T. Abraham. (2003) Switching Between Beta Blockers in Heart Failure Patients: Rationale and Practical Considerations. Congestive Heart Failure 9:5, 271-278
CrossRef220
Christoph Maack, Thomas Elter, Michael Böhm. (2003) Beta-Blocker Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure: Comparison of Carvedilol and Metoprolol. Congestive Heart Failure 9:5, 263-270
CrossRef221
William E. Chavey, Barry E. Bleske, John M. Nicklas. (2003) Controversies in the Use of Beta Blockers in Heart Failure. Congestive Heart Failure 9:5, 255-262
CrossRef222
Bente Brendorp, Ole Dyg Pedersen, Hanne Elming, Lars Køber, Christian Torp-Pedersen. (2003) Can antiarrhythmic drugs save lives in patients with congestive heart failure?. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 1:2, 191-202
CrossRef223
Chang-seng Liang. (2003) Sympatholysis and cardiac sympathetic nerve function in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42:3, 549-551
CrossRef224
Philip A Poole-Wilson, Karl Swedberg, John GF Cleland, Andrea Di Lenarda, Peter Hanrath, Michel Komajda, Jacobus Lubsen, Beatrix Lutiger, Marco Metra, Willem J Remme, Christian Torp-Pedersen, Armin Scherhag, Allan Skene. (2003) Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 362:9377, 7-13
CrossRef225
Robert L. Scott. (2003) Is Heart Failure in African Americans a Distinct Entity?. Congestive Heart Failure 9:4, 193-196
CrossRef226
Paul G. Shekelle, Michael W. Rich, Sally C. Morton, Col.Sid W. Atkinson, Wenli Tu, Margaret Maglione, Shannon Rhodes, Michael Barrett, Gregg C. Fonarow, Barry Greenberg, Paul A. Heidenreich, Tom Knabel, Marvin A. Konstam, Anthony Steimle, Lynne Warner Stevenson. (2003) Efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers in the management of left ventricular systolic dysfunction according to race, gender, and diabetic status. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 41:9, 1529-1538
CrossRef227
Roger Kerzner, Michael W. Rich. (2003) Management of heart failure in the elderly. Current Cardiology Reports 5:3, 223-228
CrossRef228
Anju Nohria, Sui W Tsang, James C Fang, Eldrin F Lewis, John A Jarcho, Gilbert H Mudge, Lynne W Stevenson. (2003) Clinical assessment identifies hemodynamic profiles that predict outcomes in patients admitted with heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 41:10, 1797-1804
CrossRef229
Benjamin M. Schaefer, Vincent Caracciolo, William H. Frishman, Pamela Charney. (2003) Gender, Ethnicity, and Genes in Cardiovascular Disease.. Heart Disease 5:3, 202-214
CrossRef230
Zsuzsanna Callaerts-Vegh, Kenda L J Evans, Gregory L Shipley, Peter J A Davies, Donald L Cuba, Hunaid A Gurji, Heather Giles, Richard A Bond. (2003) Effects of different beta adrenoceptor ligands in mice with permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. British Journal of Pharmacology 138:8, 1505-1516
CrossRef231
J. Herbert Patterson, Jo E. Rodgers. (2003) Expanding Role of β-Blockade in the Management of Chronic Heart Failure. Pharmacotherapy 23:4, 451-459
CrossRef232
Lip-Bun Tan, Jatin G. Burniston, William A. Clark, YeeLan Ng, David F. Goldspink. (2003) Characterization of Adrenoceptor Involvement in Skeletal and Cardiac Myotoxicity Induced by Sympathomimetic Agents: Toward a New Bioassay for β-blockers. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 41:4, 518-525
CrossRef233
Philip A Poole-Wilson. (2003) ACE inhibitors and ARBs in chronic heart failure: the established, the expected, and the pragmatic. Medical Clinics of North America 87:2, 373-389
CrossRef234
Sunil V. Rao, Robert M. Califf. (2003) Lessons Learned From Clinical Trials A Roundtable Discussion. Critical Pathways in Cardiology: A Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 2:1, 55-59
CrossRef235
Sunil V. Rao, Robert M. Califf. (2003) Lessons Learned From Clinical Trials. Critical Pathways in Cardiology: A Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 2:1, 55-59
CrossRef236
Ragavendra R Baliga, Jagat Narula. (2003) Pharmacogenomics of congestive heart failure. Medical Clinics of North America 87:2, 569-578
CrossRef237
John G.F Cleland. (2003) β-Blockers for heart failure: why, which, when, and where. Medical Clinics of North America 87:2, 339-371
CrossRef238
Rahmatina B. Herman, Peter J. Jesudason, Ali M. Mustafa, Ruby Husain, Anna Maria J. Choy, Chim C. Lang. (2003) Differential effects of carvedilol and atenolol on plasma noradrenaline during exercise in humans. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 55:2, 134-138
CrossRef239
Gillian M Keating, Blair Jarvis. (2003) Carvedilol. Drugs 63:16, 1697-1741
CrossRef240
Ryosuke Nishio, Tetsuo Shioi, Shigetake Sasayama, Akira Matsumori. (2003) Carvedilol increases the production of interleukin-12 and interferon-γ and improves the survival of mice infected with the encephalomyocarditis virus. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 41:2, 340-345
CrossRef241
Mariell Jessup. (2003) The less familiar face of heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 41:2, 224-226
CrossRef242
Ravi K. Garg, A. Nasser Khan, Allen S. Anderson. (2002) Contemporary use of beta receptor antagonists in chronic heart failure. Comprehensive Therapy 28:4, 207-213
CrossRef243
Paul J Lama. (2002) Systemic adverse effects of beta-adrenergic blockers: an evidence-based assessment. American Journal of Ophthalmology 134:5, 749-760
CrossRef244
Mandeep R. Mehra, Patricia A. Uber, Srinivasa Potluri. (2002) Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone and Adrenergic Modulation in Chronic Heart Failure: Contemporary Concepts. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 324:5, 267-275
CrossRef245
P.- G. Chassot, A. Delabays, D. R. Spahn. (2002) Preoperative evaluation of patients with, or at risk of, coronary artery disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 89:5, 747-759
CrossRef246
M. L. Kukin. (2002) -Blockers in Chronic Heart Failure: Considerations for Selecting an Agent. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 77:11, 1199-1206
CrossRef247
Hajjar, Roger J., MacRae, Calum A., . (2002) Adrenergic-Receptor Polymorphisms and Heart Failure. New England Journal of Medicine 347:15, 1196-1199
Full Text248
Amy E Rudolph, Ellen G McMahon. (2002) Emerging therapies for heart failure. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 7:2, 247-258
CrossRef249
Denise D. Hermann. (2002) Beta-Adrenergic Blockade 2002: A Pharmacologic Odyssey in Chronic Heart Failure. Congestive Heart Failure 8:5, 262-283
CrossRef250
Michael J. Reiter. (2002) β-Adrenergic blocking drugs as antifibrillatory agents. Current Cardiology Reports 4:5, 426-433
CrossRef251
Eric Lim, Stephen Large, John Wallwork, Jayan Parameshwar. (2002) Candidate selection for heart transplantation in the 21st Century. Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 7:3, 221-225
CrossRef252
Jay N. Cohn. (2002) Contemporary treatment of heart failure: Is there adequate evidence to support a unique strategy for African-Americans? pro position. Current Hypertension Reports 4:4, 307-310
CrossRef253
Keith C. Ferdinand, Claudia C. Serrano, Daphne P. Ferdinand. (2002) Contemporary treatment of heart failure: Is there adequate evidence to support a unique strategy for African-Americans? con position. Current Hypertension Reports 4:4, 311-318
CrossRef254
A. M. Pritchett, M. M. Redfield. (2002) -Blockers: New Standard Therapy for Heart Failure. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 77:8, 839-846
CrossRef255
Lindsay Brown, Sheila A Doggrell. (2002) Present and future pharmacotherapy for heart failure. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 3:7, 915-930
CrossRef256
Daniel L Dries, Mark H Strong, Richard S Cooper, Mark H Drazner. (2002) Efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in reducing progression from asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction to symptomatic heart failure in black and white patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 40:2, 311-317
CrossRef257
Harold L Kennedy, Robert S Rosenson. (2002) Physicians’ interpretation of “class effects”. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 40:1, 19-26
CrossRef258
Eberhard Ritz, Ralf Dikow, Marcin Adamzcak, Martin Zeier. (2002) Congestive Heart Failure Due to Systolic Dysfunction: The Cinderella of Cardiovascular Management in Dialysis Patients. Seminars in Dialysis 15:3, 135-140
CrossRef259
Henry Krum, John J McMurray. (2002) Statins and chronic heart failure: do we need a large-scale outcome trial?. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39:10, 1567-1573
CrossRef260
Philippe Charron, Michel Komajda. (2002) Genes and their polymorphisms in mono- and multifactorial cardiomyopathies:. Pharmacogenomics 3:3, 367-378
CrossRef261
Clyde W. Yancy. (2002) The role of race in heart failure therapy. Current Cardiology Reports 4:3, 218-225
CrossRef262
Koustubh Ranade, Eric Jorgenson, Wayne H.-H. Sheu, Dee Pei, Chao Agnes Hsiung, Fu-tien Chiang, Yii-der I. Chen, Richard Pratt, Richard A. Olshen, David Curb, David R. Cox, David Botstein, Neil Risch. (2002) A Polymorphism in the β1 Adrenergic Receptor Is Associated with Resting Heart Rate. The American Journal of Human Genetics 70:4, 935-942
CrossRef263
Chikao Iwai, Hozuka Akita, Nobuyuki Shiga, Eiji Takai, Yoshitomo Miyamoto, Masakatsu Shimizu, Hiroya Kawai, Akira Takarada, Teishi Kajiya, Mitsuhiro Yokoyama. (2002) Suppressive Effect of the Gly389 Allele of the β1-Adrenergic Receptor Gene on the Occurrence of Ventricular Tachycardia in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Circulation Journal 66:8, 723-723
CrossRef264
William H. Frishman, Mamata Alwarshetty. (2002) ??-Adrenergic Blockers in Systemic Hypertension. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 41:7, 505-516
CrossRef265
D. J. Duncker, P. D. Verdouw. (2002) Inotropic Therapy of Heart Failure. Editorial comments on: Vasodilation and mechanoenergetic inefficiency dominates the effect of the "Ca 2+ sensitizer" MCI-154 in intact pigs. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal 36:3, 131-135
CrossRef266
Barry M Massie. (2002) Neurohormonal blockade in chronic heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39:1, 79-82
CrossRef267
Andrew Owen. (2002) Optimising the Use of ??-Blockers in Older Patients with Heart Failure. Drugs & Aging 19:9, 671-684
CrossRef268
McNeil, Barbara J., . (2001) Hidden Barriers to Improvement in the Quality of Care. New England Journal of Medicine 345:22, 1612-1620
Full Text269
Philip A. Poole-Wilson. (2001) Implications of recent heart failure trials for patients with hypertension. Current Cardiology Reports 3:6, 504-510
CrossRef270
Antonis A. Armoundas, Richard Wu, George Juang, Eduardo Marbán, Gordon F. Tomaselli. (2001) Electrical and structural remodeling of the failing ventricle. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 92:2-3, 213-230
CrossRef271
Toshihiko Kubo, Eduardo R Azevedo, Gary E Newton, John D Parker, John S Floras. (2001) Lack of evidence for peripheral alpha1- adrenoceptor blockade during long-term treatment of heart failure with carvedilol. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 38:5, 1463-1469
CrossRef272
Sidney Goldstein, Björn Fagerberg, Åke Hjalmarson, John Kjekshus, Finn Waagstein, Hans Wedel, John Wikstrand. (2001) Metoprolol controlled release/extended release in patients with severe heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 38:4, 932-938
CrossRef273
Sheila A Doggrell. (2001) Is bucindolol BEST?. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2:10, 1703-1705
CrossRef274
(2001) Effects of Beta-Blocker Therapy in Severe Chronic Heart Failure. New England Journal of Medicine 345:13, 998-999
Full Text275
&NA;. (2001) ??-blockers have a role in severe heart failure?. Inpharma Weekly &NA;:1291, 15
CrossRef276
Braunwald, Eugene, . (2001) Expanding Indications for Beta-Blockers in Heart Failure. New England Journal of Medicine 344:22, 1711-1712
Full Text
