Original Article
Temporal Aspects of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1286-1292April 26, 2001
- Abstract
Background
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is a relatively common antibody-mediated drug reaction. We studied the temporal relation between previous or current heparin therapy and the onset of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
Methods
We examined the time between the start of heparin therapy and the onset of thrombocytopenia in 243 patients with serologically confirmed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. We also investigated the persistence of circulating heparin-dependent antibodies by performing a platelet serotonin-release assay and an assay for antibodies against platelet factor 4. The outcome in seven patients who had previously had an episode of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and were later treated again with heparin was also examined.
Results
A fall in the platelet count beginning four or more days after the start of heparin therapy occurred in 170 of the 243 patients (70 percent); in these patients, a history of previous heparin treatment did not influence the timing of the onset of thrombocytopenia. In the remaining 73 patients (30 percent), the onset of thrombocytopenia was rapid (median time of onset, 10.5 hours after the start of heparin administration); all these patients had been treated with heparin within the previous 100 days. During recovery from thrombocytopenia, heparin-dependent antibodies in the serum fell to undetectable levels at a median of 50 to 85 days, depending on the assay performed. In the seven patients who were given heparin again after the disappearance of heparin-dependent antibodies, a new episode of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia did not occur.
Conclusions
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia can begin rapidly in patients who have received heparin within the previous 100 days. Heparin-dependent antibodies do not invariably reappear with subsequent heparin use.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Temporal Patterns of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Relation to Previous Treatment with Heparin.Figure 3
Representative Case of Typical-Onset Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, Followed by a Rapid-Onset Episode.Article Activity
- Article
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is a syndrome of antibody-mediated thrombocytopenia that paradoxically is often associated with thrombosis.1-5 Most patients with this disorder produce IgG antibodies6,7 against complexes of platelet factor 4 and heparin.8-11 Platelet factor 4, a small peptide stored within the alpha granules of platelets, binds to heparin and is released into the blood during treatment with heparin.12 In vitro, IgG–platelet factor 4–heparin complexes can activate platelets,13,14 a finding that raises the possibility that platelet activation in vivo contributes to the thrombotic complications of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.15,16
Typically, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia begins with the appearance of thrombocytopenia about a week after the start of heparin therapy.4,5 Occasionally, a more rapid fall in the platelet count occurs if the patient has previously been treated with heparin.2,5,17-19 We report here a study of the timing of the onset of thrombocytopenia in relation to heparin treatment, including previous treatment with heparin, in 243 patients with serologically confirmed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
Methods
Patients, Data Extraction, and Definitions
We reviewed the medical and laboratory records of all the patients in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, in whom a diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia was serologically confirmed during the 15-year period ending June 30, 1998. We recorded the date and time that heparin treatment was started, as well as the route of administration and the dose administered; the date and time of the onset of thrombocytopenia; and whether or not heparin treatment had been given previously.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia was considered present if both of the following criteria were met: a decrease in the platelet count to less than 150,000 per cubic millimeter (with a minimal decrease of 30 percent of the platelet count) or a 50 percent or greater decrease in the platelet count; and a positive serologic test for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
We defined the first day of the course of heparin that resulted in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia as day 0. With that point as a reference, the time when the platelet count began to fall was identified (and rounded to the nearest day). We used this day in our analyses because it corresponds closely with the day on which heparin-dependent antibodies become detectable.4 In the case of 61 patients, daily platelet counts were not available, so we could not determine the day of onset of thrombocytopenia; for these patients, the range of possible days of onset (e.g., days 10 to 12) was determined, and the mean value was used for analysis.
We classified heparin-induced thrombocytopenia as having a typical onset if the fall in the platelet count began four or more days after the start of heparin therapy.4,17 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia was classified as having a rapid onset if the fall in the platelet count began less than four days after heparin therapy was started. We defined previous use of heparin as “definite” if it could be documented in the patient's medical records, as “possible” if there had been at least one previous hospitalization for a surgical procedure or illness during which treatment with heparin would have been likely, and as “unlikely” if there had been no hospitalization or only a hospitalization during which heparin therapy would have been unlikely. Previous treatment with heparin was considered recent if heparin had been given during the 100 days preceding the first day of the current course of treatment.
Assays for Heparin-Dependent Antibodies
We used the platelet serotonin-release assay (hereafter referred to as the activation assay)20,21 to confirm the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and to study changes in the levels of heparin-dependent antibodies in serum over time. We also used an assay that detects IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies against platelet factor 4 bound to polyvinylsulfonate22 (hereafter referred to as the antigen assay; GTI-PF4, Genetic Testing Institute, Brookfield, Wis.).
Both the activation assay and the antigen assay were used to test blood samples that were obtained within 180 days after the initial positive serologic test. The date midway between the date of the last positive sample and the date of the first subsequent negative sample was arbitrarily defined as the date the test result became negative.
Use of Heparin in Patients with Previous Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
We identified three patients with serologically confirmed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia who had inadvertently received a course of heparin that was started more than 100 days after an initial episode of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Platelet counts and the results of repeated heparin-dependent antibody tests (available in two of the three patients) were reviewed to determine whether heparin-induced thrombocytopenia had recurred. We also reviewed the records of four patients with a previous episode of serologically confirmed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia who later required anticoagulation for cardiac or vascular surgery, at a time when heparin-dependent antibodies were undetectable in their serum. After written informed consent was obtained, heparin was used during the surgery as an anticoagulant. Blood samples obtained daily until discharge were tested for heparin-dependent antibodies with use of both the activation assay and the antigen assay. In these four patients, heparin was used only during the surgical procedure.
Statistical Analysis
The distribution of the data corresponding to the day of onset of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and to the nadir of the platelet count was skewed to the right. Accordingly, we analyzed log-transformed data with use of the t-test to compare the groups of patients. The groups were compared with respect to binary variables with use of Fisher's exact test.
The time to the disappearance of detectable heparin-dependent antibodies was analyzed by means of techniques used for survival analysis to allow for the varying duration of follow-up. The Kaplan–Meier method23 was used to estimate the cumulative proportion of assays remaining positive over time; after log transformation, 95 percent confidence intervals were computed by means of Greenwood's method for calculating standard errors.23 A sign test24 was used to compare the activation and antigen assays with respect to the time to negative results in the patients whose serum was analyzed with both assays. This test was used because of the discrepancy in the number of patients for whom the results of the activation assay became negative more quickly than did the results of the antigen assay, as compared with the number of patients for whom the reverse was true.
Results
We identified 243 patients with serologically confirmed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Of these patients, 170 (70 percent) had heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with a typical onset (i.e., the fall in the platelet count began four or more days after the start of heparin therapy). In the remaining 73 patients (30 percent), the onset was rapid (i.e., the decrease began less than four days after the start of heparin therapy). Table 1Table 1
Characteristics of the Patients According to the Time of Onset of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. shows the characteristics of the patients with typical-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and of those with rapid-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. The two groups were similar with respect to sex, age, the severity of thrombocytopenia, the incidence of new thrombotic complications, the incidence of fatal hemorrhage, and 30-day mortality.Of the 170 patients with typical-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 47 (28 percent) had definitely received previous treatment with heparin, 49 (29 percent) had possible previous treatment with heparin, and 74 (44 percent) were unlikely to have previously received heparin. Thrombocytopenia usually began 5 to 10 days after the start of heparin treatment (Figure 1AFigure 1
Temporal Patterns of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Relation to Previous Treatment with Heparin.) and did not begin more quickly in patients who had definitely received a previous course of heparin (Table 2Table 2
Day of Onset of Thrombocytopenia in Relation to Previous Heparin Use among Patients with Typical-Onset Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia.).Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia of rapid onset occurred soon after the initiation of heparin use (median, 10.5 hours after the start of therapy; interquartile range, 2.1 to 18.1 hours). All 73 patients in this category had definitely received heparin within the previous 100 days, whereas only 16 of the 47 patients with a typical onset (34 percent) had recently received heparin (P<0.001) (Figure 1B). Blood samples obtained within two days before the start of the current course of heparin were available from eight of the patients with rapid-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Heparin-dependent antibodies were detected in all eight samples.
Figure 2Figure 2
Kaplan–Meier Analysis of the Proportion of Patients with Heparin-Dependent Antibodies after an Episode of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. shows the proportion of patients over time in whom heparin-dependent antibodies remained detectable. The antigen assay tended to become negative more slowly than did the activation assay. The difference was statistically significant according to a comparison of the two curves by the sign test (P=0.007). The median time to a negative test according to the Kaplan–Meier analysis was 50 days (95 percent confidence interval, 32 to 64) in the case of the activation assays and 85 days (95 percent confidence interval, 64 to 124) in the case of the antigen assays.Five patients had a typical onset of thrombocytopenia in association with an initial course of heparin but a rapid onset when heparin was given again within the next 100 days. Figure 3Figure 3
Representative Case of Typical-Onset Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, Followed by a Rapid-Onset Episode. shows a representative case of this kind of dual pattern of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.Table 3Table 3
Outcome in Seven Patients with a History of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Who Received a Subsequent Course of Heparin after the Loss of Heparin-Dependent Antibodies. lists outcomes in seven patients with a history of serologically confirmed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia who received a subsequent course of heparin. Three of these patients were inadvertently given heparin for 8 to 19 days between 10 months and 13.5 years after an initial episode of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In none of these three patients did thrombocytopenia recur, and heparin-dependent antibodies could not be detected in the two patients whose serum was tested. Thrombocytopenia or thrombotic complications did not occur in any of the four patients who received an elective, brief course of heparin in preparation for cardiopulmonary-bypass surgery (two patients) or vascular surgery (two patients). Heparin-dependent antibodies were found in the serum of one of these four patients beginning on postoperative day 6.Discussion
In this study of serologically confirmed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia we examined the time of onset of the disorder in relation to previous treatment with heparin. We also investigated the persistence of heparin-dependent antibodies after an episode of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In 70 percent of the 243 patients we studied, the platelet count began to fall four or more days after the start of heparin therapy (typically between days 5 and 10). In the remaining 30 percent the thrombocytopenia began a median of 10.5 hours after the initiation of heparin therapy. All of the latter patients had recently been exposed to heparin, usually within the previous 3 weeks and invariably within the previous 100 days. In addition, we found that the presence of heparin-dependent antibodies in the blood was usually transient and did not always recur with subsequent heparin therapy.
The transience of heparin-dependent antibodies may explain these contrasting patterns of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Using an activation assay, Cines and colleagues25 observed a rapid decline (over a period of a few weeks) in the levels of heparin-dependent antibodies in two patients. We confirmed such observations and also showed a rapid decline in the levels of antibodies against platelet factor 4 (Figure 2). The median time to a negative activation assay was 50 days, and the median time to a negative antigen assay was 85 days. This difference is consistent with the relatively high sensitivity of the antigen assay as compared with the activation assay10,22 (although the activation assay has superior operating characteristics for diagnosis26).
In contrast to heparin-dependent antibodies, antibodies induced by exposure to quinine, quinidine, or sulfonamides can persist for years after an episode of drug-dependent thrombocytopenia.27,28 In these cases, the onset of thrombocytopenia on reexposure to one of these drugs is abrupt, even many years after its previous use.29-31
Our study suggests that patients in whom thrombocytopenia develops within hours after exposure to heparin already have circulating heparin-dependent antibodies that arose during a recent treatment with heparin. Several of our observations support this interpretation. First, rapid-onset thrombocytopenia occurred in the patients who had received heparin within 100 days before the current treatment, an interval consistent with the persistence of heparin-dependent antibodies. Second, each of the eight patients from whom blood samples were available before the initiation of the heparin treatment that caused rapid-onset thrombocytopenia had positive tests for heparin-dependent antibodies. Third, among the patients with rapid-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, the interval between the initiation of heparin administration and the fall in the platelet count was very short (median, 10.5 hours). This decrease seems too rapid to be a secondary (anamnestic) immune response, which generally would not begin until at least three days after reexposure to the antigen.32
Seven patients with a history of serologically confirmed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia received heparin again after the disappearance of heparin-induced antibodies. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia did not recur in any of these seven patients, and heparin-dependent antibodies were found in only one, six days after brief, intraoperative use of heparin. These findings are consistent with the description by Pötzsch and colleagues33 of 10 patients with a previous episode of serologically confirmed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia who briefly received heparin again in preparation for heart surgery at a time when heparin-dependent antibodies were no longer detectable. In none of these 10 patients did heparin-dependent antibodies reappear (according to the results of the antigen assay). These observations suggest that in the absence of heparin-dependent antibodies, the risk of a recurrence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after another brief exposure to heparin is low.
We believe that the use of heparin in patients with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia should be restricted to patients with a compelling indication for its use, such as cardiac or vascular surgery, and that it should be considered only if heparin-dependent antibodies cannot be detected by a sensitive assay. Because the risk of a recurrence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in such patients is unknown, it would be prudent to limit the use of heparin to the surgical procedure itself and to use an alternative anticoagulant for postoperative antithrombotic prophylaxis or therapy.
Supported by grants (B-3763 and T-4502, to Dr. Warkentin, and T-4404, to Dr. Kelton) from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario.
We are indebted to Robin S. Roberts for assistance with statistical analysis and to Jo-Ann I. Sheppard for technical assistance.
Source Information
From the Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation; and the Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University — both in Hamilton, Ont., Canada.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Warkentin at the Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences Corp., General Site, 237 Barton St. E., Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada.
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