Original Article
Noninvasive Ventilation in Immunosuppressed Patients with Pulmonary Infiltrates, Fever, and Acute Respiratory Failure
N Engl J Med 2001; 344:481-487February 15, 2001
- Abstract
Background
Avoiding intubation is a major goal in the management of respiratory failure, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. Nevertheless, there are only limited data on the efficacy of noninvasive ventilation in these high-risk patients.
Methods
We conducted a prospective, randomized trial of intermittent noninvasive ventilation, as compared with standard treatment with supplemental oxygen and no ventilatory support, in 52 immunosuppressed patients with pulmonary infiltrates, fever, and an early stage of hypoxemic acute respiratory failure. Periods of noninvasive ventilation delivered through a face mask were alternated every three hours with periods of spontaneous breathing with supplemental oxygen. The ventilation periods lasted at least 45 minutes. Decisions to intubate were made according to standard, predetermined criteria.
Results
The base-line characteristics of the two groups were similar; each group of 26 patients included 15 patients with hematologic cancer and neutropenia. Fewer patients in the noninvasive-ventilation group than in the standard-treatment group required endotracheal intubation (12 vs. 20, P=0.03), had serious complications (13 vs. 21, P=0.02), died in the intensive care unit (10 vs. 18, P=0.03), or died in the hospital (13 vs. 21, P=0.02).
Conclusions
In selected immunosuppressed patients with pneumonitis and acute respiratory failure, early initiation of noninvasive ventilation is associated with significant reductions in the rates of endotracheal intubation and serious complications and an improved likelihood of survival to hospital discharge.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Mean (±SD) Changes in the Ratio of the Partial Pressure of Arterial Oxygen (PaO2) to the Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2) and in the Partial Pressure of Arterial Carbon Dioxide (PaCO2) over Time in the 26 Patients in the Noninvasive-Ventilation Group and the 26 in the Standard-Treatment Group.Table 1
Base-Line Characteristics of the Patients.Article Activity
- Article
The number of immunosuppressed patients is growing. Pulmonary complications are an important cause of illness in such patients and contribute substantially to the mortality associated with various types of immunosuppression.1,2 Patients in whom respiratory failure develops often require intubation and mechanical ventilatory assistance. Endotracheal intubation is associated with numerous complications,3,4 and in immunosuppressed patients, mechanical ventilation is associated with a significant risk of death.5-7
Data on the efficacy of noninvasive ventilation in immunosuppressed patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure are very limited and are derived from studies involving the continuous use of noninvasive ventilation.8,9 We hypothesized that the intermittent use of noninvasive ventilation at an early stage of hypoxemic acute respiratory failure would reduce the need for endotracheal intubation and the incidence of complications. In a prospective, randomized, controlled study, we compared the efficacy of noninvasive ventilation delivered intermittently through a face mask with that of standard medical treatment with supplemental oxygen and no ventilatory support in patients with immunosuppression from various causes in whom hypoxemic acute respiratory failure had been precipitated by pulmonary infiltrates and fever.
Methods
Study Design and Selection of Patients
The experimental protocol was approved by the institutional review board of the hospital, and all patients or the next of kin provided written informed consent. From May 1998 through December 1999, consecutive immunosuppressed patients who were transferred to our 16-bed intensive care unit and who had clinical manifestations of pulmonary infiltrates, fever, and hypoxemic acute respiratory failure were enrolled in the study. The immunosuppression could have been caused by neutropenia (defined as a polymorphonuclear leukocyte count of less than 1000 cells per cubic millimeter of blood) after chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation in patients with hematologic cancers, drug-induced immunosuppression in organ-transplant recipients or as a result of corticosteroid or cytotoxic therapy for a nonmalignant disease, or the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
The criteria for eligibility were as follows: a clinical history of pulmonary infiltrates and fever, as evidenced by a temperature of more than 38.3°C, the finding of persistent pulmonary infiltrates on radiographs, and a deterioration in pulmonary gas exchange (leukocytosis and purulent tracheobronchial secretions were not required for enrollment, because most patients had hematologic cancers and neutropenia); severe dyspnea at rest; a respiratory rate of more than 30 breaths per minute; and a ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2:FiO2) of less than 200 while the patient was breathing oxygen through a Venturi mask.
The exclusion criteria were a requirement for emergency intubation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation or as a result of respiratory arrest or a rapid deterioration in neurologic status (defined as a score on the Glasgow Coma Scale of 8 or less)10; hemodynamic instability, defined as a systolic blood pressure of less than 80 mm Hg or evidence on electrocardiography of ischemia or clinically significant ventricular arrhythmias; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, defined according to the standard criteria of the American Thoracic Society11; respiratory failure of cardiac origin, as established by physical signs and findings on chest x-ray films and echocardiograms; a partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide of more than 55 mm Hg, with acidosis (defined as a pH of less than 7.35); recent failure of more than two organs12; uncorrected bleeding diathesis; and tracheotomy, a facial deformity, or a recent history of oral, esophageal, or gastric surgery.
Patients were randomly assigned to receive either standard treatment without mechanical ventilation or standard treatment plus noninvasive ventilation delivered through a face mask. Randomization was performed with the use of sealed envelopes at an early stage of the respiratory failure, well before there was any need for intubation. Three sets of envelopes were provided, one for each type of immunosuppression. To minimize the risk of bias resulting from the obvious difficulty of maintaining blinding in the study, both groups were treated by the same members of the medical, nursing, and respiratory-therapy staffs and the medical management of the acute respiratory failure was similar in both groups.
Standard Treatment
Patients who were assigned to the standard-treatment group received oxygen through a Venturi mask. The rate of administration of oxygen was adjusted to achieve a level of arterial oxygen saturation (measured by oximetry) above 90 percent. In all patients, the heart rate and respiratory rate were monitored continuously, and arterial oxygen saturation was monitored continuously with a bedside pulse oximeter (Oxisensor, Nellcor, Hayward, Calif.). The head of the bed was kept elevated at a 45-degree angle. Medications included antimicrobial agents, diuretics, bronchodilators, immunosuppressive agents, and subcutaneous heparin. Parenteral nutrition was given, fluids were administered to maintain volume, and electrolyte abnormalities were corrected.
Blood cultures, an evaluation of sputum (if a sample could be obtained), and serologic tests were performed in febrile patients. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on the third day of empirical antimicrobial treatment in patients whose temperature did not decrease, who had clinical and radiologic evidence of pulmonary infiltrates and fever, and who had worsening of gas exchange. The fluid obtained was pooled, divided, and immediately sent to microbiology laboratories for analysis and cultures. Analysis of bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid was performed as previously described.13
Noninvasive Ventilation
Patients who were assigned to the noninvasive-ventilation group received the same treatment as the patients in the standard-treatment group, with the addition of periods of noninvasive ventilation. Noninvasive ventilation was delivered to the patient through a full-face mask (La Cigogne, Pessac, France).14,15 The mask was adjusted and connected to a ventilator (Evita, Dräger, Lübeck, Germany) set in the pressure-support mode. After the mask had been secured, the level of pressure support was progressively increased and adjusted for each patient to obtain an expired tidal volume of 7 to 10 ml per kilogram of body weight and a respiratory rate of fewer than 25 breaths per minute. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was repeatedly increased by 2 cm of water, up to a level of 10 cm of water, until the FiO2 requirement was 65 percent or less. The FiO2 was adjusted to maintain the arterial oxygen saturation above 90 percent. Ventilator settings were adjusted on the basis of continuous monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation, clinical data, and measurements of arterial-blood gases.
Periods of noninvasive ventilation lasted at least 45 minutes and alternated every 3 hours with periods of spontaneous breathing.14-16 Between periods of ventilation, patients breathed oxygen spontaneously while arterial oxygen saturation was continuously monitored. Noninvasive ventilation was automatically resumed when the arterial oxygen saturation was less than 85 percent or when dyspnea worsened, as evidenced by a respiratory rate of more than 30 breaths per minute. Noninvasive ventilation was stopped if the respiratory rate was less than 25 per minute and the PaO2:FiO2 exceeded 200 for a period of 24 hours. Therapy was considered to be a success if intubation was not needed and the patient was transferred from the intensive care unit to another part of the hospital.
Criteria for Intubation
Patients in whom standard treatment or noninvasive ventilation was not successful underwent endotracheal intubation and received mechanical ventilation. The predetermined criteria were as follows: failure to maintain a PaO2:FiO2 of more than 85, the development of conditions necessitating endotracheal intubation to protect the airways (a seizure disorder or severe encephalopathy with a score on the Glasgow Coma Scale of 8 or less); the development of copious tracheal secretions; an increase in the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide accompanied by a pH of 7.30 or less; agitation requiring sedation; severe hemodynamic instability, defined as a systolic blood pressure of less than 70 mm Hg or evidence on electrocardiography of ischemia or clinically significant ventricular arrhythmias; and inability on the part of a patient who was randomly assigned to receive noninvasive ventilation to tolerate the face mask. The reasons for intubation were prospectively recorded.
The same protocols for sedation, ventilatory settings, weaning, and extubation were used in both groups for patients who required endotracheal intubation and conventional ventilation.
Outcomes and Definitions
The primary outcome variable was the need for endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation at any time during the study. Secondary outcome variables included the development of complications not present on admission, the length of stay in the intensive care unit, the duration of ventilatory assistance, death in the intensive care unit, and death in the hospital. Sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock were defined according to consensus guidelines.17 Patients in whom pneumonia developed, as evidenced by radiographic findings of persistent new pulmonary infiltrates, hyperthermia or hypothermia, and worsening of gas exchange, underwent bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage. The methods of bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage, the laboratory procedures, and the diagnostic criteria for pneumonia have been described previously.13
Arterial blood gas levels were determined at base line, 45 minutes later, and every 24 hours thereafter; whenever acute respiratory failure worsened or improved in the judgment of the attending physician; and at the time of discharge from the intensive care unit. An improvement in gas exchange was defined on the basis of the ability to increase the PaO2:FiO2 to more than 200 or to a value that was more than 100 above the base-line value.18 Gas exchange was evaluated within 45 minutes after entry into the study to detect any initial improvement and over time to detect sustained improvement. A sustained improvement in gas exchange was defined as the ability to maintain the improvement in PaO2:FiO2 until ventilation was discontinued, as confirmed by serial blood gas measurements.
For each patient, diagnostic microbiologic tests were conducted at entry into the study and during hospitalization in the intensive care unit. Twenty-four hours after admission to the intensive care unit, each patient was assigned a score on the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) test.19 Scores for this test can range from 0 to 194, and higher scores indicate a higher risk of death.
Statistical Analysis
Results are given as means ±SD. Demographic and physiological characteristics of the two groups were compared with the use of Student's t-test for continuous variables and the Mantel–Haenszel extended chi-square test (except when sample sizes required the use of Fisher's exact test). Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the PaO2:FiO2 and partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide values measured at base line, 45 minutes after the start of treatment, and at the termination of treatment. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. In addition to the chi-square and P values, relative risks and 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated for the outcome variables.
Results
A total of 94 immunosuppressed patients were admitted to the intensive care unit between May 1, 1998, and December 31, 1999. Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure associated with pulmonary infiltrates and fever was the reason for admission to the intensive care unit for 69 of these patients, 6 of whom had already undergone intubation and 3 of whom required emergency endotracheal intubation because of a deterioration in neurologic status (indicated by a score on the Glasgow Coma Scale of 8 or less) right after admission to the intensive care unit. Eight patients were not enrolled: one had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, two had acute respiratory distress of cardiac origin, four had multiorgan failure, and one had a partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide of more than 55 mm Hg with a pH of 7.31. Thus, 52 patients were enrolled, and 26 patients were assigned to each group. The reasons for immunosuppression are given in Table 1Table 1
Base-Line Characteristics of the Patients.. The base-line characteristics of the two groups were similar (Table 1). Blood cultures were positive for staphylococcus and candida species in two patients and one patient, respectively, in the standard-treatment group and for two patients and two patients, respectively, in the noninvasive-ventilation group. There was no significant difference in medical treatment between the two groups of patients.In the noninvasive-ventilation group, the mean values for levels of pressure support and PEEP during the study were 15±2 cm of water and 6±1 cm of water, respectively. During the first 24 hours, noninvasive ventilation was administered for a mean of 9±3 hours. Subsequently, the mean duration of noninvasive ventilation was 7±3 hours per day. The mean duration of noninvasive ventilation was 4±2 days (range, 1 to 9).
The mean changes in PaO2:FiO2 and partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide are shown in Figure 1Figure 1
Mean (±SD) Changes in the Ratio of the Partial Pressure of Arterial Oxygen (PaO2) to the Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2) and in the Partial Pressure of Arterial Carbon Dioxide (PaCO2) over Time in the 26 Patients in the Noninvasive-Ventilation Group and the 26 in the Standard-Treatment Group.. The rates of initial and sustained improvement in PaO2:FiO2 and other outcomes in both groups are reported in Table 2Table 2
Outcomes of Treatment.. Twenty of the 26 patients in the standard-treatment group (77 percent) required endotracheal intubation, as compared with only 12 of the 26 patients in the noninvasive-ventilation group (46 percent, P=0.03). The mean interval between entry into the study and intubation was 51±23 hours (range, 4 to 152) among the 20 patients who required intubation in the standard-treatment group and 63± 18 hours (range, 16 to 176) among the 12 patients who required intubation in the noninvasive-ventilation group. The reasons for endotracheal intubation in the noninvasive-ventilation group and the standard-treatment group were the failure to maintain a PaO2:FiO2 of more than 85 in five and nine patients, respectively; an increase in the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide with acidosis in two and four patients, respectively; severe encephalopathy in two patients in each group; severe hemodynamic instability in two and three patients, respectively; and to control secretions in one and two patients, respectively.The rate of death in the intensive care unit was significantly lower in the noninvasive-ventilation group than in the standard-treatment group (38 percent vs. 69 percent, P=0.03). All deaths occurred in patients who had been intubated after the failure of conventional treatment or of noninvasive ventilation. The serious complications and events leading to death are shown in Table 3Table 3
Serious Complications and Complications Resulting in Death in the Intensive Care Unit.. Pneumonia and sinusitis occurred only in patients who required intubation. The overall incidence of pneumonia and sinusitis related to the endotracheal tube was higher in the standard-treatment group than in the noninvasive-ventilation group (35 percent vs. 12 percent, P=0.05).Noninvasive ventilation was well tolerated; no patient had gastric distention, and six patients had moderate nasal abrasions. Table 4Table 4
Effect on Outcomes of the Presence and the Absence of a Final Diagnosis of the Cause of Pneumonitis with Respiratory Failure. shows the effect on outcomes of the presence and the absence of a final diagnosis of the cause of pneumonitis with respiratory failure.Discussion
In this randomized trial, early use of noninvasive ventilation during episodes of pneumonitis and hypoxemic acute respiratory failure helped avert the need for endotracheal intubation and improved the outcomes in immunosuppressed patients. As compared with patients who were randomly assigned to receive standard treatment with supplemental oxygen, patients who were assigned to receive noninvasive ventilation had significantly lower rates of endotracheal intubation, serious complications, death in the intensive care unit, and death in the hospital.
On the basis of our previous experience, we used intermittent noninvasive ventilation14-16 at a less advanced stage of hypoxemic acute respiratory failure than in other studies that assessed the value of noninvasive ventilation in patients who met the criteria for intubation.8,20 In the study by Tognet et al.,21 noninvasive ventilation was also used intermittently in patients with hematologic cancers. Ventilation delivered through a face mask can improve the pathophysiological manifestations of hypoxemic respiratory failure.22 Our protocol of intermittent noninvasive ventilation resulted in significantly higher rates of improvement in abnormalities of gas exchange than did the standard treatment. Mechanisms of improvement may include the beneficial effects of PEEP on the redistribution of extravascular fluid, on alveolar recruitment, and in treating atelectasis at an early stage and the ability of pressure support to reduce the work of breathing and help maintain a tidal volume compatible with adequate alveolar ventilation. Reducing the work of breathing during noninvasive-ventilation sessions may also allow respiratory muscles to regain efficiency.
In the majority of patients in our study, immunosuppression was the result of hematologic cancers and neutropenia. Noninvasive ventilation enabled us to avoid the use of intubation in 47 percent of these patients, as compared with only 7 percent of such patients in the standard-treatment group (P=0.02). The mortality rates are very high among patients with hematologic cancers who are admitted to the intensive care unit, particularly if they have neutropenia and require intubation and mechanical ventilation.5,7,21,23-25 The risk of complications of invasive mechanical ventilation is related to the duration of ventilatory support.26 Prospective trials have shown that the advantage of noninvasive ventilation, as compared with conventional intubation and positive-pressure ventilation, lies in its ability to prevent nosocomial pneumonia.20,27 It is important to note that 100 percent of the patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia died in the intensive care unit both in our study and in the study by Antonelli et al.9
In our study, the use of noninvasive ventilation was not associated with a significantly reduced rate of death in the intensive care unit among the patients with drug-induced immunosuppression, owing perhaps to the small number of such patients and to the better outcome in general in such patients. Only four patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were enrolled, so no conclusions can be drawn with regard to the use of noninvasive ventilation in this subgroup.
Our study has several limitations. It is impossible to eliminate bias when a study cannot be blinded, and the study included only selected patients with immunosuppression who were treated in a single intensive care unit. Furthermore, the use of the failure to maintain a PaO2:FiO2 of more than 85 as a criterion for intubation may have led to a higher rate of intubation in the standard-treatment group because of the salutary effect of noninvasive ventilation on oxygenation. On the other hand, the exclusion of patients with a pH of less than 7.35, in addition to other reasons for exclusion, meant that the condition of the study population was relatively stable in nonrespiratory respects. All the patients in the study were transferred to our intensive care unit directly from medical wards. Some oncology units are set up as mini–intensive care units and only patients whose condition is unstable are transferred to the typical intensive care unit. Institutional variations in practice may also explain the differences in outcome between our patients and patients in other studies. Further studies are needed to refine the process of selecting patients for treatment with noninvasive ventilation.
Avoiding intubation should be an important objective in the management of respiratory failure in immunosuppressed patients, and the use of noninvasive ventilation may help achieve that goal. In selected patients with immunosuppression, pulmonary infiltrates, fever, and hypoxemic acute respiratory failure, early implementation of noninvasive ventilation was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of endotracheal intubation, serious complications, death in the intensive care unit, and death in the hospital.
Source Information
From the Division of Medical Intensive Care (G.H., D.G., F.V., R.V., G.G.-B., J.P.C.) and the Departments of Medicine and Infectious Disease (M.D.) and Hematology (J.R.), University Hospital, Bordeaux, France.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Hilbert at Réanimation Médicale B, Hôpital Pellegrin, F 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France, or at gilles.hilbert@chu-bordeaux.fr.
- References
References
1
Masur H ,Shelhamer J ,Parrillo JE . The management of pneumonias in immunocompromised patients. JAMA 1985;253:1769-1773
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Fanta CH, Pennington JE. Pneumonia in the immunocompromised host. In: Pennington JE, ed. Respiratory infections: diagnosis and management. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press, 1989:221-40.
3
Pingleton S . Complications of acute respiratory failure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137:1463-1493
Web of Science | Medline4
Stauffer JL. Complications of translaryngeal intubation. In: Tobin MJ, ed. Principles and practice of mechanical ventilation. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994:711-47.
5
Estopa R ,Torres-Marti A ,Kastanos N ,Rives A ,Agusti-Vidal A ,Rozman C . Acute respiratory failure in severe hematologic disorders. Crit Care Med 1984;12:26-28
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Blot F ,Guignet M ,Nitenberg G ,Leclercq B ,Gachot B ,Escudier B . Prognostic factors for neutropenic patients in an intensive care unit: respective roles of underlying malignancies and acute organ failures. Eur J Cancer 1997;33:1031-1037
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline7
Ewig S ,Torres A ,Riquelme R , et al. Pulmonary complications in patients with haematological malignancies treated at a respiratory ICU. Eur Respir J 1998;12:116-122
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Conti G ,Marino P ,Cogliati A , et al. Noninvasive ventilation for the treatment of acute respiratory failure in patients with hematologic malignancies: a pilot study. Intensive Care Med 1998;24:1283-1288
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Antonelli M ,Conti G ,Bufi M , et al. Noninvasive ventilation for treatment of acute respiratory failure in patients undergoing solid organ transplantation: a randomized trial. JAMA 2000;283:235-241
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Teasdale G ,Jennett B . Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet 1974;2:81-84
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
American Thoracic Society
Web of Science | Medline12
Knaus WA ,Draper EA ,Wagner DP ,Zimmerman JE . Prognosis in acute organ-system failure. Ann Surg 1985;202:685-693
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Gruson D ,Hilbert G ,Valentino R , et al. Utility of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in neutropenic patients admitted to the intensive care unit with pulmonary infiltrates. Crit Care Med 2000;28:2224-2230
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Hilbert G ,Gruson D ,Gbikpi-Benissan G ,Cardinaud JP . Sequential use of noninvasive pressure support ventilation for acute exacerbations of COPD. Intensive Care Med 1997;23:955-961
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Hilbert G ,Gruson D ,Portel L ,Gbikpi-Benissan G ,Cardinaud JP . Noninvasive pressure support ventilation in COPD patients with postextubation hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency. Eur Respir J 1998;11:1349-1353
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Hilbert G ,Gruson D ,Vargas F , et al. Noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure in neutropenic patients with acute respiratory failure requiring intensive care unit admission. Crit Care Med 2000;28:3185-3190
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Bone RC ,Balk RA ,Cerra FB , et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Chest 1992;101:1644-1655
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Meduri GU ,Turner RE ,Abou-Shala N ,Wunderink R ,Tolley E . Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation via face mask: first-line intervention in patients with acute hypercapnic and hypoxemic respiratory failure. Chest 1996;109:179-193
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Le Gall JR ,Lemeshow S ,Saulnier F . A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. JAMA 1993;270:2957-2963[Erratum, JAMA 1994;271:1321.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Antonelli M ,Conti G ,Rocco M , et al. A comparison of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 1998;339:429-435
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline21
Tognet E ,Mercatello A ,Polo P , et al. Treatment of acute respiratory failure with non-invasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation in haematological patients. Clin Intensive Care 1994;5:282-288
Medline22
Meduri GU. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. In: Marini JJ, Slutsky AS, eds. Physiological basis of ventilatory support. Vol. 118 of Lung biology in health and disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998:921-96.
23
Ognibene FP ,Martin SE ,Parker MM , et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1986;315:547-551
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline24
Rubenfeld GD ,Crawford SW . Withdrawing life support from mechanically ventilated recipients of bone marrow transplants: a case for evidence-based guidelines. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:625-633
Web of Science | Medline25
Crawford SW ,Schwartz DA ,Petersen FB ,Clark JG . Mechanical ventilation after marrow transplantation: risk factors and clinical outcome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137:682-687
Web of Science | Medline26
Keenan SP ,Kernerman PD ,Cook DJ ,Martin CM ,McCormack D ,Sibbald WJ . Effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on mortality in patients admitted with acute respiratory failure: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 1997;25:1685-1692
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
Guerin C ,Girard R ,Chemorin C ,De Varax R ,Fournier G . Facial mask noninvasive mechanical ventilation reduces the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia: a prospective epidemiological survey from a single ICU. Intensive Care Med 1997;23:1024-1032
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (193)
Citing Articles
1
G. T. Bird, P. Farquhar-Smith, T. Wigmore, M. Potter, P. C. Gruber. (2012) Outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with haematological malignancy admitted to a specialist cancer intensive care unit: a 5 yr study. British Journal of Anaesthesia
CrossRef2
D. MOKART, A. ETIENNE, B. ESTERNI, J.-P. BRUN, L. CHOW-CHINE, A. SANNINI, M. FAUCHER, J.-L. BLACHE. (2012) Critically ill cancer patients in the intensive care unit: short-term outcome and 1-year mortality. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavican/a-n/a
CrossRef3
Manuel García-Delgado, Inés Navarrete, Maria José García-Palma, Manuel Colmenero. (2012) Postoperative Respiratory Failure After Cardiac Surgery: Use of Noninvasive Ventilation. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
CrossRef4
Christopher S. James, Christopher P. J. Hallewell, Dominique P. L. James, Angie Wade, Quen Q. Mok. (2011) Predicting the success of non-invasive ventilation in preventing intubation and re-intubation in the paediatric intensive care unit. Intensive Care Medicine 37:12, 1994-2001
CrossRef5
Giuseppe Bello, Gennaro De Pascale, Massimo Antonelli. (2011) Noninvasive ventilation for the immunocompromised patient. Current Opinion in Critical Care1
CrossRef6
Benjamin Sztrymf, Jonathan Messika, Fabrice Bertrand, Dominique Hurel, Rusel Leon, Didier Dreyfuss, Jean-Damien Ricard. (2011) Beneficial effects of humidified high flow nasal oxygen in critical care patients: a prospective pilot study. Intensive Care Medicine 37:11, 1780-1786
CrossRef7
Carol Spada, Rikesh Gandhi, Sanjay R. Patel, Paul Nuccio, Gerald L. Weinhouse, Po-Shun Lee. (2011) Oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio is a simple predictor of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation failure in critically ill patients. Journal of Critical Care 26:5, 510-516
CrossRef8
Carmen S.V. Barbas, Lara P. Couto, Letícia B. Kawano-Dourado. (2011) Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure in patients with hematologic malignancies: What an Italian 5-year multicenter survey tells us*. Critical Care Medicine 39:10, 2358-2359
CrossRef9
Qi Guo, Hai-yan Li, Yi-ping Zhou, Ming Li, Xiao-ke Chen, Hui Liu, Hong-lin Peng, Hai-qiong Yu, Xia Chen, Nian Liu, Li-Hua Liang, Qing-zhou Zhao, Mei Jiang. (2011) Weight of the IDSA/ATS minor criteria for severe community-acquired pneumonia. Respiratory Medicine 105:10, 1543-1549
CrossRef10
Gaston Burghi, Virginie Lemiale, Amélie Seguin, Jérôme Lambert, Claire Lacroix, Emmanuel Canet, Anne-Sophie Moreau, Patricia Ribaud, David Schnell, Eric Mariotte, Benoît Schlemmer, Elie Azoulay. (2011) Outcomes of mechanically ventilated hematology patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Intensive Care Medicine 37:10, 1605-1612
CrossRef11
J.A. Sevillano Fernández, J.A. Nuevo González, M. Calderón Moreno, M.E. García Leoni. (2011) Disnea. Insuficiencia respiratoria aguda. Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado 10:88, 5923-5931
CrossRef12
Giuseppe R. Gristina, Massimo Antonelli, Giorgio Conti, Alessia Ciarlone, Silvia Rogante, Carlotta Rossi, Guido Bertolini. (2011) Noninvasive versus invasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure in patients with hematologic malignancies: A 5-year multicenter observational survey*. Critical Care Medicine 39:10, 2232-2239
CrossRef13
Melda Turkoglu, Emel Mirza, Özlem Güzel Tunçcan, Gökmen Umut Erdem, Murat Dizbay, Münci Yağcı, Gülbin Aygencel, Gülsan Türköz Sucak. (2011) Acinetobacter baumannii infection in patients with hematologic malignancies in intensive care unit: Risk factors and impact on mortality. Journal of Critical Care 26:5, 460-467
CrossRef14
M Wermke, S Schiemanck, G Höffken, G Ehninger, M Bornhäuser, T Illmer. (2011) Respiratory failure in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic SCT—a randomized trial on early non-invasive ventilation based on standard care hematology wards. Bone Marrow Transplantation
CrossRef15
Karen Sumner, Ghasem Yadegafar. (2011) The utility and futility of non-invasive ventilation in non-designated areas: Can critical care outreach nurses influence practice?. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing 27:4, 211-217
CrossRef16
Élie Azoulay, Alexandre Demoule, Samir Jaber, Achille Kouatchet, Anne-Pascale Meert, Laurent Papazian, Laurent Brochard. (2011) Palliative noninvasive ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Medicine 37:8, 1250-1257
CrossRef17
Toshiki Yokoyama, Kenji Tsushima, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Tomonobu Koizumi, Keishi Kubo. (2011) Potential benefits of early continuous positive pressure ventilation in patients with rapidly progressive interstitial pneumonia. Respirologyno-no
CrossRef18
Alexandra Boehm, Werner Rabitsch, Gottfried J. Locker, Nina Worel, Oliver Robak, Klaus F. Laczika, Thomas Staudinger, Andja Bojic, Viktoria Siersch, Peter Valent, Wolfgang R. Sperr. (2011) Successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia during respiratory failure and invasive mechanical ventilation. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 123:11-12, 354-358
CrossRef19
Marcin Karcz, Alisa Vitkus, Peter J. Papadakos, David Schwaiberger, Burkhard Lachmann. (2011) State-of-the-Art Mechanical Ventilation. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
CrossRef20
O. Penack, D. Buchheidt, M. Christopeit, M. von Lilienfeld-Toal, G. Massenkeil, M. Hentrich, H. Salwender, H.- H. Wolf, H. Ostermann. (2011) Management of sepsis in neutropenic patients: guidelines from the infectious diseases working party of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology. Annals of Oncology 22:5, 1019-1029
CrossRef21
Daniel C. Grinnan, Jonathon D. Truwit. 2011. Noninvasive Ventilation in Acute Respiratory Failure. , 51-62.
CrossRef22
Javier Muñoz Bono, Emilio Curiel Balsera, Juan Luis Galeas López. (2011) Indicaciones en ventilación mecánica no invasiva. ¿Evidencias en la bibliografía médica?. Medicina Clínica 136:3, 116-120
CrossRef23
Jon Cohen, Stephen Drage. (2011) How I manage haematology patients with septic shock. British Journal of Haematology 152:4, 380-391
CrossRef24
Ryo Tachikawa, Keisuke Tomii, Kimihiko Murase, Hiroyuki Ueda, Yuka Harada, Yoko Kida, Kyosuke Ishihara. (2011) Therapeutic Effect of Direct Hemoperfusion with a Polymyxin B-Immobilized Fiber Column in the Treatment of HIV-Negative Severe Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Respiration 81:4, 318-324
CrossRef25
Abolfazl Najaf-Zadeh, Francis Leclerc. (2011) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure in children: a concise review. Annals of Intensive Care 1:1, 15
CrossRef26
D. Berdyev, R. Scapin, C. Labille, L. Lambin, M. Fartoukh. (2011) Infections communautaires graves — Les pneumonies aiguës communautaires bactériennes de l’adulte. Réanimation 20:S2, 566-575
CrossRef27
Byoung Chul Lee, Kyu Hyouck Kyoung, Young Hwan Kim, Suk-Kyung Hong. (2011) Non-invasive ventilation for surgical patients with acute respiratory failure. Journal of the Korean Surgical Society 80:6, 390
CrossRef28
Elie Azoulay, Marcio Soares, Michael Darmon, Dominique Benoit, Stephen Pastores, Bekele Afessa. (2011) Intensive care of the cancer patient: recent achievements and remaining challenges. Annals of Intensive Care 1:1, 5
CrossRef29
Fernando Hauaji Chacur, Luis Marcelo Vilella Felipe, Cintia Gonçalves Fernandes, Luiz Claudio Oliveira Lazzarini. (2011) The Total Face Mask Is More Comfortable than the Oronasal Mask in Noninvasive Ventilation but Is Not Associated with Improved Outcome. Respiration 82:5, 426-430
CrossRef30
Stéphane Dauger, Philippe Durand, Etienne Javouey, Jean-Christophe Mercier. 2011. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Children. , 706-716.
CrossRef31
Shekhar T. Venkataraman. 2011. Noninvasive Ventilation. , 689-696.
CrossRef32
Joseph E Levitt, Michael A Matthay. (2010) The utility of clinical predictors of acute lung injury: towards prevention and earlier recognition. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 4:6, 785-797
CrossRef33
Monica Rocco, Giorgio Conti, Elisa Alessandri, Andrea Morelli, Gustavo Spadetta, Amalia Laderchi, Carmela Santo, Samanta Francavilla, Paolo Pietropaoli. (2010) Rescue treatment for noninvasive ventilation failure due to interface intolerance with remifentanil analgosedation: a pilot study. Intensive Care Medicine 36:12, 2060-2065
CrossRef34
Juan Ignacio Muñoz-Bonet, Eva M. Flor-Macián, Juan Brines, Patricia M. Roselló-Millet, M. Cruz Llopis, José L. López-Prats, Silvia Castillo. (2010) Predictive factors for the outcome of noninvasive ventilation in pediatric acute respiratory failure*. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 11:6, 675-680
CrossRef35
Juan I. Muñoz-Bonet, Eva M. Flor-Macián, Patricia M. Roselló, Mari C. Llopis, Alicia Lizondo, José L. López-Prats, Juan Brines. (2010) Noninvasive ventilation in pediatric acute respiratory failure by means of a conventional volumetric ventilator. World Journal of Pediatrics 6:4, 323-330
CrossRef36
Benjamin Clouzeau, Hoang-Nam Bui, Frederic Vargas, Marieke Grenouillet-Delacre, Emmanuelle Guilhon, Didier Gruson, Gilles Hilbert. (2010) Target-controlled infusion of propofol for sedation in patients with non-invasive ventilation failure due to low tolerance: a preliminary study. Intensive Care Medicine 36:10, 1675-1680
CrossRef37
Vincenzo Squadrone, Massimo Massaia, Benedetto Bruno, Filippo Marmont, Michele Falda, Carlotta Bagna, Stefania Bertone, Claudia Filippini, Arthur S. Slutsky, Umberto Vitolo, Mario Boccadoro, V. Marco Ranieri. (2010) Early CPAP prevents evolution of acute lung injury in patients with hematologic malignancy. Intensive Care Medicine 36:10, 1666-1674
CrossRef38
Dominique M. Vandijck, Pieter O. Depuydt, Fritz C. Offner, Joke Nollet, Renaat A. Peleman, Eva Steel, Lucien A. Noens, Johan M. Decruyenaere, Dominique D. Benoit. (2010) Impact of organ dysfunction on mortality in ICU patients with hematologic malignancies. Intensive Care Medicine 36:10, 1744-1750
CrossRef39
Dominique D. Benoit, Pieter O. Depuydt. (2010) Non-invasive ventilation in patients with hematological malignancies: the saga continues, but where is the finale?. Intensive Care Medicine 36:10, 1633-1635
CrossRef40
Jonathan Egan. (2010) Acute lung injury in the child. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 11:3, 171-176
CrossRef41
Jeffery S. Garland. (2010) Strategies to Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Neonates. Clinics in Perinatology 37:3, 629-643
CrossRef42
Anke Kohlenberg, Frank Schwab, Michael Behnke, Christine Geffers, Petra Gastmeier. (2010) Pneumonia associated with invasive and noninvasive ventilation: an analysis of the German nosocomial infection surveillance system database. Intensive Care Medicine 36:6, 971-978
CrossRef43
Samir Jaber, Pierre Michelet, Gerald Chanques. (2010) Role of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in the perioperative period. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 24:2, 253-265
CrossRef44
Clare D. Ramsey, Duane Funk, Russell R. Miller, Anand Kumar. (2010) Ventilator management for hypoxemic respiratory failure attributable to H1N1 novel swine origin influenza virus. Critical Care Medicine 38, e58-e65
CrossRef45
Márcio Soares, Jorge I.F. Salluh, Élie Azoulay. (2010) Noninvasive ventilation in patients with malignancies and hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: A still pending question. Journal of Critical Care 25:1, 37-38
CrossRef46
F. Bornitz, D. Gompelmann, R. Eberhardt. (2010) Interventionen unter nichtinvasiver Beatmung und Tracheotomie. Der Pneumologe 7:2, 100-104
CrossRef47
Pieter O. Depuydt, Dominique D. Benoit, Carl D. Roosens, Fritz C. Offner, Lucien A. Noens, Johan M. Decruyenaere. (2010) The impact of the initial ventilatory strategy on survival in hematological patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Journal of Critical Care 25:1, 30-36
CrossRef48
Frederick W. Endorf, David J. Dries. (2010) Noninvasive Ventilation in the Burned Patient. Journal of Burn Care & Research 31:2, 217-228
CrossRef49
Toshiki Yokoyama, Yasuhiro Kondoh, Hiroyuki Taniguchi, Kensuke Kataoka, Keisuke Kato, Osamu Nishiyama, Tomoki Kimura, Ryuichi Hasegawa, Keishi Kubo. (2010) Noninvasive Ventilation in Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Internal Medicine 49:15, 1509-1514
CrossRef50
Yushi Sakamoto, Shinya Murata, Ken Yamashita, Kazuki Yokoyama, Akiko Mano, Hideaki Imanaka, Masaji Nishimura. (2010) Nihon Shuchu Chiryo Igakukai zasshi 17:2, 215-216
CrossRef51
Márcio Soares, Pieter O. Depuydt, Jorge I.F. Salluh. (2010) Mechanical Ventilation in Cancer Patients: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes. Critical Care Clinics 26:1, 41-58
CrossRef52
Stephen M. Pastores, Louis P. Voigt. (2010) Acute Respiratory Failure in the Patient with Cancer: Diagnostic and Management Strategies. Critical Care Clinics 26:1, 21-40
CrossRef53
Bekele Afessa, Elie Azoulay. (2010) Critical Care of the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient. Critical Care Clinics 26:1, 133-150
CrossRef54
Dominique D. Benoit, Eric A. Hoste. (2010) Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients with Cancer. Critical Care Clinics 26:1, 151-179
CrossRef55
Shinya Hara, Hideaki Imanaka, Emiko Nakataki, Akiko Mano, Harutaka Yamaguchi, Daisuke Inui, Jun Oto, Masaji Nishimura. (2010) Nihon Shuchu Chiryo Igakukai zasshi 17:2, 211-212
CrossRef56
Emilio Bouza, Almudena Burillo. 2009. Nosocomial Pneumonia in Critical Care. , 178-207.
CrossRef57
Peter K. Linden. (2009) Approach to the Immunocompromised Host with Infection in the Intensive Care Unit. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 23:3, 535-556
CrossRef58
Javier Hortal, Maddalena Giannella, Maria Jesús Pérez, José Maria Barrio, Manuel Desco, Emilio Bouza, Patricia Muñoz. (2009) Incidence and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia after major heart surgery. Intensive Care Medicine 35:9, 1518-1525
CrossRef59
Marco Piastra, Daniele Luca, Domenico Pietrini, Silvia Pulitanò, Sonia D’Arrigo, Aldo Mancino, Giorgio Conti. (2009) Noninvasive pressure-support ventilation in immunocompromised children with ARDS: a feasibility study. Intensive Care Medicine 35:8, 1420-1427
CrossRef60
Stefano Nava, Nicholas Hill. (2009) Non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure. The Lancet 374:9685, 250-259
CrossRef61
Susana Ferreira, Carla Nogueira, Sara Conde, Natália Taveira, Bárbara Parente. (2009) Ventilação não invasiva. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia (English Edition) 15:4, 655-667
CrossRef62
Frédéric Vargas, Arnaud Thille, Aissam Lyazidi, Biomed Eng Master, Ferran Roche Campo, Laurent Brochard. (2009) Helmet with specific settings versus facemask for noninvasive ventilation*. Critical Care Medicine 37:6, 1921-1928
CrossRef63
Pedro M. Olaechea, Francisco Álvarez-Lerma, Miguel Sánchez, Antonio Torres, Mercedes Palomar, Pedro Fernández, José M. Miró, José Miguel Cisneros, Manuel Torres. (2009) Evaluación del estado de gravedad de pacientes con infecciones graves. Criterios de ingreso en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica 27:6, 342-352
CrossRef64
Tarek A. Dernaika, Jean I. Keddissi, Gary T. Kinasewitz. (2009) Update on ARDS: Beyond the Low Tidal Volume. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 337:5, 360-367
CrossRef65
Eusebi Chiner, Mónica Llombart, Miguel Ángel Martínez-García, Estrella Fernández-Fabrellas, Rafael Navarro, Ángela Cervera. (2009) Ventilación mecánica no invasiva en la Comunidad Valenciana: de la teoría a la práctica. Archivos de Bronconeumología 45:3, 118-122
CrossRef66
Paolo Navalesi. (2009) Internal space of interfaces for noninvasive ventilation: Dead, but not deadly*. Critical Care Medicine 37:3, 1146-1147
CrossRef67
Juan Mayordomo-Colunga, Alberto Medina, Corsino Rey, Juan José Díaz, Andrés Concha, Marta Los Arcos, Sergio Menéndez. (2009) Predictive factors of non invasive ventilation failure in critically ill children: a prospective epidemiological study. Intensive Care Medicine 35:3, 527-536
CrossRef68
Amanda Tarabini Fraticelli, François Lellouche, Erwan L’Her, Solenne Taillé, Jordi Mancebo, Laurent Brochard. (2009) Physiological effects of different interfaces during noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure*. Critical Care Medicine 37:3, 939-945
CrossRef69
John R. McArdle. (2009) Critical Care Outcomes in the Hematologic Transplant Recipient. Clinics in Chest Medicine 30:1, 155-167
CrossRef70
Vincent Peigne, Kateřina Rusinová, Lionel Karlin, Michael Darmon, Jean-Paul Fermand, Benoît Schlemmer, Élie Azoulay. (2009) Continued survival gains in recent years among critically ill myeloma patients. Intensive Care Medicine 35:3, 512-518
CrossRef71
S Egbert Pravinkumar. (2009) Physician practice variation in critical care: A stumbling block. Critical Care Medicine 37:3, 1178-1179
CrossRef72
Adamantia Liapikou, Miquel Ferrer, Eva Polverino, Valentina Balasso, Mariano Esperatti, Raquel Piñer, Jose Mensa, Nestor Luque, Santiago Ewig, Rosario Menendez, Michael S. Niederman, Antoni Torres. (2009) Severe Community‐Acquired Pneumonia: Validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Guidelines to Predict an Intensive Care Unit Admission. Clinical Infectious Diseases 48:4, 377-385
CrossRef73
B. Schönhofer, R. Kuhlen, P. Neumann, M. Westhoff, C. Berndt, H. Sitter. (2009) Nichtinvasive Beatmung als Therapie der akuten respiratorischen Insuffizienz. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 46:1, 48-60
CrossRef74
Frank Heinemann. (2009) Nicht-invasive Beatmung: was gibt es Neues?. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 46:1, 39-47
CrossRef75
Alexandre Demoule. (2009) Non-invasive ventilation: how far away from the ICU?. Intensive Care Medicine 35:2, 192-194
CrossRef76
Keisuke Tomii, Ryutaro Seo, Ryo Tachikawa, Yuka Harada, Kimihiko Murase, Reiko Kaji, Yoshimi Takeshima, Michio Hayashi, Takashi Nishimura, Kyosuke Ishihara. (2009) Impact of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) trial for various types of acute respiratory failure in the emergency department; decreased mortality and use of the ICU. Respiratory Medicine 103:1, 67-73
CrossRef77
S Egbert Pravinkumar. (2009) A face that matters in distress: Interface selection for acute noninvasive ventilation*. Critical Care Medicine 37:1, 344-346
CrossRef78
C. Perrin, V. Jullien, Y. Duval, C. Defrance. (2008) Place de la ventilation non invasive dans les soins palliatifs et en fin de vie. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 25:10, 1227-1236
CrossRef79
Sandrine Essouri, Philippe Durand, Laurent Chevret, Vincent Haas, Claire Perot, Annick Clement, Denis Devictor, Brigitte Fauroux. (2008) Physiological effects of noninvasive positive ventilation during acute moderate hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency in children. Intensive Care Medicine 34:12, 2248-2255
CrossRef80
Marco Piastra, Daniele De Luca, Giulia Zorzi, Antonio Ruggiero, Massimo Antonelli, Giorgio Conti, Domenico Pietrini. (2008) Noninvasive ventilation in large postoperative flail chest. Pediatric Blood & Cancer 51:6, 831-833
CrossRef81
B. Schönhofer, R. Kuhlen, P. Neumann, M. Westhoff, C. Berndt, H. Sitter. (2008) Nichtinvasive Beatmung als Therapie der akuten respiratorischen Insuffizienz. Der Anaesthesist 57:11, 1091-1102
CrossRef82
Sean P. Keenan. (2008) Noninvasive ventilation: Trying to minimize harm?*. Critical Care Medicine 36:10, 2937-2939
CrossRef83
Mélanie Adda, Isaline Coquet, Michaël Darmon, Guillaume Thiery, Benoît Schlemmer, Élie Azoulay. (2008) Predictors of noninvasive ventilation failure in patients with hematologic malignancy and acute respiratory failure*. Critical Care Medicine 36:10, 2766-2772
CrossRef84
(2008) 21st ESICM Annual Congress. Intensive Care Medicine 34:S1, 93-180
CrossRef85
Mei-Ean Yeow, Jairo I. Santanilla. (2008) Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in the Emergency Department. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 26:3, 835-847
CrossRef86
Christiane Finardi Pancera, Massami Hayashi, José Humberto Fregnani, Elnara M. Negri, Daniel Deheinzelin, Beatriz de Camargo. (2008) Noninvasive Ventilation in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients: Eight Years of Experience in a Pediatric Oncology Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 30:7, 533-538
CrossRef87
Shinji Akada, Shinhiro Takeda, Yuko Yoshida, Keiko Nakazato, Masaki Mori, Takashi Hongo, Keiji Tanaka, Atsuhiro Sakamoto. (2008) The Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine in Patients with Noninvasive Ventilation: A Preliminary Study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 107:1, 167-170
CrossRef88
Niranjan Kissoon, Peter C. Rimensberger, Desmond Bohn. (2008) Ventilation Strategies and Adjunctive Therapy in Severe Lung Disease. Pediatric Clinics of North America 55:3, 709-733
CrossRef89
Bernd Schönhofer. (2008) Nichtinvasive Beatmung – gestern, heute und morgen. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 45:4, 182-193
CrossRef90
Dominique M. Vandijck, Dominique D. Benoit, Pieter O. Depuydt, Fritz C. Offner, Stijn I. Blot, Anna K. Tilborgh, Joke Nollet, Eva Steel, Lucien A. Noens, Johan M. Decruyenaere. (2008) Impact of recent intravenous chemotherapy on outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock patients with hematological malignancies. Intensive Care Medicine 34:5, 847-855
CrossRef91
William J. Ehlenbach, J Randall Curtis. (2008) Noninvasive ventilation for patients near the end of life: What do we know and what do we need to know?*. Critical Care Medicine 36:3, 1003-1004
CrossRef92
David D. Sweet, Angela Naismith, Sean P. Keenan, Tasnim Sinuff, Peter M. Dodek. (2008) Missed opportunities for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: A utilization review. Journal of Critical Care 23:1, 111-117
CrossRef93
Sean P Keenan. (2008) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure?. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 2:1, 55-62
CrossRef94
M. Yilmaz, O. Gajic. (2008) Optimal ventilator settings in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 25:2, 89-96
CrossRef95
Guilherme Schettino, Neila Altobelli, Robert M. Kacmarek. (2008) Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure outside clinical trials: Experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital*. Critical Care Medicine 36:2, 441-447
CrossRef96
Yan Chen, Ping Chen, Masayuki Hanaoka, Xingang Huang, Yunden Droma, Keishi Kubo. (2008) Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with Hypoxemia due to Refractory Heart Failure. Internal Medicine 47:5, 367-373
CrossRef97
J.-P. Viale, S. Duperret, P. Branche, M.-O. Robert, M. Muller. (2008) Ventilazione artificiale II: strategie ventilatorie. Logistica della ventilazione meccanica. EMC - Anestesia-Rianimazione 13:2, 1-19
CrossRef98
Elie Azoulay, Djamel Mokart, Antoine Rabbat, Frédéric Pene, Achille Kouatchet, Fabrice Bruneel, François Vincent, Rebecca Hamidfar, Delphine Moreau, Ismaël Mohammedi, Geraldine Epinette, Gaëtan Beduneau, Vincent Castelain, Arnaud de Lassence, Didier Gruson, Virginie Lemiale, Benoît Renard, Sylvie Chevret, Benoît Schlemmer. (2008) Diagnostic bronchoscopy in hematology and oncology patients with acute respiratory failure: Prospective multicenter data*. Critical Care Medicine 36:1, 100-107
CrossRef99
Layola Lunghar, Carolyn M. D'Ambrosio. (2007) Noninvasive Ventilation in the Older Patient Who Has Acute Respiratory Failure. Clinics in Chest Medicine 28:4, 793-800
CrossRef100
Nicholas S. Hill, John Brennan, Erik Garpestad, Stefano Nava. (2007) Noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Critical Care Medicine 35:10, 2402-2407
CrossRef101
J.-P. Sculier, T. Berghmans, A.-P. Meert. (2007) Les indications et les résultats des soins intensifs chez les patients atteints de cancer bronchique. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 24:8, 114-119
CrossRef102
C. G. Mayhall. (2007) In Pursuit of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Prevention: The Right Path. Clinical Infectious Diseases 45:6, 712-714
CrossRef103
Lucien Lecuyer, Sylvie Chevret, Guillaume Thiery, Michael Darmon, Beno??t Schlemmer, ??lie Azoulay. (2007) The ICU Trial: A new admission policy for cancer patients requiring mechanical ventilation*. Critical Care Medicine 35:3, 808-814
CrossRef104
Gilles Hilbert, Frederic Vargas, Didier Gruson. (2007) Never the tube! Try the mask!*. Critical Care Medicine 35:3, 977-978
CrossRef105
F. Klebl, S. W. Krause. (2007) Akuttherapie onkologischer Notfälle. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 44:2, 74-87
CrossRef106
J Randall Curtis, Deborah J. Cook, Tasnim Sinuff, Douglas B. White, Nicholas Hill, Sean P. Keenan, Joshua O. Benditt, Robert Kacmarek, Karin T. Kirchhoff, Mitchell M. Levy. (2007) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in critical and palliative care settings: Understanding the goals of therapy*. Critical Care Medicine 35:3, 932-939
CrossRef107
Rafael Fernandez, Francisco Baigorri, Antonio Artigas. (2007) Noninvasive ventilation in patients with “do-not-intubate” orders: medium-term efficacy depends critically on patient selection. Intensive Care Medicine 33:2, 350-354
CrossRef108
François Lellouche. (2007) Noninvasive ventilation in patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure. Current Opinion in Critical Care 13:1, 12-19
CrossRef109
F. Crummy, M. T. Naughton. (2007) Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure: justified or just hot air?. Internal Medicine Journal 37:2, 112-118
CrossRef110
Jean-Michel Constantin, Eric Schneider, Sophie Cayot-Constantin, Renaud Guerin, Francois Bannier, Emmanuel Futier, Jean-Etienne Bazin. (2007) Remifentanil-based sedation to treat noninvasive ventilation failure: a preliminary study. Intensive Care Medicine 33:1, 82-87
CrossRef111
Paolo Navalesi, Roberta Costa, Piero Ceriana, Annalisa Carlucci, George Prinianakis, Massimo Antonelli, Giorgio Conti, Stefano Nava. (2007) Non-invasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: helmet versus facial mask. Intensive Care Medicine 33:1, 74-81
CrossRef112
Hideaki Imanaka, Muneyuki Takeuchi, Naoya Iguchi, Makiko Ichikawa, Chihiro Takayama, Shinsuke Akaeda, Yumiko Mizuno, Tomoyo Nishida. (2007) Nihon Shuchu Chiryo Igakukai zasshi 14:4, 585-592
CrossRef113
Erik Garpestad, Greg Schumaker, Nicholas S. Hill. (2007) Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: Breaking down the final frontier?*. Critical Care Medicine 35:1, 288-290
CrossRef114
Jairo I. Santanilla, Peter M. C. DeBlieux. 2007. Management of the Dyspneic Patient in the ED. , 17-24.
CrossRef115
Massimo Antonelli, Giorgio Conti, Antonio Esquinas, Luca Montini, Salvatore Maurizio Maggiore, Giuseppe Bello, Monica Rocco, Riccardo Maviglia, Mariano Alberto Pennisi, Gumersindo Gonzalez-Diaz, Gianfranco Umberto Meduri. (2007) A multiple-center survey on the use in clinical practice of noninvasive ventilation as a first-line intervention for acute respiratory distress syndrome*. Critical Care Medicine 35:1, 18-25
CrossRef116
Michael Donahoe. (2006) Basic Ventilator Management: Lung Protective Strategies. Surgical Clinics of North America 86:6, 1389-1408
CrossRef117
Jason R. Leong, David T. Huang. (2006) Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Surgical Clinics of North America 86:6, 1409-1429
CrossRef118
Sheila Myatra, Jigeeshu Divatia. (2006) Does glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition reduce the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia?. Critical Care Medicine 34:11, 2871-2872
CrossRef119
Younsuck Koh. (2006) Indications for Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation. International Anesthesiology Clinics 43:4, 109-117
CrossRef120
Alexandre Demoule, Emmanuelle Girou, Jean-Christophe Richard, Solenne Taillé, Laurent Brochard. (2006) Increased use of noninvasive ventilation in French intensive care units. Intensive Care Medicine 32:11, 1747-1755
CrossRef121
Alexandre Demoule, Emmanuelle Girou, Jean-Christophe Richard, Solenne Taille, Laurent Brochard. (2006) Benefits and risks of success or failure of noninvasive ventilation. Intensive Care Medicine 32:11, 1756-1765
CrossRef122
Miquel Ferrer, Pilar Martinez, Antoni Torres. (2006) Intermediate Respiratory Care Units. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 13:5, 289-295
CrossRef123
Ayman O. Soubani. (2006) Critical care considerations of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Critical Care Medicine 34:Suppl, S251-S267
CrossRef124
D. Samolski, A. Antón, R. Güell, F. Sanz, J. Giner, P. Casan. (2006) Inspired oxygen fraction achieved with a portable ventilator: Determinant factors. Respiratory Medicine 100:9, 1608-1613
CrossRef125
Olaf Penack, Thomas Beinert, Dieter Buchheidt, Hermann Einsele, Holger Hebart, Michael G. Kiehl, Gero Massenkeil, Xaver Schiel, Jan Schleicher, Philipp B. Staber, Stefan Wilhelm, Hans Wolf, Helmut Ostermann. (2006) Management of sepsis in neutropenia: guidelines of the infectious diseases working party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO). Annals of Hematology 85:7, 424-433
CrossRef126
Sandrine Essouri, Laurent Chevret, Philippe Durand, Vincent Haas, Brigitte Fauroux, Denis Devictor. (2006) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: Five years of experience in a pediatric intensive care unit*. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 7:4, 329-334
CrossRef127
Lewis Rubinson, Richard D. Branson, Nicki Pesik, Daniel Talmor. (2006) Positive-Pressure Ventilation Equipment for Mass Casualty Respiratory Failure. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 4:2, 183-194
CrossRef128
Élie Azoulay, Benoît Schlemmer. (2006) Diagnostic strategy in cancer patients with acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Medicine 32:6, 808-822
CrossRef129
Carlos Cervera, Carlos Agustí, María Angeles Marcos, Tomás Pumarola, Federico Cofán, Miguel Navasa, Félix Pérez-Villa, Antonio Torres, Asunción Moreno. (2006) Microbiologic features and outcome of pneumonia in transplanted patients. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 55:1, 47-54
CrossRef130
Manuela Cavalcanti, Miquel Ferrer, Ricard Ferrer, Ramon Morforte, Angel Garnacho, Antoni Torres. (2006) Risk and prognostic factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients. Critical Care Medicine 34:4, 1067-1072
CrossRef131
Stefano Nava, Paolo Navalesi, Giorgio Conti. (2006) Time of non-invasive ventilation. Intensive Care Medicine 32:3, 361-370
CrossRef132
Dominique D. Benoit, Pieter O. Depuydt, Koenraad H. Vandewoude, Fritz C. Offner, Tom Boterberg, Carole A. De Cock, Lucien A. Noens, Ann M. Janssens, Johan M. Decruyenaere. (2006) Outcome in severely ill patients with hematological malignancies who received intravenous chemotherapy in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Medicine 32:1, 93-99
CrossRef133
Samir Jaber, Gérald Chanques, Mustapha Sebbane, Farida Salhi, Jean-Marc Delay, Pierre-François Perrigault, Jean-Jacques Eledjam. (2006) Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in Patients with Respiratory Failure due to Severe Acute Pancreatitis. Respiration
CrossRef134
N Naeem, M D Reed, R J Creger, S J Youngner, H M Lazarus. (2006) Transfer of the hematopoietic stem cell transplant patient to the intensive care unit: does it really matter?. Bone Marrow Transplantation 37:2, 119-133
CrossRef135
Élie Azoulay, Bekele Afessa. (2006) The intensive care support of patients with malignancy: do everything that can be done. Intensive Care Medicine 32:1, 3-5
CrossRef136
E. Chiner, M. Llombart, J. Signes-Costa, A.L. Andreu, E. Gómez-Merino, E. Pastor, J.M. Arriero. (2005) Descripción de un nuevo procedimiento para la realización de fibrobroncoscopia durante ventilación no invasiva mediante mascarilla nasal en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda. Archivos de Bronconeumología 41:12, 698-701
CrossRef137
Kevin J. Sullivan, Salvatore R. Goodwin, Eric Sandler, Michael Joyce. (2005) Critical care of the pediatric hematopoietic stem cell recipient in 2005. Pediatric Transplantation 9, 12-24
CrossRef138
Steve G. Peters, Bekele Afessa. (2005) Acute Lung Injury After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Clinics in Chest Medicine 26:4, 561-569
CrossRef139
Sean M. Caples, Peter C. Gay. (2005) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the intensive care unit: A concise review. Critical Care Medicine 33:11, 2651-2658
CrossRef140
Tawee Tanvetyanon. (2005) Consideration before administering cytotoxic chemotherapy to the critically ill*. Critical Care Medicine 33:11, 2689-2691
CrossRef141
Michael Darmon, Guillaume Thiery, Magali Ciroldi, Sandra de Miranda, Lionel Galicier, Emmanuel Raffoux, Jean-Roger Le Gall, Beno??t Schlemmer, ??lie Azoulay. (2005) Intensive care in patients with newly diagnosed malignancies and a need for cancer chemotherapy*. Critical Care Medicine 33:11, 2488-2493
CrossRef142
Miquel Ferrer, Malina Ioanas, Francisco Arancibia, Maria Angeles Marco, Jorge Puig de la Bellacasa, Antoni Torres. (2005) Microbial airway colonization is associated with noninvasive ventilation failure in exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease*. Critical Care Medicine 33:9, 2003-2009
CrossRef143
A. Torres, M. Ferrer, J.B. Blanquer, M. Calle, V. Casolivé, J.M. Echave, D.M. Masa. (2005) Unidades de cuidados respiratorios intermedios. Definición y características. Archivos de Bronconeumología 41:9, 505-512
CrossRef144
Guilherme Schettino, Neila Altobelli, Robert M. Kacmarek. (2005) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation reverses acute respiratory failure in select ???do-not-intubate??? patients. Critical Care Medicine 33:9, 1976-1982
CrossRef145
L Karlin, M Darmon, G Thiéry, M Ciroldi, S de Miranda, A Lefebvre, B Schlemmer, É Azoulay. (2005) Respiratory status deterioration during G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery. Bone Marrow Transplantation 36:3, 245-250
CrossRef146
Karen E. A. Burns, Tasnim Sinuff, Neill K. J. Adhikari, Maureen O. Meade, Diane Heels-Ansdell, Claudio M. Martin, Deborah J. Cook. (2005) Bilevel noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure: Survey of Ontario practice*. Critical Care Medicine 33:7, 1477-1483
CrossRef147
Dominique D. Benoit, Pieter O. Depuydt, Renaat A. Peleman, Fritz C. Offner, Koenraad H. Vandewoude, Dirk P. Vogelaers, Stijn I. Blot, Lucien A. Noens, Francis A. Colardyn, Johan M. Decruyenaere. (2005) Documented and clinically suspected bacterial infection precipitating intensive care unit admission in patients with hematological malignancies: impact on outcome. Intensive Care Medicine 31:7, 934-942
CrossRef148
P. Schütt, T. Konorza, P. Ebeling, P. Lütkes, M. Flasshove, T. Moritz, M. R. Nowrousian, S. Seeber, M. Haude, R. Erbel. (2005) Intensivmedizinische Behandlung von Patienten mit einer malignen Tumorerkrankung: Analyse von prognostischen Faktoren. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 42:5, 440-448
CrossRef149
Ken-ichi Takahashi, Kazuo Chin, Kohei Ogawa, Mureo Kasahara, Takanori Sakaguchi, Satoshi Hasegawa, Kensuke Sumi, Takaya Nakamura, Akira Tamaki, Michiaki Mishima, Takashi Nakamura, Koichi Tanaka. (2005) Living donor liver transplantation with noninvasive ventilation for exertional heat stroke and severe rhabdomyolysis. Liver Transplantation 11:5, 570-572
CrossRef150
Antoine Rabbat, Driss Chaoui, David Montani, Ollivier Legrand, Aurelie Lefebvre, Bernard Rio, Nicolas Roche, Christine Lorut, Jean-Pierre Marie, Gerard Huchon. (2005) Prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia admitted to intensive care. British Journal of Haematology 129:3, 350-357
CrossRef151
M??rcio Soares, Jorge I. F. Salluh, Nelson Spector, Jos?? R. Rocco. (2005) Characteristics and outcomes of cancer patients requiring mechanical ventilatory support for >24 hrs*. Critical Care Medicine 33:3, 520-526
CrossRef152
Tawee Tanvetyanon. (2005) Getting Dark, Too Dark to See. Critical Care Medicine 33:2, 469
CrossRef153
Stefano Nava. (2005) Getting Dark, Too Dark to See. Critical Care Medicine 33:2, 468-469
CrossRef154
Kazuo Chin, Shinji Uemoto, Ken-ichi Takahashi, Hiroto Egawa, Mureo Kasahara, Yasuhiro Fujimoto, Kensuke Sumi, Michiaki Mishima, Colin E. Sullivan, Kouichi Tanaka. (2005) Noninvasive ventilation for pediatric patients including those under 1-year-old undergoing liver transplantation. Liver Transplantation 11:2, 188-195
CrossRef155
Reto Stocker, Peter Biro. (2005) Airway management and artificial ventilation in intensive care. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 18:1, 35-45
CrossRef156
U. Janssens, J. Graf. (2005) Nicht-invasive Beatmung?weiterhin Vorsicht geboten!. Intensivmedizin + Notfallmedizin 42:1, 1-8
CrossRef157
Werner Rabitsch, Thomas Staudinger, Gottfried J Locker, Wolfgang J Köstler, Klaus Laczika, Michael Frass, Paul Knoebl, Hildegard T Greinix, Peter Kalhs, Felix Keil. (2005) Respiratory failure after stem cell transplantation: Improved outcome with non-invasive ventilation. Leukemia & Lymphoma 46:8, 1151-1157
CrossRef158
N. Xirouchaki, E. Kondoudaki, M. Anastasaki, C. Alexopoulou, S. Koumiotaki, D. Georgopoulos. (2005) Noninvasive Bilevel Positive Pressure Ventilation in Patients with Blunt Thoracic Trauma. Respiration 72:5, 517-522
CrossRef159
Marcelo Park, Marcia C. Sangean, Marcia de S. Volpe, Maria I. Z. Feltrim, Emilia Nozawa, Paulo F. Leite, Marcelo B. Passos Amato, Geraldo Lorenzi-Filho. (2004) Randomized, prospective trial of oxygen, continuous positive airway pressure, and bilevel positive airway pressure by face mask in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema*. Critical Care Medicine 32:12, 2407-2415
CrossRef160
??lie Azoulay, Guillaume Thi??ry, Sylvie Chevret, Delphine Moreau, Micha??l Darmon, Anne Bergeron, Kun Yang, V??ronique Meignin, Magali Ciroldi, Jean-Roger Le Gall, Abdellatif Tazi, Beno??t Schlemmer. (2004) The Prognosis of Acute Respiratory Failure in Critically Ill Cancer Patients. Medicine 83:6, 360-370
CrossRef161
Jonathan E. Sevransky, Mitchell M. Levy, John J. Marini. (2004) Mechanical ventilation in sepsis-induced acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome: An evidence-based review. Critical Care Medicine 32:Supplement, S548-S553
CrossRef162
Nicholas S. Hill. (2004) Noninvasive interfaces: Should we go to helmets?*. Critical Care Medicine 32:10, 2162-2163
CrossRef163
Mitchell Levy, Maged A. Tanios, David Nelson, Kathy Short, Anthony Senechia, John Vespia, Nicholas S. Hill. (2004) Outcomes of patients with do-not-intubate orders treated with noninvasive ventilation*. Critical Care Medicine 32:10, 2002-2007
CrossRef164
Dieter Buchheidt, Margit Hummel, Georg Engelich, Rüdiger Hehlmann. (2004) Management of infections in critically ill neutropenic cancer patients. Journal of Critical Care 19:3, 165-173
CrossRef165
Stefano Nava, Anna Maria Cuomo. (2004) Acute respiratory failure in the cancer patient: the role of non-invasive mechanical ventilation. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 51:2, 91-103
CrossRef166
Mark J. Rumbak, Michael Newton, Thomas Truncale, Skai W. Schwartz, James W Adams, Patrick B. Hazard. (2004) A prospective, randomized, study comparing early percutaneous dilational tracheotomy to prolonged translaryngeal intubation (delayed tracheotomy) in critically ill medical patients*. Critical Care Medicine 32:8, 1689-1694
CrossRef167
John J Marini. (2004) Advances in the understanding of acute respiratory distress syndrome: summarizing a decade of progress. Current Opinion in Critical Care 10:4, 265-271
CrossRef168
Truwit, Jonathon Dean, Bernard, Gordon R., . (2004) Noninvasive Ventilation — Don't Push Too Hard. New England Journal of Medicine 350:24, 2512-2515
Full Text169
Marin H. Kollef. (2004) Prevention of hospital-associated pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Critical Care Medicine 32:6, 1396-1405
CrossRef170
Gilles Hilbert, Didier Gruson, Fr??deric Vargas. (2004) Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation in Immunocompromised Patients. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 11:3, 175-182
CrossRef171
Marc J. M. Bonten, Marin H. Kollef, Jesse B. Hall. (2004) Risk Factors for Ventilator‐Associated Pneumonia: From Epidemiology to Patient Management. Clinical Infectious Diseases 38:8, 1141-1149
CrossRef172
Malina Ioanas, Miquel Ferrer, Manuela Cavalcanti, Ricard Ferrer, Santiago Ewig, Xavier Filella, Jordi Puig de la Bellacasa, Antoni Torres. (2004) Causes and predictors of nonresponse to treatment of intensive care unit–acquired pneumonia*. Critical Care Medicine 32:4, 938-945
CrossRef173
Fang Han, Yu Y. Jiang, Jian H. Zheng, Zhan C. Gao, Quan Y. He. (2004) Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation Treatment for Acute Respiratory Failure in SARS. Sleep and Breathing 8:2, 97-106
CrossRef174
Kenneth T Yen, Augustine S Lee, Michael J Krowka, Charles D Burger. (2004) Pulmonary complications in bone marrow transplantation: a practical approach to diagnosis and treatment. Clinics in Chest Medicine 25:1, 189-201
CrossRef175
D. D. Benoit, P. Depuydt, K. H. Vande-woude. (2004) Bacterial Infection. Critical Care Medicine 32:1, 307
CrossRef176
M ELLIOTT. (2004) Non-invasive mechanical ventilation. Medicine 32:1, 99-101
CrossRef177
Werner Rabitsch, Peter Schellongowski, Wolfgang J. Köstler, Brigitte Stoiser, Paul Knöbl, Gottfried J. Locker, Wolfgang Sperr, Heinz Burgmann, Harald Herkner, Felix Keil, Michael Frass, Thomas Staudinger. (2003) Efficacy and tolerability of non-invasive ventilation delivered via a newly developed helmet in immunosuppressed patients with acute respiratory failure. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 115:15-16, 590-594
CrossRef178
Julie Andrews, Behzad Nadjm, Vanya Gant, Nandini Shetty. (2003) Community-acquired pneumonia. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 9:3, 175-180
CrossRef179
G. Maschmeyer, F.-L. Bertschat, K.T. Moesta, E. Häusler, T.K. Held, M. Nolte, K.-J. Osterziel, V. Papstein, M. Peters, G. Reich, M. Schmutzler, O. Sezer, M. Stula, H. Wauer, T. Wörtz, M. Wischnewsky, P. Hohenberger. (2003) Outcome analysis of 189 consecutive cancer patients referred to the intensive care unit as emergencies during a 2-year period. European Journal of Cancer 39:6, 783-792
CrossRef180
Tasnim Sinuff, Deborah J. Cook. (2003) Health technology assessment in the ICU: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Journal of Critical Care 18:1, 59-67
CrossRef181
Henry Kwok, James McCormack, Richard Cece, Jeanne Houtchens, Nicholas S. Hill. (2003) Controlled trial of oronasal versus nasal mask ventilation in the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Critical Care Medicine 31:2, 468-473
CrossRef182
Tobias Welte. (2003) Nicht-invasive Beatmung auf der Intensivstation — Geht es noch ohne?. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 115:3-4, 89-98
CrossRef183
Dominique D. Benoit, Koenraad H. Vandewoude, Johan M. Decruyenaere, Eric A. Hoste, Francis A. Colardyn. (2003) Outcome and early prognostic indicators in patients with a hematologic malignancy admitted to the intensive care unit for a life-threatening complication*. Critical Care Medicine 31:1, 104-112
CrossRef184
L Brochard. (2002) Points forts en réanimation. La Revue de Médecine Interne 23:10, 847-852
CrossRef185
Robert D. Acton, John R. Hotchkiss, David J. Dries. (2002) Noninvasive Ventilation. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 53:3, 593-601
CrossRef186
Craig T Hore. (2002) Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Emergency Medicine Australasia 14:3, 281-295
CrossRef187
Ravindra M. Mehta, Michael S. Niederman. (2002) Nosocomial pneumonia. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 15:4, 387-394
CrossRef188
Gilles Hilbert, Fréderic Vargas, Ruddy Valentino, Didier Gruson, Georges Gbikpi-Benissan, Jean-Pierre Cardinaud, Hervé Guenard. (2002) Noninvasive ventilation in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with and without home noninvasive ventilation. Critical Care Medicine 30:7, 1453-1458
CrossRef189
Marcos I. Restrepo, James H. Jorgensen, Eric M. Mortensen, Antonio Anzueto. (2001) Severe community-acquired pneumonia: current outcomes, epidemiology, etiology, and therapy. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 14:6, 703-709
CrossRef190
François Blot, Catherine Cordonnier, Agnès Buzin, Gérard Nitenberg, Benoit Schlemmer, Sylvie Bastuji-Garin. (2001) Severity of illness scores: Are they useful in febrile neutropenic adult patients in hematology wards? A prospective multicenter study. Critical Care Medicine 29:11, 2125-2131
CrossRef191
Rosemary A. Barnes, Nick Stallard. (2001) Severe infections after bone marrow transplantation. Current Opinion in Critical Care 7:5, 362-366
CrossRef192
(2001) Noninvasive Ventilation in Immunosuppressed Patients. New England Journal of Medicine 344:26, 2027-2028
Full Text193
Hill, Nicholas S., . (2001) Noninvasive Ventilation for Immunocompromised Patients. New England Journal of Medicine 344:7, 522-524
Full Text
