Original Article
Use of Doppler Ultrasonography to Predict the Outcome of Therapy for Renal-Artery Stenosis
N Engl J Med 2001; 344:410-417February 8, 2001
- Abstract
Background
Prospectively identifying patients whose renal function or blood pressure will improve after the correction of renal-artery stenosis has not been possible. We evaluated whether a high level of resistance to flow in the segmental arteries of both kidneys (indicated by resistance-index values of at least 80) can be used prospectively to select appropriate patients for treatment.
Methods
We evaluated 5950 patients with hypertension for renal-artery stenosis using color Doppler ultrasonography, and we measured the resistance index as follows: [1 – (end-diastolic velocity ÷ maximal systolic velocity)] × 100. Among 138 patients who had unilateral or bilateral renal-artery stenosis of more than 50 percent of the luminal diameter and who underwent renal angioplasty or surgery, the procedure was technically successful in 131 (95 percent). Creatinine clearance and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure were measured before renal-artery stenosis was corrected; 3, 6, and 12 months after the procedure; and yearly thereafter. The mean (±SD) duration of follow-up was 32±21 months.
Results
Among the 35 patients (27 percent) who had resistance-index values of at least 80 before revascularization, the mean arterial pressure did not decrease by 10 mm Hg or more after revascularization in 34 (97 percent). Renal function declined (defined by a decrease in the creatinine clearance of at least 10 percent) in 28 (80 percent); 16 (46 percent) became dependent on dialysis; and 10 (29 percent) died during follow-up. Among the 96 patients (73 percent) with a resistance-index value of less than 80, the mean arterial pressure decreased by at least 10 percent in all but 6 patients (6 percent) after revascularization; renal function worsened in only 3 (3 percent), all of whom became dependent on dialysis; and 3 (3 percent) died (P<0.001 for the comparison with patients with a resistance-index value of at least 80).
Conclusions
A renal resistance-index value of at least 80 reliably identifies patients with renal-artery stenosis in whom angioplasty or surgery will not improve renal function, blood pressure, or kidney survival.
Media in This Article
Figure 3
Univariate Odds Ratios for a Worsening of Renal Function after Correction of Renal-Artery Stenosis, with 95 Percent Confidence Intervals, Associated with Various Factors before Revascularization.Figure 2
Mean (±SE) Change in Mean Arterial Pressure and the Number of Antihypertensive Drugs Taken after the Correction of Renal-Artery Stenosis, According to the Resistance-Index Values before Revascularization.Article Activity
- Article
The use of Doppler ultrasonography in patients with hypertension has led to an increase in the diagnosis of renal-artery stenosis. Patients with stenosis of more than 50 percent of the luminal diameter of a renal artery are usually treated with angioplasty (with or without stenting) or surgery to lower blood pressure or preserve renal function. However, in 20 to 40 percent of patients, treatment does not improve blood pressure or renal function. There is no reliable way to identify these patients prospectively.1-5 In addition, both angioplasty and surgery are associated with complications, including cholesterol embolism, permanent renal failure, and death.
One possible reason for a poor response to treatment may be structural alterations in smaller renal arteries or arterioles distal to the renal-artery stenosis induced by long-standing hypertension. Such hypertension may cause nephrosclerosis6-9 or glomerulosclerosis,10 reducing the intrarenal vascular surface area and increasing vascular resistance in both the affected and the unaffected kidney.11 Increased vascular resistance may therefore be considered the functional equivalent of structurally altered vasculature.
In a previous study of patients with more than 50 percent stenosis of a renal artery, we found that neither renal function nor blood pressure improved after correction of the stenosis in patients with a resistance-index value of at least 80 in the segmental arteries of both kidneys, as measured by Doppler ultrasonography.12 The resistance index is calculated with use of the following equation: [1 – (end-diastolic velocity ÷ maximal systolic velocity)] × 100. These preliminary retrospective findings prompted us to conduct a prospective study to evaluate whether the resistance index can be used to predict the outcome in patients with renal-artery stenosis that is treated with angioplasty or surgery.
Methods
Identification of Renal-Artery Stenosis
Between June 1994 and November 1999, we performed color Doppler ultrasonography in 5950 patients who had hypertension and clinical features suggestive of renal-artery stenosis. All the patients had at least one of the following: high blood pressure despite treatment with three or more antihypertensive drugs; a diastolic blood pressure of more than 110 mm Hg; systolic and diastolic murmurs or an isolated systolic abdominal murmur; known coronary, peripheral vascular, or cerebrovascular disease; hypokalemia; retinal hemorrhages, exudates, or papilledema; or unexplained azotemia or a history of azotemia in association with treatment with an angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitor. The protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Hannover Medical School, and all patients provided written informed consent.
Our technique for color Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate renal-artery stenosis enables us to identify a reduction in the diameter of renal arteries of at least 50 percent (i.e., a reduction in area of at least 75 percent) with a sensitivity of 97 percent and a specificity of 98 percent.13 This method also provides an estimation of the severity of the stenosis that is reproducible (coefficient of variation, 4 percent) and precise. The results are closely correlated with those of intravascular ultrasonography (correlation coefficient, 0.99) (unpublished data).
Treatment of Renal-Artery Stenosis
Among the 5950 patients who underwent color Doppler ultrasonography, 138 patients had stenosis of at least 50 percent of one renal artery (in the case of 91 patients) or both renal arteries (in the case of 47 patients), and these 138 patients subsequently underwent angiography, angioplasty with or without stent placement, or surgery to correct these stenoses. Angiography, angioplasty, and stent placement were performed as described previously.14 The operative techniques usually consisted of the placement of an aortorenal-vein or synthetic graft or thromboendarterectomy. The 138 patients were classified into two groups according to their segmental-artery resistance-index values: those with values of 80 or more and those with values of less than 80.12 In a further 16 patients who met the criteria for renal-artery stenosis, angioplasty was not performed but an angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitor was given because of occlusion of the renal artery (10 patients), stenosis of intrarenal vessels (3 patients), stenosis in a kidney scheduled to be removed because of a tumor (1 patient), or refusal to undergo angioplasty (2 patients, both of whom had resistance-index values of more than 80).
Base-Line Studies
Before renal-artery stenosis was corrected, blood pressure was measured with a 24-hour ambulatory blood-pressure monitor (model 90217, Spacelab, Redmond, Wash.), creatinine clearance (expressed in milliliters per minute per 1.73 m2, or milliliters per minute) was determined, and 24-hour urinary protein excretion, serum cholesterol concentration, and serum uric acid concentration were determined by standard laboratory methods. Plasma renin activity was measured with the use of a radioimmunoassay for angiotensin I in which the temperature was 37°C and the pH was 7.4.15
Follow-up Studies
After renal-artery stenosis was corrected, the measurements of blood pressure and creatinine clearance and the ultrasonographic procedure were repeated at 3, 6, and 12 months and yearly thereafter. The end points of the study were the blood pressure and renal function at the time of the last follow-up evaluation, renal status, and vital status. An improvement in blood pressure was defined as a decrease in the mean arterial pressure of at least 10 mm Hg with no change or a decrease in the number of antihypertensive drugs. We defined diuretics and nitrates as antihypertensive drugs, even though they may have been given for other reasons. An improvement in renal function was defined as an increase in creatinine clearance of at least 10 percent, and worsening was defined as a decrease of at least 10 percent. The need for dialysis and vital status were ascertained by contact with the patients or their relatives. The mean (±SD) duration of follow-up was 32±21 months.
Renal Ultrasonography
The 5950 patients were scanned in the supine position with an ultrasound machine (Ultramark 9 HDI, Advanced Technology Laboratories, Bothell, Wash.) with the use of either a multifrequency curved-array transducer (2 to 4 MHz) or a multifrequency sector transducer (2 to 3 MHz) with a 2.5-MHz pulsed Doppler frequency and a focal zone at the depth of the renal arteries. Intrarenal Doppler signals were obtained from segmental arteries because a clear signal can always be obtained from these arteries.16 A clear signal is needed for the measurement of the resistance index to be reliable. We determined the peak systolic velocity (Vmax, in centimeters per second) and the end-diastolic velocity (Vmin, in centimeters per second) in order to calculate the dimensionless resistance-index values: resistance index = [1 – (Vmin ÷ Vmax) ] × 100. The resistance-index values were the average of two to three measurements in segmental arteries from the upper, middle, and lower third of each kidney. The course of the main renal artery was determined with color flow imaging. The intraobserver and interobserver coefficients of variation for the measurements of the resistance index were 2.0 percent for the evaluation of 14 patients and 3.2 percent for the evaluation of 420 patients, respectively; the coefficient of variation was 2.8 percent for the evaluation of 264 patients by the same observer on consecutive days.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical software programs (SPSS, version 10.0.5, SPSS, Chicago, and SAS, version 8.0, SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.) were used for all statistical analyses. Unpaired t-tests with Bonferroni's adjustment for multiple tests at different time points or chi-square analysis was used, as appropriate, to assess differences between groups. Odds ratios for the worsening of renal function in association with various risk factors were calculated from two-by-two contingency tables with use of Fisher's exact test. For multivariate analysis, the effects of the resistance index; the degree of renal-artery stenosis; mean ambulatory 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressures; pulse pressure; the presence or absence of a nocturnal decrease in blood pressure (a decrease in blood pressure of more than 10 percent as compared with the daytime value); creatinine clearance; age; sex; the size of the kidney with stenosis; peripheral venous renin activity; the presence or absence of atherosclerosis in the heart, legs, or central nervous system; the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus; smoking status; serum uric acid concentrations; the blood-pressure response to treatment with angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitors; the number of years since the onset of hypertension; and urinary protein excretion were analyzed in all 131 patients in whom revascularization was successful. In the stepwise forward logistic-regression analysis, variables with a P value of 0.1 or more were removed from the analysis and variables with a P value of 0.05 or less were retained. Unless stated otherwise, all data are expressed as means ±SD.
Results
Among the 138 patients with renal-artery stenosis, the stenosis was corrected in 131. The stenosis was corrected with angioplasty alone in 81 patients, with angioplasty and stent placement in 42 patients, and with surgery in 8 patients (placement of an aortorenal-vein graft in 6, placement of a synthetic graft in 1, and thromboendarterectomy in 1). The changes in 24-hour blood pressure and renal function after technically successful correction were therefore determined in these 131 patients (Table 1Table 1
Base-Line Characteristics of 131 Patients in Whom Renal-Artery Stenosis Was Subsequently Corrected, According to the Resistance-Index Value.). In seven patients angioplasty was unsuccessful; these patients were considered poor candidates for surgery and were therefore excluded from the analysis.After correction of renal-artery stenosis, the 35 patients with resistance-index values of at least 80 before revascularization had decreases in renal function (Figure 1Figure 1
Mean (±SE) Changes in Creatinine Clearance after the Correction of Renal-Artery Stenosis, According to the Resistance-Index Value before Revascularization.) and little improvement in blood pressure despite increased numbers of antihypertensive drugs (Figure 2Figure 2Mean (±SE) Change in Mean Arterial Pressure and the Number of Antihypertensive Drugs Taken after the Correction of Renal-Artery Stenosis, According to the Resistance-Index Values before Revascularization.), whereas both outcomes improved in the 96 patients with resistance-index values of less than 80. In the latter group, the resistance index had a high sensitivity (96 percent) but a low specificity (53 percent) for predicting an improvement in renal function (Table 2Table 2
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Positive and Negative Predictive Value of the Renal Resistance Index as a Means of Identifying the Response of Renal Function and Blood Pressure to Successful Revascularization.). When the 78 patients who had impaired renal function before revascularization (defined as a creatinine clearance that was less than 75 percent of the age-adjusted normal value17) or the 45 patients with a creatinine clearance of less than 40 ml per minute at base line were considered, the overall accuracy of the resistance index was improved. In the patients with resistance-index values of less than 80 before revascularization there was no significant difference in the degree of improvement in blood pressure or renal function among the methods used to correct the renal-artery stenosis, whereas in patients with resistance-index values of at least 80, renal function deteriorated less after stent placement than after angioplasty alone (data not shown). The rate of restenosis or spontaneous stenosis was similar among patients who received a stent and those treated by angioplasty alone; this rate averaged about 10 percent per year.On univariate analysis a number of factors present before revascularization were associated with an increased likelihood of a decline in renal function (Figure 3Figure 3
Univariate Odds Ratios for a Worsening of Renal Function after Correction of Renal-Artery Stenosis, with 95 Percent Confidence Intervals, Associated with Various Factors before Revascularization. and Table 3Table 3
Factors Associated with an Increased Risk of Worsening Renal Function or an Increased Likelihood of an Improvement in Renal Function or Blood Pressure after the Correction of Renal-Artery Stenosis in 131 Patients.). However, a resistance-index value of at least 80 had the strongest association. On multivariate analysis (Table 3), only a resistance-index value of at least 80 (P<0.001), not smoking (P=0.01), a creatinine clearance of less than 40 ml per minute (P=0.01), and male sex (P=0.05) remained independently associated with a higher risk of a decline in renal function after revascularization. Resistance-index values of less than 80 (P<0.001) and smoking (P=0.02) were associated with the likelihood of an improvement in renal function. Similar findings were obtained in the univariate analysis with respect to the prediction of an improvement in blood pressure: other than a resistance-index value of less than 80, the best predictor was a urinary protein excretion of less than 1 g per day (odds ratio, 4.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.7 to 12). On multivariate analysis, only a resistance-index value of less than 80 was significantly associated with the likelihood of an improvement in blood pressure.Of the 96 patients with a resistance-index value of less than 80 before revascularization who underwent correction of renal-artery stenosis, 3 (3 percent) died during follow-up and 3 (3 percent) required dialysis (all 3 of whom had an initial creatinine clearance of less than 15 ml per minute). In contrast, among the 35 patients who had a resistance-index value of at least 80 before revascularization, 10 (29 percent) died during follow-up and 16 (46 percent) became dependent on dialysis (P<0.001 for the comparison with the patients with a resistance-index value of less than 80). In a multivariate analysis, an initial resistance-index value of at least 80 (risk ratio, 19; 95 percent confidence interval, 6 to 58) and a creatinine clearance of less than 40 ml per minute (risk ratio, 8; 95 percent confidence interval, 3 to 21) were independent predictors of the risk of renal failure or death. The mean rate of renal failure at two years among patients with a resistance-index value of at least 80 before revascularization was 50 percent, as compared with a rate of 5 percent among patients with a resistance-index value of less than 80. The rate of restenosis or spontaneous stenosis was similar in the two resistance-index groups and averaged about 10 percent per year (data not shown).
After the correction of renal-artery stenosis, major complications occurred in 8 patients (6 percent) and minor complications in 10 patients (8 percent). The major complications consisted of aortic dissection after angioplasty (one patient; resistance-index value, 75), myocardial infarction during angioplasty with subsequent death (one patient; resistance-index value, 81), renal-artery or intrarenal-vessel occlusion (three patients; resistance-index values, 75, 80, and 80), false aneurysm requiring operative repair (one patient; resistance-index value, 89), and dislocation of the stent into or beyond the aorta (two patients; resistance-index values, 75 and 80). Minor complications consisted of intimal dissections that were corrected with stent placement (nine patients) and a false aneurysm that resolved (one patient).
Discussion
We found that a renal resistance-index value of at least 80 before revascularization was a strong predictor of worsening renal function and a lack of improvement in blood pressure despite the correction of renal-artery stenosis. Conversely, lower resistance-index values were associated with an improvement in both renal function and blood pressure after the correction of renal-artery stenosis. These results contrast with those of a recent study of similar patients, in which angioplasty was not found to be superior to treatment with antihypertensive drugs alone in terms of reducing blood pressure or maintaining renal function.19 However, in that study no effort was made to identify patients according to their likelihood of a response, blood pressure was measured during an office visit rather than at home over a period of 24 hours, renal function was assessed by measurements of serum creatinine rather than creatinine clearance, and the patients had relatively normal renal function (mean serum creatinine concentration, 1.2 mg per deciliter [106 μmol per liter]) as compared with our patients (mean serum creatinine concentration, 2.1 mg per deciliter [186 μmol per liter]). Finally, far fewer patients were treated by stenting (4 percent, vs. 32 percent in our study).
In patients with renal-artery stenosis who are not treated with angioplasty or surgery, normalization of blood pressure, especially with use of an angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitor or a beta-blocker, is not an invariable indicator of the preservation of renal function.20 On the other hand, angioplasty or surgery is not without risk, as we found. Thus, the development of methods to identify patients who will benefit from the intervention or, perhaps more important, those who would only be harmed by it, should have a high priority.
Among other noninvasive tests, captopril scintigraphy has been reported to be of value in identifying patients in whom blood pressure is likely to decrease after successful correction of renal-artery stenosis, with a sensitivity of 92 percent (range, 84 to 100 percent) and a specificity of 78 percent (range, 62 to 100 percent).4,5,21-25 However, this approach is less accurate in patients with renal impairment, patients with bilateral renal-artery stenosis, and patients with unilateral renal-artery stenosis.4 Furthermore, the value of captopril scintigraphy as a means of identifying patients in whom renal function is likely to improve after the correction of renal-artery stenosis has not been assessed prospectively. The ability to identify such patients is particularly important, because preservation of renal function is the main rationale for performing angioplasty or corrective surgery in patients with renal-artery stenosis and reduced renal function.
The use of various risk factors has been proposed to differentiate between patients who are likely to benefit from the correction of renal-artery stenosis and those unlikely to benefit. We found that urinary protein excretion of at least 1 g per day, hyperuricemia, creatinine clearance of less than 40 ml per minute, an age of more than 65 years, pulse pressure of at least 70 mm Hg, the absence of a nocturnal fall in blood pressure, and the presence of coronary artery disease, arterial occlusive disease of the legs, or cerebrovascular disease were useful in identifying patients unlikely to benefit. However, none of these findings had a predictive value approaching that of the renal resistance index in univariate or multivariate analyses. Smoking, a known risk factor for the development of renal-artery stenosis,26 was not a predictor of worsening of renal function after treatment. We interpret the finding as suggesting that correction of renal-artery stenosis should not be denied patients merely because they smoke.
Renal-artery angioplasty is associated with major complications in about 10 to 15 percent of patients and a death rate of 1 to 5 percent.27-30 Renal-artery surgery has complication rates of 8 to 11 percent and a death rate of 2 to 8 percent.30-32 Our results were within these ranges. Intervention should therefore be reserved for patients in whom renal function is likely to improve or at least stabilize or in whom blood pressure is likely to decrease. We conclude that patients with renal resistance-index values of at least 80 should be excluded from these interventions.
We are indebted to Dr. Friedrich C. Luft and Dr. Jürgen Westermann for their help in preparing the manuscript; to Dr. Jürgen Schaeffer, Markus Hiß, and Dr. Oliver Eberhard for their technical assistance with the investigation; and to Dr. Hartmut Hecker, Dr. Birgit Wiese, and Dr. Hartmut Herrmann for their assistance with the statistical analysis.
Source Information
From the Departments of Nephrology (J.R., A.V., B.S., K.M.K., H.H.), Radiology (A.C., M.G.), and Gastroenterology (J.B., M.J.G.), Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Radermacher at the Department of Nephrology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, P.O. Box 61 01 80, D-30625 Hannover, Germany, or at radermacher.joerg@mh-hannover.de.
- References
References
1
Grim CE ,Luft FC ,Yune HJ ,Klatte EC ,Weinberger MH . Percutaneous transluminal dilatation in the treatment of renal vascular hypertension. Ann Intern Med 1981;95:439-442
Web of Science | Medline2
Geyskes GG ,Puylaert CBAJ ,Oei HY ,Mees EJ . Follow up study of 70 patients with renal artery stenosis treated by percutaneous transluminal dilatation. BMJ 1983;287:333-336
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Svetkey LP ,Kadir S ,Dunnick NR , et al. Similar prevalence of renovascular hypertension in selected blacks and whites. Hypertension 1991;17:678-683
Web of Science | Medline4
Fommei E ,Ghione S ,Hilson AJ , et al. Captopril radionuclide test in renovascular hypertension: a European multicentre study. Eur J Nucl Med 1993;20:617-623
CrossRef | Medline5
Mann SJ ,Pickering TG ,Sos TA , et al. Captopril renography in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis: accuracy and limitations. Am J Med 1991;90:30-40
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Ubara Y ,Hara S ,Katori H ,Yamada A ,Morii H . Renovascular hypertension may cause nephrotic range proteinuria and focal glomerulosclerosis in contralateral kidney. Clin Nephrol 1997;48:220-223
Web of Science | Medline7
Bergman SM ,Curtis JJ . Possible mediators in hypertension: renal factors. Semin Nephrol 1996;16:134-139
Web of Science | Medline8
Azar S ,Johnson MA ,Hertel B ,Tobian L . Single-nephron pressures, flows, and resistances in hypertensive kidneys with nephrosclerosis. Kidney Int 1977;12:28-40
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Tullis MJ ,Zierler RE ,Caps MT ,Bergelin RO ,Cantwell-Gab K ,Strandness DE Jr . Clinical evidence of contralateral renal parenchymal injury in patients with unilateral atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Ann Vasc Surg 1998;12:122-127
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Ruilope LM ,Lahera V ,Rodicio JL ,Carlos Romero J . Are renal hemodynamics a key factor in the development and maintenance of arterial hypertension in humans? Hypertension 1994;23:3-9
Web of Science | Medline11
Schwartz GL ,Strong CG . Renal parenchymal involvement in essential hypertension. Med Clin North Am 1987;71:843-858
Web of Science | Medline12
Radermacher J ,Vitzhum A ,Stoess B , et al. Resistive index and improvement of renal function after correction of renal artery stenosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996;7:1554-1554 abstract.13
Radermacher J ,Chavan C ,Schaffer J , et al. Detection of significant renal artery stenosis with color Doppler sonography: combining extrarenal and intrarenal approaches to minimize technical failure. Clin Nephrol 2000;53:333-343
Web of Science | Medline14
Chavan A ,Galanski M ,Jandeleit K ,Prokop M ,Schaefer C . The kissing balloons technique: simultaneous dilatation of stenoses of branch arteries at the bifurcation of the renal artery. Acta Radiol 1993;34:486-488
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Workman RJ ,Sussman CR ,Burkitt DW ,Liddle GW . Circulating levels of angiotensin I measured by radioimmunoassay in hypertensive subjects. J Lab Clin Med 1979;93:847-856
Medline16
Eibenberger K ,Schima H ,Trubel W ,Scherer R ,Dock W ,Grabenwoger F . Intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography: which vessel should be investigated? J Ultrasound Med 1995;14:451-455
Web of Science | Medline17
Keller F . Kidney function and age. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1987;2:382-382
Medline18
Fernandez P ,Morel D ,Jeandot R ,Potaux L ,Basse-Cathalinat B ,Ducassou D . Value of captopril renal scintigraphy in hypertensive patients with renal failure. J Nucl Med 1999;40:412-417
Web of Science | Medline19
van Jaarsveld BC ,Krijnen P ,Pieterman H , et al. The effect of balloon angioplasty on hypertension in atherosclerotic renal-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1007-1014
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline20
Working Group on Renovascular Hypertension
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Setaro JF ,Chen CC ,Hoffer PB ,Black HR . Captopril renography in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis and the prediction of improvement with revascularization: the Yale Vascular Center experience. Am J Hypertens 1991;4:698S-705S
Web of Science | Medline22
Geyskes GG ,de Bruyn AJ . Captopril renography and the effect of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on blood pressure in 94 patients with renal artery stenosis. Am J Hypertens 1991;4:685S-689S
Web of Science | Medline23
Harward TR ,Poindexter B ,Huber TS ,Carlton LM ,Flynn TC ,Seeger JM . Selection of patients for renal artery repair using captopril testing. Am J Surg 1995;170:183-187
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Prigent A . The diagnosis of renovascular hypertension: the role of captopril renal scintigraphy and related issues. Eur J Nucl Med 1993;20:625-644
CrossRef | Medline25
Mann SJ ,Pickering TG . Detection of renovascular hypertension: state of the art: 1992. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:845-853
Web of Science | Medline26
Black HR ,Cooper KA . Cigarette smoking and atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. J Clin Hypertens 1986;2:322-330
Medline27
Ramsay LE ,Waller PC . Blood pressure response to percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for renovascular hypertension: an overview of published series. BMJ 1990;300:569-572
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
Sos TA . Angioplasty for the treatment of azotemia and renovascular hypertension in atherosclerotic renal artery disease. Circulation 1991;83:Suppl I:I-16229
Pattison JM ,Reidy JF ,Rafferty MJ , et al. Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty in patients with renal failure. QJM 1992;85:883-888
Medline30
Erdoes LS ,Berman SS ,Hunter GC ,Mills JL . Comparative analysis of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and operation for renal revascularization. Am J Kidney Dis 1996;27:496-503
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline31
Libertino JA ,Bosco PJ ,Ying CY , et al. Renal revascularization to preserve and restore renal function. J Urol 1992;147:1485-1487
Web of Science | Medline32
Van Damme H ,Lombet P ,Creemers E ,Jeusette F ,Albert A ,Limet R . Surgery for occlusive renal artery disease: immediate and long-term results. Acta Chir Belg 1995;95:1-10
Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (204)
Citing Articles
1
Antonio Mannarino, Giuseppe Spatoliatore, Gian Marco Caselli, Gabriele Toti, Paola Becherelli. (2012) Different Outcomes of Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis Managed with Stenting: Results from a Cohort Study. Renal Failure1-7
CrossRef2
Mitsue Miyazaki, Masaaki Akahane. (2012) Non-contrast enhanced MR angiography: Established techniques. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 35:1, 1-19
CrossRef3
J. Gregory Modrall, Carlos H. Timaran, Eric B. Rosero, Jayer Chung, Mitchell Plummer, R. James Valentine, Clayton Trimmer. (2012) Longitudinal changes in kidney parenchymal volume associated with renal artery stenting. Journal of Vascular Surgery
CrossRef4
Edward J. Horwitz, Mahboob Rahman. 2012. Renovascular disease. , 450-455.
CrossRef5
Giles Roditi. (2011) MR in hypertension. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 34:5, 989-1006
CrossRef6
J. Gregory Modrall, Carlos H. Timaran, Eric B. Rosero, Jayer Chung, Frank A. Arko, R. James Valentine, G. Patrick Clagett, Clayton Trimmer. (2011) Predictors of outcome for renal artery stenting performed for salvage of renal function. Journal of Vascular Surgery 54:5, 1414-1421.e1
CrossRef7
Yoshio Iwashima, Masanobu Yanase, Takeshi Horio, Osamu Seguchi, Yoshihiro Murata, Tomoyuki Fujita, Kouichi Toda, Yuhei Kawano, Takeshi Nakatani. (2011) Effect of Pulsatile Left Ventricular Assist System Implantation on Doppler Measurements of Renal Hemodynamics in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure. Artificial Organsno-no
CrossRef8
Mads Møller Pedersen, Michael Johannes Pihl, Per Haugaard, Jens Munk Hansen, Kristoffer Lindskov Hansen, Michael Bachmann Nielsen, Jørgen Arendt Jensen. (2011) Comparison of Real-Time In Vivo Spectral and Vector Velocity Estimation. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
CrossRef9
Ronan Margey, Brian G Hynes, Darragh Moran, Thomas J Kiernan, Michael R Jaff. (2011) Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and renal artery stenting: an evolving therapeutic option. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 9:10, 1347-1360
CrossRef10
Steven Y. Wang, Leslie M. Scoutt. (2011) Ultrasound Evaluation of Renovascular Hypertension. Ultrasound Clinics 6:4, 491-511
CrossRef11
Ido Weinberg, Michael R Jaff. (2011) Controversies surrounding renal artery intervention: making sense of the confusion. Interventional Cardiology 3:5, 569-579
CrossRef12
T. Kawai, K. Kamide, M. Onishi, H. Yamamoto-Hanasaki, Y. Baba, K. Hongyo, I. Shimaoka, Y. Tatara, Y. Takeya, M. Ohishi, H. Rakugi. (2011) Usefulness of the resistive index in renal Doppler ultrasonography as an indicator of vascular damage in patients with risks of atherosclerosis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 26:10, 3256-3262
CrossRef13
R. M. Bruno, E. Daghini, L. Landini, D. Versari, A. Salvati, E. Santini, I. Paco, A. Magagna, S. Taddei, L. Ghiadoni, A. Solini. (2011) Dynamic evaluation of renal resistive index in normoalbuminuric patients with newly diagnosed hypertension or type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 54:9, 2430-2439
CrossRef14
Alexander S. Yevzlin. (2011) Comprehensive Renal Artery Stenosis Management by Nephrology: A More Selective Approach. Seminars in Dialysisno-no
CrossRef15
Madhav V. Rao, Patrick Murray, Clyde W. Yancy. (2011) Management of Heart Failure with Renal Artery Ischemia. Cardiology Clinics 29:3, 433-445
CrossRef16
Da Zhu, Hai Yu, Yin Zhou, Qian Li, Long Zhao, Li-Qing Peng, Bin Liu. (2011) Feasibility of Measuring Renal Blood Flow Using Transesophageal Echocardiography in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
CrossRef17
Michael Seddon, Jacqueline Saw. (2011) Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis: Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Trial Evidence, and Management Strategies. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 27:4, 468-480
CrossRef18
I. Baumgartner, L. O. Lerman. (2011) Renovascular hypertension: screening and modern management. European Heart Journal 32:13, 1590-1598
CrossRef19
D. Lao, P. S. Parasher, K. C. Cho, Y. Yeghiazarians. (2011) Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis--Diagnosis and Treatment. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 86:7, 649-657
CrossRef20
G P Rossi, T M Seccia, D Miotto, P Zucchetta, D Cecchin, L Calò, M Puato, R Motta, P Caielli, M Vincenzi, G Ramondo, S Taddei, C Ferri, C Letizia, C Borghi, A Morganti, A C Pessina, Gian Paolo Rossi, Teresa M Seccia, Achille C Pessina, Massimo Puato, Matteo Vincenzi, Maurizio Cesari, Franco Bui, Piero Zucchetta, Diego Cecchin, Paola Caielli, Alberto Morganti, Paolo Dessi, Stefano Taddei, Stefania Pinto, Claudio Ferri, Claudio Letizia, Anna Belfiore. (2011) The Medical and Endovascular Treatment of Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis (METRAS) study: rationale and study design. Journal of Human Hypertension
CrossRef21
Philip A. Kalra. (2011) Renovascular disease. Medicine 39:6, 364-368
CrossRef22
Stefan Herget-Rosenthal. (2011) Imaging Techniques in the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Developments and Future Perspectives. Seminars in Nephrology 31:3, 283-290
CrossRef23
W. Charles O'Neill, Moreno Bardelli, Alexander S. Yevzlin. (2011) Imaging For Renovascular Disease. Seminars in Nephrology 31:3, 272-282
CrossRef24
Toshihiro Sugiura, Akira Wada. (2011) Resistive index predicts renal prognosis in chronic kidney disease: results of a 4-year follow-up. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 15:1, 114-120
CrossRef25
Norihiko Shinozaki, Kazuo Hoshino, Ryohei Nishimura, Katsuhiko Tamura. (2011) Dramatic improvement of rapidly progressing acute renal failure and severe hypertension after bilateral renal artery stenting. Cardiovascular Intervention and Therapeutics 26:1, 74-78
CrossRef26
Marcin Adamczak, Andrzej Więcek. (2011) The Management of Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research 34:4, 277-283
CrossRef27
Tadasuke Ando, Tomoya Oribe, Ken-ichi Mori, Tadamasa Shibuya, Takeo Nomura, Fuminori Sato, Hiromitsu Mimata. (2011) Successful avoidance of renal allograft loss by intensive monitoring of immunosuppression after BK virus-associated nephropathy. Nihon Toseki Igakkai Zasshi 44:12, 1193-1197
CrossRef28
Dennis L. Cochlin. 2011. Vascular disorders of the kidney. , 467-485.
CrossRef29
D. Staub, T. Zeller, D. Trenk, C. Maushart, H. Uthoff, T. Breidthardt, T. Klima, M. Aschwanden, T. Socrates, N. Arenja, R. Twerenbold, A. Rastan, S. Sixt, A.L. Jacob, K.A. Jaeger, C. Mueller. (2010) Use of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide to Predict Blood Pressure Improvement after Percutaneous Revascularisation for Renal Artery Stenosis. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 40:5, 599-607
CrossRef30
Masayuki Tanemoto, Yoichi Takeuchi, Eikan Mishima, Takehiro Suzuki, Takaaki Abe, Sadayoshi Ito. (2010) Stage of chronic kidney disease is an outcome-predicting factor of angioplasty for atheromatous renal artery stenosis. Hypertension Research 33:11, 1206-1210
CrossRef31
Stephen C. Textor, Lilach Lerman. (2010) Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy. American Journal of Hypertension 23:11, 1159-1169
CrossRef32
Rosario Cianci, Paola Martina, Matteo Cianci, Raffaella Lavini, Gilda Stivali, Domenico Di Donato, Lelio Polidori, Silvia Lai, Roberta Renzulli, Antonietta Gigante, Biagio Barbano. (2010) Ischemic nephropathy: proteinuria and renal resistance index could suggest if revascularization is recommended. Renal Failure 32:10, 1167-1171
CrossRef33
Mallik Thatipelli, Sanjay Misra. (2010) Endovascular intervention for renal artery stenosis. Abdominal Imaging 35:5, 612-621
CrossRef34
Aldo J Peixoto, Laura M Ditchel, Sergio FF Santos. (2010) Management of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 8:9, 1317-1324
CrossRef35
Sabine Seibel, Jochen Gaa, Claudius Küchle, Helga Frank. (2010) Severe Renovascular Hypertension in a Patient With Takayasu Arteritis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 56:3, 595-598
CrossRef36
Rianne A Ronden, Alfons J Houben, Alfons G Kessels, Coen D Stehouwer, Peter W de Leeuw, Abraham A Kroon. (2010) Predictors of clinical outcome after stent placement in atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Journal of Hypertension1
CrossRef37
A. Wiecek, J. Chudek, M. Adamczak. (2010) Indications for renal revascularization--the landscape after the ASTRAL study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 25:8, 2399-2402
CrossRef38
Sudheer Gokhale. (2010) Doppler Ultrasonography in Renovascular Hypertension. Ultrasound Clinics 5:3, 337-353
CrossRef39
B. Afsar, R. Elsurer. (2010) Atherosclerotic renal artery disease and heart failure: questions in mind. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 25:7, 2385-2385
CrossRef40
Olivier Steichen, Laurence Amar, Pierre-François Plouin. (2010) Primary stenting for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery 51:6, 1574-1580.e1
CrossRef41
Mark G. Davies, Wael E. Saad, Jean Bismuth, Joseph J. Naoum, Eric K. Peden, Alan B. Lumsden. (2010) Renal parenchymal preservation after percutaneous renal angioplasty and stenting. Journal of Vascular Surgery 51:5, 1222-1229
CrossRef42
Murty Mantha. (2010) Screening tests for diagnosis of renal artery stenosis. Nephrology 15, S218-S226
CrossRef43
C. M. Cheung, C. Chrysochou, A. E. Shurrab, D. L. Buckley, A. Cowie, P. A. Kalra. (2010) Effects of renal volume and single-kidney glomerular filtration rate on renal functional outcome in atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 25:4, 1133-1140
CrossRef44
Ulrike Raff, Bernhard MW Schmidt, Johannes Schwab, Thomas K Schwarz, Stephan Achenbach, Ingrid Bär, Roland E Schmieder. (2010) Renal resistive index in addition to low-grade albuminuria complements screening for target organ damage in therapy-resistant hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 28:3, 608-614
CrossRef45
(2010) Revascularization for Renal-Artery Stenosis. New England Journal of Medicine 362:8, 762-764
Full Text46
Adam W. Beck, Brian W. Nolan, Randall De Martino, Theodore H. Yuo, William J. Tanski, Daniel B. Walsh, Richard P. Powell, Jack L. Cronenwett. (2010) Predicting blood pressure response after renal artery stenting. Journal of Vascular Surgery 51:2, 380-385
CrossRef47
Jeffrey D. Pearce, Timothy E. Craven, Matthew S. Edwards, Matthew A. Corriere, Teresa A. Crutchley, Shawn H. Fleming, Kimberley J. Hansen. (2010) Associations Between Renal Duplex Parameters and Adverse Cardiovascular Events in the Elderly: A Prospective Cohort Study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 55:2, 281-290
CrossRef48
Sidney Sepulcre Junior, Wellington Martins. (2010) A importância do diagnóstico na doença renovascular. Experts in Ultrasound: Reviews and Perspectives 2:1, 11-16
CrossRef49
Wookyung Chung, Sejoong Kim. (2010) Atherosclerotic Renovascular Hypertension : Lessons from Recent Clinical Studies. Electrolytes & Blood Pressure 8:2, 87
CrossRef50
On Topaz. (2010) Stenting for renal artery stenosis: Effects of contested data on opposing management strategies. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 75:1, 11-13
CrossRef51
Giles Roditi, Jeffrey H. Maki, George Oliveira, Henrik J. Michaely. (2009) Renovascular imaging in the NSF Era. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 30:6, 1323-1334
CrossRef52
Matthew S. Edwards, Matthew A. Corriere. (2009) Contemporary management of atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Journal of Vascular Surgery 50:5, 1197-1210
CrossRef53
K.F. Stock. (2009) Ultraschalldiagnostik der Nierengefäße und der Transplantatniere. Der Radiologe 49:11, 1040-1047
CrossRef54
J. Radermacher. (2009) Nierenarterienstenose. Der Nephrologe 4:6, 507-514
CrossRef55
Nithin Gottam, Aravinda Nanjundappa, Robert S Dieter. (2009) Renal artery stenosis: pathophysiology and treatment. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 7:11, 1413-1420
CrossRef56
Nicholas J. Ruggiero, Michael R. Jaff. (2009) Interventional cardiology: Renal artery stenting—which patients will benefit?. Nature Reviews Cardiology 6:11, 675-676
CrossRef57
Matthew A. Corriere, Matthew S. Edwards, Jeffrey D. Pearce, Jeanette S. Andrews, Randolph L. Geary, Kimberley J. Hansen. (2009) Restenosis after renal artery angioplasty and stenting: Incidence and risk factors. Journal of Vascular Surgery 50:4, 813-819.e1
CrossRef58
T. Sugiura, A. Wada. (2009) Resistive index predicts renal prognosis in chronic kidney disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 24:9, 2780-2785
CrossRef59
Robert S. Dieter, Amir Darki, Aravinda Nanjundappa, Vikram S. Chhokar, Ghazanfar Khadim, Ali Morshedi-Meibodi, Jeffrey H. Freihage, Lowell Steen, Bruce Lewis, Fred Leya. (2009) Usefulness of Wide Pulse Pressure as a Predictor of Poor Outcome After Renal Artery Angioplasty and Stenting. The American Journal of Cardiology 104:5, 732-734
CrossRef60
Aso Saeed, Göran Bergström, Karin Zachrisson, Gregor Guron, Elzbieta Nowakowska-Fortuna, Ellen Fredriksen, Lars Lönn, Gert Jensen, Hans Herlitz. (2009) Accuracy of colour duplex sonography for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis. Journal of Hypertension 27:8, 1690-1696
CrossRef61
Ranjith Shetty, Mitesh S. Amin, Ion S. Jovin. (2009) Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: Current therapy and future developments. American Heart Journal 158:2, 154-162
CrossRef62
R. Brunkhorst, H.P. Lorenzen, T. Zeller. (2009) Durchblutungsstörungen der Nieren- und Mesenterialarterien. Der Internist 50:8, 952-957
CrossRef63
M. Masulli, M. Mancini, R. Liuzzi, S. Daniele, P.P. Mainenti, E. Vergara, S. Genovese, M. Salvatore, O. Vaccaro. (2009) Measurement of the intrarenal arterial resistance index for the identification and prediction of diabetic nephropathy. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 19:5, 358-364
CrossRef64
Ping-Liang Yang, David T. Wong, Shuang-Bo Dai, Hai-Bo Song, Ling Ye, Jin Liu, Bin Liu. (2009) The Feasibility of Measuring Renal Blood Flow Using Transesophageal Echocardiography in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 108:5, 1418-1424
CrossRef65
Heinrich Wieneke, Thomas Friedrich Michael Konorza, Holger Eggebrecht, Christoph Kurt Naber, Sebastian Philipp, Thomas Philipp, Andreas Kribben, Raimund Erbel. (2009) Die Nierenarterienstenose. Medizinische Klinik 104:5, 349-355
CrossRef66
Robert D. Safian, Ryan D. Madder. (2009) Refining the Approach to Renal Artery Revascularization. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions 2:3, 161-174
CrossRef67
Christopher J White, Jeffrey W Olin. (2009) Diagnosis and management of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: improving patient selection and outcomes. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 6:3, 176-190
CrossRef68
Debabrata Mukherjee. (2009) Renal Artery Revascularization. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions 2:3, 183-184
CrossRef69
Lucas S. Aparicio, Gaston F. Boggio, Gabriel D. Waisman, Juan C. Romero. (2009) Advances in noninvasive methods for functional evaluation of renovascular disease. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 3:1, 42-51
CrossRef70
Teresa A. Crutchley, Jeffrey D. Pearce, Timothy E. Craven, Jeanette M. Stafford, Matthew S. Edwards, Kimberley J. Hansen. (2009) Clinical utility of the resistive index in atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Journal of Vascular Surgery 49:1, 148-155.e3
CrossRef71
A. Voiculescu, L.C. Rump. (2009) Hypertonie bei Patienten mit Nierenarterienstenosen. Der Internist 50:1, 42-50
CrossRef72
J. Radermacher. (2009) Diagnostik der Nierenarterienstenose. Der Nephrologe 4:1, 9-16
CrossRef73
Constantina Chrysochou, Philip A. Kalra. (2008) ATHEROMATOUS RENOVASCULAR DISEASE: OVERVIEW AND CHALLENGES. Journal of Renal Care 34:4, 179-190
CrossRef74
Jose A. Silva. (2008) Evaluation and approach to treatment of renal artery stenosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Current Diabetes Reports 8:6, 494-498
CrossRef75
Krishna Rocha-Singh, Michael R. Jaff, E. Lynne Kelley, . (2008) Renal artery stenting with noninvasive duplex ultrasound follow-up: 3-year results from the RENAISSANCE renal stent trial. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 72:6, 853-862
CrossRef76
Abhijit Sinha Roy, Martin R. Back, Saeb F. Khoury, Eric W. Schneeberger, Lloyd H. Back, Vijaya V. Velury, Ronald W. Millard, Rupak K. Banerjee. (2008) Functional and Anatomical Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Stenoses. Journal of Surgical Research 150:1, 24-33
CrossRef77
Laurent Gerbaud, Géraud Manhes, Juliette Debourse, Gérald Gouby, Phyllis-Yvonne Glanddier, John-Paul Vader, Louis Boyer, Patrice Deteix. (2008) The Appropriateness of Renal Angioplasty. The ANPARIA Software: A Multidisciplinary Expert Panel Approach. CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology 31:6, 1059-1068
CrossRef78
Madhav V. Rao, Patrick Murray, Clyde W. Yancy. (2008) Management of Heart Failure with Renal Artery Ischemia. Heart Failure Clinics 4:4, 465-478
CrossRef79
J. Galle, K. Lopau. (2008) Der renovaskuläre Hypertonus. Gefässchirurgie 13:5, 323-329
CrossRef80
T. Hupp, A. Goerig, D. Jost, C.-G. Schmedt, . (2008) Leitlinie zur chirurgischen Therapie bei Erkrankungen der Nierenarterien. Gefässchirurgie 13:5, 341-349
CrossRef81
Jessica Kendrick, Michel Chonchol. (2008) Renal Artery Stenosis and Chronic Ischemic Nephropathy: Epidemiology and Diagnosis. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 15:4, 355-362
CrossRef82
Colin C. Geddes, Siobhan K. McManus, Shiva Koteeswaran, Grant M. Baxter. (2008) Long-term outcome of transplant renal artery stenosis managed conservatively or by radiological intervention. Clinical Transplantation 22:5, 572-578
CrossRef83
William J. Elliott. (2008) Renovascular Hypertension: An Update. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 10:7, 522-533
CrossRef84
Johann B. Dormagen, Christine Gaarder, Leiv Sandvik, Pål A. Naess, Nils E. Kløw. (2008) Intraparenchymal Doppler ultrasound after proximal embolization of the splenic artery in trauma patients. European Radiology 18:6, 1224-1231
CrossRef85
Thomas Zeller, Robert F. Bonvini, Sebastian Sixt. (2008) Color-coded duplex ultrasound for diagnosis of renal artery stenosis and as follow-up examination after revascularization. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 71:7, 995-999
CrossRef86
Ehtisham Mahmud, Thomas W.R. Smith, Vachaspathi Palakodeti, Owais Zaidi, Lawrence Ang, C. Robinson Mitchell, Nayab Zafar, Guilherme Bromberg-Marin, Shahin Keramati, Sotirios Tsimikas. (2008) Renal Frame Count and Renal Blush Grade. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions 1:3, 286-292
CrossRef87
Jeffrey J. Cavendish, Luther I. Carter, Sotirios Tsimikas. (2008) Recent advances in hemodynamics. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 71:6, 748-758
CrossRef88
Jeffrey W. Olin. 2008. Renal and Mesenteric Artery Disease. , 201-211.
CrossRef89
D. Seron, W. Arns, J. R. Chapman. (2008) Chronic allograft nephropathy--clinical guidance for early detection and early intervention strategies. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 23:8, 2467-2473
CrossRef90
H.J. Michaely, M. Reichert, S. Weckbach, S.O. Schoenberg. (2008) Vaskuläre und parenchymale Erkrankungen der Nieren. Der Radiologe 48:2, 185-202
CrossRef91
Stephen C. Textor, Michael McKusick. 2008. Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy: Angioplasty and Stenting. , 660-674.
CrossRef92
SRINIVASA P. POTLURI, STEPHEN RAMEE. 2008. Percutaneous management of renal arterial disease. , 339-351.
CrossRef93
Masayuki TANEMOTO, Michiaki ABE, Akira URUNO, Takaaki ABE, Sadayoshi ITO. (2008) Angiographic Index for Angioplasty-Treatable Atheromatous Renal Artery Stenosis. Hypertension Research 31:5, 881-885
CrossRef94
Mark E. Lockhart, Michelle L. Robbin. (2007) Renal Vascular Imaging. Ultrasound Quarterly 23:4, 279-292
CrossRef95
Bertrand De Latour, Regis Delaunay, Joseph Rivalan, Jean-François Heautot, Jean-Philippe Verhoye. (2007) Stent-graft repair for aortic type B dissections with insidious renal malperfusion. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 134:5, 1342-1343
CrossRef96
M. Hausberg, D. Lang, M. Köhler, K. Kisters, U. Hillebrand. (2007) Renovaskuläre Hypertonie. Der Nephrologe 2:6, 415-422
CrossRef97
Nicos Labropoulos, Bryan Ayuste, Luis R. Leon. (2007) Renovascular disease among patients referred for renal duplex ultrasonography. Journal of Vascular Surgery 46:4, 731-737
CrossRef98
A J B Brady, I S Mackenzie, S Ritchie, M J Brown. (2007) Grand Rounds at the British Hypertension Society: renal artery stenosis. Journal of Human Hypertension 21:9, 750-755
CrossRef99
Christopher J. White. (2007) Catheter-Based Therapy for Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 50:2, 136-150
CrossRef100
Rodrigo Tagle, Monica Acevedo, Meng Xu, Marc Pohl, Donald Vidt. (2007) Use of Endovascular Stents in Atherosclerotic Renovascular Stenosis: Blood Pressure and Renal Function Changes in Hypertensive Patients. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 9:8, 608-614
CrossRef101
Ehtisham Mahmud, Jeffrey J. Cavendish, Ali Salami. (2007) Current Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 50:6, 473-490
CrossRef102
KAI MING CHOW, CHEUK CHUN SZETO, PAUL SING FUN LEE, SIMON SZE MING HO, CHI BON LEUNG, PHILIP KAM-TAO LI. (2007) Revascularization for post-transplant renal artery stenosis. Nephrology 12:4, 406-412
CrossRef103
Jochen Riehl, Vincent M Brandenburg. (2007) Which is the best duplex sonographic parameter to use when screening for renal artery stenosis?. Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology 3:8, 414-415
CrossRef104
Hicham Moukaddam, Jeffrey Pollak, Leslie M. Scoutt. (2007) Imaging Renal Artery Stenosis. Ultrasound Clinics 2:3, 455-475
CrossRef105
C. Gómez Alamillo, G. Fernández Fresnedo, J.C. Ruiz San Millán, M. Arias Rodríguez. (2007) Nefropatías vasculares. Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado 9:82, 5283-5289
CrossRef106
Vicente Riambau, Francisco Guerrero, Xavier Montañá, Rosa Gilabert. (2007) Aneurisma de aorta abdominal y enfermedad vascular renal. Revista Española de Cardiología 60:6, 639-654
CrossRef107
Kwok-Wai Mui, Arend-Jan Woittiez, Gerjan Navis. (2007) Atherosclerotic renovascular disease and renal impairment: Can we predict the effect of intervention?. Current Hypertension Reports 9:2, 140-147
CrossRef108
Zachary Arthurs, Benjamin Starnes, Daniel Cuadrado, Vance Sohn, Howard Cushner, Charles Andersen. (2007) Renal artery stenting slows the rate of renal function decline. Journal of Vascular Surgery 45:4, 726-732
CrossRef109
Kosmas I. Paraskevas, Despina D. Briana, Christos D. Liapis, Despina Perrea. (2007) Management of atherosclerotic renovascular disease: the effect of renal artery stenting on renal function and blood pressure. International Urology and Nephrology 38:3-4, 683-691
CrossRef110
Michael H. Duong, Todd A. Mackenzie, Robert M. Zwolak, Aaron V. Kaplan, John F. Robb, Craig A. Thompson. (2007) Correlation of invasive Doppler flow wire with renal duplex ultrasonography in the evaluation of renal artery stenosis: The Renal Artery Stenosis Invasive Doppler (RAIDER) study. Journal of Vascular Surgery 45:2, 284-288
CrossRef111
Adeera Levin, Stuart Linas, Friedrich C. Luft, Arlene B. Chapman, Stephen Textor. (2007) Controversies in Renal Artery Stenosis: A Review by the American Society of Nephrology Advisory Group on Hypertension. American Journal of Nephrology 27:2, 212-220
CrossRef112
H.G. Hamann. 2007. Chronische Verschlussprozesse der Nierenarterien. , 515-522.
CrossRef113
A. Fouras, J. Dusting, R. Lewis, K. Hourigan. (2007) Three-dimensional synchrotron x-ray particle image velocimetry. Journal of Applied Physics 102:6, 064916
CrossRef114
L. Michael Prisant, Harold M. Szerlip, Laura L. Mulloy. (2006) Fibromuscular Dysplasia: An Uncommon Cause of Secondary Hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 8:12, 894-898
CrossRef115
B Krumme, J Donauer. (2006) Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and reconstruction. Kidney International 70:9, 1543-1547
CrossRef116
Bernard De Bruyne, Ganesh Manoharan, Nico H.J. Pijls, Katia Verhamme, Juraj Madaric, Jozef Bartunek, Marc Vanderheyden, Guy R. Heyndrickx. (2006) Assessment of Renal Artery Stenosis Severity by Pressure Gradient Measurements. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 48:9, 1851-1855
CrossRef117
Krishna Rocha-Singh. (2006) Percutaneous renal artery intervention for preservation of renal function: Strategies for identification of “at-risk” patients. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 68:4, 507-512
CrossRef118
Michael J. Bloch, Jan Basile. (2006) Clinical insights into the diagnosis and management of atherosclerotic renal artery disease. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 8:5, 412-420
CrossRef119
Noah J. Jones, Eric R. Bates, Stanley J. Chetcuti, Robert J. Lederman, P. Michael Grossman. (2006) Usefulness of translesional pressure gradient and pharmacological provocation for the assessment of intermediate renal artery disease. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 68:3, 429-434
CrossRef120
T KUWA, B JORDAN, L CANCIO. (2006) Use of power Doppler ultrasound to monitor renal perfusion during burn shock
. Burns 32:6, 706-713
CrossRef121
Edmund Kenneth Kerut, Stephen A. Geraci, Chester Falterman, David Hunter, Curtis Hanawalt, Thomas D. Giles. (2006) Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis and Renovascular Hypertension: Clinical Diagnosis and Indications for Revascularization. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 8:7, 502-509
CrossRef122
Santo Dellegrottaglie, Javier Sanz, Sanjay Rajagopalan. (2006) Technology Insight: clinical role of magnetic resonance angiography in the diagnosis and management of renal artery stenosis. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 3:6, 329-338
CrossRef123
Jeffrey D. Lorin, David S. Hirsh, Michael J. Attubato, Steven P. Sedlis. (2006) A dual wire approach to severe ostial bifurcating renal artery stenosis. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 67:6, 956-960
CrossRef124
Jörg Radermacher. (2006) Resistive index: an ideal test for renovascular disease or ischemic nephropathy?. Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology 2:5, 232-233
CrossRef125
Sheldon W. Tobe, Ellen Burgess, Marcel Lebel. (2006) Atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 22:7, 623-628
CrossRef126
Andrea Ungar, Lorella Lambertucci, Chiara Agresti, Riccardo Pini, Maria Boddi, Maria Consuelo Valentini, Gianfranco Parati, Pietro Amedeo Modesti. (2006) Hypertension and reduced renal function in an 83-year-old patient. Internal and Emergency Medicine 1:1, 40-48
CrossRef127
S. O. Schoenberg, J. R. Rieger, H. J. Michaely, H. Rupprecht, W. Samtleben, M. F. Reiser. (2006) Functional magnetic resonance imaging in renal artery stenosis. Abdominal Imaging 31:2, 200-212
CrossRef128
Alan T. Hirsch, Ziv J. Haskal, Norman R. Hertzer, Curtis W. Bakal, Mark A. Creager, Jonathan L. Halperin, Loren F. Hiratzka, William R.C. Murphy, Jeffrey W. Olin, Jules B. Puschett, Kenneth A. Rosenfield, David Sacks, James C. Stanley, Lloyd M. Taylor, Christopher J. White, John White, Rodney A. White, Elliott M. Antman, Sidney C. Smith, Cynthia D. Adams, Jeffrey L. Anderson, David P. Faxon, Valentin Fuster, Raymond J. Gibbons, Jonathan L. Halperin, Loren F. Hiratzka, Sharon A. Hunt, Alice K. Jacobs, Rick Nishimura, Joseph P. Ornato, Richard L. Page, Barbara Riegel. (2006) ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic): Executive Summary A Collaborative Report From the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery,
AAVS/SVS when Guideline initiated, now merged into SVS Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease). Journal of the American College of Cardiology 47:6, 1239-1312
CrossRef129
Alan T. Hirsch, Ziv J. Haskal, Norman R. Hertzer, Curtis W. Bakal, Mark A. Creager, Jonathan L. Halperin, Loren F. Hiratzka, William R.C. Murphy, Jeffrey W. Olin, Jules B. Puschett, Kenneth A. Rosenfield, David Sacks, James C. Stanley, Lloyd M. Taylor, Christopher J. White, John White, Rodney A. White, Elliott M. Antman, Sidney C. Smith, Cynthia D. Adams, Jeffrey L. Anderson, David P. Faxon, Valentin Fuster, Raymond J. Gibbons, Jonathan L. Halperin, Loren F. Hiratzka, Sharon A. Hunt, Alice K. Jacobs, Rick Nishimura, Joseph P. Ornato, Richard L. Page, Barbara Riegel. (2006) ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic): A Collaborative Report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery,
CrossRef130
David P. Slovut, Robert Lookstein, J. Michael Bacharach, Jeffrey W. Olin. (2006) Correlation between noninvasive and endovascular Doppler in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: A pilot study. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 67:3, 426-433
CrossRef131
Ganesh Manoharan, Nico H.J. Pijls, Norbert Lameire, Katia Verhamme, Guy R. Heyndrickx, Emanuele Barbato, William Wijns, Juraj Madaric, Xanden Tielbeele, Jozef Bartunek, Bernard De Bruyne. (2006) Assessment of Renal Flow and Flow Reserve in Humans. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 47:3, 620-625
CrossRef132
M Bardelli, F Veglio, E Arosio, A Cataliotti, E Valvo, A Morganti. (2006) New intrarenal echo-Doppler velocimetric indices for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis. Kidney International 69:3, 580-587
CrossRef133
C M Cheung, A E Shurrab, D L Buckley, J Hegarty, R J Middleton, H Mamtora, P A Kalra. (2006) MR-derived renal morphology and renal function in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Kidney International 69:4, 715-722
CrossRef134
Bernd Krumme. (2006) Renal Doppler Sonography – Update in Clinical Nephrology. Nephron Clinical Practice 103:2, c24-c28
CrossRef135
Japanese Society of Hypertension. (2006) Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2004). Hypertension Research 29:Suppl, S1-S106
CrossRef136
W.J. Elliott. (2006) Diagnosis and Treatment of Renovascular Hypertension: A Cost-Benefit Analysis. Yearbook of Cardiology 2006, 46-48
CrossRef137
JOSÉ A GARCÍA-DONAIRE, JOSÉ M ALCÁZAR. (2005) Ischemic nephropathy: Detection and therapeutic intervention. Kidney International 68, S131-S136
CrossRef138
THOMAS ZELLER. (2005) Renal Artery Stenosis: Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestation, and Percutaneous Endovascular Therapy. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 18:6, 497-506
CrossRef139
T. Leiner, M. W. Haan, P. J. Nelemans, J. M. A. Engelshoven, G. B. C. Vasbinder. (2005) Contemporary imaging techniques for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis. European Radiology 15:11, 2219-2229
CrossRef140
Bruce H Gray. (2005) Intervention for renal artery stenosis: endovascular and surgical roles. Journal of Hypertension 23:Suppl 3, S23-S29
CrossRef141
John O. Connolly, Robin G. Woolfson. (2005) Renovascular hypertension: diagnosis and management. BJU International 96:5, 715-720
CrossRef142
Michael R Jaff. (2005) Introduction. Journal of Hypertension 23:Suppl 3, S1-S3
CrossRef143
Martin Hausberg, Detlef Lang, Michael Barenbrock, Markus Kosch. (2005) What do Doppler indices of renal perfusion tell us for the evaluation of renal disease?. Journal of Hypertension 23:10, 1795-1797
CrossRef144
Sandra J. Taler. (2005) Treatment of resistant hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports 7:5, 323-329
CrossRef145
O. Hélénon, J.-M. Correas. (2005) Techniques et résultats de l'échodoppler dans l'exploration de la vascularisation rénale et de l'appareil urinaire. EMC - Radiologie 2:4, 367-412
CrossRef146
PHILIP A KALRA, HAIFENG GUO, ANNAMARIA T KAUSZ, DAVID T GILBERTSON, JIANNONG LIU, SHU-CHENG CHEN, AREEF ISHANI, ALLAN J COLLINS, ROBERT N FOLEY. (2005) Atherosclerotic renovascular disease in United States patients aged 67 years or older: Risk factors, revascularization, and prognosis. Kidney International 68:1, 293-301
CrossRef147
Mahesh C. Goel, Lucy LaPerna, Susan Whitelaw, Charles S. Modlin, Stuart M. Flechner, David A. Goldfarb. (2005) Current management of transplant renal artery stenosis: Clinical utility of duplex Doppler ultrasonography. Urology 66:1, 59-64
CrossRef148
Vesna Garovic, Stephen C. Textor. (2005) Renovascular Hypertension: Current Concepts. Seminars in Nephrology 25:4, 261-271
CrossRef149
Mahesh S. Mulumudi, Christopher J. White. (2005) Renal frame count: A quantitative angiographic assessment of renal perfusion. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 65:2, 183-186
CrossRef150
T. Claus. (2005) Where do we stand with renovascular hypertension?. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 20:7, 1495-1498
CrossRef151
J. Riehl, E. Spüntrup, B. Heintz, R. W. Günther, J. Floege. (2005) Renovaskuläre Hypertonie. Der Internist 46:5, 509-519
CrossRef152
Robert S Dieter. (2005) The functional assessment of renal artery stenosis. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 3:3, 369-370
CrossRef153
Robert S Dieter, Wade S Schmidt, John P Pacanowski Jr, Michael R Jaff. (2005) Renovascular hypertension. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 3:3, 413-422
CrossRef154
Jeffrey D. Pearce, Matthew S. Edwards, Timothy E. Craven, William P. English, Matthew M. Mondi, Scott W. Reavis, Kimberley J. Hansen. (2005) Renal Duplex Parameters, Blood Pressure, and Renal Function in Elderly People. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 45:5, 842-850
CrossRef155
B.P. Mwipatayi, S.J. Beningfield, L.E. White, A. Irish, M. Abbas, K. Sieunarine. (2005) A Review of the Current Treatment of Renal Artery Stenosis. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 29:5, 479-488
CrossRef156
Verhoye, Jean-Philippe, De Latour, Bertrand, Heautot, Jean-François, . (2005) Return of Renal Function after Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Dissection. New England Journal of Medicine 352:17, 1824-1825
Full Text157
Michael Uder, Ulrich Humke. (2005) Endovascular Therapy of Renal Artery Stenosis: Where Do We Stand Today?. CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology 28:2, 139-147
CrossRef158
Sheela T. Patel, Joseph L. Mills, Gerlinde Tynan-Cuisinier, Kaoru R. Goshima, Alex Westerband, John D. Hughes. (2005) The limitations of magnetic resonance angiography in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis: Comparative analysis with conventional arteriography. Journal of Vascular Surgery 41:3, 462-468
CrossRef159
David P. Slovut, Jeffrey W. Olin. (2005) Fibromuscular dysplasia. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 7:2, 159-169
CrossRef160
P. Cía Gómez, A. Martínez Berganza, J.I. Pérez Calvo. (2004) Tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión arterial. Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado 9:23, 1481-1493
CrossRef161
Nadia Zalunardo, Katherine R Tuttle. (2004) Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: current status and future directions. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 13:6, 613-621
CrossRef162
Peter J. Yim, Juan R. Cebral, Ashley Weaver, Robert J. Lutz, Orlando Soto, G. Boudewijn C. Vasbinder, Vincent B. Ho, Peter L. Choyke. (2004) Estimation of the differential pressure at renal artery stenoses. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 51:5, 969-977
CrossRef163
(2004) References. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 43, 268-290
CrossRef164
S. J Freeman. (2004) Ultrasound Investigation of Suspected Renal Artery Stenosis. Ultrasound 12:2, 69-74
CrossRef165
Larry A Weinrauch, John A D'Elia. (2004) Renal artery stenosis: “fortuitous diagnosis,” problematic therapy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 43:9, 1614-1616
CrossRef166
Slovut, David P., Olin, Jeffrey W., . (2004) Fibromuscular Dysplasia. New England Journal of Medicine 350:18, 1862-1871
Full Text167
Michelle M McNamara, Mark E Lockhart, Michelle L Robbin. (2004) Emergency Doppler evaluation of the liver and kidneys. Radiologic Clinics of North America 42:2, 397-415
CrossRef168
Claire Mounier-Vehier, Benjamin Cocheteux, Stephan Haulon, Patrick Devos, Christophe Lions, Corinne Gautier, Alain Carre, Jean-Paul Beregi. (2004) Changes in renal blood flow reserve after angioplasty of renal artery stenosis in hypertensive patients. Kidney International 65:1, 245-250
CrossRef169
Leonid Feldman, Ilia Beberashvili, Zhan Averbukh, Joshua Weissgarten. (2004) Renal Artery Stenosis of Solitary Kidney: The Dilemma. Renal Failure 26:5, 525-529
CrossRef170
Stephen C Textor. (2003) Stable patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis should be treated first with medical management. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 42:5, 858-863
CrossRef171
Pierre-François Plouin. (2003) Stable patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis should be treated first with medical management. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 42:5, 851-857
CrossRef172
Stefan Baus, Jürgen Radermacher, Michael Galanski, Ajay Chavan. (2003) Kissing Balloon Technique for Angioplasty of Renal Artery Bifurcation Stenoses. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 14:11, 1455-1459
CrossRef173
W.Charles O’Neill, Deborah A Baumgarten. (2003) Imaging. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 42:3, 601-604
CrossRef174
Robert P Hartman, Akira Kawashima, Bernard F King. (2003) Evaluation of renal causes of hypertension. Radiologic Clinics of North America 41:5, 909-929
CrossRef175
John H. Rundback, David Sacks, K. Craig Kent, Christopher Cooper, Daniel Jones, Timothy Murphy, Kenneth Rosenfield, Christopher White, Michael Bettmann, Stanley Cortell, Jules Puschett, Daniel G. Clair, Patricia Cole. (2003) Guidelines for the Reporting of Renal Artery Revascularization in Clinical Trials. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 14:9, S477-S492
CrossRef176
Radermacher, Jörg, Mengel, Michael, Ellis, Sebastian, Stuht, Stephan, Hiss, Markus, Schwarz, Anke, Eisenberger, Ute, Burg, Michael, Luft, Friedrich C., Gwinner, Wilfried, Haller, Hermann, . (2003) The Renal Arterial Resistance Index and Renal Allograft Survival. New England Journal of Medicine 349:2, 115-124
Full Text177
Marsden, Philip A., . (2003) Predicting Outcomes after Renal Transplantation — New Tools and Old Tools. New England Journal of Medicine 349:2, 182-184
Full Text178
P KALRA. (2003) Renovascular Disease. Medicine 31:7, 116-118
CrossRef179
Simona Bruno, Silvia Ferrari, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Piero Ruggenenti. (2003) DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN POSTTRANSPLANT RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS. Transplantation 76:1, 147-153
CrossRef180
William R. Colyer, Christopher J. Cooper, Mark W. Burket, William J. Thomas. (2003) Utility of a 0.014? pressure-sensing guidewire to assess renal artery translesional systolic pressure gradients. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 59:3, 372-377
CrossRef181
S. O. Schoenberg. (2003) Diagnosis of renal artery stenosis with magnetic resonance angiography: update 2003. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 18:7, 1252-1256
CrossRef182
Jadranka Buturović-Ponikvar, Alenka Višnar-Perovič. (2003) Ultrasonography in chronic renal failure. European Journal of Radiology 46:2, 115-122
CrossRef183
Michael J. Bloch, Jan Basile. (2003) The Diagnosis and Management of Renovascular Disease: A Primary Care Perspective.. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 5:3, 210-218
CrossRef184
Lionel U Mailloux. (2003) Atherosclerotic ischemic renal vascular disease: do published outcomes justify the overzealous diagnostic approaches?. Seminars in Nephrology 23:3, 278-282
CrossRef185
Robert D. Safian. (2003) Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 5:2, 91-101
CrossRef186
Thomas Zeller, Christian M
ller, Ulrich Frank, Karlheinz B
CrossRef187
S. Prasad, K. Bannister, J. Taylor. (2003) Is magnetic resonance angiography useful in renovascular disease?. Internal Medicine Journal 33:3, 84-90
CrossRef188
Aaron J Milbank, David A Goldfarb. (2003) Urological manifestations of vascular disease. Urologic Clinics of North America 30:1, 13-26
CrossRef189
Stephen Chas Textor. (2003) Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis: Does Revascularization Alter Patient Outcomes?. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 14:2, P156-P158
CrossRef190
T MURPHY, J RUNDBACK, C COOPER, M KIERNAN. (2002) Chronic Renal Ischemia: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 13:12, 1187-1198
CrossRef191
John F. Reidy. (2002) New diagnostic techniques for imaging the renal arteries. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 11:6, 635-639
CrossRef192
L MARTIN, J RUNDBACK, D SACKS, J CARDELLA, C REES, A MATSUMOTO, S MERANZE, M SCHWARTZBERG, M SILVERSTEIN, C LEWIS. (2002) Quality Improvement Guidelines for Angiography, Angioplasty, and Stent Placement in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Renal Artery Stenosis in Adults. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 13:11, 1069-1083
CrossRef193
J RUNDBACK, D SACKS, K KENT, C COOPER, D JONES, T MURPHY, K ROSENFIELD, C WHITE, M BETTMANN, S CORTELL. (2002) Guidelines for the Reporting of Renal Artery Revascularization in Clinical Trials. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 13:10, 959-974
CrossRef194
Tudor D. Vagaonescu, George Dangas. (2002) Renal Artery Stenosis: Diagnosis and Management. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 4:5, 363-370
CrossRef195
L. Bax, W.P.Th.M. Mali. (2002) Background and Therapeutic Considerations of Renovascular Disease. Imaging Decisions MRI 6:2, 3-10
CrossRef196
J. Radermacher. (2002) Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Renovascular Disease. Imaging Decisions MRI 6:2, 15-22
CrossRef197
Jose M. Alcazar, Jose L. Rodicio. (2002) How to handle renovascular hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 20:6, 1242
CrossRef198
Gian Paolo Rossi, Maurizio Cesari, Matteo Chiesura-Corona, Diego Miotto, Andrea Semplicini, Achille Cesare Pessina. (2002) Renal vein renin measurements accurately identify renovascular hypertension caused by total occlusion of the renal artery. Journal of Hypertension 20:5, 975-984
CrossRef199
R. E. Zierler. (2002) Screening for Renal Artery Stenosis: Is It Justified?. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 77:4, 307-308
CrossRef200
G Patrick Clagett. (2002) What’s new in vascular surgery. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 194:2, 165-201
CrossRef201
Kent DOI, Hidekazu MORIYA, Shuzo KOBAYASHI. (2002) Successfully Treated "Accelerated" Renovascular Hypertension with Intravascular Stenting.. Hypertension Research 25:6, 945-948
CrossRef202
Michael J. Bloch. (2001) An evidence-based approach to diagnosing renovascular hypertension. Current Cardiology Reports 3:6, 477-484
CrossRef203
Jörg Radermacher, Robert Weinkove, Hermann Haller. (2001) Techniques for predicting a favourable response to renal angioplasty in patients with renovascular disease. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 10:6, 799-805
CrossRef204
Peter N Schlegel. (2001) What’s new in urology11No competing interests declared.. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 193:2, 179-201
CrossRef
