Original Article
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Associated with Clopidogrel
N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1773-1777June 15, 2000
- Abstract
Background
The antiplatelet drug clopidogrel is a new thienopyridine derivative whose mechanism of action and chemical structure are similar to those of ticlopidine. The estimated incidence of ticlopidine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is 1 per 1600 to 5000 patients treated, whereas no clopidogrel-associated cases were observed among 20,000 closely monitored patients treated in phase 3 clinical trials and cohort studies. Because of the association between ticlopidine use and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and other adverse effects, clopidogrel has largely replaced ticlopidine in clinical practice. More than 3 million patients have received clopidogrel. We report the clinical and laboratory findings in 11 patients in whom thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura developed during or soon after treatment with clopidogrel.
Methods
The 11 patients were identified by active surveillance by the medical directors of blood banks (3 patients), hematologists (6), and the manufacturers of clopidogrel (2).
Results
Ten of the 11 patients received clopidogrel for 14 days or less before the onset of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Although 10 of the 11 patients had a response to plasma exchange, 2 required 20 or more exchanges before clinical improvement occurred, and 2 had relapses while not receiving clopidogrel. One patient died despite undergoing plasma exchange soon after diagnosis.
Conclusions
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura can occur after the initiation of clopidogrel therapy, often within the first two weeks of treatment. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of this syndrome when initiating clopidogrel treatment.
Media in This Article
Table 1
Clinical Characteristics and Treatment of 11 Patients with Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura after Clopidogrel Therapy.Article Activity
- Article
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a life-threatening, multisystem disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, fever, neurologic changes, and renal abnormalities.1 Idiopathic cases occur at a rate of 3.7 per year per million persons, and the mortality rate for promptly treated cases ranges from 10 to 20 percent.2-5 Many drugs have been associated with the syndrome.6 In cases that have been investigated, its cause appears to be related to autoantibodies against a metalloprotease that degrades von Willebrand factor.7-9 Impaired proteolysis of von Willebrand factor leads to the binding of unusually large multimers to platelets and results in the platelet microthrombi that characterize the syndrome. The presence of IgG autoantibodies against the protease distinguishes thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura from related syndromes, including the hemolytic–uremic syndrome.7,8
Ticlopidine, an antiplatelet drug, has been associated with the development of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, with an estimated incidence of 1 case per 1600 to 5000 patients treated.10-13 Clopidogrel is a new antiplatelet drug that has achieved widespread clinical acceptance because it has a more favorable safety profile than ticlopidine.14 The two drugs are structurally related derivatives of thienopyridine, differing only by one carboxymethyl group. They have short half-lives in the circulation and different metabolites.15 The drugs act by blocking an adenosine diphosphate–binding site on platelets, which inhibits the expression of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in the high-affinity configuration that binds fibrinogen and large multimers of von Willebrand factor. Because phase 3 clinical trials and studies involving 20,000 closely monitored patients who were treated with clopidogrel have not reported neutropenia, adverse skin or gastrointestinal effects, or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura — all of which have been associated with ticlopidine therapy — clopidogrel has largely replaced ticlopidine in clinical practice for the prevention of stroke and thrombosis in patients who have received coronary-artery stents and in patients with peripheral vascular disease or acute cardiac ischemia.16,17
For all new drugs, a comprehensive assessment of safety requires diligent post-marketing surveillance. Ticlopidine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura was not widely recognized until seven years after the drug was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), despite its use by several million patients.10-13 Since clopidogrel was approved by the FDA in early 1998, more than 3 million people have received the drug, and two cases of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura that occurred after clopidogrel use have been reported at medical conferences.18,19 In the current study, we determined the clinical characteristics, the interval between clopidogrel treatment and the onset of disease, the response to treatment, outcomes, and laboratory findings in 11 patients in whom thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura developed during or soon after treatment with clopidogrel.
Methods
Eleven cases of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura among patients who were treated with clopidogrel were identified between March 1998 and March 2000 by active surveillance by the medical directors of blood banks (three patients), hematologists (six), and a surveillance program overseen by Sanofi–Synthelabo and Bristol-Myers Squibb, the manufacturers of clopidogrel (two). Two of these patients have been described previously.18,19 To be included in the study, a patient had to have previously taken or still be taking clopidogrel when he or she received a diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings. For most patients, the results of additional laboratory studies were not available that could be used to distinguish thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura from other disorders that may be associated with thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolysis.7,8
Results
The 11 patients ranged in age from 35 to 70 years (median, 55) (Table 1Table 1
Clinical Characteristics and Treatment of 11 Patients with Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura after Clopidogrel Therapy.). Six patients were women. Six patients had received clopidogrel for coronary artery disease, including three patients who received the drug after the placement of a coronary-artery stent. Concomitant medications included the cholesterol-lowering drugs atorvastatin and simvastatin in five patients, two of whom had begun taking the drug within the three weeks before the onset of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; long-term treatment with atenolol in three patients; and long-term cyclosporine treatment in one patient who had undergone kidney–pancreas transplantation. Clopidogrel had been used for 3 to 14 days in all but one patient (Patient 10). Patient 4 had discontinued clopidogrel 3 weeks before the onset of the syndrome, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura had occurred after 21 days of atorvastatin therapy. The other 10 patients stopped taking clopidogrel when thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura began. Only Patient 2 had received ticlopidine previously, two years before the onset of the syndrome, and no thrombocytopenia or hemolysis had occurred during the earlier treatment.Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura was manifested by thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, with or without neurologic changes or renal dysfunction (Table 1). Platelet counts were less than 20,000 per cubic millimeter in 10 patients, and hematocrit values were less than 27 percent in 8 patients. Seven patients had neurologic changes, including disorientation (in two patients), slurred speech (in two), confusion (in one), aphasia (in one), and coma (in one). Four patients had renal insufficiency, characterized by a serum creatinine level of more than 2.5 mg per deciliter (221 μmol per liter), including one who was undergoing long-term dialysis after an unsuccessful renal transplantation and one who was receiving long-term cyclosporine treatment. This last patient, who had undergone kidney–pancreas transplantation five years earlier, had normal renal function, but the onset of the syndrome was manifested by an acute decrease in renal function, thrombocytopenia, and microangiopathic hemolysis. A renal biopsy, performed because of concern over the possibility of kidney rejection in association with the rising serum creatinine level, revealed platelet microthrombi. Two patients had evidence of acute liver injury, with marked elevation of serum aminotransferase levels.
All patients underwent plasma exchange, with resolution of symptoms and laboratory abnormalities occurring after a median of 8 plasma exchanges (range, 1 to 30) in 10 patients. Patient 9 died after four days of plasma exchange. Patient 1 had a recurrence immediately after undergoing coronary-artery bypass surgery, 73 days after the diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. He had a second recurrence 2 months later, after receiving atorvastatin for 14 days. Each recurrence responded quickly to plasma exchange.19 Patient 10 had three recurrences, the last occurring seven months after the discontinuation of clopidogrel; each recurrence responded to plasma exchange. None of the 10 surviving patients were rechallenged with clopidogrel.
Plasma samples from Patients 1 and 2 were available for the measurement of von Willebrand factor–cleaving protease activity and the inhibitory activity of IgG, according to previously published techniques.7 In both patients, during episodes of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, von Willebrand factor–cleaving protease activity was undetectable and IgG inhibitors of the protease were present. Concentrations of 3.2 mg of IgG per milliliter in the case of Patient 1 and of 2.5 mg of IgG per milliliter in the case of Patient 2 were required to inhibit protease activity by 50 percent in mixtures containing 12 percent plasma from a normal subject. During remission three months after plasma exchange, the protease activity in plasma samples from Patient 2 was 67 percent of the mean (±SD) value (103±12 percent) in plasma samples from 57 normal subjects, and at a concentration of 6.6 mg per milliliter, his IgG caused no inhibition of the protease activity in the mixing assay.
Discussion
We reviewed the clinical and laboratory findings in 11 patients in whom thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura developed during or soon after treatment with clopidogrel. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura can result in multiorgan dysfunction or death. In our patients, the disease was characterized by the occurrence of thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, neurologic changes, and renal dysfunction during treatment with clopidogrel or, in one patient, soon after treatment was stopped. One patient died, eight had complete resolution of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura after the discontinuation of clopidogrel and treatment with plasma exchange, and two had relapses up to seven months after the onset of the syndrome, with rapid recovery after plasma exchange.
The features of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in patients who received ticlopidine and in those who received clopidogrel can be contrasted, despite marked differences in the methods used to ascertain cases. First, unlike the cases reported among ticlopidine-treated patients, 95 percent of which occurred after 2 to 12 weeks of treatment, all but one of the cases among clopidogrel-treated patients occurred within 2 weeks after the initiation of treatment.10-12,21,22
Second, whereas in almost all patients with ticlopidine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura who had a response to plasma exchange, the response occurred after 7 or fewer plasma exchanges and there were no relapses,13 two patients in our study required 20 or more plasma exchanges before the symptoms and laboratory abnormalities resolved, and two patients had a total of five relapses.
Third, only 57 percent of the previously reported cases of ticlopidine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura were treated with plasma exchange,13 as compared with all the cases in our study. Rather than attributing the clinical symptoms to coronary procedures or vascular disease, physicians' heightened awareness of the possibility of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura may have led to early diagnosis and use of plasma exchange in our patients. Among patients who were treated with plasma exchange, 18 percent of those with ticlopidine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura died (11 patients), as compared with 9 percent of our patients with clopidogrel-associated disease (1 patient). Fifty-eight percent of the patients (22) with ticlopidine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura who did not undergo plasma exchange died.10,13 We have previously reported that the overall mortality rate for ticlopidine-associated cases was 33 percent, in part due to lower rates of use of plasma exchange, particularly in patients older than 60 years of age.10,13
Finally, the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs was not evaluated in the patients with ticlopidine-associated cases; almost half the patients with clopidogrel-associated cases had received cholesterol-lowering drugs. In one of our patients, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura appeared to be induced by atorvastatin, and one patient had a recurrence during treatment with atorvastatin that responded quickly to plasma exchange.19 One case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura has been reported after short-term treatment with simvastatin.23 The possibility that cholesterol-lowering drugs and clopidogrel may have adverse pharmacologic interactions in some patients deserves further study.
The mechanism by which clopidogrel could cause thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is not known. Patients with idiopathic7,8 and ticlopidine-associated24 thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura have an immune-mediated deficiency of von Willebrand factor–cleaving protease activity in plasma — a finding that distinguishes this syndrome from the clinically related hemolytic–uremic syndrome. Laboratory studies in two of our patients revealed that during the acute phase of the disease, IgG inhibitors of the protease were detectable and the plasma was severely deficient in protease activity. During clinical remission in one patient, plasma protease activity had increased to a nearly normal level and the patient's IgG did not inhibit protease activity. However, it is premature to conclude on the basis of these findings that clopidogrel causes an immune reaction to the protease. The number of cases that have been investigated is small, and a limited number of plasma samples from affected patients are available. Furthermore, in some patients the syndrome occurred after three or five days of clopidogrel treatment, which makes an antibody-mediated mechanism induced by clopidogrel seem unlikely. These observations suggest that despite having similar chemical structures, clopidogrel and ticlopidine may cause thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura by different mechanisms. Unlike ticlopidine, clopidogrel has not been associated with apoptosis of microvascular endothelial cells in culture.25
Our findings have important clinical implications. Clopidogrel has largely replaced ticlopidine in clinical practice.15,16 One of the reasons for this change was the association of ticlopidine use with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Other reasons were the lower rates of skin, hematologic, and gastrointestinal adverse effects associated with clopidogrel and its more convenient dosing schedule.14 Our cases of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura after treatment with clopidogrel appear to differ from cases associated with the use of ticlopidine in that they occurred soon after the initiation of therapy, were prone to recurrence, and required up to 30 plasma exchanges before clinical improvement occurred. The development of cardiac or neurologic changes after the initiation of clopidogrel therapy may be mistakenly attributed to the underlying condition for which it was prescribed. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura among patients who are receiving clopidogrel.
Supported in part by grants (HL62131, to Dr. Tsai, and HL18584 and HL54169, to Dr. Moake) from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
Drs. Bennett and Bell have served as consultants to Sanofi–Synthelabo.
We are indebted to Kathryn Freyfogle, M.D., Sorin J. Brenner, M.D., David Goldsmith, M.D., Jeff Crane, M.D., Kirstin Knox, B.A., Mark Ricciardi, M.D., Thomas Chow, M.D., Leticia Nolasco, Keith McCrae, M.D., and Hau Kwaan, M.D., Ph.D., for their help.
Source Information
From the Veterans Affairs Chicago Healthcare System, Lakeside Division (C.L.B.), and the Divisions of Hematology–Oncology (C.L.B.) and Cardiology (C.J.D.), Department of Medicine, the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center (C.L.B.), and the Institute for Health Services Research and Policy Studies (C.L.B.), Northwestern University — both in Chicago; the Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Clinical Laboratories, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital — both in Boston (J.M. Connors); the Division of Hematology–Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.M. Carwile, J.L.M.); the Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (W.R.B.); the Division of Hematology–Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center at Omaha, Omaha (S.R.T.); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (L.J.M.); the Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (R.S.); the Mission St. Joseph's Health System, Asheville, N.C., and the University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill (A.J.H.); the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (M.D.F.); and the Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (H.-M.T.). Another author was Elizabeth L. Michalets, Pharm.D. (University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Bennett at the VA Chicago Healthcare System, Lakeside Division, Chicago, IL 60611, or at cbenne@nwu.edu.
- References
References
1
Amorosi E ,Ultmann J . Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: report of 16 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1966;45:139-159
CrossRef | Web of Science2
Rock GA ,Shumak KH ,Buskard NA , et al. Comparison of plasma exchange with plasma infusion in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 1991;325:393-397
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline3
Torok TJ ,Holman RC ,Chorba TL . Increasing mortality from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in the United States: analysis of national mortality data, 1968-1991. Am J Hematol 1995;50:84-90
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Bell WR ,Braine HG ,Ness PM ,Kickler TS . Improved survival in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome: clinical experience in 108 patients. N Engl J Med 1991;325:398-403
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline5
Sarode R ,Gottschall JL ,Aster RH ,McFarland JG . Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: early and late responders. Am J Hematol 1997;54:102-107
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Gordon LI ,Kwaan HC . Cancer- and drug-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Semin Hematol 1997;34:140-147
Web of Science | Medline7
Tsai H-M ,Lian EC-Y . Antibodies to von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1585-1594
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline8
Furlan M ,Robles R ,Galbusera M , et al. Von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1578-1584
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline9
Moake JL . Moschcowitz, multimers, and metalloprotease. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1629-1631
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline10
Bennett CL ,Weinberg PD ,Rozenberg-Ben-Dror K ,Yarnold PR ,Kwaan HC ,Green D . Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with ticlopidine: a review of 60 cases. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:541-544
Web of Science | Medline11
Steinhubl SR ,Tan WA ,Foody JM ,Topol EJ . Incidence and clinical course of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura due to ticlopidine following coronary stenting. JAMA 1999;281:806-810
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Bennett CL ,Kiss JE ,Weinberg PD , et al. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura after stenting and ticlopidine. Lancet 1998;352:1036-1037
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Bennett CL ,Davidson CJ ,Raisch DW ,Weinberg PD ,Bennett RH ,Feldman MD . Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with ticlopidine in the setting of coronary artery stents and stroke prevention. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2524-2528
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
CAPRIE Steering Committee
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Sharis PJ ,Cannon CP ,Loscalzo J . The antiplatelet effects of ticlopidine and clopidogrel. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:394-405
Web of Science | Medline16
Klein LW ,Calvin JE . Use of clopidogrel in coronary stenting: what was the question? J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1895-1898
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Moussa I ,Oetgen M ,Roubin G , et al. Effectiveness of clopidogrel and aspirin versus ticlopidine and aspirin in preventing stent thrombosis after coronary stent implantation. Circulation 1999;99:2364-2366
Web of Science | Medline18
Connors JM ,Gopfert C ,Robson S ,Churchill WH ,Benjamin RJ . Clopidogrel associated TTP. Transfusion 1999;39:Suppl:56S-56S abstract.
CrossRef | Web of Science19
Carwile JM ,Laber DA ,Soltero ER , et al. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura occurring after exposure to clopidogrel. Blood 1999;94:Suppl 1:78b-78b abstract.
Web of Science20
Rose M ,Eldor A . High incidence of relapses in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: clinical study of 38 patients. Am J Med 1987;83:437-444
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Page Y ,Tardy B ,Zeni F ,Comtet C ,Terrana R ,Bertrand JC . Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura related to ticlopidine. Lancet 1991;337:774-776
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Wysowski DK ,Bacsanyi J . Blood dyscrasias and hematologic reactions in ticlopidine users. JAMA 1996;276:952-952
CrossRef | Web of Science23
McCarthy LJ ,Porcu P ,Fausel CA ,Sweeney CJ ,Danielson CFM . Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and simvastatin. Lancet 1999;352:1284-1284
CrossRef | Web of Science24
Tsai H-M ,Rice L ,Sarode R ,Chow TW ,Moake JL . Antibody inhibitors to von Willebrand factor metalloproteinase and increased von Willebrand factor-platelet binding in ticlopidine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:794-799
Web of Science | Medline25
Mauro M ,Dang C ,Raife T ,Laurence J . Ticlopidine-linked thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: association with endothelial cell apoptosis and disruption of extracellular matrix in vitro and in vivo. Blood 1999;94:Suppl 1:646a-646a abstract.
Web of Science
- Citing Articles (213)
Citing Articles
1
James N. George, Deirdra R. Terrell, Sara K. Vesely, Johanna A. Kremer Hovinga, Bernhard Lämmle. (2012) Thrombotic microangiopathic syndromes associated with drugs, HIV infection, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and cancer. La Presse Médicale
CrossRef2
J. Comin, D. Kallmes. (2011) Clopidogrel (Plavix). American Journal of Neuroradiology 32:11, 2002-2004
CrossRef3
Mari R. Thomas, Vickie McDonald, Samuel J. Machin, Marie A. Scully. (2011) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with statin therapy. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis 22:8, 762-763
CrossRef4
Malik Goonewardene, Mishkat Shehata. (2011) Anaemia in pregnancy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
CrossRef5
Young Rae Koh, Sang-Hyun Hwang, Chulhun L. Chang, Eun Yup Lee, Han Chul Son, Hyung Hoi Kim. (2011) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura triggered by influenza A virus subtype H1N1 infection. Transfusion and Apheresis Science
CrossRef6
L. Karkowski, M. Wolf, J. Lescampf, B. Coppérré, A. Veyradier, J. Ninet, A. Hot. (2011) Purpura thrombotique thrombocytopénique secondaire à l’utilisation du clopidogrel. La Revue de Médecine Interne
CrossRef7
M. Mörtzell, G. Berlin, T. Nilsson, C.G. Axelsson, M. Efvergren, J. Audzijoni, A. Griskevicius, J. Ptak, M. Blaha, H. Tomsova, G.M. Liumbruno, P. Centoni, E. Newman, S. Eloot, A. Dhondt, J. Tomaz, V. Witt, G. Rock, B. Stegmayr. (2011) Thrombotic microangiopathy. Transfusion and Apheresis Science 45:2, 119-123
CrossRef8
Arun Kalyanasundaram, A. Michael Lincoff. (2011) Managing adverse effects and drug–drug interactions of antiplatelet agents. Nature Reviews Cardiology 8:10, 592-600
CrossRef9
Michael Kornfeld, Joseph R. Munsayac. 2011. Antiplatelet Medications. , 47-65.
CrossRef10
Beau M Hawkins, Jorge F Saucedo, Sunil V Rao. (2011) The rationale and evidence for triple antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes. Clinical Investigation 1:8, 1155-1165
CrossRef11
W. POS, B. M. LUKEN, N. SORVILLO, J. A. KREMER HOVINGA, J. VOORBERG. (2011) Humoral immune response to ADAMTS13 in acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 9:7, 1285-1291
CrossRef12
G. J. Webb, J. M. A. Swinburn, H. Grech. (2011) Profound delayed thrombocytopenia presenting 16 days after Abciximab (Reopro®) administration. Platelets 22:4, 302-304
CrossRef13
Robert Guthrie. (2011) Review and management of side effects associated with antiplatelet therapy for prevention of recurrent cerebrovascular events. Advances in Therapy 28:6, 473-482
CrossRef14
T. Schmidt, D.A. Tsakiris, M. Grapow, M. Siegemund. (2011) Thrombotische Mikroangiopathien nach extrakorporaler Zirkulation. Der Anaesthesist 60:5, 451-456
CrossRef15
R. Scott Wright, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Cynthia D. Adams, Charles R. Bridges, Donald E. Casey, Steven M. Ettinger, Francis M. Fesmire, Theodore G. Ganiats, Hani Jneid, A. Michael Lincoff, Eric D. Peterson, George J. Philippides, Pierre Theroux, Nanette K. Wenger, James Patrick Zidar. (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 57:19, e215-e367
CrossRef16
Richard Hall, C. David Mazer. (2011) Antiplatelet Drugs. Anesthesia & Analgesia 112:2, 292-318
CrossRef17
CHETAN SHENOY, KISHORE J. HARJAI. (2011) Thrombocytopenia following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 24:1, 15-26
CrossRef18
A.M. Mellett, R.K. Nakamura, D. Bianco. (2011) A Prospective Study of Clopidogrel Therapy in Dogs with Primary Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 25:1, 71-75
CrossRef19
Joel Moake, Kelty R. Baker. 2010. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, and HELLP. , 407-424.
CrossRef20
Kimberly L Campbell, John R Cohn, Michael P Savage. (2010) Clopidogrel hypersensitivity: clinical challenges and options for management. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 3:4, 553-561
CrossRef21
Wai Khoon Ho, Emma Verner, Raymond Dauer, John Duggan. (2010) ADAMTS-13 activity, microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia following snake bite envenomation. Pathology 42:2, 200-202
CrossRef22
DAVID WEEDON, GEOFFREY STRUTTON, ADAM I RUBIN. 2010. The vasculopathic reaction pattern. , 195-244.
CrossRef23
2010. 8 The vasculopathic reaction pattern. , 167-216.
CrossRef24
Joel Moake. (2009) Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) and other thrombotic microangiopathies. Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology 22:4, 567-576
CrossRef25
Joel Moake. (2009) Thrombotic Microangiopathies: Multimers, Metalloprotease, and Beyond. Clinical and Translational Science 2:5, 366-373
CrossRef26
C. Verstuyft, T. Simon, R. B. Kim. (2009) Personalized medicine and antiplatelet therapy: ready for prime time?. European Heart Journal 30:16, 1943-1963
CrossRef27
Sarah A Spinler. (2009) Safety and Tolerability of Antiplatelet Therapies for the Secondary Prevention of Atherothrombotic Disease. Pharmacotherapy 29:7, 812-821
CrossRef28
Luis Javier Álvarez-Fernández, Manuel Javier Vallina-Victorero Vázquez, María José Ramos Gallo, María Vicente Santiago. (2009) Implicaciones del registro REACH para la cirugía vascular. Medicina Clínica 132, 25-29
CrossRef29
CHETAN SHENOY, PAMELA ORSHAW, SRINIVAS DEVARAKONDA, KISHORE J. HARJAI. (2009) Occurrence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Post-Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Thrombocytopenia in an Unselected Population. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 22:2, 156-162
CrossRef30
Minola Manea, Diana Karpman. (2009) Molecular basis of ADAMTS13 dysfunction in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Pediatric Nephrology 24:3, 447-458
CrossRef31
Anaadriana Zakarija, Hau C Kwaan, Joel L Moake, Nicholas Bandarenko, Dilip K Pandey, June M McKoy, Paul R Yarnold, Dennis W Raisch, Jeffrey L Winters, Thomas J Raife, John F Cursio, Thanh Ha Luu, Elizabeth A Richey, Matthew J Fisher, Thomas L Ortel, Martin S Tallman, X Long Zheng, Masanori Matsumoto, Yoshihiro Fujimura, Charles L Bennett. (2009) Ticlopidine- and clopidogrel-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP): review of clinical, laboratory, epidemiological, and pharmacovigilance findings (1989–2008). Kidney International 75, S20-S24
CrossRef32
Beatrice J Edwards, Mrinal Gounder, June M McKoy, Ian Boyd, Mathew Farrugia, Cesar Migliorati, Robert Marx, Salvatore Ruggiero, Meletios Dimopoulos, Dennis W Raisch, Seema Singhal, Ken Carson, Eniola Obadina, Steve Trifilio, Dennis West, Jayesh Mehta, Charles L Bennett. (2008) Pharmacovigilance and reporting oversight in US FDA fast-track process: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw. The Lancet Oncology 9:12, 1166-1172
CrossRef33
N. Schleinitz, P. Poullin, L. Camoin, V. Veit, E. Bernit, K. Mazodier, P. Lefèvre, F. Dignat-George, G. Kaplanski, J.M. Durand, J.R. Harlé. (2008) Le purpura thrombotique thrombocytopénique acquis de l’adulte : actualités. La Revue de Médecine Interne 29:10, 794-800
CrossRef34
Ali S. Wahla, Jimmy Ruiz, Nizar Noureddine, Bharathi Upadhya, David C. Sane, John Owen. (2008) Myocardial infarction in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a single-center experience and literature review. European Journal of Haematology 81:4, 311-316
CrossRef35
S. Malak, M. Wolf, G. A. Millot, E. Mariotte, A. Veyradier, J.-L. Meynard, J.-M. Korach, S. Malot, A. Bussel, E. Azoulay, E. Boulanger, L. Galicier, E. Devaux, V. Eschwège, S. Gallien, C. Adrie, B. Schlemmer, E. Rondeau, P. Coppo, . (2008) Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathies: Clinical Characteristics and Outcome According to ADAMTS13 Activity. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 68:3, 337-344
CrossRef36
N E Barrett, L Holbrook, S Jones, W J Kaiser, L A Moraes, R Rana, T Sage, R G Stanley, K L Tucker, B Wright, J M Gibbins. (2008) Future innovations in anti-platelet therapies. British Journal of Pharmacology 154:5, 918-939
CrossRef37
David W. Kaufman. (2008) Interpretation of Associations in Pharmacoepidemiology. Seminars in Hematology 45:3, 181-188
CrossRef38
James N. George, Johanna A. Kremer Hovinga, Deirdra R. Terrell, Sara K. Vesely, Bernhard Lämmle. (2008) The Oklahoma Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura–Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Registry: the Swiss connection. European Journal of Haematology 80:4, 277-286
CrossRef39
J. Willeit, S. Kiechl, F. Aichner, K. Berek, H. Binder, M. Brainin, F. Fazekas, G. Fraedrich, H.P. Haring, S. Horner, B. Iglseder, P. Kapeller, W. Lang, E. Minar, K. Niederkorn, G. Noisternig, M. Schillinger, R. Schmidt, E. Schmutzhard, P. Waldenberger, H.W. Wege. (2008) Positionspapier der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Schlaganfallforschung. Gefässchirurgie 13:2, 115-125
CrossRef40
Yung-Wei Chi, Michael R. Jaff. (2008) Optimal risk factor modification and medical management of the patient with peripheral arterial disease. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 71:4, 475-489
CrossRef41
J. Willeit, S. Kiechl, F. Aichner, K. Berek, H. Binder, M. Brainin, F. Fazekas, G. Fraedrich, H.P. Haring, S. Horner, B. Iglseder, P. Kapeller, W. Lang, E. Minar, K. Niederkorn, G. Noisternig, M. Schillinger, R. Schmidt, E. Schmutzhard, P. Waldenberger, H.W. Wege. (2008) Positionspapier der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Schlaganfallforschung. Gefässchirurgie 13:1, 31-41
CrossRef42
X. Long Zheng, J. Evan Sadler. (2008) Pathogenesis of Thrombotic Microangiopathies. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease 3:1, 249-277
CrossRef43
Burcak Kilickiran Avci, Ali Oto, Osman Ozcebe. (2008) Thrombocytopenia Associated with Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 8:5, 327-339
CrossRef44
S. L. Spinelli, J. J. O'Brien, S. Bancos, G. M. Lehmann, D. L. Springer, N. Blumberg, C. W. Francis, M. B. Taubman, R. P. Phipps. (2008) The PPAR-Platelet Connection: Modulators of Inflammation and Potential Cardiovascular Effects. PPAR Research 2008, 1-16
CrossRef45
Giulio Guagliumi, Giuseppe Musumeci, Roberta Rossini, Leonardo Bolognese, Arturo Giordano, Antonio Marzocchi, Angelo Ramondo, Giuseppe Sangiorgi, Corrado Tamburino, Fabrizio Tomai, Stefano De Servi. (2007) Antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation: Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology consensus document. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 8:10, 782-791
CrossRef46
Charles L. Bennett, Benjamin Kim, Anaadriana Zakarija, Nicholas Bandarenko, Dilip K. Pandey, Charlie G. Buffie, June M. McKoy, Amul D. Tevar, John F. Cursio, Paul R. Yarnold, Hau C. Kwaan, Davide De Masi, Ravindra Sarode, Thomas J. Raife, Joseph E. Kiss, Dennis W. Raisch, Charles Davidson, J. Evan Sadler, Thomas L. Ortel, X. Long Zheng, Seiji Kato, Masanori Matsumoto, Masahito Uemura, Yoshihiro Fujimura. (2007) Two Mechanistic Pathways for Thienopyridine-Associated Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 50:12, 1138-1143
CrossRef47
Rajeev Garg, Barry F. Uretsky, Eli I. Lev. (2007) Anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic approaches in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 70:3, 388-406
CrossRef48
Aster, Richard H., Bougie, Daniel W., . (2007) Drug-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia. New England Journal of Medicine 357:6, 580-587
Full Text49
Han-Mou Tsai. (2007) Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: A Thrombotic Disorder Caused by ADAMTS13 Deficiency. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 21:4, 609-632
CrossRef50
Jeffrey L. Anderson, Cynthia D. Adams, Elliott M. Antman, Charles R. Bridges, Robert M. Califf, Donald E. Casey, William E. Chavey, Francis M. Fesmire, Judith S. Hochman, Thomas N. Levin, A. Michael Lincoff, Eric D. Peterson, Pierre Theroux, Nanette Kass Wenger, R. Scott Wright, Sidney C. Smith, Alice K. Jacobs, Cynthia D. Adams, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Elliott M. Antman, Jonathan L. Halperin, Sharon A. Hunt, Harlan M. Krumholz, Frederick G. Kushner, Bruce W. Lytle, Rick Nishimura, Joseph P. Ornato, Richard L. Page, Barbara Riegel. (2007) ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 50:7, e1-e157
CrossRef51
Orieji C. Illoh. (2007) Infection as a cause of early relapse in patients recovering from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Journal of Clinical Apheresis 22:4, 204-209
CrossRef52
Michael G. Martin, Nicole L. Whitlatch, Bijal Shah, Gowthami M. Arepally. (2007) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura induced by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a Jehovah's witness. American Journal of Hematology 82:7, 679-681
CrossRef53
Daniel A Duprez. (2007) Pharmacological interventions for peripheral artery disease. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 8:10, 1465-1477
CrossRef54
Thomas Höchtl, Linda Pachinger, Gerhard Unger, Alexander Geppert, Johann Wojta, Job Harenberg, Kurt Huber. (2007) Antiplatelet drug induced isolated profound thrombocytopenia in interventional cardiology: a review based on individual case reports. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 24:1, 59-64
CrossRef55
Izzet Celal Erdinler, Ekrem Ucer, Abdurrahman Eksik, Ahmet Akyol, Selcuk Yazici. (2007) Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema associated with clopidogrel: A serious but unexpected side effect of clopidogrel. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 23:6, 478-480
CrossRef56
Zakaria A. Almsherqi, Craig S. McLachlan, Sadik M. Sharef. (2007) Non-bleeding side effects of clopidogrel: Have large multi-center clinical trials underestimated their incidence?. International Journal of Cardiology 117:3, 415-417
CrossRef57
Jenny K. McCormick, Eric S. Nadel, David F.M. Brown. (2007) Rash and Neurological Symptoms. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 32:3, 299-303
CrossRef58
Joel L. Moake. (2007) Journey in reverse: TTP from bedside to blood bank to bench. Journal of Clinical Apheresis 22:1, 37-49
CrossRef59
Alexandra K. Retana, Marshal M. Kaplan, John K. Erban. (2007) Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in Patients with Liver Transplants for Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Three Case Reports and a Review of the Literature. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 102:1, 197-200
CrossRef60
Mayumi ADACHI, Kumiko MATSUI, Kazuhiro MATSUDA, Kenji SHINOHARA. (2007) Four Cases of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura with Poor Prognsosis Despite Early Diagnosis. Yamaguchi Medical Journal 56:4, 117-123
CrossRef61
Greg L Plosker, Katherine A Lyseng-Williamson. (2007) Clopidogrel. Drugs 67:4, 613-646
CrossRef62
Saravanan Balamuthusamy, Rohit Arora. (2007) Hematologic Adverse Effects of Clopidogrel. American Journal of Therapeutics 14:1, 106-112
CrossRef63
Jamie J. O’Brien, Denise M. Ray, Sherry L. Spinelli, Neil Blumberg, Mark B. Taubman, Charles W. Francis, Steven D. Wittlin, Richard P. Phipps. (2007) The platelet as a therapeutic target for treating vascular diseases and the role of eicosanoid and synthetic PPARγ ligands. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators 82:1-4, 68-76
CrossRef64
Ingo Ahrens, Meike Schwarz, Karlheinz Peter, Christoph Bode. (2007) Therapeutic Inhibitors of Platelet Aggregation – from Aspirin to Integrin Blockersf. Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy 34:1, 44-54
CrossRef65
Joel L. Moake. 2007. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. , 405-420.
CrossRef66
Richard C. Becker. 2007. Hemostatic Aspects of Cardiovascular Medicine. , 339-369.
CrossRef67
John CL Erve. (2006) Chemical toxicology: reactive intermediates and their role in pharmacology and toxicology. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 2:6, 923-946
CrossRef68
Han-Mou Tsai. (2006) ADAMTS13 and microvascular thrombosis. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 4:6, 813-825
CrossRef69
Domenico Motola, Fabrizio De Ponti, Elisabetta Poluzzi, Nello Martini, Pasqualino Rossi, Maria Chiara Silvani, Alberto Vaccheri, Nicola Montanaro. (2006) An update on the first decade of the European centralized procedure: how many innovative drugs?. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 62:5, 610-616
CrossRef70
Glen E Cooke, Pascal J Goldschmidt-Clermont. (2006) The safety and efficacy of aspirin and clopidogrel as a combination treatment in patients with coronary heart disease. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 5:6, 815-826
CrossRef71
Thein H. Oo. (2006) Clopidogrel-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura presenting with coronary artery thrombosis. American Journal of Hematology 81:11, 890-891
CrossRef72
2006. Peripheral Arterial Disease. .
CrossRef73
Stephanie D. Schech, Allen Brinker, Deborah Shatin, Margaret Burgess. (2006) New-onset and idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Incidence, diagnostic validity, and potential risk factors. American Journal of Hematology 81:9, 657-663
CrossRef74
N Besbas, D Karpman, D Landau, C Loirat, W Proesmans, G Remuzzi, G Rizzoni, C M Taylor, N Van de Kar, L B Zimmerhackl. (2006) A classification of hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and related disorders. Kidney International
CrossRef75
Simon J Walsh, Anthony J McClelland, Jennifer A Adgey. (2006) Clopidogrel in the treatment of ischaemic heart disease. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 7:9, 1109-1120
CrossRef76
Nishant Kumar, Sharmila Jivan, Peter Thomas, Hamish McLure. (2006) Sub-Tenon's anesthesia with aspirin, warfarin, and clopidogrel. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 32:6, 1022-1025
CrossRef77
Ronald A Asherson, Ricard Cervera, Joan T Merrill. (2006) Thrombotic microangiopathic antiphospholipid syndromes: a continuum of conditions?. Future Rheumatology 1:3, 355-364
CrossRef78
J.F. Meco, X. Pintó. (2006) Controversia terapéutica: clopidogrel y estatinas. Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis 18, 34-48
CrossRef79
Steven M. Belknap, Timothy M. Kuzel, Paul R. Yarnold, Nicholas Slimack, E. Allison Lyons, Dennis W. Raisch, Charles L. Bennett. (2006) Clinical features and correlates of gemcitabine-associated lung injury. Cancer 106:9, 2051-2057
CrossRef80
Mark D Schleinitz. (2006) The cost–effectiveness of clopidogrel: a review by indication. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 6:2, 123-130
CrossRef81
Rakesh P. Mehta, Matthew S. Johnson. (2006) Update on Anticoagulant Medications for the Interventional Radiologist. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 17:4, 597-612
CrossRef82
E VANDENDRIES. (2006) Drug-Associated Disease: Hematologic Dysfunction. Critical Care Clinics 22:2, 347-355
CrossRef83
Daniel F. Hogan. 2006. Prevention and Management of Thromboembolism. , 331-345.
CrossRef84
2006. Clopidogrel. , 821-822.
CrossRef85
Paul Bentley, Pankaj Sharma. (2005) Pharmacological treatment of ischemic stroke. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 108:3, 334-352
CrossRef86
T. Forcht Dagi. (2005) The Management of Postoperative Bleeding. Surgical Clinics of North America 85:6, 1191-1213
CrossRef87
A. VEYRADIER, D. MEYER. (2005) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and its diagnosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 3:11, 2420-2427
CrossRef88
Martine Szyper Kravitz, Yehuda Shoenfeld. (2005) Thrombocytopenic conditions—autoimmunity and hypercoagulability: Commonalities and differences in ITP, TTP, HIT, and APS. American Journal of Hematology 80:3, 232-242
CrossRef89
Daniel C Bezerra, Julien Bogousslavky. (2005) Clopidogrel: cardiologists’ panacea or neurologists’ headache?. Future Cardiology 1:5, 579-590
CrossRef90
B. LAMMLE, J. A. KREMER HOVINGA, L. ALBERIO. (2005) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 3:8, 1663-1675
CrossRef91
H.-C. DIENER. (2005) Is clopidogrel the antiplatelet drug of choice for high-risk patients with stroke/TIA?: Yes. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 3:6, 1133-1136
CrossRef92
Hans-Christoph Diener, Peter A Ringleb, Pierre Savi. (2005) Clopidogrel for the secondary prevention of stroke. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 6:5, 755-764
CrossRef93
M. Kelm, B. E. Strauer. (2005) Das akute Koronarsyndrom. Der Internist 46:3, 265-274
CrossRef94
Peter A Ringleb, Christian Schwark, Markus Schwaninger, Peter D Schellinger. (2005) Efficacy and costs of secondary prevention with antiplatelets after ischaemic stroke. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 6:3, 359-367
CrossRef95
Jesse Weinberger. (2005) Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions of Antithrombotic Agents Used in Prevention of Ischaemic Stroke. Drugs 65:4, 461-471
CrossRef96
Daniel F. Hogan, Dina A. Andrews, Henry W. Green, Kristen K. Talbott, Michael P. Ward, Betsy M. Calloway. (2004) Antiplatelet effects and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 225:9, 1406-1411
CrossRef97
Athanasios Stoyioglou, Michael R. Jaff. (2004) Medical Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 15:11, 1197-1207
CrossRef98
Trontell, Anne, . (2004) Expecting the Unexpected — Drug Safety, Pharmacovigilance, and the Prepared Mind. New England Journal of Medicine 351:14, 1385-1387
Full Text99
Jessica L. Kerr, Thomas F. Oppelt, Randall C. Rowen. (2004) Role of Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina and Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: From Literature and Guidelines to Practice. Pharmacotherapy 24:8, 1037-1049
CrossRef100
Patricia J.M. Best, Verghese Mathew, Svetomir N. Markovic. (2004) Clopidogrel-associated autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 62:3, 339-340
CrossRef101
Cindy L Kaiser, David G. M Carville, Kirk E Guyer, C Ty Walker, George R Aycock. (2004) Evaluation of Platelet Count and Function in Patients Administered Tirofiban or Eptifibatide Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Point of Care: The Journal of Near-Patient Testing & Technology 3:2, 66-70
CrossRef102
B. R. Curtis, A. Divgi, M. Garritty, R. H. Aster. (2004) Delayed thrombocytopenia after treatment with abciximab: a distinct clinical entity associated with the immune response to the drug. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2:6, 985-992
CrossRef103
Craig S. Kitchens. (2004) Thrombocytopenia due to acute venous thromboembolism and its role in expanding the differential diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. American Journal of Hematology 76:1, 69-73
CrossRef104
Mitchell S. V. Elkind. (2004) Secondary stroke prevention: Review of clinical trials. Clinical Cardiology 27:S2, 25-35
CrossRef105
Michael Ezekowitz. (2004) Medical prevention of secondary stroke: A cardiologist's perspective. Clinical Cardiology 27:S2, 36-42
CrossRef106
Shawn M. Manor, Gregory S. Guillory, Suresh P. Jain. (2004) Clopidogrel-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura—Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome After Coronary Artery Stenting. Pharmacotherapy 24:5, 664-667
CrossRef107
Jeffrey S Dlott, Constance FM Danielson, Deborah E Blue-Hnidy, Leo J McCarthy. (2004) Drug-induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura/Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: A Concise Review. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis 8:2, 102-111
CrossRef108
P.A. Ringleb, P.D. Schellinger, C. Schwark. (2004) Clopidogrel in the management of cerebrovascular events. International Journal of Clinical Practice 58:4, 402-410
CrossRef109
David P. Miller, James A. Kaye, Kathleen Shea, Najat Ziyadeh, Clorinda Cali, Corri Black, Alexander M. Walker. (2004) Incidence of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura/Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Epidemiology 15:2, 208-215
CrossRef110
Mitchell S. V. Elkind. (2004) The role of warfarin and aspirin in secondary prevention of stroke. Current Cardiology Reports 6:2, 135-142
CrossRef111
Robert T. Dorsam, Satya P. Kunapuli. (2004) Central role of the P2Y12 receptor in platelet activation. Journal of Clinical Investigation 113:3, 340-345
CrossRef112
Shilpa M. Patel, Stuart Johnson, Steven M. Belknap, Juliana Chan, Beverly E. Sha, Charles Bennett. (2004) Serious Adverse Cutaneous and Hepatic Toxicities Associated With Nevirapine Use by Non???HIV-Infected Individuals. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 35:2, 120-125
CrossRef113
Babette B. Weksler. 2004. Antiplatelet Therapy for Secondary Prevention of Stroke. , 1107-1128.
CrossRef114
Andrea R Redman, Gina J Ryan. (2004) Aggrenox ® versus other pharmacotherapy in preventing recurrent stroke. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 5:1, 117-123
CrossRef115
Michael Mauro, Andrey Zlatopolskiy, Thomas J. Raife, Jeffrey Laurence. (2004) Thienopyridine-linked thrombotic microangiopathy: association with endothelial cell apoptosis and activation of MAP kinase signalling cascades. British Journal of Haematology 124:2, 200-210
CrossRef116
Joel L Moake. (2004) Von Willebrand factor, ADAMTS-13, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Seminars in Hematology 41:1, 4-14
CrossRef117
Marco L A Sivilotti. (2004) Oxidant Stress and Haemolysis of the Human Erythrocyte. Toxicological Reviews 23:3, 169-188
CrossRef118
Cathie Sudlow, Charles P. Warlow. 2004. Long-Term Medical Management of Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack Due to Arterial Disease. , 1129-1150.
CrossRef119
Ali Shamseddine, Teddy Saliba, Elie Aoun, Aref Chahal, Nagi El-Saghir, Ziad Salem, Ali Bazarbachi, Mazen Khalil, Ali Taher. (2004) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: 24 years of experience at the American University of Beirut Medical Center. Journal of Clinical Apheresis 19:3, 119-124
CrossRef120
Jens Chemnitz, Dietmar Sohngen, Armin Schulz, Volker Diehl, Christof Scheid. (2003) Fatal toxic bone marrow failure associated with Clopidogrel. European Journal of Haematology 71:6, 473-474
CrossRef121
Kathleen K. Nicol, Brent J. Shelton, Mary Ann Knovich, John Owen. (2003) Overweight individuals are at increased risk for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. American Journal of Hematology 74:3, 170-174
CrossRef122
Hani Jneid, Deepak L Bhatt. (2003) Advances in antiplatelet therapy. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 8:2, 349-363
CrossRef123
Steven R Steinhubl, Jo E Rodgers. (2003) Clopidogrel’s role in the management of atherosclerotic disease: a focus on acute coronary syndromes. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 1:4, 507-522
CrossRef124
Pamela B. Conley, Suzanne M. Delaney. (2003) Scientific and therapeutic insights into the role of the platelet P2Y12 receptor in thrombosis. Current Opinion in Hematology 10:5, 333-338
CrossRef125
Beverly W. Baron, Koen van Besien, Philip C. Hoffman, Orly F. Kohn, Arthur H. Rossof, Joseph M. Baron. (2003) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura after cephalosporin administration: a possible relationship. Transfusion 43:9, 1317-1321
CrossRef126
Anna M. Wodlinger, John A. Pieper. (2003) The role of clopidogrel in the management of acute coronary syndromes. Clinical Therapeutics 25:8, 2155-2181
CrossRef127
Helen Yarranton, Samuel J. Machin. (2003) An update on the pathogenesis and management of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Current Opinion in Neurology 16:3, 367-373
CrossRef128
M. Cattaneo. (2003) The platelet P2Y receptors as targets for new antithrombotic drugs. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1:6, 1133-1135
CrossRef129
G Helft, I Elalamy, C Laudy, D Tran, F Beygui, C Le Feuvre, F Ounissi, B Monnet de Lorbeau, C Khellaf, J.P Metzger. (2003) Clopidogrel et thrombopénie. À propos d'un cas. Annales de Cardiologie et d'Angéiologie 52:3, 191-193
CrossRef130
Shawn M Bauer. (2003) ADP receptor antagonists as antiplatelet therapeutics. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 8:1, 93-101
CrossRef131
JESSE WEINBERGER, WILLIAM H. FRISHMAN, DAWN TERASHITA. (2003) Drug Therapy of Neurovascular Disease. Cardiology in Review 11:3, 122-146
CrossRef132
I. Wolf, M. Mouallem, S. Rath, Z. Farfel. (2003) Clopidogrel-Induced Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 78:5, 618-620
CrossRef133
Thomas O Mayer, José Biller. (2003) Antiplatelet prescribing patterns for TIA and ischemic stroke: the Indiana University experience. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 207:1-2, 5-10
CrossRef134
Sarah L. Allford, Beverley J. Hunt, Peter Rose, Samuel J. Machin, . (2003) Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of the thrombotic microangiopathic haemolytic anaemias. British Journal of Haematology 120:4, 556-573
CrossRef135
Chadi Nabhan, Hau C Kwaan. (2003) Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 17:1, 177-199
CrossRef136
Richard Shlansky-Goldberg. (2003) Oral Antiplatelet Therapy for Peripheral Vascular Disease. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 14:2, P279-P283
CrossRef137
Chung-Wei Yang, Yung-Chang Chen, Po Dunn, Ming-Yang Chang, Ji-Tseng Fang, Chiu-Ching Huang. (2003) Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP): Initial Treatment with Plasma Exchange Plus Steroids and Immunosuppressive Agents for Relapsing Cases. Renal Failure 25:1, 21-30
CrossRef138
Daniel A Duprez, Marc L De Buyzere, Alan T Hirsch. (2003) Developing pharmaceutical treatments for peripheral artery disease. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 12:1, 101-108
CrossRef139
P. C. A. Kam, C. M. Nethery. (2003) The thienopyridine derivatives (platelet adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists), pharmacology and clinical developments. Anaesthesia 58:1, 28-35
CrossRef140
John A. Bittl. (2003) Heparin-coated stent and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: True, true, and conceivably related. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 58:1, 84-85
CrossRef141
Ramesh Madhavan, Seemant Chaturvedi. (2003) Transient Ischaemic Attacks. CNS Drugs 17:5, 293-305
CrossRef142
Cristina Gervasoni, Anna Lisa Ridolfo, Mauro Vaccarezza, Carlo Parravicini, Luca Vago, Fulvio Adorni, Anna Cappelletti, Antonella d'Arminio Monforte, Massimo Galli. (2002) Thrombotic Microangiopathy in Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Before and During the Era of Introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 35:12, 1534-1540
CrossRef143
W BRINKMAN, T TERRAMANI, S NAJIBI, E CHAIKOF. (2002) Platelets: Is aspirin sufficient or must we know how to pronounce abciximab?. Seminars in Vascular Surgery 15:4, 245-255
CrossRef144
Jens Chemnitz, Andreas Draube, Christof Scheid, Peter Staib, Armin Schulz, Volker Diehl, Dietmar S
hngen. (2002) Successful treatment of severe thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with the monoclonal antibody rituximab. American Journal of Hematology 71:2, 105-108
CrossRef145
Hans-Christoph Diener, Peter Ringleb. (2002) Antithrombotic secondary prevention after stroke. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 4:5, 429-440
CrossRef146
Alexandra Alexopoulou, Spyros P. Dourakis, Andreas Kaloterakis. (2002) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient treated with clarithromycin. European Journal of Haematology 69:3, 191-192
CrossRef147
Andrew M. Evens, Hau C. Kwaan, Dixon B. Kaufman, Charles L. Bennett. (2002) TTP/HUS occurring in a simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplant recipient after clopidogrel treatment: evidence of a nonimmunological etiology.. Transplantation 74:6, 885-887
CrossRef148
Moake, Joel L., . (2002) Thrombotic Microangiopathies. New England Journal of Medicine 347:8, 589-600
Full Text149
Hans von Baeyer. (2002) Plasmapheresis in Thrombotic Microangiopathy-Associated Syndromes: Review of Outcome Data Derived from Clinical Trials and Open Studies. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis 6:4, 320-328
CrossRef150
Judy WM Cheng. (2002) Pharmacotherapeutic options for the management of myocardial infarction. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 3:8, 1153-1168
CrossRef151
Gaspoz, Jean-Michel, Coxson, Pamela G., Goldman, Paula A., Williams, Lawrence W., Kuntz, Karen M., Hunink, M.G. Myriam, Goldman, Lee, . (2002) Cost Effectiveness of Aspirin, Clopidogrel, or Both for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 346:23, 1800-1806
Full Text152
Dale T. Ashby, George Dangas, Roxana Mehran, Martin B. Leon. (2002) Coronary artery stenting. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 56:1, 83-102
CrossRef153
Mark P. Anstadt, John M. Carwile, Carrie K. Guill, Lori D. Conklin, Ernesto R. Soltero, Anthony Lucci, Michael H. Kroll. (2002) Relapse of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Associated with Decreased VWF Cleaving Activity. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 323:5, 281-284
CrossRef154
John G. Kelton. (2002) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome: will recent insight into pathogenesis translate into better treatment?. Transfusion 42:4, 388-392
CrossRef155
Birgitte H. Bendixen, Lenore Ocava. (2002) Evaluation and management of acute ischemic stroke. Current Cardiology Reports 4:2, 149-157
CrossRef156
H. J. EHRLICH, M. J. HENZL, E. D. GOMPERTS. (2002) Safety of factor VIII inhibitor bypass activity (FEIBAR): 10-year compilation of thrombotic adverse events. Haemophilia 8:2, 83-90
CrossRef157
R SHLANSKYGOLDBERG. (2002) Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors for Use in Peripheral Vascular Interventions: What Can We Learn from the Experience in the Coronary Arteries?. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 13:3, 229-246
CrossRef158
Sunitha Govindaswamy, Jim Chandler, Ray Latimer, Alain Vuylsteke. (2002) Management of the patient with coagulation disorders. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 15:1, 19-25
CrossRef159
DIETER F. LUBBE, PETER B. BERGER. (2002) The Thienopyridines. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 15:1, 85-93
CrossRef160
Joel L. Moake. (2002) T
HROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA : The Systemic Clumping “Plague”. Annual Review of Medicine 53:1, 75-88
CrossRef161
Fenwei Wang, George A. Stouffer, Sergio Waxman, Barry F. Uretsky. (2002) Late coronary stent thrombosis: Early vs. late stent thrombosis in the stent era. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 55:2, 142-147
CrossRef162
Richard Shlansky-Goldberg. (2002) Antiplatelet Medications. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 13:2, P223-P226
CrossRef163
Manesh R. Patel, Matthew T. Roe. (2002) Pharmacological Treatment of Elderly Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes without Persistent ST Segment Elevation. Drugs & Aging 19:9, 633-646
CrossRef164
Robert S. Dieter, William W. Chu, John P. Pacanowski, Patrick E. McBride, Timothy E. Tanke. (2002) The significance of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. Clinical Cardiology 25:1, 3-10
CrossRef165
Petra A. Thuermann, Roland Windecker, Joachim Steffen, Markus Schaefer, Ute Tenter, Erich Reese, Hermann Menger, Klaus Schmitt. (2002) Detection of Adverse Drug Reactions in a Neurological Department. Drug Safety 25:10, 713-724
CrossRef166
Deepak L Bhatt, Michel E Bertrand, Peter B Berger, Philippe L L’Allier, Issam Moussa, Jeffrey W Moses, George Dangas, Megumi Taniuchi, John M Lasala, David R Holmes, Stephen G Ellis, Eric J Topol. (2002) Meta-analysis of randomized and registry comparisons of ticlopidine with clopidogrel after stenting. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39:1, 9-14
CrossRef167
. (2001) Trombotische trombocytopenische purpura en de associatie met clopidogrel. Medisch-Farmaceutische Mededelingen 39:11, 230-230
CrossRef168
M A Elliott, W L Nichols. (2001) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome.. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 76:11, 1154-1162
CrossRef169
Benilde Cosmi, Andrea Rubboli, Cristina C Castelvetri, Milena Milandri, Benilde Cosmi. 2001. Ticlopidine versus oral anticoagulation for coronary stenting. .
CrossRef170
Joel L. Moake, J. Evan Sadler, Pier Mannucci, Pankaj Ganguly. (2001) Report on the workshop: Von Willebrand factor and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. American Journal of Hematology 68:2, 122-126
CrossRef171
Yasuhiro Sugio, Takashi Okamura, Kazuya Shimoda, Masanori Matsumoto, Hideo Yagi, Hiromichi Ishizashi, Yoshiyuki Niho, Shoichi Inaba, Yoshihiro Fujimura. (2001) ticlopidine-Associated Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura With an IgG-Type Inhibitor to von Willebrand Factor-Cleaving Protease Activity. International Journal of Hematology 74:3, 347-351
CrossRef172
K Michelle Crawford, Robert L Talbert. (2001) Antiplatelet therapy in secondary stroke prevention. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2:10, 1609-1613
CrossRef173
Piero Ruggenenti, Marina Noris, Giuseppe Remuzzi. (2001) Thrombotic microangiopathy, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Kidney International 60:3, 831-846
CrossRef174
Eric Graaff, Steven R. Steinhubl. (2001) Complications of oral antiplatelet medications. Current Cardiology Reports 3:5, 371-379
CrossRef175
Rajalaxmi McKenna. (2001) ABNORMAL COAGULATION IN THE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD CONTRIBUTING TO EXCESSIVE BLEEDING. Medical Clinics of North America 85:5, 1277-1310
CrossRef176
Winston Nara, Ida Ashley, Fred Rosner. (2001) Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Associated with Clopidogrel Administration: Case Report and Brief Review. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 322:3, 170-172
CrossRef177
Hans-Christoph Diener, Peter Ringleb. (2001) Antithrombotic secondary prevention after stroke. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 3:5, 451-462
CrossRef178
Patrick J. Medina, James M. Sipols, James N. George. (2001) Drug-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Current Opinion in Hematology 8:5, 286-293
CrossRef179
Scott A. Harding, Darren L. Walters, Igor F. Palacios, Stephen N. Oesterle. (2001) Adjunctive pharmacotherapy for coronary stenting. Current Opinion in Cardiology 16:5, 293-299
CrossRef180
Jiyun Kim, Hong Wu, Lesleyann Hawthorne, Shahin Rafii, Jeffrey Laurence. (2001) Endothelial Cell Apoptotic Genes Associated with the Pathogenesis of Thrombotic Microangiopathies: An Application of Oligonucleotide Genechip Technology. Microvascular Research 62:2, 83-93
CrossRef181
Fran L. Paradiso-Hardy, Mina Madan, Sam Radhakrishnan, Susan Hurden, Eric A. Cohen. (2001) Severe thrombocytopenia possibly related to readministration of eptifibatide. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 54:1, 63-67
CrossRef182
Thomas Raife, Robert Montgomery. (2001) NEW ASPECTS IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA AND HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME. Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Hematology 5:3, 236-261
CrossRef183
Jim G. Bovill. (2001) Drugs and haemostasis. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 14:4, 383-385
CrossRef184
Nauman Naseer, Asim Aijaz, Mohammad A. Saleem, John Nelson, Stephen J. Peterson, William H. Frishman. (2001) Ticlopidine-Associated Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Heart Disease221-223
CrossRef185
Donna Woulfe, Jing Yang, Lawrence Brass. (2001) ADP and platelets: the end of the beginning. Journal of Clinical Investigation 107:12, 1503-1505
CrossRef186
Helmut Schühlen, Adnan Kastrati, Jürgen Pache, Josef Dirschinger, Albert Schömig. (2001) Incidence of thrombotic occlusion and major adverse cardiac events between two and four weeks after coronary stent placement: analysis of 5,678 patients with a four-week ticlopidine regimen. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 37:8, 2066-2073
CrossRef187
Carolyn Bryant Lyde. (2001) Atrophie blanche: a review from the perspective of a 31 patient cohort. Dermatologic Therapy 14:2, 111-116
CrossRef188
Vijay G. Kalaria, Frederick S. Ling. (2001) Late stent thrombosis without antecedent brachytherapy: Confirmation and treatment with rheolytic thrombectomy. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 53:2, 243-247
CrossRef189
Miha Furlan, Bernhard Lämmle. (2001) Aetiology and pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and haemolytic uraemic syndrome: the role of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease. Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology 14:2, 437-454
CrossRef190
Wood, Alastair J.J., , Hiatt, William R., . (2001) Medical Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease and Claudication. New England Journal of Medicine 344:21, 1608-1621
Full Text191
HAN-MOU TSAI, WAYNE L. CHANDLER, RAVINDRA SARODE, ROBERT HOFFMAN, SRDJAN JELACIC, REBECCA L. HABEEB, SANDRA L. WATKINS, CRAIG S. WONG, GLYN D. WILLIAMS, AND, PHILLIP I. TARR. (2001) Von Willebrand Factor and Von Willebrand Factor-Cleaving Metalloprotease Activity in Escherichia coli O157:H7-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Pediatric Research 49:5, 653-659
CrossRef192
Benilde Cosmi, Eleonora Conti, Sergio Coccheri, Benilde Cosmi. 2001. Anticoagulants (heparin, low molecular weight heparin and oral anticoagulants) for intermittent claudication. .
CrossRef193
L. Creed Pettigrew. (2001) Antithrombotic Drugs for Secondary Stroke Prophylaxis. Pharmacotherapy: Official Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy 21:4, 452-463
CrossRef194
Wayne L. Miller, Guy S. Reeder. (2001) Adjunctive Therapies in the Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndromes. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 76:4, 391-405
CrossRef195
W L Miller, G S Reeder. (2001) Adjunctive therapies in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes.. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 76:4, 391-405
CrossRef196
Barbara S. Wiggins, Ann K. Wittkowsky, Jean M. Nappi. (2001) Clinical Use of New Antithrombotic Therapies for Medical Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes. Pharmacotherapy 21:3, 320-337
CrossRef197
Graeme J Hankey. (2001) Management of the first-time transient ischaemic attack. Emergency Medicine Australasia 13:1, 70-81
CrossRef198
Joel S. Bennett. (2001) N
OVEL PLATELET INHIBITORS . Annual Review of Medicine 52:1, 161-184
CrossRef199
James D. Fleck, José Biller. (2001) Choices in medical management for prevention of acute ischemic stroke. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 1:1, 33-38
CrossRef200
Rafael Llinas, Louis R. Caplan. (2001) Evidence-based treatment of patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Neurologic Clinics 19:1, 79-105
CrossRef201
Kallianpur, Asha R., Poehling, Katherine A., Dittus, Robert S., . (2001) High Time for Action. New England Journal of Medicine 344:1, 48-51
Full Text202
Charles R. Cannan. (2001) Antithrombotic therapy in cardiac stent patients. Current Cardiology Reports 3:1, 78-84
CrossRef203
Petra A. Th??rmann. (2001) Methods and Systems to Detect Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitals. Drug Safety 24:13, 961-968
CrossRef204
Nila Bhana, Karen J. McClellan. (2001) Indobufen. Drugs & Aging 18:5, 369-388
CrossRef205
Robert F. Storey. (2001) Clinical experience with antithrombotic drugs acting on purine receptor pathways. Drug Development Research 52:1-2, 202-212
CrossRef206
Roberto Pisoni, Piero Ruggenenti, Giuseppe Remuzzi. (2001) Drug-Induced Thrombotic Microangiopathy. Drug Safety 24:7, 491-501
CrossRef207
Oliver R Segal, Christopher Sr Baker, Seam. (2001) Percutaneous coronary intervention with adjunctive abciximab and clopidogrel in a patient with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura. Acute Cardiac Care 4:1, 35-38
CrossRef208
(2000) Current Awareness. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 9:6, 533-548
CrossRef209
(2000) Clopidogrel and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. New England Journal of Medicine 343:16, 1191-1194
Full Text210
Eugene Braunwald, Elliott M Antman, John W Beasley, Robert M Califf, Melvin D Cheitlin, Judith S Hochman, Robert H Jones, Dean Kereiakes, Joel Kupersmith, Thomas N Levin, Carl J Pepine, John W Schaeffer, Earl E Smith, David E Steward, Pierre Theroux, Raymond J Gibbons, Joseph S Alpert, Kim A Eagle, David P Faxon, Valentin Fuster, Timothy J Gardner, Gabriel Gregoratos, Richard O Russell, Sidney C Smith. (2000) ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non–st-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 36:3, 970-1062
CrossRef211
Mark I. Furman, Andrew L. Frelinger, Alan D. Michelson. (2000) Antithrombotic therapy in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: Focus on antiplatelet agents. Current Cardiology Reports 2:5, 386-394
CrossRef212
Wood, Alastair J.J., . (2000) Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Clopidogrel — A Need for New Approaches to Drug Safety. New England Journal of Medicine 342:24, 1824-1826
Full Text213
Eric Van De Graaff, Steven R Steinhubl. (2000) Antiplatelet medications and their indications in preventing and treating coronary thrombosis. Annals of Medicine 32:8, 561-571
CrossRef
