Original Article
Efficacy of Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillators for the Prevention of Sudden Death in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
N Engl J Med 2000; 342:365-373February 10, 2000
- Abstract
Background
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disease associated with a risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden death, especially in young patients.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective multicenter study of the efficacy of implantable cardioverter–defibrillators in preventing sudden death in 128 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who were judged to be at high risk for sudden death.
Results
At the time of the implantation of the defibrillator, the patients were 8 to 82 years old (mean [±SD], 40±16), and 69 patients (54 percent) were less than 41 years old. The average follow-up period was 3.1 years. Defibrillators were activated appropriately in 29 patients (23 percent), by providing defibrillation shocks or antitachycardia pacing, with the restoration of sinus rhythm; the average age at the time of the intervention was 41 years. The rate of appropriate defibrillator discharge was 7 percent per year. A total of 32 patients (25 percent) had episodes of inappropriate discharges. In the group of 43 patients who received defibrillators for secondary prevention (after cardiac arrest or sustained ventricular tachycardia), the devices were activated appropriately in 19 patients (11 percent per year). Of 85 patients who had prophylactic implants because of risk factors (i.e., for primary prevention), 10 had appropriate interventions (5 percent per year). The interval between implantation and the first appropriate discharge was highly variable but was substantially prolonged (four to nine years) in six patients. In all 21 patients with stored electrographic data and appropriate interventions, the interventions were triggered by ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation.
Conclusions
Ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation appears to be the principal mechanism of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, implantable defibrillators are highly effective in terminating such arrhythmias, indicating that these devices have a role in the primary and secondary prevention of sudden death.
Media in This Article
Figure 5
Stored Ventricular Electrogram from an Asymptomatic 35-Year-Old Man Who Received a Defibrillator Prophylactically Because of a Family History of Sudden Death Related to Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Marked Ventricular Septal Thickness (31 mm).Figure 3
Interval between Implantation of the Defibrillator and the First Appropriate Discharge in 29 Patients.Article Activity
- Article
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetically determined myocardial disease with a diverse natural history.1-7 Since a subgroup of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are at high risk for sudden death, there has been considerable interest in risk stratification1,3,8-11 and appropriate preventive measures.3,11,12 There are few data supporting the efficacy of prophylactic treatment with amiodarone in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,13 and the frequent adverse consequences of long-term use of this drug limit its application for the prevention of sudden death in young patients with this disease.
The implantable cardioverter–defibrillator14 is widely accepted as a definitive treatment for the prevention of sudden death, principally in high-risk patients with ischemic heart disease.15-17 The superiority of the implantable defibrillator over antiarrhythmic-drug treatment has been documented in prospective, randomized trials.15,16 There are few data, however, on the efficacy of implantable cardioverter–defibrillators in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.12,18-20 We conducted a retrospective, multicenter study to determine the efficacy of defibrillators in a group of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who were considered to be at high risk for sudden death.
Methods
Selection of Patients
Patients were recruited at 19 institutions in the United States and Italy. U.S. centers were invited to participate in the study because of their experience with the use of implantable defibrillators in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and because they routinely offered implantation of a defibrillator as a treatment option to patients judged to be at high risk (e.g., those with prior cardiac arrest or sustained ventricular tachycardia). In Italy, all major electrophysiology centers were invited to participate in the study. The participating centers enrolled an average of seven patients each, and eight institutions enrolled at least five patients.
The 128 patients enrolled in the study were the consecutive patients at each institution who met the following enrollment criteria: an unequivocal diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy based on two-dimensional echocardiographic evidence of a hypertrophied and nondilated left ventricle in the absence of another cardiac or systemic disease that could have accounted for the hypertrophy7,21; successful implantation of a cardioverter–defibrillator for the prevention of sudden death; and a follow-up period of at least three months after implantation of the defibrillator, with documentation of the clinical outcome as of September 1, 1998 (for 124 patients), the time of death (2 patients), or the removal of the device because of infection (2 patients). One patient with severe symptoms (who had survived cardiac arrest at the age of 16 years) died at the time of thoracotomy for implantation and is not included in the analysis.
Defibrillators
The defibrillators were implanted between December 1984 and June 1998; 101 patients (79 percent) underwent implantation after January 1, 1994. Implantation was performed through a thoracotomy with epicardial lead systems in 22 patients (17 percent) or transvenously in 106 (83 percent). Most of the devices were third-generation defibrillators with the capacity to provide antitachycardia and antibradycardia pacing and the potential for pectoral implantation; 95 (74 percent) of the devices had diagnostic memory and the ability to record and store electrocardiographic data, including intracardiac electrograms, for subsequent review.22
Defibrillation thresholds were routinely tested to document successful termination of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Programmed antitachycardia pacing23 was activated at the discretion of the investigator. Stored data were reviewed after all discharges.
Interpretation of Intracardiac Electrograms
Stored data were analyzed to classify the arrhythmias responsible for precipitating defibrillator discharges, according to the following definitions. Ventricular fibrillation or flutter was defined as regular or irregular tachycardia with regard to QRS or electrographic polarity, amplitude, morphology, and sequence, with a mean cycle length of 240 msec or less. Ventricular tachycardia was defined as regular (monomorphic) or irregular (polymorphic) tachycardia with regard to QRS or electrographic polarity, amplitude, and morphology, with a mean cycle length of more than 240 msec. Atrial flutter was defined as regular tachycardia with a ventricular cycle length of 350 to 450 msec and with no differences in electrographic morphology and polarity as compared with sinus rhythm. Atrial fibrillation was defined as irregular tachycardia with more than 60 msec between consecutive complexes and no differences in QRS morphology as compared with sinus rhythm. Sinus tachycardia was defined as regular tachycardia with a gradual acceleration identical to that recorded during sinus rhythm and a mean rate exceeding the programmed cutoff rate.
Classification of Discharges as Appropriate or Inappropriate
Defibrillator discharges that were considered appropriate included automatic defibrillation shocks or programmed antitachycardia overdrive pacing triggered by ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation and documented by stored intracardiac electrographic or cycle-length data. For events occurring in patients who had defibrillators without the capacity to store electrographic data, discharges were judged to be appropriate on the basis of clinical findings that strongly suggested the presence of ventricular arrhythmia (i.e., symptoms such as presyncope or syncope immediately before the discharge and the absence of these symptoms immediately afterward).
For patients with defibrillators that stored electrographic data, inappropriate discharges were defined as those triggered by a rapid ventricular rate exceeding the programmed threshold rate as a consequence of supraventricular tachycardia, exercise-related sinus tachycardia, or a malfunction of the device. For patients with defibrillators that did not store electrographic data, discharges were defined as inappropriate if they were not preceded by symptoms, if circumstances suggested the presence of sinus tachycardia due to emotional or physical stress, or if there was a malfunction of the device.
Each investigator initially classified a discharge as appropriate or inappropriate. For the group of 40 patients with discharges initially classified as appropriate, the stored electrographic data or clinical circumstances at the time of the discharge were subsequently reviewed independently by two of the investigators, who were experienced electrophysiologists.
The two independent reviews were concordant for 38 of the 40 patients (95 percent); for the other 2 patients, an agreement was reached. On the basis of these reviews, discharges were classified as appropriate in 29 patients and as inappropriate in 11 patients.
Statistical Analysis
Continuous data are expressed as means ±SD. Cumulative rates of appropriate discharges were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method.24
Results
Characteristics of the Patients
At the time of implantation, the 128 patients were 8 to 82 years old (mean age, 40±16); 69 patients (54 percent) were less than 41 years old (Figure 1Figure 1
Age at the Time of Implantation of a Defibrillator in 128 Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Who Were Judged to Be at High Risk for Sudden Death.) and 88 patients (69 percent) were male (Table 1Table 1
Clinical and Echocardiographic Data on 128 Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Who Received Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillators.). A total of 126 patients survived to the end of the follow-up period. Two patients (2 percent) with end-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, systolic dysfunction, and refractory congestive heart failure died after defibrillator discharges failed to reverse ventricular tachyarrhythmias.25 Two patients had an apical aneurysm associated with a midcavity obstruction,4 12 had undergone prior septal myotomy–myectomy,1-4,7 and 6 had end-stage disease with severe systolic dysfunction and cavity dilatation.26 The ejection fraction, estimated on the basis of echocardiography, was at least 55 percent in all the patients except the eight with end-stage disease or an aneurysm.
Reasons for Implantation of Defibrillators
In 43 patients (34 percent), with a mean age of 40±19 years, defibrillators were implanted for secondary prevention after either resuscitation from cardiac arrest (with documented ventricular fibrillation)27 or sustained, spontaneous ventricular tachycardia. In the remaining 85 patients (66 percent), with a mean age of 40±15 years, defibrillators were implanted prophylactically for primary prevention of sudden death. The predominant clinical reasons for these prophylactic implantations, either alone or in combination, were syncope (in 41 patients), a family history of one or more sudden deaths due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (in 39), nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on Holter electrocardiographic monitoring (in 32), and a left-ventricular-wall thickness of at least 30 mm (in 10). In addition, 56 patients had inducible ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation during electrophysiologic testing.
Inappropriate Discharges
Of the 128 patients, 32 (25 percent) had one or more episodes of inappropriate discharges due to sinus tachycardia (in 13 patients), atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular rate (in 10), or lead dislodgment, disruption, or oversensing (in 9). Of these 32 patients, 13 had only 1 inappropriate discharge, and 19 had more than 1, including 5 patients who had 6 or more discharges (average, 2.6). In 7 of the 32 patients with inappropriate discharges, there was also at least one appropriate discharge.
Appropriate Discharges
Twenty-nine of the 128 patients (23 percent) had one or more appropriate discharges. Of these 29 patients, 19 were in the group of 43 patients who had received defibrillators for secondary prevention (44 percent of the group), and 10 were in the group of 85 patients who had received defibrillators for primary prevention (12 percent of the group). Twenty-one of the 29 patients with appropriate discharges had defibrillators that stored electrographic data. The interventions were defibrillation shocks in 18 of these 21 patients and antitachycardia pacing in 3. Discharges in the other eight patients were considered to be appropriate on the basis of the clinical findings.
The age at which the first appropriate discharge occurred ranged from 11 to 83 years (mean, 41). Patients with appropriate discharges were most likely to be less than 31 years old or more than 55 years old (Figure 2Figure 2
Age at the Time of the First Appropriate Defibrillator Discharge in 29 Patients.).In the group of 10 patients who had appropriate discharges after implantation of defibrillators for primary prevention, the clinical reasons for implantation were as follows: syncope unassociated with sustained ventricular tachycardia or hemodynamic compromise in 5 patients (syncope on exertion in 2 and at rest in 3, with recurrent syncope in 2 of the 5), each with inducible ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation on electrophysiologic testing; nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in 2; massive left ventricular hypertrophy in 2; and a family history of sudden death in 1, with inducible ventricular arrhythmias in the patient. However, the 5 patients with syncope represented only 12 percent of the 41 patients in whom syncope was a major justification for prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator.
At the time of implantation, 26 of the 29 patients with appropriate discharges were asymptomatic or had mild functional limitation (New York Heart Association class I or II), and 3 had severe symptoms (class III). Information about activity at the time of the first appropriate discharge was available for 28 patients; 25 were sedentary, asleep, or engaged in mild physical activity (e.g., walking or eating), and 3 were performing activities that involved physical exertion. Only 3 of 29 patients (10 percent) had left ventricular outflow obstruction (i.e., a gradient of at least 30 mm Hg). At the time of implantation, the cardiac rhythm was normal sinus in all the patients, but three had a history of atrial fibrillation.
Fifteen of the 29 patients with appropriate discharges (52 percent) received antiarrhythmic drugs (11 received amiodarone, 4 sotalol, and 2 disopyramide, alone or in combination) after implantation, as compared with 21 of the 99 patients (21 percent) with inappropriate discharges or none.
The interval between implantation of the defibrillator and the initial appropriate discharge28 ranged from 2 weeks to 9 years (mean, 23 months) (Figure 3Figure 3
Interval between Implantation of the Defibrillator and the First Appropriate Discharge in 29 Patients.). The interval was four or more years in six patients. Conversely, 12 patients had an initial appropriate discharge less than six months after implantation; in 9 of these 12 patients, there was at least one additional discharge (more than one year later in 6 patients).Discharge Rates
With an average follow-up of 3.1 years after implantation, the rate of appropriate discharges for the overall study group was 7 percent per year. In the group of 43 patients with defibrillators implanted for secondary prevention, the rate of appropriate discharges was 11 percent per year (mean follow-up period, 4.0 years). In the group of 85 patients with devices implanted for primary prevention, the estimated rate of appropriate discharges was 5 percent per year (mean follow-up period, 2.6 years). Cumulative rates of first appropriate discharges (Figure 4Figure 4
Estimated Cumulative Rates of First Appropriate Discharges, Calculated Separately for the 85 Patients with Defibrillators for Primary Prevention and the 43 Patients with Defibrillators for Secondary Prevention.) were significantly higher in the secondary-prevention group than in the primary-prevention group (P=0.004).Multiple Discharges
Of the 29 patients with appropriate discharges, 8 had a single defibrillation shock or cardioversion, and 12 had two to five interventions. Nine patients had more than five interventions, including six with clusters of multiple and consecutive appropriate discharges (three or more within 24 hours).29
Triggering Events
Analysis of the stored electrographic data, which were available for 21 of the patients with appropriate discharges, showed that the intervention was triggered by ventricular tachycardia in 10 patients and by ventricular fibrillation in 9 patients, preceded by ventricular tachycardia in 3 of the 9 (Figure 5Figure 5
Stored Ventricular Electrogram from an Asymptomatic 35-Year-Old Man Who Received a Defibrillator Prophylactically Because of a Family History of Sudden Death Related to Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Marked Ventricular Septal Thickness (31 mm).). In two other patients, multiple discharges were preceded by either ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation.Complications
Complications of defibrillator therapy occurred in 18 patients. These included lead malfunctions with fracture or disruption (in 12 patients, including 9 with inappropriate discharges), infection requiring removal of the defibrillator (in 2), and subclavian thrombus, hemorrhage requiring thoracotomy, hematoma, and clinical depression in 1 patient each.
Discussion
Sudden death has been recognized as a devastating consequence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy since the initial description of the disease in 1958.31 Many authors have emphasized that sudden deaths frequently occur in young, asymptomatic patients, with reported annual mortality rates as high as 4 to 6 percent.32-36 Prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy continues to be a major challenge.
The implantable cardioverter–defibrillator is clearly effective in terminating life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery disease.14-17 Furthermore, the evolution of the implantable defibrillator from a device with epicardial leads that requires thoracotomy for implantation to a transvenous endocardial electrode system with pectoral implantation of the pulse generator has facilitated its clinical use. However, studies of defibrillators in small numbers of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have had mixed results,12,18-20 leaving the role of the implantable defibrillator in the management of this disease unresolved.37 Indeed, in the joint recommendations of the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is not a standard indication for implantation of a defibrillator.38
The results of our multicenter study establish an important role for implantable-defibrillator therapy in the prevention of sudden death in high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The defibrillator proved reliable in sensing and terminating life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Appropriate discharges occurred in almost 25 percent of the 128 patients during an average follow-up period of three years. The annual discharge rate was 7 percent per year; furthermore, in about 70 percent of the patients with appropriate discharges, there were multiple appropriate interventions. It should be emphasized, however, that the discharge rates in this study may have been influenced by the selection of patients and are most appropriately regarded as estimates. More than one third of the patients were taking amiodarone at the time of an appropriate discharge — a finding that highlights the superiority of the defibrillator in preventing sudden death.15
Discharges were most frequent in patients who had received defibrillators for secondary prevention of sudden death (i.e., those with prior cardiac arrest or spontaneous, sustained ventricular tachycardia). In over 40 percent of these patients, the defibrillator was activated on one or more occasions during a relatively short follow-up period. The frequent recurrence of potentially lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmias after cardiac arrest is consistent with reports on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the era before defibrillators were available.27 Nevertheless, in our study, the implantable defibrillator did not provide complete protection against sudden death. The device failed to prevent death in two patients who had end-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with severe systolic dysfunction and heart failure.26
The rate of appropriate discharges was about 5 percent per year in the group of patients who had received defibrillators solely for primary prevention (i.e., those with one or more risk factors for sudden death). By extrapolating from this discharge rate, one could predict that within 10 years, almost 50 percent of the defibrillators prophylactically implanted in young patients would discharge and prevent sudden death. Also, the 5 percent annual discharge rate in our study is remarkably similar to the rates reported in selected high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at tertiary referral centers.32-36
In the primary-prevention subgroup, the patients with appropriate discharges were most likely to have received a defibrillator because of syncope. However, our investigation was not designed to establish firm guidelines for prophylactic implantation of defibrillators in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and one must be cautious in interpreting these findings, given our study design. The use of defibrillators for primary prevention in this retrospective study, although based on the generally accepted risk factors for sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,1,3 was not systematic or controlled and relied largely on the participating electrophysiologists' evaluation of the level of risk in their patients.
Since some patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are at risk for sudden death over a long period, which may extend throughout midlife and thereafter,39 the implantable defibrillator has the potential to prolong life substantially in such patients. In patients with coronary artery disease, defibrillators are implanted at a relatively advanced age (average, about 65 years), whereas patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who are at high risk for sudden death are often much younger and have few or no symptoms. Indeed, the average age of our patients at the time of implantation was 40 years (more than 25 percent were under the age of 31 years), and the average age at the time of the first appropriate defibrillator discharge was only 41 years. Despite our relatively short period of follow-up, in some cases, there was a particularly long interval between implantation and the first appropriate discharge, with a maximal interval of nine years; in 21 percent of the patients with appropriate discharges, the interval was at least four years. Thus, in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the implanted defibrillator may remain dormant for a long period but eventually discharge appropriately. As a result, the decision to implant a cardioverter–defibrillator in a high-risk patient is likely to represent a lifelong preventive measure.
It has been difficult to identify the arrhythmias responsible for sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, largely because of the paucity of electrocardiographic recordings at the time of such events.40 Considerable attention has been focused on primary ventricular tachyarrhythmias,33,34,40 but alternative mechanisms have been proposed.19 In our study, defibrillators in 21 patients recorded and stored electrographic data during appropriate discharges. In each instance, ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation was the rhythm that activated the device. These findings support the hypothesis that ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation is often the primary cause of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with the arrhythmia emanating largely from a substrate of electrical instability and distorted electrophysiologic transmission as a result of the characteristically disorganized arrangement of cardiac-muscle cells.41 The occurrence of bradycardia-mediated events could not be ruled out in our study population because of the backup pacing capacity in many of the devices.
Our data support the view that the implantable defibrillator can be a lifesaving device in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and support its use for both secondary and primary prevention. The defibrillator proved effective in terminating ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation despite the substantial increases in heart mass and wall thickness that are characteristic of this disease.1-4,6,21 However, it is also important to recognize that the implantable defibrillator is expensive, that its availability is still limited in many countries, that it may be associated with complications and may be activated inappropriately, and that it is not invariably effective. Although the rates of appropriate discharges in our patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were lower than those reported in patients with ischemic heart disease,15,16 they are nevertheless substantial when viewed in the context of a disease that frequently affects young patients without symptoms of congestive heart failure and with preserved systolic function. Given the protection afforded by an implantable defibrillator, such patients may survive for many decades, with normal or nearly normal life expectancy.
Since our study was retrospective and uncontrolled, with possible limitations related to the selection of patients, we wish to be cautious in drawing conclusions about the role of implantable defibrillators in the management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We can reasonably conclude that the defibrillator was effective in preventing sudden death in a group of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who were considered to be at high risk. However, we did not compare the outcome in this group with that in a group of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and a similar clinical profile who were evaluated at the same centers but who did not receive defibrillators. It would be difficult to conduct prospective, randomized trials of the efficacy of defibrillators as compared with that of drug therapy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy because of ethical considerations, the relatively low prevalence of the disease in the general population,1 and the relatively low event rate,1,3 as well as major practical limitations (e.g., the frequently long dormant period between implantation of the defibrillator and a first discharge).
Although selection bias could have influenced the precision of the estimated rates of appropriate discharges reported here, this factor does not obscure the basic message that the implantable cardioverter–defibrillator provides lifesaving protection by effectively terminating ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who have few or no symptoms, many of whom are young. The use of a defibrillator is therefore warranted, for both primary and secondary prevention of sudden death, in high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Funded in part by a grant from Medtronic, which manufactures implantable cardioverter–defibrillators.
We are indebted to Drs. Michel Mirowski and Morton M. Mower for their pioneering efforts, without which the clinical use of the implantable cardioverter–defibrillator would not have been possible, and to Dr. Cynthia De Souza, of Medtronic, Minneapolis, for statistical support.
Source Information
From the Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis (B.J.M., A.K.A.); the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (W.-K.S., R.F.R.); New England Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.S.L., N.A.M.E.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (A.E.E.); University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, N.Y. (J.P.D.); University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (G.H.B.); Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy (S.F.); Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy (G.B.); and Ente Ospedaliero Ospedale Galliera, Genoa, Italy (P.S.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Maron at the Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, 920 E. 28th St., Suite 40, Minneapolis, MN 55407, or at gencvres@skypoint.com.
Participating centers and investigators are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
The following centers and investigators participated in the study: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. — W.-K. Shen, M.S. Stanton, and R.F. Rea; Azienda Ospedaliero S. Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy — A. Proclemer; Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. — A.J. Solomon; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis — A.K. Almquist, S.A. Casey, and B.J. Maron; New England Medical Center, Boston — M.S. Link and N.A.M. Estes III; North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, N.Y. — M. Ovadia; Ospedale Civile, Asti, Italy — R. Massa; Ente Ospedaliero Ospedale Galliera, Genoa, Italy — P. Spirito and M. Berisso; Ospedale Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy — E. Occhetta; Ospedale Niguarda-Cá Granda, Milan, Italy — M. Lunati; Ospedale S. Filippo Neri, Rome — M. Santini and R. Ricci; Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy — A. Vincenti; St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York — M.V. Sherrid and F. Ehlert; Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy — S. Favale; Ospedale S. Orsola, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy — G. Boriani and C. Rapezzi; Università Federico II, Naples, Italy — S. Betocchi; Cattedra di Cardiologia, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy — P. Della Bella; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham — A.E. Epstein; De Paul Hospital, Norfolk, Va. — J.M. Herre; University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, N.Y. — J.P. Daubert; and the University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle — G.H. Bardy and J. Anderson.
- References
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- Citing Articles (250)
Citing Articles
1
M. Saito, H. Okayama, T. Yoshii, H. Higashi, H. Morioka, G. Hiasa, T. Sumimoto, S. Inaba, K. Nishimura, K. Inoue, A. Ogimoto, Y. Shigematsu, M. Hamada, J. Higaki. (2012) Clinical significance of global two-dimensional strain as a surrogate parameter of myocardial fibrosis and cardiac events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. European Journal of Echocardiography
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Shiraz A. Maskatia. (2012) Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Congenital Heart Diseaseno-no
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Moira Kessler, Sara Saberi, Sharlene Day, Tamara Gay, Linda Baty, C. Edward Deneke. 2011. Hypertrophic Cardiomopathy. , 106-115.
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Jeffrey P. Moak, Eric S. Leifer, Dorothy Tripodi, Saidi A. Mohiddin, Lameh Fananapazir. (2011) Long-Term Follow-Up of Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Risk Factors for Adverse Arrhythmic Events. Pediatric Cardiology 32:8, 1096-1105
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Bernard J. Gersh, Barry J. Maron, Robert O. Bonow, Joseph A. Dearani, Michael A. Fifer, Mark S. Link, Srihari S. Naidu, Rick A. Nishimura, Steve R. Ommen, Harry Rakowski, Christine E. Seidman, Jeffrey A. Towbin, James E. Udelson, Clyde W. Yancy, Alice K. Jacobs, Sidney C. Smith, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Nancy M. Albert, Christopher E. Buller, Mark A. Creager, Steven M. Ettinger, Robert A. Guyton, Jonathan L. Halperin, Judith S. Hochman, Harlan M. Krumholz, Frederick G. Kushner, Rick A. Nishimura, E. Magnus Ohman, Richard L. Page, William G. Stevenson, Lynn G. Tarkington, Clyde W. Yancy. (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 142:6, e153-e203
CrossRef6
Bernard J. Gersh, Barry J. Maron, Robert O. Bonow, Joseph A. Dearani, Michael A. Fifer, Mark S. Link, Srihari S. Naidu, Rick A. Nishimura, Steve R. Ommen, Harry Rakowski, Christine E. Seidman, Jeffrey A. Towbin, James E. Udelson, Clyde W. Yancy, Alice K. Jacobs, Sidney C. Smith, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Nancy M. Albert, Christopher E. Buller, Mark A. Creager, Steven M. Ettinger, Robert A. Guyton, Jonathan L. Halperin, Judith S. Hochman, Harlan M. Krumholz, Frederick G. Kushner, Rick A. Nishimura, E. Magnus Ohman, Richard L. Page, William G. Stevenson, Lynn G. Tarkington, Clyde W. Yancy. (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Executive summary. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 142:6, 1303-1338
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C. O'Mahony, P. D. Lambiase, S. M. Rahman, M. Cardona, M. Calcagnino, G. Quarta, K. Tsovolas, S. Al-Shaikh, W. McKenna, P. Elliott. (2011) The relation of ventricular arrhythmia electrophysiological characteristics to cardiac phenotype and circadian patterns in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Europace
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Bernard J. Gersh, Barry J. Maron, Robert O. Bonow, Joseph A. Dearani, Michael A. Fifer, Mark S. Link, Srihari S. Naidu, Rick A. Nishimura, Steve R. Ommen, Harry Rakowski, Christine E. Seidman, Jeffrey A. Towbin, James E. Udelson, Clyde W. Yancy. (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology
CrossRef9
Bernard J. Gersh, Barry J. Maron, Robert O. Bonow, Joseph A. Dearani, Michael A. Fifer, Mark S. Link, Srihari S. Naidu, Rick A. Nishimura, Steve R. Ommen, Harry Rakowski, Christine E. Seidman, Jeffrey A. Towbin, James E. Udelson, Clyde W. Yancy. (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Executive Summary. Journal of the American College of Cardiology
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Allison C. Hill, Anne M. Dubin. (2011) Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillator Therapy in Pediatric Patients and Congenital Heart Disease. Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics 3:3, 349-357
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Aditya Bhonsale, Cynthia A. James, Crystal Tichnell, Brittney Murray, Dmitri Gagarin, Binu Philips, Darshan Dalal, Ryan Tedford, Stuart D. Russell, Theodore Abraham, Harikrishna Tandri, Daniel P. Judge, Hugh Calkins. (2011) Incidence and Predictors of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy in Patients With Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy Undergoing Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation for Primary Prevention. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58:14, 1485-1496
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Saidi A. Mohiddin, Charles Knight. (2011) Interventional Treatments for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Cardiovascular Therapeuticsno-no
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Domenico Corrado, Maria Silvano, Federico Migliore, Alessio Marinelli, Loira Leoni, Gaetano Thiene, Sabino Iliceto, Gianfranco Buja. (2011) Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics 3:2, 311-321
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Hirotaka Kawarai, Katsuya Kajimoto, Yuichiro Minami, Nobuhisa Hagiwara, Hiroshi Kasanuki. (2011) Risk of Sudden Death in End-Stage Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Journal of Cardiac Failure 17:6, 459-464
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2011. Inherited Heart Diseases. , 295-337.
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Mahmoud Houmsse, Veronica Franco, William T. Abraham. (2011) Epidemiology of Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients with Heart Failure. Heart Failure Clinics 7:2, 147-155
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KEIICHI INADA, JENS SEILER, KURT C. ROBERTS-THOMSON, DANIEL STEVEN, JONATHAN ROSMAN, ROY M. JOHN, PIOTR SOBIESZCZYK, WILLIAM G. STEVENSON, USHA B. TEDROW. (2011) Substrate Characterization and Catheter Ablation for Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients With Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 22:1, 41-48
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P. P. Dimitrow, L. Chojnowska, T. Rudzinski, W. Piotrowski, L. Ziolkowska, A. Wojtarowicz, A. Wycisk, A. Dabrowska-Kugacka, E. Nowalany-Kozielska, B. Sobkowicz, W. Wrobel, J. Aleszewicz-Baranowska, A. Rynkiewicz, K. Loboz-Grudzien, M. Marchel, A. Wysokinski. (2010) Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: old risk factors re-assessed in a new model of maximalized follow-up. European Heart Journal 31:24, 3084-3093
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Roger Beadle, Lynne Williams. (2010) Device therapy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 8:12, 1767-1775
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Wilbert S Aronow. (2010) Use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Future Cardiology 6:6, 859-870
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Wilbert S Aronow. (2010) Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators. American Journal of Therapeutics 17:6, e208-e220
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J. Martijn Bos, Barry J. Maron, Michael J. Ackerman, Tammy S. Haas, Paul Sorajja, Rick A. Nishimura, Bernard J. Gersh, Steve R. Ommen. (2010) Role of Family History of Sudden Death in Risk Stratification and Prevention of Sudden Death With Implantable Defibrillators in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. The American Journal of Cardiology 106:10, 1481-1486
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Barry J. Maron. (2010) Can sudden cardiac death be prevented?. Cardiovascular Pathology 19:6, 329-335
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BRETT D. ROBERTS, ROBERT E. HOOD, MAGDI M. SABA, TIMM M. DICKFELD, ANASTASIOS P. SALIARIS, STEPHEN R. SHOROFSKY. (2010) Defibrillation Threshold Testing in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 33:11, 1342-1346
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Padmini Varadarajan, Ramdas G. Pai, Krishna S. Nayak, Hee-Won Kim, Gerald M. Pohost. 2010. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Evaluation of Myocardial Function, Perfusion, and Viability. , 196-245.
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Cara N. Pellegrini, Melvin M. Scheinman. (2010) Clinical Management of Ventricular Tachycardia. Current Problems in Cardiology 35:9, 453-504
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HIROSHI FURUSHIMA, MASAOMI CHINUSHI, KENICHI IIJIMA, AKIKO SANADA, DAISUKE IZUMI, YUKIO HOSAKA, YOSHIFUSA AIZAWA. (2010) Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia Associated with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Incidence, Prognosis, and Relation to Type of Hypertrophy. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 21:9, 991-999
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Jing Ping Sun, Alicia N. Rangosch, Joel M. Felner. 2010. Unusual Hypertrophy Cardiomyopathy. , 266-269.
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C. J. Garratt, P. Elliott, E. Behr, A. J. Camm, C. Cowan, S. Cruickshank, A. Grace, M. J. Griffith, A. Jolly, P. Lambiase, P. McKeown, P. O'Callagan, G. Stuart, H. Watkins, . (2010) Heart Rhythm UK position statement on clinical indications for implantable cardioverter defibrillators in adult patients with familial sudden cardiac death syndromes. Europace 12:8, 1156-1175
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Pasquale Santangeli, Luigi Di Biase, Dhanunjay Lakkireddy, J. David Burkhardt, Jayasree Pillarisetti, Yoav Michowitz, Javier E. Sanchez, Rodney Horton, Prasant Mohanty, G. Joseph Gallinghouse, Antonio Dello Russo, Michela Casella, Gemma Pelargonio, Pietro Santarelli, Atul Verma, Calambur Narasimhan, Kalyanam Shivkumar, Andrea Natale. (2010) Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: safety and feasibility. Heart Rhythm 7:8, 1036-1042
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Tomoyuki Hamada, Toru Kubo, Hiroaki Kitaoka, Takayoshi Hirota, Eri Hoshikawa, Kayo Hayato, Yuji Shimizu, Makoto Okawa, Naohito Yamasaki, Yoshihisa Matsumura, Toshikazu Yabe, Jun Takata, Yoshinori L. Doi. (2010) Clinical Features of the Dilated Phase of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Comparison With Those of Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Clinical Cardiology 33:7, E24-E28
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Luciano C Amado, Joao AC Lima. (2010) Myocardial scar as arrhythmia risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Current Opinion in Cardiology 25:3, 276-281
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Zachary R. Paterick, Gerald Fletcher, Timothy E. Paterick. (2010) A Soccer Scholarship. Preventive Cardiology 13:2, 91-93
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Ali J. Marian. (2010) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: from genetics to treatment. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 40:4, 360-369
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HELMUT U. KLEIN, ULF MELTENDORF, SVEN REEK, JAN SMID, SEBASTIAN KUSS, IWONA CYGANKIEWICZ, CHRISTIAN JONS, STEVEN SZYMKIEWICZ, FRANK BUHTZ, ANKE WOLLBRUECK, WOJCIECH ZAREBA, ARTHUR J. MOSS. (2010) Bridging a Temporary High Risk of Sudden Arrhythmic Death. Experience with the Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator (WCD). Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 33:3, 353-367
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Christopher J. François, Mark L. Schiebler, Scott B. Reeder. (2010) Cardiac MRI evaluation of nonischemic cardiomyopathies. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 31:3, 518-530
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Barry J. Maron. (2010) Muerte súbita cardiaca en cardiopatías genéticas y esperanzas de prevención. Revista Española de Cardiología 63:3, 257-260
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PAWEŁ SYSKA, ANDRZEJ PRZYBYLSKI, LIDIA CHOJNOWSKA, MICHAŁ LEWANDOWSKI, MACIEJ STERLIŃSKI, ALEKSANDER MACIĄG, KATARZYNA GEPNER, MARIUSZ PYTKOWSKI, ILONA KOWALIK, RENATA MĄCZYŃSKA-MAZURUK, WITOLD RUZYŁŁO, HANNA SZWED. (2010) Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Efficacy and Complications of the Therapy in Long-Term Follow-up. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology
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Juan Pablo Kaski, Perry Elliott. 2010. Cardiomyopathies. , 1003-1034.
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Georgios K. Efthimiadis, Efstathios D. Pagourelias. (2009) Delayed Hyperenhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Sudden Cardiac Death Risk Stratification in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55:1, 77
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Sing-Chien Yap, Louise Harris. (2009) Sudden cardiac death in adults with congenital heart disease. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 7:12, 1605-1620
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Barry J. Maron. (2009) Sudden Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research 2:4, 368-380
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Ali J. Marian. (2009) Experimental Therapies in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research 2:4, 483-492
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Marco Perez, Holly Fonda, Vy-Van Le, Teferi Mitiku, Jeremiah Ray, James V. Freeman, Euan Ashley, Victor F. Froelicher. (2009) Adding an Electrocardiogram to the Pre-participation Examination in Competitive Athletes: A Systematic Review. Current Problems in Cardiology 34:12, 586-662
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Sascha Rolf, Wilhelm Haverkamp. (2009) Grenzen und Möglichkeiten der invasiven Risikostratifikation. Herz 34:7, 528-538
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Stuart Berger, Anwer Dhala, Joseph A. Dearani. (2009) State-of–the-Art Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Children. Cardiology in the Young 19:S2, 66
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Begoña Benito, Josep Brugada, Ramón Brugada, Pedro Brugada. (2009) Síndrome de Brugada. Revista Española de Cardiología 62:11, 1297-1315
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Ajay Shah, Karl Duncan, Glenda Winson, Farooq A. Chaudhry, Mark V Sherrid. (2009) Severe Symptoms in Mid and Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography 26:8, 922-933
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Georgios K. Efthimiadis, Despina G. Parcharidou, Georgios Giannakoulas, Efstathios D. Pagourelias, Panagiotis Charalampidis, Gregorios Savvopoulos, Antonios Ziakas, Haralambos Karvounis, Ioannis H. Styliadis, Georgios E. Parcharidis. (2009) Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction as a Risk Factor for Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. The American Journal of Cardiology 104:5, 695-699
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Ilknur Can, Venkatakrishna N. Tholakanahalli. (2009) Current status of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in heart failure. Current Heart Failure Reports 6:3, 199-209
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S. Leonardi, C. Raineri, G. M. De Ferrari, S. Ghio, L. Scelsi, M. Pasotti, M. Tagliani, A. Valentini, R. Dore, A. Raisaro, E. Arbustini. (2009) Usefulness of cardiac magnetic resonance in assessing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. European Heart Journal 30:16, 2003-2010
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Robert J. Myerburg, Vivek Reddy, Agustin Castellanos. (2009) Indications for Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Based on Evidence and Judgment. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 54:9, 747-763
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C. Basso, G. Thiene, S. Mackey-Bojack, A. C. Frigo, D. Corrado, B. J. Maron. (2009) Myocardial bridging, a frequent component of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype, lacks systematic association with sudden cardiac death. European Heart Journal 30:13, 1627-1634
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Paul Khairy, Annie Dore, Nancy Poirier, François Marcotte, Reda Ibrahim, François-Pierre Mongeon, Lise-Andrée Mercier. (2009) Risk stratification in surgically repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 7:7, 755-762
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Rory O'Hanlon, Dudley J. Pennell. (2009) Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in the Evaluation of Hypertrophic and Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies. Heart Failure Clinics 5:3, 369-387
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CHARLES I. BERUL. (2009) Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Criteria for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Pediatric Sudden Cardiac Death. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 32, S67-S70
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Hubert Seggewiss, Christoph Blank, Barbara Pfeiffer, Angelos Rigopoulos. (2009) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as a cause of sudden death. Herz 34:4, 305-314
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Wilbert S. Aronow. (2009) Treatment of Ventricular Arrhythmias in the Elderly. Cardiology in Review 17:3, 136-146
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Barry J. Maron, Christopher Semsarian, Win-Kuang Shen, Mark S. Link, Andrew E. Epstein, N.A. Mark Estes, Adrian Almquist, Michael C. Giudici, Tammy S. Haas, James S. Hodges, Paolo Spirito. (2009) Circadian patterns in the occurrence of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias triggering defibrillator interventions in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 6:5, 599-602
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M. Haghjoo, S. Mohammadzadeh, M. Taherpour, B. Faghfurian, A. F. Fazelifar, A. Alizadeh, M. A. Rad, M. A. Sadr-Ameli. (2009) ST-segment depression as a risk factor in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Europace 11:5, 643-649
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Andreas P. Michaelides, Ilias Stamatopoulos, Charalambos Antoniades, Aris Anastasakis, Christina Kotsiopoulou, Artemisia Theopistou, Maria Misailidou, Christos Fourlas, Perry M. Elliott, Christodoulos Stefanadis. (2009) ST Segment “Hump” during Exercise Testing and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 14:2, 158-164
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ALESSANDRO PROCLEMER, MARCO GHIDINA, DOMENICO FACCHIN, LUCA REBELLATO, DOMENICO CORRADO, MAURIZIO GASPARINI, DARIO GREGORI. (2009) Use of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator in Inherited Arrhythmogenic Diseases: Data from Italian ICD Registry for the Years 2001-6. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 32:4, 434-445
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T. Buck, O.-A. Breithardt, L. Faber, W. Fehske, F. A. Flachskampf, A. Franke, A. Hagendorff, R. Hoffmann, I. Kruck, H. Kücherer, T. Menzel, K. Pethig, K. Tiemann, J.-U. Voigt, F. Weidemann, U. Nixdorff. (2009) Manual zur Indikation und Durchführung der Echokardiographie. Clinical Research in Cardiology Supplements 4:S1, 3-51
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Wilma P. van der Roest, José M. Pennings, Marian Bakker, Maarten P. van den Berg, J. Peter van Tintelen. (2009) Family letters are an effective way to inform relatives about inherited cardiac disease. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 149A:3, 357-363
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Mithilesh Das. (2009) Indications for ICD and cardiac resynchronization therapy for prevention of sudden cardiac death. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 7:2, 181-195
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A. Proclemer, M. Ghidina, D. Gregori, D. Facchin, L. Rebellato, P. Fioretti, M. Brignole. (2008) Impact of the main implantable cardioverter-defibrillator trials in clinical practice: data from the Italian ICD Registry for the years 2005-07. Europace 11:4, 465-475
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Robert G. Hauser, Barry J. Maron, Joseph E. Marine, Rachel Lampert, Alan H. Kadish, Stephen L. Winters, David L. Scher, Mazda Biria, Amit Kalia. (2008) Safety and efficacy of transvenous high-voltage implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads in high-risk hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients. Heart Rhythm 5:11, 1517-1522
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Mark V. Sherrid, James P. Daubert. (2008) Risks and Challenges of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators in Young Adults. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 51:3, 237-263
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Frank A. Cuoco, William H. Spencer, Valerian L. Fernandes, Christopher D. Nielsen, Sherif Nagueh, J. Lacy Sturdivant, Robert B. Leman, J. Marcus Wharton, Michael R. Gold. (2008) Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy for Primary Prevention of Sudden Death After Alcohol Septal Ablation of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 52:21, 1718-1723
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Edward K. Rhee, John J. Nigro, Stephen G. Pophal. (2008) Therapeutic options in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A pediatric perspective. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 10:5, 433-441
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BARRY J. MARON, PAOLO SPIRITO. (2008) Implantable Defibrillators and Prevention of Sudden Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 19:10, 1118-1126
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Heather M. MacLeod, Elizabeth M. McNally. (2008) A Pilot Study of a Family History Risk Assessment Tool for Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of Genetic Counseling 17:5, 499-507
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Tiffany Suk, Colin Edwards, Hamish Hart, Jonathan P. Christiansen. (2008) Myocardial Scar Detected by Contrast-Enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging is Associated with Ventricular Tachycardia in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Patients. Heart, Lung and Circulation 17:5, 370-374
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Deborah H. Kwon, Randolph M. Setser, Zoran B. Popović, Maran Thamilarasan, Srikanth Sola, Paul Schoenhagen, Mario J. Garcia, Scott D. Flamm, Harry M. Lever, Milind Y. Desai. (2008) Association of myocardial fibrosis, electrocardiography and ventricular tachyarrhythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a delayed contrast enhanced MRI study. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 24:6, 617-625
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Radhakrishnan Ramaraj. (2008) Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Cardiology in Review 16:4, 172-180
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Begoña Benito, Ramon Brugada, Josep Brugada, Pedro Brugada. (2008) Brugada Syndrome. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 51:1, 1-22
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S. Sen-Chowdhry, W. J. McKenna. (2008) Non-invasive risk stratification in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: don't throw out the baby with the bathwater. European Heart Journal 29:13, 1600-1602
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Andrew E. Epstein, John P. DiMarco, Kenneth A. Ellenbogen, N. A. Mark Estes, Roger A. Freedman, Leonard S. Gettes, A. Marc Gillinov, Gabriel Gregoratos, Stephen C. Hammill, David L. Hayes, Mark A. Hlatky, L. Kristin Newby, Richard L. Page, Mark H. Schoenfeld, Michael J. Silka, Lynne Warner Stevenson, Michael O. Sweeney, Sidney C. Smith, Alice K. Jacobs, Cynthia D. Adams, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Christopher E. Buller, Mark A. Creager, Steven M. Ettinger, David P. Faxon, Jonathan L. Halperin, Loren F. Hiratzka, Sharon A. Hunt, Harlan M. Krumholz, Frederick G. Kushner, Bruce W. Lytle, Rick A. Nishimura, Joseph P. Ornato, Richard L. Page, Barbara Riegel, Lynn G. Tarkington, Clyde W. Yancy. (2008) ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities. Heart Rhythm 5:6, e1-e62
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Ritesh Dhar, Alawi A. Alsheikh-Ali, N.A. Mark Estes, Arthur J. Moss, Wojciech Zareba, James P. Daubert, Henry Greenberg, Robert B. Case, David M. Kent. (2008) Association of prolonged QRS duration with ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II (MADIT-II). Heart Rhythm 5:6, 807-813
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Andrew E. Epstein, John P. DiMarco, Kenneth A. Ellenbogen, N.A. Mark Estes, Roger A. Freedman, Leonard S. Gettes, A. Marc Gillinov, Gabriel Gregoratos, Stephen C. Hammill, David L. Hayes, Mark A. Hlatky, L. Kristin Newby, Richard L. Page, Mark H. Schoenfeld, Michael J. Silka, Lynne Warner Stevenson, Michael O. Sweeney. (2008) ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51:21, e1-e62
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Charles I. Berul, George F. Van Hare, Naomi J. Kertesz, Anne M. Dubin, Frank Cecchin, Kathryn K. Collins, Bryan C. Cannon, Mark E. Alexander, John K. Triedman, Edward P. Walsh, Richard A. Friedman. (2008) Results of a Multicenter Retrospective Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Registry of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51:17, 1685-1691
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A. Selcuk Adabag, Barry J. Maron, Evan Appelbaum, Caitlin J. Harrigan, Jacqueline L. Buros, C. Michael Gibson, John R. Lesser, Constance A. Hanna, James E. Udelson, Warren J. Manning, Martin S. Maron. (2008) Occurrence and Frequency of Arrhythmias in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Relation to Delayed Enhancement on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51:14, 1369-1374
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ADRIAN K. ALMQUIST, CONSTANCE A. HANNA, TAMMY S. HAAS, BARRY J. MARON. (2008) Significance of Appropriate Defibrillator Shock 3 Hours and 20 Minutes Following Implantation in a Patient with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 19:3, 319-322
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