Original Article
Type-Specific Persistence of Human Papillomavirus DNA before the Development of Invasive Cervical Cancer
N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1633-1638November 25, 1999
- Abstract
Background
Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) has been established as a cause of cervical cancer, but the association between a positive test for HPV DNA and the risk of the subsequent development of invasive cervical cancer is unknown.
Methods
In a study of women who participated in a population-based screening program for cancer of the cervix in Sweden from 1969 to 1995, we compared the proportion of normal cervical smears (Pap smears) that were positive for HPV DNA among 118 women in whom invasive cervical cancer developed an average of 5.6 years later (range, 0.5 month to 26.2 years) with the proportion of HPV DNA–positive smears from 118 women who remained healthy during a similar length of follow-up (controls). The control women were matched for age to the women with cancer, and they had had two normal Pap smears obtained at time points that were similar to the times of the base-line smear and the diagnosis of cancer confirmed by biopsy in the women with cancer.
Results
At base line, 35 of the women with cancer (30 percent) and 3 of the control women (3 percent) were positive for HPV DNA (odds ratio, 16.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 4.4 to 75.1). At the time of diagnosis, 80 of the 104 women with cancer for whom tissue samples were available (77 percent) and 4 of the 104 matched control women (4 percent) were positive for HPV DNA. The HPV DNA type was the same in the base-line smear and the biopsy specimen in all of the women with cancer in whom HPV DNA was detected at base line. None of the control women had the same type of HPV in both smears.
Conclusions
A single positive finding of HPV DNA in a Pap smear confers an increased risk of future invasive cervical cancer that is positive for the same type of virus.
Media in This Article
Table 1
Odds Ratios for Invasive Cervical Cancer Associated with the Presence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in Cytologically Normal Pap Smears of Healthy Women.Table 2
Odds Ratios for Cervical Cancer Associated with the Presence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in the Pap Smears of the Study Participants.Article Activity
- Article
Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) has been established as a cause of cervical cancer.1 However, most epidemiologic studies of HPV infection and cervical cancer have been conducted with the use of samples taken after the cancer has been diagnosed. Such studies provide no information on the temporal order of events and, furthermore, may be biased in their estimation of risk because the presence of the disease itself may increase the detectability of HPV. The HPV-infected tissue mass grows, and thus sampling is facilitated and amplification of the HPV genome occurs in cancer cells.
An unbiased estimate of the risk of cervical cancer associated with HPV and information on the prevalence of HPV and the duration of the stage during which HPV is continuously detectable before cancer is diagnosed can come only from prospective studies. The results of prospective studies performed to date support the concept that cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is preceded by the persistent presence of detectable HPV DNA in healthy women.2,3 However, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma in situ are precursor lesions that may not progress and may even spontaneously regress. Prospective studies need to use the presence of invasive cancer as the end point in order for any conclusions about the cause of cervical cancer to be useful. Two small studies have found that the presence of HPV DNA in cytologically normal Pap smears is associated with an increased risk of future cervical cancer.4,5
Since the presence of HPV DNA in Pap smears has been associated with a very high relative risk (>50) of existing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical cancer, testing for the presence of HPV has been proposed as a complement to cytologic testing in cervical screening.6 Mathematical modeling has indicated that screening for the presence of HPV could improve the cost effectiveness of cervical screening,7,8 provided that the protective effect of a negative HPV test lasts longer than the protective effect of a normal Pap smear.8
We performed a population-based study of the risk of invasive cervical cancer among healthy women with normal cervical cytologic findings according to whether HPV DNA could be detected in cervical samples at base line. We chose women who were participating in a population-based cervical-cancer screening program in order to obtain population-based estimates of the risk of invasive cervical cancer among women who tested positive for HPV DNA.
Methods
Study Subjects
A population-based cervical-cancer screening program, targeted to women 25 to 59 years of age, was started in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden (population in 1995, 260,472, of whom 130,651 were women) in 1969, with women invited to participate at four-year intervals. The participation rate has been higher than 80 percent. All diagnoses based on cytologic findings in this county, both in Pap smears obtained in the organized program and in those obtained outside the program, were made at the Cytology Laboratory, Umeå University Hospital, where the smears were stored. All women with cervical cancer were treated at Umeå University Hospital, where data on clinical stage, histopathological grade, treatment, and survival were recorded and the histologic specimens were stored.
Study Design
Eligible participants were women residing in Västerbotten County for whom at least one cytologically normal Pap smear and at least one additional smear had been stored and who had undergone no surgical treatment of the cervix. Linkage between the cytology registry and the Swedish Cancer Registry for the period from 1969 to 1995 identified 133 eligible women with invasive cervical cancer that had been diagnosed after the date of a normal smear. Four women were excluded because of incorrect data in the registry and 11 because they had noninvasive cervical neoplasia, leaving 118 women. The pathological specimens for 12 women were missing, and the tissue blocks for 2 were inadequate for analysis by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), leaving 104 women (85 with squamous-cell carcinoma and 19 with adenocarcinoma) from whom tissue samples were available for PCR analysis. In cases in which a woman had multiple previous Pap smears with normal cytologic results, the smear obtained on the date closest to the date of the diagnosis of cancer was retrieved. The control group was made up of women in whom cervical cancer did not develop before the time of diagnosis in the corresponding women with cancer. They were matched individually to the corresponding women with cancer according to age (on the basis of the calendar year of birth), the time at which a normal Pap smear was obtained, and the time at which a normal smear was obtained after cancer had been diagnosed in the corresponding women.
The average age at which the base-line smear was obtained was 44 years (range, 19 to 74) among the women with cancer and 44 years (range, 20 to 74) among the control women. The dates of the smears of the women with cancer and those of the control women differed by one month, on average. The subsequent smears of the control women were typically obtained after the diagnosis of cancer in the corresponding women with cancer, since absence of disease in the controls for at least the same duration of follow-up was an essential component of the study design. If a control woman had several normal smears after the date of the diagnosis of cancer in the corresponding woman with cancer, the smear obtained on the date closest to the date of the diagnosis of cancer was chosen. The time of biopsy in the woman with cancer and the time the smear was obtained in the corresponding control woman differed by up to 10 months. The average age of the women with cancer at the time of diagnosis was 50 years (range, 24 to 79), and the average age of the control women at the time of the second normal smear was 50 years (range, 24 to 79).
All smears were reevaluated before laboratory analysis. Of the negative base-line smears from the 118 women who later had cancer, 53 were read as containing atypical squamous cells of unknown pathological importance or precancerous cells by at least one observer, as were the smears of 2 of the 118 control women. This grading was often equivocal and based on the examination of only a few cells. None of the smears showed any cytologic features of HPV infection.9 The histologic slides of all the women with cancer were reexamined and the diagnosis confirmed. Only paraffin blocks verified to contain cancerous cells were used for DNA analysis.
Informed consent for the study of the samples was not obtained from the subjects. The archival samples were up to 35 years old, and the institutional review board of Umeå University determined that it was not feasible for us to contact the subjects and request informed consent. However, to inform women whose samples might be included in the study, we held a press conference at the beginning of the study, on May 23, 1995. The nature of the study and the fact that samples would be used without the subjects' informed consent were described. (The press conference resulted in coverage by major regional newspapers.)
DNA Extraction
DNA was extracted from stored Pap smears and four 5-μm-thick sections of each biopsy specimen, as described elsewhere.4,10,11 The DNA was dissolved in 400 μl of TRIS buffer containing 10 μM EDTA. Knives were changed between slices, and empty paraffin blocks were placed between biopsy specimens to prevent cross-contamination. All samples were tested for integrity of DNA by PCR with the use of human ribosomal gene S14 primers10,12 that produce 150-bp amplimers. Samples positive for S14 DNA but negative for HPV DNA were precipitated in alcohol, and the PCR assay was repeated.
PCR Analysis
The HPV consensus primers MY09 and MY1113 and GP5+ and GP6+14 were used in a nested, single-tube PCR assay.11,15 A nonnested PCR assay was also performed with the GP5+ and GP6+ primers that amplify products of 150 bp, a size similar to that generated by PCR amplification of the S14 DNA. Both PCR systems used 1.5 mM magnesium chloride and 0.4 percent bovine serum albumin in 50 μl of buffer. The amplimers were analyzed on 2 percent agarose gels and stained with 10 μg of ethidium bromide per milliliter.
The sensitivity of the PCR systems was determined by testing dilutions of plasmids containing HPV type 16 (HPV-16) late protein 1 (L1) (1 to 500 copies) mixed with 2 μl of DNA extracts from 10 HPV-negative Pap smears11 to check for possible inhibitors of PCR amplification.10 Dilutions of DNA from the cervical-cancer cell line SiHa (1 fg to 10 pg) were also analyzed in each PCR assay simultaneously with the unknown samples.
The PCR analyses were performed on coded samples, arranged in a manner ensuring that samples from women with cancer and samples from control women were analyzed in the same analytic runs. Blanks without DNA were included after every 24 samples. DNA was extracted from additional positive and negative controls from HPV-16–positive CaSki and HPV-negative C-33A cervical-cancer cell lines. Four analyses, each with a different volume of the sample DNA, were performed with both PCR systems. The amount of sample DNA used for the analyses ranged from 0.1 percent to 0.7 percent of the total volume.
Sensitivity of the Assay and Quality Control
The nested PCR assay was able to detect one copy of HPV-16 L1 plasmid when mixed with DNA extracted from HPV-negative smears.11 The limit of detection for SiHa DNA in each PCR assay was consistently 1 fg or less. Titrations of plasmid or SiHa DNA produced positive reactions at concentrations above the titer for the end-point dilution, whereas titration of the extracts from the stored smears resulted in some instances in increased rates of positive tests with more diluted samples. The reason for this is not clear but may be related to the presence of inhibitors of PCR in extracts from fixed and stained Pap smears. Inhibition was less evident in the nonnested PCR analyses. In the test of the adequacy of the sample (S14 DNA PCR), 1 of 399 Pap smears and 3 of 133 biopsy specimens were negative for human ribosomal DNA.
Typing of HPV DNA
Primers from the E1 open reading frame (nucleotides 1768 to 1960, HPV-16) and the E7 open reading frame (nucleotides 591 to 900, HPV type 18 [HPV-18]) were used in the type-specific PCR.16 For direct automated sequencing of the GP5+ and GP6+ PCR products, the amplimers were purified with the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Another round of PCR with 3.0 pmol of GP6+ primer was performed in which the fragment containing GP5+ and GP6+ was used as template DNA with the Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (PE Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). Sequencing was performed with the use of an ABI 310 sequencer (PE Biosystems).
Statistical Analysis
Odds ratios and confidence intervals were estimated on the basis of data matched for age and time of sampling by conditional logistic-regression analysis. We used the Mann–Whitney U test to analyze the differences in continuous variables between the women who were HPV-positive and those who were HPV-negative. All reported P values are two-sided.
Results
Three of the 118 control women (3 percent) had detectable HPV DNA in the Pap smears obtained at base line, as compared with 35 of the 118 women who later had cancer (30 percent). The odds ratio for cervical cancer among the women who were HPV-positive was 16.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 4.4 to 75.1), and an increased odds ratio was detected for up to six years before the diagnosis of cancer (Table 1Table 1
Odds Ratios for Invasive Cervical Cancer Associated with the Presence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in Cytologically Normal Pap Smears of Healthy Women.).HPV DNA could be amplified in the biopsy specimens of 80 of the 104 women with cancer for whom tissue samples were available (77 percent). Nine of the 19 adenocarcinomas (47 percent) and 71 of the 85 squamous-cell carcinomas (84 percent) were HPV DNA–positive. HPV DNA was detected in both the base-line smears and the corresponding biopsy specimens of 27 women. Only 1 of the 104 control women had HPV DNA in both smears (Table 2Table 2
Odds Ratios for Cervical Cancer Associated with the Presence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in the Pap Smears of the Study Participants.).Most type-specific PCR results for HPV-16 (E1 open reading frame) and HPV-18 (E7 open reading frame) were confirmed by sequencing the PCR products of the L1 open reading frame. For one woman (Patient 22 in Table 3Table 3
Type-Specific Persistence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Normal Base-Line Pap Smears and Subsequent Biopsy Specimens of Invasive Cervical Cancer or Follow-up Pap Smear.), type-specific PCR indicated that HPV-16 was present in her base-line smear and HPV-18 in her biopsy specimen, but sequencing revealed HPV type 31 (HPV-31) in both samples. In the 23 women with cancer for whom typing could be performed conclusively, the type of HPV DNA was the same in both the base-line smear and the subsequent biopsy specimen of the cancer (Table 3). None of the control women were positive for the same HPV type in both the base-line smear and the subsequent smear. The odds ratio for cervical cancer associated with type-specific persistence of HPV was 58.7 (95 percent confidence interval, 10.2 to ∞). Among the 104 women with cancer for whom tissue samples were available, 80 were positive for HPV DNA. HPV-16 was detected in the cancers of 43 percent of the 104 women (45 women), HPV-18 in 21 percent (22 women), HPV-31 in 3 percent (3 women), and HPV type 33 (HPV-33) in 6 percent (6 women). Both HPV-16 and HPV-18 were detected by type-specific PCR in the biopsy specimens of four women with cancer. A novel type (HPV type 73 [HPV-73]) was detected in both the base-line smear and the subsequent biopsy specimen in one woman with cancer. The results of the analysis of the samples from three women were inconclusive.The median storage time (the interval between the time the smear was obtained and the time of DNA extraction) was 12 years for the samples that were positive for HPV DNA and 16 years for the samples that were negative (P=0.02). The median time between the date of the base-line smear and the date of the diagnosis of the cancer was three years for the HPV DNA–positive samples and five years for the HPV DNA–negative samples (P=0.05). Among the women who were HPV-negative, the median age at the time of the base-line smear was 46 years, and among the women who were HPV-positive, it was 39 years (P=0.02). There was no correlation between positivity for HPV DNA and the clinical characteristics we studied, such as disease stage or survival (data not shown).
Discussion
In a prospective, population-based study, we found that a test for HPV DNA can predict the risk of cervical cancer among women with normal Pap smears. We do not know whether the cancer in the HPV-negative women developed without a preclinical stage of continuously detectable HPV infection or whether the fact that stored rather than fresh samples were used resulted in an underestimation of the proportion of women who were HPV-positive before cervical cancer developed. The fact that only 77 percent of the biopsy specimens were HPV-positive and that there was a small tendency for HPV positivity to increase with a shorter duration of storage time suggests that there was some underestimation. However, misclassification due to the suboptimal sensitivity of DNA analysis of stored specimens is not likely to have affected the estimate of risk substantially, because cancer-free samples from both the women who later had cancer and the controls were analyzed. Case–control studies conducted with samples obtained after the diagnosis of cancer may be subject to differential misclassification, which may result in unpredictable biases because the presence of the cancer makes HPV easier to detect.
Previous studies in which stored cervical smears and biopsy specimens were used found that HPV was more commonly detected in stored smears containing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia than in biopsy specimens,11 and the results of the S14 PCR analysis in our study suggested that DNA is preserved at least as well in smears as in biopsy specimens, if not better. Our results indicate that the increased prevalence of HPV in diagnostic biopsy specimens is not related to the type of archival specimen used but is most likely a result of increased detectability caused by the cancer. Although most smears were consistently positive for HPV at all dilutions tested, some smears had different “windows” of HPV detectability. Rigorous quality control, including sample titration, repeated analysis, and the inclusion of a sensitivity panel in each analysis, is crucial for the interpretation of molecular epidemiologic investigations.
The base-line Pap smears of several of the women in the study, on careful reevaluation, were found to have cytologic abnormalities that had originally been missed. This was a population-based study, in which all the participants were at risk for cervical cancer during follow-up. Thus, women who had undergone surgical treatment for diseases of the cervix because of diagnosed cytologic abnormalities were excluded. However, women with falsely negative cytologic results never underwent any treatment and were therefore at risk for cervical cancer. The exclusion of these women from the study would have made the results difficult to interpret, since it would have redefined the study population by using additional tests that are related to both the exposure and the outcome. We believe that the study of women at risk in a defined population provides the most valid and interpretable estimates of risk.
An increased risk of cervical cancer in women with HPV DNA–positive smears was also evident three to six years before diagnosis. Younger age and a shorter time between the base-line Pap smear and the diagnosis of cancer were associated with increased detectability of DNA. It is possible that HPV infection may be more readily detectable at times closer to the primary infection and at the stage at which the cellular abnormalities start to occur. It has been suggested that screening be performed only for women more than 35 years of age.2,6,8 The mean age of the women in this study was 44 years at base line.
In conclusion, the presence of HPV DNA in cytologically normal Pap smears was associated with an increased risk of invasive cervical cancer, although only a small number of women with cancer were positive for HPV before the diagnosis of cancer. With the exception of one woman with a novel HPV type (HPV-73), only high-risk HPV types were present (HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-31, and HPV-33), and there was a strong concordance between the type of HPV found in the base-line smear and that found in the biopsy specimen of the invasive cancer, further supporting the hypothesis of viral persistence in the development of cervical cancer.
Supported by grants from the Swedish Cancer Society (project nos. 3819 and 3994), the Swedish Medical Research Council, and the Nordic Academy for Advanced Studies.
We are indebted to Mr. Leif Andersson for retrieval of the archival Pap smears and paraffin blocks; to Ms. Ewa Wikman for sectioning of the tissues; to Dr. Stephen Schwartz for providing the HPV plasmids; and to Drs. Matti Hakama, Timo Hakulinen, and Matti Lehtinen for helpful discussions.
Source Information
From the Laboratory of Tumor Virus Epidemiology, Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.-L.W., J.D.); the Center for Oncology (F.W.), the Cytology Laboratory (T.Å.), the Department of Pathology (F.B.), the Department of Oncology, Section of Gynecology (U.S.), the Department of Virology (G.W.), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medical Bank (G.H.), University Hospital of Northern Sweden, Umeå, Sweden; and the School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (J.D.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Wallin at the Laboratory of Tumor Virus Epidemiology, Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, P.O. Box 280, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden, or at kengling@sec.se.
- References
References
1
zur Hausen H ,de Villiers EM . Human papillomaviruses. Annu Rev Microbiol 1994;48:427-447
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Rozendaal L ,Walboomers JMM ,van der Linden JC , et al. PCR-based high-risk HPV test in cervical cancer screening gives objective risk assessment of women with cytomorphologically normal cervical smears. Int J Cancer 1996;68:766-769
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Ho GYF ,Bierman R ,Beardsley L ,Chang CJ ,Burk RD . Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med 1998;338:423-428
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline4
Chua KL ,Hjerpe A . Persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections preceding cervical carcinoma. Cancer 1996;77:121-127
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Walboomers JMM ,Husman AM ,Snijders PJF , et al. Human papillomavirus in false negative archival cervical smears: implications for screening for cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol 1995;48:728-732
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Meijer CJLM, van den Brule AJC, Snijders PJF, Helmerhorst T, Kenemans P, Walboomers JMM. Detection of human papillomavirus in cervical scrapes by the polymerase chain reaction in relation to cytology: possible implications for cervical cancer screening. In: Muñoz N, Bosch FX, Shah KV, Meheus A, eds. The epidemiology of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1992:271-81. (IARC scientific publications no. 119.)
7
Jenkins D ,Sherlaw-Johnson C ,Gallivan S . Can papilloma virus testing be used to improve cervical cancer screening? Int J Cancer 1996;65:768-773
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
van Ballegooijen M ,van den Akker-van Marle ME ,Warmerdam PG ,Meijer CJLM ,Walboomers JMM ,Habbema JD . Present evidence on the value of HPV testing for cervical cancer screening: a model-based exploration of the (cost-) effectiveness. Br J Cancer 1997;76:651-657
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Tanaka H ,Chua KL ,Lindh E ,Hjerpe A . Patients with various types of human papillomavirus: covariation and diagnostic relevance of cytological findings in Papanicolaou smears. Cytopathology 1993;4:273-283
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Chua KL ,Hjerpe A . Polymerase chain reaction analysis of human papillomavirus in archival cervical cytologic smears. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1995;17:221-229
Web of Science | Medline11
Chua KL ,Wiklund F ,Lenner P , et al. A prospective study on the risk of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia among healthy subjects with serum antibodies to HPV compared with HPV DNA in cervical smears. Int J Cancer 1996;68:54-59
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Rhoads DD ,Dixit A ,Roufa DJ . Primary structure of human ribosomal protein S14 and the gene that encodes it. Mol Cell Biol 1986;6:2774-2783
Web of Science | Medline13
Manos MM, Ting Y, Wright DK, Lewis AJ, Broker TR, Wolinsky SM. Use of polymerase chain reaction amplification for the detection of genital human papillomaviruses. In: Furth M, Greaves M, eds. Molecular diagnostics of human cancer. Vol. 7 of Cancer cells. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989:209-14.
14
de Roda Husman AM ,Walboomers JMM ,van den Brule AJC ,Meijer CJLM ,Snijders PJF . The use of general primers GP5 and GP6 elongated at their 3' ends with adjacent highly conserved sequences improves human papillomavirus detection by PCR. J Gen Virol 1995;76:1057-1062
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Evander M ,Edlund K ,Boden E , et al. Comparison of a one-step and a two-step polymerase chain reaction with degenerate general primers in a population-based study of human papillomavirus infection in young Swedish women. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:987-992
Web of Science | Medline16
Evander M ,Boden E ,Bjersing L ,Rylander E ,Wadell G . Oligonucleotide primers for DNA amplification of the early regions 1, 6, and 7 from human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 33. Arch Virol 1991;116:221-233
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (161)
Citing Articles
1
S M Wilting, P J F Snijders, W Verlaat, A Jaspers, M A van de Wiel, W N van Wieringen, G A Meijer, G G Kenter, Y Yi, C le Sage, R Agami, C J L M Meijer, R D M Steenbergen. (2012) Altered microRNA expression associated with chromosomal changes contributes to cervical carcinogenesis. Oncogene
CrossRef2
S. Khatun, S. M. Akram Hussain, S. Chowdhury, J. Ferdous, F. Hossain, S. R. Begum, M. Jahan, S. Tabassum, S. Khatun, A. F. Karim. (2012) Safety and Immunogenicity Profile of Human Papillomavirus-16/18 AS04 Adjuvant Cervical Cancer Vaccine: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Adolescent Girls of Bangladesh. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 42:1, 36-41
CrossRef3
Anne E. Sanders, Gary D. Slade, Lauren L. Patton. (2011) National prevalence of oral HPV infection and related risk factors in the U.S. adult population. Oral Diseasesno-no
CrossRef4
Regina Bones Barcellos, Sabrina Esteves de Matos Almeida, Rosa Dea Sperhacke, Mirela Verza, Franciele Rosso, Rúbia Marília de Medeiros, Paulo Fernando Perizzolo, Elizabeth Cortez-Herrera, Maria Lucia Rosa Rossetti. (2011) Evaluation of a novel microplate colorimetric hybridization genotyping assay for human papillomavirus. Journal of Virological Methods 177:1, 38-43
CrossRef5
Lene Dreyer, Mikkel Faurschou, Mette Mogensen, Søren Jacobsen. (2011) High incidence of potentially virus-induced malignancies in systemic lupus erythematosus: A long-term followup study in a Danish cohort. Arthritis & Rheumatism 63:10, 3032-3037
CrossRef6
P. Naucler, F. Mabota da Costa, J. L. da Costa, O. Ljungberg, A. Bugalho, J. Dillner. (2011) Human papillomavirus type-specific risk of cervical cancer in a population with high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence: case-control study. Journal of General Virology
CrossRef7
Magdy A. Al-Tahhan, Rasha L. Etewa, Manal M. El Behery. (2011) Association between circulating interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels and IL-1β C–511T polymorphism with cervical cancer risk in Egyptian women. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 353:1-2, 159-165
CrossRef8
Maria Correnti, Francisco Medina, María Eugenia Cavazza, Antonieta Rennola, Maira Ávila, Andreína Fernándes. (2011) Human papillomavirus (HPV) type distribution in cervical carcinoma, low-grade, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in Venezuelan women. Gynecologic Oncology 121:3, 527-531
CrossRef9
Nae-Fang Twu, Ming-Shyen Yen, Hei-Yu Lau, Yi-Jen Chen, Bill Ken-Jen Yu, Ching-Yu Lin. (2011) Type-specific human papillomavirus DNA testing with the genotyping array: a comparison of cervical and vaginal sampling. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 156:1, 96-100
CrossRef10
M I Lomnytska, S Becker, I Bodin, A Olsson, K Hellman, A-C Hellström, M Mints, U Hellman, G Auer, S Andersson. (2011) Differential expression of ANXA6, HSP27, PRDX2, NCF2, and TPM4 during uterine cervix carcinogenesis: diagnostic and prognostic value. British Journal of Cancer 104:1, 110-119
CrossRef11
Kerstin Dreier, René Scheiden, Barbara Lener, Daniela Ehehalt, Haymo Pircher, Elisabeth Müller-Holzner, Ursula Rostek, Andreas Kaiser, Marc Fiedler, Sigrun Ressler, Stefan Lechner, Andreas Widschwendter, Jos Even, Catherine Capesius, Pidder Jansen-Dürr, Werner Zwerschke. (2011) Subcellular localization of the human papillomavirus 16 E7 oncoprotein in CaSki cells and its detection in cervical adenocarcinoma and adenocarcinoma in situ. Virology 409:1, 54-68
CrossRef12
S. Shukla, A. C. Bharti, S. Mahata, S. Hussain, S. Hedau, R. Sharma, M. R. Pillai, S. Krishna, S. Chiplunkar, H. Tongaonkar, B. C. Das. (2010) Application of a multiplex PCR to cervical cells collected by a paper smear for the simultaneous detection of all mucosal human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and typing of high-risk HPV types 16 and 18. Journal of Medical Microbiology 59:11, 1303-1310
CrossRef13
Jennifer M Schubert, Benjamin Bird, Kostas Papamarkakis, Miloš Miljković, Kristi Bedrossian, Nora Laver, Max Diem. (2010) Spectral cytopathology of cervical samples: detecting cellular abnormalities in cytologically normal cells. Laboratory Investigation 90:7, 1068-1077
CrossRef14
Emma L. Ivansson, Ivana Juko-Pecirep, Ulf B. Gyllensten. (2010) Interaction of immunological genes on chromosome 2q33 and IFNG in susceptibility to cervical cancer. Gynecologic Oncology 116:3, 544-548
CrossRef15
Neerja Bhatla, Vanita Suri, Partha Basu, Surendra Shastri, Sanjoy K. Datta, Dan Bi, Dominique J. Descamps, Hans L. Bock, . (2010) Immunogenicity and safety of human papillomavirus-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted cervical cancer vaccine in healthy Indian women. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 36:1, 123-132
CrossRef16
Angel Chao, Chee-Jen Chang, Chyong-Huey Lai, Fang-Yu Chao, Yi-Hsien Hsu, Hung-Hsueh Chou, Huei-Jean Huang, Shih-Ming Jung, Cheng-Tao Lin, Hui-Hsin Cheng, Chu-Chun Huang, Jung-Erh Yang, Ting-Chang Chang. (2010) Incidence and outcome of acquisition of human papillomavirus infection in women with normal cytology
A population-based cohort study from Taiwan. International Journal of Cancer 126:1, 191-198
CrossRef17
Jung-Sun Yang, Yun-Hee Jeong, Jong-Soo Kim. (2010) The study of association between human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Korean Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 53:12, 1100
CrossRef18
Emma L. Ivansson, Inger M. Gustavsson, Erik Wilander, Patrik K.E. Magnusson, Ulf B. Gyllensten. (2009) Temporal trends over 3 decades and intrafamilial clustering of HPV types in Swedish patients with cervical cancer in situ. International Journal of Cancer 125:12, 2930-2935
CrossRef19
Eleni Papachristou, Vana Sypsa, Dimitrios Paraskevis, Athanasios Gkekas, Ekaterini Politi, Electra Nicolaidou, Ioannis Anifantis, Mina Psichogiou, Artemis Tsitsika, Maria Hadjivassiliou, Georgios Petrikkos, Andreas Katsambas, Georgios Creatsas, Angelos Hatzakis. (2009) Prevalence of different HPV types and estimation of prognostic risk factors based on the linear array HPV genotyping test. Journal of Medical Virology 81:12, 2059-2065
CrossRef20
Shirish Shukla, Alok C. Bharti, Showket Hussain, Sutapa Mahata, Suresh Hedau, Uma Kailash, Veena Kashyap, Suresh Bhambhani, Meera Roy, Swaraj Batra, G. P. Talwar, Bhudev C. Das. (2009) Elimination of high-risk human papillomavirus type HPV16 infection by ‘Praneem’ polyherbal tablet in women with early cervical intraepithelial lesions. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 135:12, 1701-1709
CrossRef21
Noé Velázquez-Márquez, María Antonia Paredes-Tello, Héctor Pérez-Terrón, Gerardo Santos-López, Julio Reyes-Leyva, Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz. (2009) Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in women from a rural region of Puebla, Mexico. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 13:6, 690-695
CrossRef22
Felipe A. Castro, Katri Haimila, Inna Sareneva, Markus Schmitt, Justo Lorenzo, Nelli Kunkel, Rajiv Kumar, Asta Försti, Lennart Kjellberg, Göran Hallmans, Matti Lehtinen, Kari Hemminki, Michael Pawlita. (2009) Association of HLA-DRB1, interleukin-6 and cyclin D1 polymorphisms with cervical cancer in the Swedish population-A candidate gene approach. International Journal of Cancer 125:8, 1851-1858
CrossRef23
Jin Hwa Hong, Jae Kwan Lee, Eun-Seop Song, Jong-Min Lee, Mi Kyung Kim. (2009) Evaluation of the compatibility of the Digene media when performing the Roche linear array human papillomavirus genotyping test. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 280:4, 613-618
CrossRef24
Maria Erali, David C. Pattison, Carl T. Wittwer, Cathy A. Petti. (2009) Human Papillomavirus Genotyping Using an Automated Film-Based Chip Array. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 11:5, 439-445
CrossRef25
Meng Xue, RongRong Zhu, LiLi Qin, FaJie Li, ZhiXue Liu, XiaoYu Sun, ShiLong Wang. (2009) Antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics of podophyllotoxin incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles. Science in China Series B: Chemistry 52:8, 1253-1257
CrossRef26
Janel Dockter, Astrid Schroder, Barbara Eaton, Ann Wang, Nathan Sikhamsay, Liezel Morales, Cristina Giachetti. (2009) Analytical characterization of the APTIMA® HPV Assay. Journal of Clinical Virology 45, S39-S47
CrossRef27
Kari Syrjänen, Irena Shabalova, Paulo Naud, Vladimir Kozachenko, Sophie Derchain, Sergej Zakharchenko, Cecilia Roteli-Martins, Raisa Nerovjna, Adhemar Longatto-Filho, Ludmila Kljukina, Silvio Tatti, Marina Branovskaja, Luciano Serpa Hammes, Margherita Branca, Valerija Grunjberga, Mojca Eržen, Luis Otavio Sarian, Anna Juschenko, Silvano Costa, Jurij Podistov, Stina Syrjänen. (2009) Persistent High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infections and Other End-Point Markers of Progressive Cervical Disease Among Women Prospectively Followed up in the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union and the Latin American Screening Study Cohorts. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 19:5, 934-942
CrossRef28
Matthew P. Stevens, Suzanne M. Garland, Jeffrey H. Tan, Michael A. Quinn, Rodney W. Petersen, Sepehr N. Tabrizi. (2009) HPV genotype prevalence in women with abnormal pap smears in Melbourne, Australia. Journal of Medical Virology 81:7, 1283-1291
CrossRef29
Waleed Mustafa, Paulo Cesar Maciag, Zhen-kun Pan, Jessica R. Weaver, Yuhong Xiao, Stuart N. Isaacs, Yvonne Paterson. (2009) Listeria monocytogenes Delivery of HPV-16 Major Capsid Protein L1 Induces Systemic and Mucosal Cell-Mediated CD4 + and CD8 + T-Cell Responses After Oral Immunization. Viral Immunology 22:3, 195-204
CrossRef30
Newton Sergio de Carvalho, Laila Meira Teixeira, Elaine Maria Pradel, Juarez Gabardo, Cristina Joly, Almir Antonio Urbanetz. (2009) Vaccinating against HPV: Physicians’ and medical students’ point of view. Vaccine 27:20, 2637-2640
CrossRef31
Rachel L. Winer, Tiffany G. Harris, Long Fu Xi, Kathrin U. Jansen, James P. Hughes, Qinghua Feng, Carolee Welebob, Jesse Ho, Shu-Kuang Lee, Joseph J. Carter, Denise A. Galloway, Nancy B. Kiviat, Laura A. Koutsky. (2009) Quantitative human papillomavirus 16 and 18 levels in incident infections and cervical lesion development. Journal of Medical Virology 81:4, 713-721
CrossRef32
NINA MEJLHEDE, JESPER BONDE, ANDERS FOMSGAARD. (2009) High frequency of multiple HPV types in cervical specimens from Danish women. APMIS 117:2, 108-114
CrossRef33
Francesco Broccolo, Stefania Chiari, Andrea Piana, Paolo Castiglia, Tiziana Dell'Anna, Rita Garcia-Parra, Andrea Maneo, Annalisa Villa, Eugenio B. Leone, Patrizia Perego, Alessandro Maida, Costantino Mangioni, Clementina E. Cocuzza. (2009) Prevalence and viral load of oncogenic human papillomavirus types associated with cervical carcinoma in a population of North Italy. Journal of Medical Virology 81:2, 278-287
CrossRef34
P. Naucler, W. Ryd, S. Tornberg, A. Strand, G. Wadell, K. Elfgren, T. Radberg, B. Strander, O. Forslund, B.-G. Hansson, B. Hagmar, B. Johansson, E. Rylander, J. Dillner. (2009) Efficacy of HPV DNA Testing With Cytology Triage and/or Repeat HPV DNA Testing in Primary Cervical Cancer Screening. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101:2, 88-99
CrossRef35
Sung Ran Hong, In Sun Kim, Dong Won Kim, Mi Jin Kim, Ae Ree Kim, Young Ok Kim, Hye Sun Kim, Seo Hee Rha, Gyeong Sin Park, Yong Koo Park, Yong Wook Park, Ho Sung Park, Kwang Sun Suh, Jin Hee Sohn, Mi Kyung Shin, Hoon Kyu Oh, Ki Jung Yun, Hye Kyoung Yoon, Shi Nae Lee, Ah Won Lee, Hyo Jin Lee, Hyun Yee Cho, Chan Choi, Woon Won Jung. (2009) Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Cervical Human Papillomavirus DNA in Korean Women: A Multicenter Study. The Korean Journal of Pathology 43:4, 342
CrossRef36
Tiina Petäjä, Heli Keränen, Tiina Karppa, Anna Kawa, Sirkku Lantela, Mari Siitari-Mattila, Helena Levänen, Tuomas Tocklin, Olivier Godeaux, Matti Lehtinen, Gary Dubin. (2009) Immunogenicity and Safety of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-Adjuvanted Vaccine in Healthy Boys Aged 10–18 Years. Journal of Adolescent Health 44:1, 33-40
CrossRef37
Hee Eun Kyeong, Seung Yeon Ha, Dong Hae Chung, Na Rae Kim, Sanghui Park, Hyun Yee Cho. (2009) The Usefulness of the HPV DNA Microchip Test for Women with ASC-US. The Korean Journal of Pathology 43:3, 254
CrossRef38
Janis M. Taube, Betty Kamira, Mahnaz Motevalli, Clemensia Nakabiito, Robert Lukande, Deidra P. Kelly, Yener S. Erozan, Patti E. Gravitt, Megan E. Buresh, Francis Mmiro, Danstan Bagenda, Laura A. Guay, J. Brooks Jackson. (2009) Human papillomavirus prevalence and cytopathology correlation in young Ugandan women using a low-cost liquid-based Pap preparation. Diagnostic CytopathologyNA-NA
CrossRef39
Mariet C.W. Feltkamp, Maurits N.C. de Koning, Jan Nico Bouwes Bavinck, Jan ter Schegget. (2008) Betapapillomaviruses: Innocent bystanders or causes of skin cancer. Journal of Clinical Virology 43:4, 353-360
CrossRef40
Heejeong Lee, Kyung-Ji Lee, Chan-Kwon Jung, Jae-Hwa Hong, Youn-Soo Lee, Young-Jin Choi, Kyo-Young Lee, Gyeongsin Park. (2008) Expression of HPV L1 capsid protein in cervical specimens with HPV infection. Diagnostic Cytopathology 36:12, 864-867
CrossRef41
Sonja Textor, Matthias Dürst, Lars Jansen, Rosita Accardi, Massimo Tommasino, Marcus J. Trunk, Angel Porgador, Carsten Watzl, Lutz Gissmann, Adelheid Cerwenka. (2008) Activating NK cell receptor ligands are differentially expressed during progression to cervical cancer. International Journal of Cancer 123:10, 2343-2353
CrossRef42
K. Sotlar. (2008) Die Infektion mit humanen Papillomaviren. Der Pathologe 29:S2, 153-156
CrossRef43
Elamin H. Elbasha, Erik J. Dasbach, Ralph P. Insinga. (2008) A Multi-Type HPV Transmission Model. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 70:8, 2126-2176
CrossRef44
Laura K. Sycuro, Long Fu Xi, James P. Hughes, Qinghua Feng, Rachel L. Winer, Shu‐Kuang Lee, Sandra O’Reilly, Nancy B. Kiviat, Laura A. Koutsky. (2008) Persistence of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in a Long‐Term Follow‐Up Study of Female University Students. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 198:7, 971-978
CrossRef45
Krisztina Kovács, Alinda D. Varnai, Magdolna Bollmann, Agnes Bankfalvi, Marianna Szendy, Norbert Speich, Christoph Schmitt, László Pajor, Reinhard Bollmann. (2008) Prevalence and genotype distribution of multiple human papillomavirus infection in the uterine cervix: A 7.5-year longitudinal study in a routine cytology-based screening population in West Germany. Journal of Medical Virology 80:10, 1814-1823
CrossRef46
Jennifer S. Smith, Amy Melendy, Rashida K. Rana, Jeanne M. Pimenta. (2008) Age-Specific Prevalence of Infection with Human Papillomavirus in Females: A Global Review. Journal of Adolescent Health 43:4, S5.e1-S5.e62
CrossRef47
Joelene Werden, Peter F. Schnatz, Srinivas Mandavilli, Gretchen Allen, Jessica L. Murphy, John F. Greene, James F. X. Egan, Joel I. Sorosky. (2008) Prevalence of the Human Papillomavirus in an Inner-City Indigent Population With Previously Normal Pap Tests. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 12:4, 287-292
CrossRef48
S. KANG, K.H. KIM, Y.T. KIM, Y.T. KIM, J.H. KIM, Y.S. SONG, S.H. SHIN, H.S. RYU, J.W. HAN, J.H. KANG, S.Y. PARK. (2008) Safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine targeting human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16 and 18: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 176 Korean subjects. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 18:5, 1013-1019
CrossRef49
J.Y. SONG, J.K. LEE, N.W. LEE, H.H. JUNG, S.H. KIM, K.W. LEE. (2008) Microarray analysis of normal cervix, carcinoma in situ , and invasive cervical cancer: identification of candidate genes in pathogenesis of invasion in cervical cancer. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 18:5, 1051-1059
CrossRef50
Tino F. Schwarz, Oberdan Leo. (2008) Immune response to human papillomavirus after prophylactic vaccination with AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 vaccine: Improving upon nature. Gynecologic Oncology 110:3, S1-S10
CrossRef51
Diane M. Harper. (2008) Impact of vaccination with Cervarix™ on subsequent HPV-16/18 infection and cervical disease in women 15–25 years of age. Gynecologic Oncology 110:3, S11-S17
CrossRef52
Amrita Krishnan, Alexandra M Levine. (2008) Malignancies in women with HIV infection. Women's Health 4:4, 357-368
CrossRef53
Maria Lina Diaz. (2008) Human Papilloma Virus – Prevention and Treatment. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 35:2, 199-217
CrossRef54
J. Koshiol, L. Lindsay, J. M. Pimenta, C. Poole, D. Jenkins, J. S. Smith. (2008) Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Neoplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology 168:2, 123-137
CrossRef55
J. Koshiol, C. Poole, H. Chu, J. M. Pimenta, L. Lindsay, D. Jenkins, J. S. Smith. (2008) The Authors Respond to "HPV Persistence and Cervical Cancer Screening". American Journal of Epidemiology 168:2, 145-148
CrossRef56
PM Parikh, R Bharath, HB Tongaonkar. 2008. Cervical cancer. , 121-126.
CrossRef57
H Singh, R Sachan, H Goel, B Mittal. (2008) Genetic variants of interleukin-1RN and interleukin-1β genes and risk of cervical cancer. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 115:5, 633-638
CrossRef58
D. van Hamont, R. L. M. Bekkers, L. F. A. G. Massuger, W. J. G. Melchers. (2008) Detection, management, and follow-up of pre-malignant cervical lesions and the role for human papillomavirus. Reviews in Medical Virology 18:2, 117-132
CrossRef59
Matthew P. Stevens, Suzanne M. Garland, Sepehr N. Tabrizi. (2008) Development and validation of a real-time PCR assay specifically detecting human papillomavirus 52 using the Roche LightCycler® 480 system. Journal of Virological Methods 147:2, 290-296
CrossRef60
L.Z. Mo, S. Monnier-Benoit, B. Kantelip, A. Petitjean, D. Riethmuller, J.L. Prétet, C. Mougin. (2008) Comparison of AMPLICOR® and Hybrid Capture II® assays for high risk HPV detection in normal and abnormal liquid-based cytology: Use of INNO-LiPA Genotyping assay to screen the discordant results. Journal of Clinical Virology 41:2, 104-110
CrossRef61
Jean-Luc Prétet, Anne-Carole Jacquard, Xavier Carcopino, Jean-François Charlot, Damien Bouhour, Bernadette Kantelip, Benoit Soubeyrand, Yann Leocmach, Christiane Mougin, Didier Riethmuller, . (2008) Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution in invasive cervical cancers in France: EDITH study. International Journal of Cancer 122:2, 428-432
CrossRef62
C. Derancourt. (2007) Prophylaxie vaccinale de l’infection à papillomavirus humains. Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 134:11, 882-885
CrossRef63
Naucler, Pontus, Ryd, Walter, Törnberg, Sven, Strand, Anders, Wadell, Göran, Elfgren, Kristina, Rådberg, Thomas, Strander, Björn, Johansson, Bo, Forslund, Ola, Hansson, Bengt-Göran, Rylander, Eva, Dillner, Joakim, . (2007) Human Papillomavirus and Papanicolaou Tests to Screen for Cervical Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 357:16, 1589-1597
Full Text64
Sabrina Talukdar, C. Simon Herrington. 2007. Human DNA Tumour Viruses. .
CrossRef65
Björn Strander, Walter Ryd, Keng-Ling Wallin, Bengt Wärleby, Biying Zheng, Ian Milsom, Baback Gharizadeh, Nader Pourmand, Agneta Andersson-Ellström. (2007) Does HPV-status 6–12 months after treatment of high grade dysplasia in the uterine cervix predict long term recurrence?. European Journal of Cancer 43:12, 1849-1855
CrossRef66
Adrian Eley, Suhail Al-Salam. (2007) Is there a role for Chlamydia trachomatis in the development of cervical cancer?. Reviews in Medical Microbiology 18:3, 55-62
CrossRef67
Gerd Gross. (2007) HPV-vaccination against cervical carcinoma: will it really work?. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 196:3, 121-125
CrossRef68
Jorma Paavonen, David Jenkins, F Xavier Bosch, Paulo Naud, Jorge Salmerón, Cosette M Wheeler, Song-Nan Chow, Dan L Apter, Henry C Kitchener, Xavier Castellsague, Newton S de Carvalho, S Rachel Skinner, Diane M Harper, James A Hedrick, Unnop Jaisamrarn, Genara AM Limson, Marc Dionne, Wim Quint, Bart Spiessens, Pascal Peeters, Frank Struyf, Susan L Wieting, Matti O Lehtinen, Gary Dubin. (2007) Efficacy of a prophylactic adjuvanted bivalent L1 virus-like-particle vaccine against infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: an interim analysis of a phase III double-blind, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 369:9580, 2161-2170
CrossRef69
Court Pedersen, Tiina Petaja, Gitte Strauss, Hans C. Rumke, Airi Poder, Jan Hendrik Richardus, Bart Spiessens, Dominique Descamps, Karin Hardt, Matti Lehtinen, Gary Dubin. (2007) Immunization of Early Adolescent Females with Human Papillomavirus Type 16 and 18 L1 Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Containing AS04 Adjuvant. Journal of Adolescent Health 40:6, 564-571
CrossRef70
Bor-Ching Sheu, Wen-Chun Chang, Ho-Hsiung Lin, Song-Nan Chow, Su-Cheng Huang. (2007) Immune concept of human papillomaviruses and related antigens in local cancer milieu of human cervical neoplasia. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 33:2, 103-113
CrossRef71
Ching-Yu Lin, Hui-Chi Chen, Ruey-Wen Lin, San-Lin You, Chiou-Mien You, Li-Chung Chuang, Mei-Hung Pan, Mei-Hsuan Lee, Yi-Chun Chou, Chien-Jen Chen. (2007) Quality assurance of genotyping array for detection and typing of human papillomavirus. Journal of Virological Methods 140:1-2, 1-9
CrossRef72
Ciaran B. J. Woodman, Stuart I. Collins, Lawrence S. Young. (2007) The natural history of cervical HPV infection: unresolved issues. Nature Reviews Cancer 7:1, 11-22
CrossRef73
Jill E. Koshiol, Jane C. Schroeder, Denise J. Jamieson, Stephen W. Marshall, Ann Duerr, Charles M. Heilig, Keerti V. Shah, Robert S. Klein, Susan Cu-Uvin, Paula Schuman, David Celentano, Jennifer S. Smith. (2006) Time to clearance of human papillomavirus infection by type and human immunodeficiency virus serostatus. International Journal of Cancer 119:7, 1623-1629
CrossRef74
X. Carcopino, M. Henry, D. Benmoura, A.S. Fallabregues, H. Richet, L. Boubli, C. Tamalet. (2006) Determination of HPV type 16 and 18 viral load in cervical smears of women referred to colposcopy. Journal of Medical Virology 78:8, 1131-1140
CrossRef75
Matthew P. Stevens, Suzanne M. Garland, Sepehr N. Tabrizi. (2006) Human papillomavirus genotyping using a modified linear array detection protocol. Journal of Virological Methods 135:1, 124-126
CrossRef76
Sylvain Monnier-Benoit, Frédéric Mauny, Didier Riethmuller, Jean-Sébastien Guerrini, Mihai Căpîlna, Sophie Félix, Estelle Seillès, Christiane Mougin, Jean-Luc Prétet. (2006) Immunohistochemical analysis of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets in high risk human papillomavirus-associated pre-malignant and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix. Gynecologic Oncology 102:1, 22-31
CrossRef77
B Y Zheng, X D Li, F Wiklund, S Chowdhry, T Ångstrom, G Hallmans, J Dillner, K L Wallin. (2006) Detection of adeno-associated virus type 2 genome in cervical carcinoma. British Journal of Cancer 94:12, 1913-1917
CrossRef78
Y.-W. LIN, H.-C. LAI, C.-Y. LIN, J.-Y. CHIOU, H.-A. SHUI, C.-C. CHANG, M.-H. YU, T.-Y. CHU. (2006) Plasma proteomic profiling for detecting and differentiating in situ and invasive carcinomas of the uterine cervix. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 16:3, 1216-1224
CrossRef79
M.P. STEVENS, S.N. TABRIZI, M.A. QUINN, S.M. GARLAND. (2006) Human papillomavirus genotype prevalence in cervical biopsies from women diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical cancer in Melbourne, Australia. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 16:3, 1017-1024
CrossRef80
A BRINK, P SNIJDERS, C MEIJER, J BERKHOF, R VERHEIJEN. (2006) HPV testing in cervical screening. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 20:2, 253-266
CrossRef81
R.L.M Bekkers, C.J.L.M. Meijer, L.F.A.G. Massuger, P.J.F. Snijders, W.J.G Melchers. (2006) Effects of HPV detection in population-based screening programmes for cervical cancer; a Dutch moment. Gynecologic Oncology 100:3, 451-454
CrossRef82
Helen Trottier, Eduardo L. Franco. (2006) The epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Vaccine 24, S4-S15
CrossRef83
S. E. Hawes, C. W. Critchlow, P. S. Sow, P. Toure, I. N'Doye, A. Diop, J. M. Kuypers, A. A. Kasse, N. B. Kiviat. (2006) Incident High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions in Senegalese Women With and Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 98:2, 100-109
CrossRef84
Elaine Bentley, Seonaidh C Cotton, Margaret E Cruickshank, Ian Duncan, Nicola M Gray, David Jenkins, Julian Little, Keith Neal, Zo?? Philips, Ian Russell, Rashmi Seth, Linda Sharp, Norman Waugh. (2006) Refining the Management of Low-Grade Cervical Abnormalities in the UK National Health Service and Defining the Potential for Human Papillomavirus Testing: A Commentary on Emerging Evidence. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 10:1, 26-38
CrossRef85
Peter JF Snijders, Renske DM Steenbergen, Daniëlle AM Heideman, Chris JLM Meijer. (2006) HPV-mediated cervical carcinogenesis: concepts and clinical implications. The Journal of Pathology 208:2, 152-164
CrossRef86
S. SRIAMPORN, P.J.F. SNIJDERS, C. PIENTONG, P. PISANI, T. EKALAKSANANAN, C.J.L.M. MEIJER, D.M. PARKIN. (2006) Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer from a prospective study in Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 16:1, 266-269
CrossRef87
Max Käller, Emilie Hultin, Biying Zheng, Baback Gharizadeh, Keng-Ling Wallin, Joakim Lundeberg, Afshin Ahmadian. (2005) Tag-array based HPV genotyping by competitive hybridization and extension. Journal of Virological Methods 129:2, 102-112
CrossRef88
Hung-Cheng Lai, Wei-Yu Lin, Ya-Wen Lin, Cheng-Chang Chang, Mu-Hsien Yu, Chia-Chi Chen, Tang-Yuan Chu. (2005) Genetic polymorphisms of FAS and FASL (CD95/CD95L) genes in cervical carcinogenesis: An analysis of haplotype and gene–gene interaction. Gynecologic Oncology 99:1, 113-118
CrossRef89
Jorma Paavonen, Matti Lehtinen. (2005) First-generation vaccines against human papillomavirus. Women's Health 1:2, 223-229
CrossRef90
Ilvars Silins, Walter Ryd, Anders Strand, Göran Wadell, Sven Törnberg, Bengt Göran Hansson, Xiaohong Wang, Lisen Arnheim, Viktor Dahl, Daniel Bremell, Kenneth Persson, Joakim Dillner, Eva Rylander. (2005) Chlamydia trachomatis infection and persistence of human papillomavirus. International Journal of Cancer 116:1, 110-115
CrossRef91
Smita N. Joshi, V. Gopalkrishna, B. Kishore Kumar, Soma Dutta, Pratima Nyaynirgune, Madhuri Thakar, Srikanth Tripathy, Sanjay Mehendale, Ramesh Paranjape. (2005) Cervical squamous intra-epithelial changes and human papillomavirus infection in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Pune, India. Journal of Medical Virology 76:4, 470-475
CrossRef92
V. Küppers, M. Hampl. (2005) Gynäkologisch-onkologische Probleme bei HIV-positiven Patientinnen. Der Gynäkologe 38:8, 680-687
CrossRef93
M. J. Khan, P. E. Castle, A. T. Lorincz, S. Wacholder, M. Sherman, D. R. Scott, B. B. Rush, A. G. Glass, M. Schiffman. (2005) The Elevated 10-Year Risk of Cervical Precancer and Cancer in Women With Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Type 16 or 18 and the Possible Utility of Type-Specific HPV Testing in Clinical Practice. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97:14, 1072-1079
CrossRef94
A.K. Lie, B. Risberg, B. Borge, B. Sandstad, J. Delabie, R. Rimala, M. Onsrud, S. Thoresen. (2005) DNA- versus RNA-based methods for human papillomavirus detection in cervical neoplasia. Gynecologic Oncology 97:3, 908-915
CrossRef95
M J Grainge, R Seth, C Coupland, L Guo, T Rittman, P Vryenhoef, J Johnson, D Jenkins, K R Neal. (2005) Human papillomavirus infection in women who develop high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical cancer: a case–control study in the UK. British Journal of Cancer 92:9, 1794-1799
CrossRef96
Baback Gharizadeh, Maria Oggionni, Biying Zheng, Edit Akom, Nader Pourmand, Afshin Ahmadian, Keng-Ling Wallin, Pål Nyrén. (2005) Type-Specific Multiple Sequencing Primers. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 7:2, 198-205
CrossRef97
Alexander K. C. Leung, James D. Kellner, H. Dele Davies. (2005) Genital infection with human papillomavirus in adolescents. Advances in Therapy 22:3, 187-197
CrossRef98
Stuart I. Collins, Saeideh Mazloomzadeh, Heather Winter, Terry P. Rollason, Penny Blomfield, Lawrence S. Young, Ciaran B.J. Woodman. (2005) Proximity of first intercourse to menarche and the risk of human papillomavirus infection: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Cancer 114:3, 498-500
CrossRef99
Hung-Cheng Lai, Cheng-Chang Chang, Ya-Wen Lin, Su-Feng Chen, Mu-Hsien Yu, Shin Nieh, Ta-Wei Chu, Tang-Yuan Chu. (2005) Genetic polymorphism of theinterferon-γ gene in cervical carcinogenesis. International Journal of Cancer 113:5, 712-718
CrossRef100
Barbara Suligoi, Theresa M. Wagner, Massimo Ciccozzi, Giovanni Rezza. (2005) The epidemiological contribution to the preparation of field trials for HIV and STI vaccines: objectives and methods of feasibility studies. Vaccine 23:12, 1437-1445
CrossRef101
A. A. T. P. Brink, G. D. Zielinski, R. D. M. Steenbergen, P. J. F. Snijders, C. J. L. M. Meijer. (2005) Clinical relevance of human papillomavirus testing in cytopathology. Cytopathology 16:1, 7-12
CrossRef102
Dat D. Dao, Carlos H. Sierra-Torres, Sonia C. Robazetti, Miriam Naranjo de Gomez, Rolf König, Carolina Lema, L. James Lester, William W. Au, Stephen K. Tyring. (2005) HLA-DQB1 and cervical cancer in Venezuelan women. Gynecologic Oncology 96:2, 349-354
CrossRef103
Hung-Cheng Lai, Chi-Ming Chu, Ya-Wen Lin, Cheng-Chang Chang, Shin Nieh, Mu-Hsien Yu, Tang-Yuan Chu. (2005) Matrix metalloproteinase 1 gene polymorphism as a prognostic predictor of invasive cervical cancer. Gynecologic Oncology 96:2, 314-319
CrossRef104
G.-Y. Lee, S.-M. Kim, S.-Y. Rim, H.-S. Choi, C.-S. Park, J.-H. Nam. (2005) Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping by HPV DNA chip in cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 15:1, 81-87
CrossRef105
Dorothy J. Wiley, Bradley J. Monk, Emmanuel Masongsong, Kristina Morgan. (2004) Cervical cancer screening. Current Oncology Reports 6:6, 497-506
CrossRef106
Kazuhisa Ishi, Fujihiko Suzuki, Shigetaka Yamasaki, Hiroko Suto, Katsunari Kina, Michio Nojima, Koyo Yoshida. (2004) Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection and correlation with cervical lesions in Japanese women. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 30:5, 380-385
CrossRef107
Jean-Luc Prétet, Véronique Dalstein, Sylvain Monnier-Benoit, Sébastien Delpeut, Christiane Mougin. (2004) High risk HPV load estimated by Hybrid Capture II® correlates with HPV16 load measured by real-time PCR in cervical smears of HPV16-infected women. Journal of Clinical Virology 31:2, 140-147
CrossRef108
Jackson Orem, Mwanda W Otieno, Scot C Remick. (2004) AIDS-associated cancer in developing nations. Current Opinion in Oncology 16:5, 468-476
CrossRef109
L. Ahdieh-Grant, R. Li, A. M. Levine, L. S. Massad, H. D. Strickler, H. Minkoff, M. Moxley, J. Palefsky, H. Sacks, R. D. Burk, S. J. Gange. (2004) Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Women. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 96:14, 1070-1076
CrossRef110
Darron R Brown, Kenneth H Fife, Cosette M Wheeler, Laura A Koutsky, Lisa M Lupinacci, Radha Railkar, Gretchen Suhr, Eliav Barr, Anthony Dicello, Weili Li, Judith F Smith, Amha Tadesse, Kathrin U Jansen. (2004) Early assessment of the efficacy of a human papillomavirus type 16 L1 virus-like particle vaccine. Vaccine 22:21-22, 2936-2942
CrossRef111
S. J. Goldie, M. Kohli, D. Grima, M. C. Weinstein, T. C. Wright, F. X. Bosch, E. Franco. (2004) Projected Clinical Benefits and Cost-effectiveness of a Human Papillomavirus 16/18 Vaccine. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 96:8, 604-615
CrossRef112
Krisztina Szöke, Anita Szalmás, Györgyi Szládek, György Veress, Lajos Gergely, Ferenc D. Tóth, József Kónya. (2004) IL-10 Promoter nt - 1082A/G Polymorphism and Human Papillomavirus Infection in Cytologic Abnormalities of the Uterine Cervix. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research 24:4, 245-251
CrossRef113
C. Duttagupta, S. Sengupta, M. Roy, D. Sengupta, P. Bhattacharya, P. Laikangbam, S. Roy, S. Ghosh, R. Das. (2004) Are Muslim women less susceptible to oncogenic human papillomavirus infection? A study from rural eastern India. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 14:2, 293-303
CrossRef114
M.Cristina Cassetti, Sue P. McElhiney, Vafa Shahabi, Jeffrey K. Pullen, I.Caroline Le Poole, Gretchen L. Eiben, Larry R. Smith, W.Martin Kast. (2004) Antitumor efficacy of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles encoding mutated HPV16 E6 and E7 genes. Vaccine 22:3-4, 520-527
CrossRef115
P. N. D. Salvia, S. M. Bergo, P. I. P. Bonesso-Sabadini, E. B. Tagliarini, C. Hackel, L. A. L. De Angelo Andrade. (2004) Correlation between histological criteria and human papillomavirus presence based on PCR assay in cervical biopsies. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 14:1, 126-132
CrossRef116
Krisztina Sz?ke, Tam
CrossRef117
Sue J. Goldie, Daniel Grima, Michele Kohli, Thomas C. Wright, Milton Weinstein, Eduardo Franco. (2003) A comprehensive natural history model of HPV infection and cervical cancer to estimate the clinical impact of a prophylactic HPV-16/18 vaccine. International Journal of Cancer 106:6, 896-904
CrossRef118
Alana Heise. (2003) The Clinical Significance of HPV. The Nurse Practitioner 28:10, 8-19
CrossRef119
V
CrossRef120
K. U. Petry, U. Scholz, B. Hollwitz, R. von Wasielewski, C.J.L.M. Meijer. (2003) Human papillomavirus, coinfection with Schistosoma hematobium, and cervical neoplasia in rural Tanzania. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 13:4, 505-509
CrossRef121
Elizabeth Stier. (2003) Cervical neoplasia and the HIV-infected patient. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 17:3, 873-887
CrossRef122
Chan Joo Kim, Jeongmi Kim Jeong, Misun Park, Tae Shin Park, Tae Chul Park, Sung Eun Namkoong, Jong Sup Park. (2003) HPV oligonucleotide microarray-based detection of HPV genotypes in cervical neoplastic lesions
. Gynecologic Oncology 89:2, 210-217
CrossRef123
M. H. Schiffman, P. Castle. (2003) Epidemiologic Studies of a Necessary Causal Risk Factor: Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Neoplasia. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95:6, 2E-2E
CrossRef124
(2003) Association of human papillomavirus viral load with HPV16 and high-grade intraepithelial lesion. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 13:2, 154-158
CrossRef125
KENNETH H. FIFE, PAUL M. COPLAN, KATHRIN U. JANSEN, ANTHONY C. DiCELLO, DARRON R. BROWN, CARLOS ROJAS, LING SU. (2003) Poor Sensitivity of Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays of Genital Skin Swabs and Urine to Detect HPV 6 and 11 DNA in Men. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 30:3, 246-248
CrossRef126
K. Lalaoui, M. El Mzibri, M. Amrani, M. A. Belabbas, P. A. Lazo. (2003) Human papillomavirus DNA in cervical lesions from Morocco and its implications for cancer control. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 9:2, 144-148
CrossRef127
Hung-Cheng Lai, Huey-Kang Sytwu, Chien-An Sun, Mu-Hsien Yu, Cheng-Ping Yu, Hang-Seng Liu, Cheng-Chang Chang, Tang-Yuan Chu. (2003) Single nucleotide polymorphism at Fas promoter is associated with cervical carcinogenesis. International Journal of Cancer 103:2, 221-225
CrossRef128
Primali R Jayasooriya, Kazuyo Kurose, Masanori Terai, Kandavanam Sivagnanam, Samadarani Siriwardana, Wanninayaka Mudiyansalage Tilakaratne, Junji Tagami, Minoru Takagi. (2003) Human Papillomavirus in Oral Cancer from Sri Lanka: Prevalence and relationship with clinico-pathological parameters.. Oral Medicine & Pathology 8:2, 45-50
CrossRef129
M. E. Sherman, A. T. Lorincz, D. R. Scott, S. Wacholder, P. E. Castle, A. G. Glass, I. Mielzynska-Lohnas, B. B. Rush, M. Schiffman. (2003) Baseline Cytology, Human Papillomavirus Testing, and Risk for Cervical Neoplasia: A 10-Year Cohort Analysis. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95:1, 46-52
CrossRef130
Jean-Paul Bory, Jo
CrossRef131
N LONKY. (2002) Reducing death from cervical cancerExamining the prevention paradigms. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 29:4, 599-611
CrossRef132
Koutsky, Laura A., Ault, Kevin A., Wheeler, Cosette M., Brown, Darron R., Barr, Eliav, Alvarez, Frances B., Chiacchierini, Lisa M., Jansen, Kathrin U., . (2002) A Controlled Trial of a Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine 347:21, 1645-1651
Full Text133
Ruud LM Bekkers, Willem JG Melchers, Judith MJE Bakkers, Antonius GJM Hanselaar, Wim GV Quint, Henk Boonstra, Leon FAG Massuger. (2002) The role of genotype-specific human papillomavirus detection in diagnosing residual cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. International Journal of Cancer 102:2, 148-151
CrossRef134
Anju Zhang, Susanne M
CrossRef135
Michael Wells, Laurence J. R. Brown. (2002) Symposium Part IV: Investigative Approaches to Endocervical Pathology. International Journal of Gynecological Pathology 21:4, 360-367
CrossRef136
Keng-Ling Wallin, Fredrik Wiklund, Tapio Luostarinen, Tord
CrossRef137
C Duttagupta, S Sengupta, M Roy, D Sengupta, S Chakraborty, P Bhattacharya, S Roy, S Ghosh. (2002) Oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and uterine cervical cancer: a screening strategy in the perspective of rural India. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 11:5, 447-456
CrossRef138
Mehran Ghaderi, Keng-Ling Wallin, Fredrik Wiklund, Liene Nikitina Zake, G
CrossRef139
S Venturoli, F Bonvicini, M Cricca, G Gallinella, F Giosa, F Farinazzo, G Stefanuto, M Musiani, M Zerbini. (2002) Evaluation of commercial kits for the detection and typing of human papillomavirus in cervical swabs. Journal of Virological Methods 105:1, 49-56
CrossRef140
Simona Venturoli, Monica Cricca, Francesca Bonvicini, Francesco Giosa, Francesco Renato Pulvirenti, Claudio Galli, Monica Musiani, Marialuisa Zerbini. (2002) Human papillomavirus DNA testing by PCR-ELISA and hybrid capture II from a single cytological specimen: concordance and correlation with cytological results. Journal of Clinical Virology 25:2, 177-185
CrossRef141
Hala Tamim, Ramzi R. Finan, Huda E. Sharida, Mooza Rashid, Wassim Y. Almawi. (2002) Cervicovaginal coinfections with human papillomavirus and chlamydia trachomatis. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 43:4, 277-281
CrossRef142
Anju Zhang, Chengyun Zheng, Mi Hou, Charlotta Lindvall, Keng-Ling Wallin, Tord
CrossRef143
F. Xavier Bosch, Silvia de Sanjosé. (2002) Human papillomavirus in cervical cancer. Current Oncology Reports 4:2, 175-184
CrossRef144
David R. Scott, Bjorn Hagmar, Peter Maddox, Anders Hjerpe, Joakim Dillner, Jack Cuzick, Mark E. Sherman, Mark H. Stoler, Robert J. Kurman, Nancy B. Kiviat, M. Michele Manos, Mark Schiffman. (2002) Use of human papillomavirus DNA testing to compare equivocal cervical cytologic interpretations in the United States, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom. Cancer 96:1, 14-20
CrossRef145
Wen Jun Liu, Kong-Nan Zhao, Feng Guang Gao, Graham R Leggatt, Germain J.P Fernando, Ian H Frazer. (2001) Polynucleotide viral vaccines: codon optimisation and ubiquitin conjugation enhances prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. Vaccine 20:5-6, 862-869
CrossRef146
SYLVIA M. HEALEY, KRISTAN J. ARONSON, YANG MAO, NICOLAS F. SCHLECHT, LESLIE S. MERY, ALEX FERENCZY, EDUARDO L. FRANCO. (2001) Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Lesions in Aboriginal Women of Nunavut, Canada. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 28:12, 694-700
CrossRef147
John M. J Kirwan, C. Simon Herrington. (2001) Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer: where are we now?. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 108:12, 1204-1213
CrossRef148
R. R. Finan, N. Irani-Hakime, H. Tamim, H. E. Sharide, J. L. Daccache, W. Y. Almawi. (2001) Detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in cervico-vaginal scrapes of women with normal and abnormal cytology. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 7:12, 688-692
CrossRef149
Jack Cuzick, Peter Sasieni. (2001) Natural history of cervical human papillomavirus. The Lancet 358:9292, 1550-1551
CrossRef150
Mehran Ghaderi, Liene Nikitina Zake, Keng-Ling Wallin, Fredrik Wiklund, Göran Hallmans, Per Lenner, Joakim Dillner, Carani B Sanjeevi. (2001) Tumor necrosis factor A and MHC class I chain related gene A (MIC-A) polymorphisms in Swedish patients with cervical cancer. Human Immunology 62:10, 1153-1158
CrossRef151
P DAVIES, J KORNEGAY, T IFTNER. (2001) Current methods of testing for human papillomavirus. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 15:5, 677-700
CrossRef152
J DILLNER. (2001) Primary screening for human papillomavirus infection. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 15:5, 743-757
CrossRef153
Matti Lehtinen, Tiina Luukkaala, Keng-Ling Wallin, Jorma Paavonen, Steinar Thoresen, Joakim Dillner, Matti Hakama. (2001) Human papillomavirus infection, risk for subsequent development of cervical neoplasia and associated population attributable fraction. Journal of Clinical Virology 22:1, 117-124
CrossRef154
Debera Jane Thomas. (2001) Sexually Transmitted Viral Infections: Epidemiology and Treatment. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Neonatal Nursing 30:3, 316-323
CrossRef155
David Jenkins. (2001) Diagnosing human papillomaviruses: recent advances. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 14:1, 53-62
CrossRef156
M. Y. Tjiong, T. A. Out, J. Ter Schegget, M. P. M. Burger, N. Van Der Vange. (2001) Epidemiologic and mucosal immunologic aspects of HPV infection and HPV-related cervical neoplasia in the lower female genital tract: A review. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 11:1, 9-17
CrossRef157
Achim Schneider, Heike Hoyer, Beatrix Lotz, Sabine Leistritza, Rosemarie Kühne-Heid, Ingo Nindl, Bernhard Müller, Johannes Haerting, Matthias Dürst. (2000) Screening for high-grade cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia and cancer by testing for high-risk HPV, routine cytology or colposcopy. International Journal of Cancer 89:6, 529-534
CrossRef158
Joakim Dillner. (2000) Trends over time in the incidence of cervical neoplasia in comparison to trends over time in human papillomavirus infection. Journal of Clinical Virology 19:1-2, 7-23
CrossRef159
Kazuhisa Ishi, Fujihiko Suzuki, Akira Saito, Takeyoshi Kubota. (2000) Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Its Correlation with Cervical Lesions in Commercial-Sex Workers in Japan. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 26:4, 253-257
CrossRef160
Kazuhisa Ishi, Fujihiko Suzuki, Akira Saito, Takeyoshi Kubota. (2000) Prevalence of human papillomavirus,Chlamydia trachomatis, andNeisseria gonorrhoeae in commercial sex workers in Japan. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 8:5-6, 235-239
CrossRef161
Burk, Robert D., . (1999) Pernicious Papillomavirus Infection. New England Journal of Medicine 341:22, 1687-1688
Full Text
