Original Article
A Comparison of Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation and Conventional Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure
N Engl J Med 1998; 339:429-435August 13, 1998
- Abstract
Background and Methods
The role of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation delivered through a face mask in patients with acute respiratory failure is uncertain. We conducted a prospective, randomized trial of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation as compared with endotracheal intubation with conventional mechanical ventilation in 64 patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure who required mechanical ventilation.
Results
Within the first hour of ventilation, 20 of 32 patients (62 percent) in the noninvasive-ventilation group and 15 of 32 (47 percent) in the conventional-ventilation group had an improved ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2:FiO2) (P=0.21). Ten patients in the noninvasive-ventilation group subsequently required endotracheal intubation. Seventeen patients in the conventional-ventilation group (53 percent) and 23 in the noninvasive-ventilation group (72 percent) survived their stay in the intensive care unit (odds ratio, 0.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 1.4; P=0.19); 16 patients in the conventional-ventilation group and 22 patients in the noninvasive-ventilation group were discharged from the hospital. More patients in the conventional-ventilation group had serious complications (66 percent vs. 38 percent, P=0.02) and had pneumonia or sinusitis related to the endotracheal tube (31 percent vs. 3 percent, P=0.003). Among the survivors, patients in the noninvasive-ventilation group had shorter periods of ventilation (P=0.006) and shorter stays in the intensive care unit (P=0.002).
Conclusions
In patients with acute respiratory failure, noninvasive ventilation was as effective as conventional ventilation in improving gas exchange and was associated with fewer serious complications and shorter stays in the intensive care unit.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
The Ratio of the Partial Pressure of Arterial Oxygen to the Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (PaO2:FiO2) at Base Line and after One Hour of Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure in the Noninvasive-Ventilation and Conventional-Ventilation Groups.Table 1
Base-Line Characteristics of the Patients and Causes of Acute Respiratory Failure.Article Activity
- Article
Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation is a safe and effective means of improving gas exchange in patients with many types of acute respiratory failure.1 For example, in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypercapnic respiratory failure, adding noninvasive ventilation to standard therapy decreased the need for endotracheal intubation2-9 and reduced mortality.8 Similarly, noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure was effective in patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema, particularly those with hypercapnia.10-12 In patients with various forms of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (pneumonia, congestive heart failure, chest-wall impairment, and so forth),6,13 this therapy slightly decreased the rate of intubation and improved survival, but the effect was not statistically significant.8 The efficacy of positive-pressure ventilation in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure is not known.
We compared the efficacy of noninvasive ventilation delivered through a face mask with the efficacy of conventional mechanical ventilation delivered through an endotracheal tube in patients with severe hypoxemia whose condition had not improved with aggressive medical therapy and who required mechanical ventilation.
Methods
Study Design and Patient Selection
We enrolled consecutive adults with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure who were admitted to the intensive care unit of La Sapienza University Hospital in Rome. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either conventional mechanical ventilation with endotracheal intubation or noninvasive ventilation through a face mask. An ad hoc ethics committee approved the protocol, and all patients or their next of kin gave written informed consent.
The criteria for eligibility were acute respiratory distress that had deteriorated despite aggressive medical management, including severe dyspnea at rest as determined by a clinician who was not an investigator; a respiratory rate greater than 35 breaths per minute; a ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2 :FiO2) of less than 200 while the patient was breathing oxygen through a Venturi mask; and active contraction of the accessory muscles of respiration or paradoxical abdominal motion. Patients with any of the following were excluded: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease according to previously defined criteria5; immunosuppressive therapy; a requirement of emergency intubation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, respiratory arrest, severe hemodynamic instability, or encephalopathy; respiratory failure caused by neurologic disease or status asthmaticus; more than two new organ failures (e.g., the simultaneous presence of renal and cardiovascular failure)14; and tracheostomy, facial deformities, or recent oral, esophageal, or gastric surgery.
Medical management for the conditions causing acute respiratory failure was similar in the two groups. We used two types of mechanical ventilators: the Puritan Bennett 7200 (Puritan Bennett, Overland Park, Kans.) and the Servo 900 C (Siemens Elema, Uppsala, Sweden). The patients underwent continuous electrocardiography and monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation (Biox 3700, Ohmeda, Boulder, Colo.).
Conventional Ventilation
Patients assigned to the conventional-ventilation group underwent intubation with cuffed endotracheal tubes (internal diam-eter, 7.5 to 8.5 mm). The initial ventilator setting was in the assist–control mode, with a delivered tidal volume of 10 ml per kilogram of body weight and a respiratory rate of 14 to 18 breaths per minute, a positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cm of water, and an FiO2 of 0.8. Positive end-expiratory pressure was increased in increments of 2 to 3 cm of water up to 10 cm of water, until the FiO2 requirement was 0.6 or less. Intravenous diazepam (0.2 mg per kilogram) or propofol (2 mg per kilogram) was given for sedation at the time of intubation; none of the patients received a paralyzing drug. The head of the bed was kept elevated at an angle of 45 degrees to minimize the risk of aspiration. When spontaneous breathing reappeared, the ventilator settings were changed to intermittent mandatory ventilation (rate, 4 to 7 breaths per minute) with pressure support (14 to 20 cm of water), adjusted to achieve a spontaneous tidal volume of 8 to 10 ml per kilogram, a respiratory rate of fewer than 25 breaths per minute, and the disappearance of accessory-muscle activity.15 All patients were weaned from the ventilator by reducing the level of pressure support by 4 cm of water twice and then decreasing the ventilatory rate by two breaths per minute at two-hour intervals, as tolerated. Patients who tolerated an intermittent-mandatory-ventilation rate of 0.5 breath per minute, a pressure-support level of 8 cm of water, and an FiO2 of 0.5 or less had a two-hour T-piece trial.16 These patients then underwent extubation if they maintained a respiratory rate lower than 30 breaths per minute and a PaO2 greater than 75 mm Hg.
Noninvasive Ventilation
For patients assigned to noninvasive ventilation, the ventilator was connected with conventional tubing to a clear, full-face mask with an inflatable soft-cushion seal and a disposable foam spacer to reduce dead space (Gibeck, Upplands, Sweden). The mask was secured with head straps to avoid an excessively tight fit, and the head of the bed was kept elevated at a 45-degree angle. In most cases, a hydrocolloid sheet was applied over the nasal bridge. For patients with a nasogastric tube, a seal connector in the dome of the mask was used to minimize air leakage. After the mask had been secured, pressure support was increased to achieve an exhaled tidal volume of 8 to 10 ml per kilogram, a respiratory rate of fewer than 25 breaths per minute, the disappearance of accessory-muscle activity (as evaluated by palpation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle),15 and patient comfort. Continuous positive airway pressure was increased by 2 to 3 cm of water repeatedly, up to 10 cm of water, until the FiO2 requirement was 0.6 or less. Ventilator settings were adjusted on the basis of continuous oximetry and measurements of arterial-blood gases. The patients were not sedated.
The duration of ventilation was standardized according to the protocol of Wysocki et al.13 During the first 24 hours, ventilation was continuously maintained until oxygenation and clinical status improved. Subsequently, each patient was evaluated daily after breathing supplemental oxygen without ventilatory support for 15 minutes. Noninvasive ventilation was reduced progressively in accordance with the degree of clinical improvement and was discontinued if the patient maintained a respiratory rate lower than 30 breaths per minute and a PaO2 greater than 75 mm Hg with an FiO2 of 0.5, without ventilatory support.
In the patients randomly assigned to receive noninvasive ventilation, the criteria for switching them to endotracheal intubation and conventional ventilation were the failure to maintain a PaO2 above 65 mm Hg with an FiO2 of at least 0.6; the development of conditions necessitating endotracheal intubation to protect the airways (coma or seizure disorder) or to manage copious tracheal secretions; hemodynamic or electrocardiographic instability; or an inability on the part of the patient to tolerate the face mask because of discomfort. An attending physician who was not an investigator evaluated these criteria.
End Points and Definitions
The primary end points were the values for gas exchange and the frequency of complications of mechanical ventilation, including pneumonia, sepsis, and sinusitis. Arterial-blood gas values were determined at base line, at one hour, at four-hour intervals during mechanical ventilation, and before discontinuation of ventilatory support. Improvement in gas exchange was defined as the ability to increase the PaO2 :FiO2 ratio to more than 200 or an increase in this ratio of more than 100 from base line.12 Improvement in gas exchange was evaluated within one hour after study entry (initial improvement) and over time (sustained improvement). Sustained improvement in gas exchange was defined as the ability to maintain the defined improvement in PaO2 :FiO2 until mechanical ventilation was discontinued, as confirmed by serial blood gas measurements.
Patients were monitored for the development of infections or other complications. Sepsis was defined as a systemic inflammatory response to an infectious process, with manifestations including tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia, and hypothermia, and a high white-cell count; positive blood cultures were not required. Severe sepsis was diagnosed when sepsis was associated with evidence of organ dysfunction or hypoperfusion, such as altered mental status, metabolic acidosis, or oliguria. Severe sepsis associated with hypotension that was unresponsive to fluid therapy was referred to as septic shock.17
Patients in whom clinical manifestations of pneumonia developed, including radiographic evidence of persistent pulmonary infiltrates, hyperthermia or hypothermia, purulent tracheobronchial secretions, a high white-cell count, and worsening of pulmonary-gas exchange,18,19 underwent bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage. The methods and laboratory procedures followed consensus guidelines.20,21 Pneumonia was diagnosed when at least 100,000 colony-forming units of bacteria per milliliter were measured in bronchoalveolar-lavage fluids.20 Since infections in patients receiving mechanical ventilation are frequently associated with the presence of an invasive device,18 an index of invasiveness was established by counting the number of devices (central venous, arterial, pulmonary arterial, and urinary catheters; drainage, endotracheal, and nasogastric tubes) per patient at entry to the study.
The secondary end points were survival, the duration of mechanical ventilation, and the duration of the stay in the intensive care unit. The criteria for the diagnosis of the acute respiratory distress syndrome were those of the American–European Consensus Conference.22 The simplified acute physiologic score was calculated 24 hours after admission to the intensive care unit.23 This score takes into account 14 variables (age, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, body temperature, respiratory rate or need for ventilatory support, urinary output, white-cell count, hematocrit, Glasgow coma score, and serum glucose, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate, and urea nitrogen concentrations). A range of 0 to 4 is assigned for each variable (range of possible scores, 0 to 56). Higher scores indicate a higher risk of death; for instance, a score of 15 or 16 is associated with a mortality rate of approximately 32 percent, and for all scores of 21 or higher, mortality exceeds 80 percent.
Statistical Analysis
Results are given as means ±SD. Demographic and physiologic characteristics of the two groups were compared with use of Student's t-test for continuous data (separate estimates of variance were used when variances differed significantly) and with the Mantel–Haenszel extended chi-square test for categorical data. Fisher's exact test (two-tailed) was used when appropriate (when the expected number of cases per cell was below five). The SPSS package (SPSS, Chicago) was used for all analyses. The odds ratios, relative risks, and 95 percent confidence intervals are given with chi-square and P values to illustrate the amount of risk associated with some of the effects.24
Results
Between April 1995 and March 1996, 486 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit; 295 had already undergone intubation, 19 underwent tracheostomy, and 95 had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or were receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Of the 77 patients who met the entry criteria, 13 chose not to participate; thus, 64 were enrolled. Thirty-two patients were assigned to each group. The base-line characteristics of the two groups were similar (Table 1Table 1
Base-Line Characteristics of the Patients and Causes of Acute Respiratory Failure.), with the exception that in the conventional-ventilation group the mean arterial pH was significantly lower (P=0.002) and more patients had a partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) greater than 45 mm Hg (12 vs. 5 patients, P=0.05). The treatments for the conditions precipitating respiratory failure and the ventilatory requirements were similar. The mean level of applied positive end-expiratory pressure was similar (5.1±1.4 cm of water in the noninvasive-ventilation group and 5.3±1.2 cm of water in the conventional-ventilation group).The patients in the two groups had a similar initial change in PaO2 :FiO2 (Figure 1Figure 1
The Ratio of the Partial Pressure of Arterial Oxygen to the Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (PaO2:FiO2) at Base Line and after One Hour of Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure in the Noninvasive-Ventilation and Conventional-Ventilation Groups.). Within the first hour of mechanical ventilation, 20 patients (62 percent) in the noninvasive-ventilation group and 15 (47 percent) in the conventional-ventilation group had an improvement in PaO2 :FiO2 (P=0.21). The PaO2 :FiO2 improved over time in the 22 patients in the noninvasive-ventilation group who did not need intubation (116±25 at base line vs. 250±60 at the end of treatment, P=0.02) and in the 17 patients in the conventional-ventilation group who survived (126±25 at base line vs. 241±98 at the end of treatment, P=0.03). The change in PaCO2 was similar in the two groups. Ten patients in the noninvasive-ventilation group (31 percent) required endotracheal intubation an average of 15±7 hours after entry into the study, but none required emergency intubation. The reasons for intubation were the failure of noninvasive ventilation to maintain the PaO2 above 65 mm Hg (four patients), its inability to correct dyspnea (one patient), its inability to manage copious secretions (one patient), intolerance of noninvasive ventilation (two patients), and hemodynamic instability (two patients).Overall, 42 patients, including 10 in the noninvasive-ventilation group, underwent intubation; 14 had orotracheal intubation, and 28 had nasotracheal intubation. The length of stay in the intensive care unit was shorter for patients in the noninvasive-ventilation group (9±7 days, vs. 16±17 days in the conventional-ventilation group; P=0.04). Nine patients in the noninvasive-ventilation group — all of whom required endotracheal intubation — and 15 in the conventional-ventilation group died in the intensive care unit. Thus, the rate of survival to discharge from the intensive care unit was 53 percent (17 patients) in the conventional-ventilation group and 72 percent (23 patients) in the noninvasive-ventilation group (odds ratio, 0.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 1.4; P=0.19). Two patients (one in each group) died in the hospital after discharge from intensive care. One, in the noninvasive-ventilation group, died of ventricular fibrillation. The other, in the conventional-ventilation group, died of cardiogenic shock due to a new myocardial infarction. The other patients were successfully discharged from the hospital without further complications.
The complications and events leading to death are shown in Table 2Table 2
Serious Complications and Complications Resulting in Death.. More patients in the conventional-ventilation group than in the noninvasive-ventilation group had serious complications (66 percent vs. 38 percent, P=0.02) and had pneumonia or sinusitis related to the endotracheal tube (31 percent vs. 3 percent, P=0.003). The rate of serious complications was higher in patients in the conventional-ventilation group. Among the patients in the noninvasive-ventilation group, 12 (38 percent) had serious complications after undergoing endotracheal intubation. One of the 12 patients in whom noninvasive ventilation failed had pneumonia diagnosed six days after undergoing endotracheal intubation.Further details of patient outcomes are shown in Table 3Table 3
Characteristics of Patients According to the Success or Failure of Noninvasive Ventilation and Survival or Death in the Conventional-Ventilation Group.. In the noninvasive-ventilation group, there was a sustained improvement in gas exchange over time in 17 of the 22 patients who did not undergo intubation but in only 2 of the 10 patients who required intubation (P=0.003). Avoiding intubation was associated with a lower incidence of septic complications (P=0.006). Among the 40 patients who survived to be discharged from the intensive care unit, the patients in the noninvasive-ventilation group had a shorter duration of mechanical ventilation (3±3 vs. 6±5 days, P=0.006) and a shorter stay in the intensive care unit (6.6±5 vs. 14±13 days, P= 0.002) than those in the conventional-ventilation group.Among the patients in the conventional-ventilation group, those who died had a higher simplified acute physiologic score (P=0.02). A post hoc subgroup analysis was performed for patients with simplified acute physiologic scores lower than 16 and for those with scores of at least 16. The 19 patients with simplified acute physiologic scores of at least 16 had similar outcomes regardless of the type of ventilation, whereas in the 45 patients with simplified acute physiologic scores lower than 16, noninvasive ventilation was superior to conventional ventilation (data not shown).
Discussion
We found that, with similar ventilator settings, noninvasive ventilation was as effective as conventional ventilation in improving gas exchange in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Furthermore, the rate of serious complications, in particular those related to intubation (pneumonia and sinusitis), was significantly lower in patients receiving noninvasive ventilation. Successful noninvasive ventilation was associated with shorter stays in the intensive care unit. Ten patients in whom noninvasive ventilation failed (31 percent of the group) required intubation despite an improvement in gas exchange; this finding agrees with a prior report.9
Noninvasive ventilation can relieve hypoxemic respiratory failure in patients with pneumonia, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, or postoperative complications.1 Twenty-nine studies enrolling 748 patients described the successful application of noninvasive ventilation in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure of various causes.1 In one study, gas exchange improved when patients with hypoxemia had their endotracheal tubes replaced by noninvasive face masks with similar settings.25
In our study, the noninvasive-ventilation and conventional-ventilation groups had received a similar number of invasive devices, not counting the endotracheal tubes in the patients in the conventional-ventilation group. Endotracheal intubation is the single most important predisposing factor for ventilator-associated pneumonia.26 We identified pneumonia using bronchoscopic criteria in eight patients in the conventional-ventilation group (25 percent). The presence or absence of nosocomial pneumonia helps determine the outcome of respiratory failure.26 Two patients in the conventional-ventilation group died of ventilator-associated pneumonia. The low rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia among patients in the noninvasive-ventilation group is in agreement with other findings.1,5
As in other studies,5,13 the outcome in patients with higher simplified acute physiologic scores was poor, irrespective of their randomization group. Among survivors, those in the noninvasive-ventilation group had a shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and a shorter stay in the intensive care unit. Factors that may have been involved in shortening the duration of mechanical ventilation include the avoidance of sedation, elimination of the extra work of breathing imposed by the endotracheal tube, the lower rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia, and earlier removal from ventilation. There were more patients with respiratory acidosis in the conventional-ventilation group, and this may have affected the duration of mechanical ventilation and the outcome in this group. However, in an earlier randomized study of patients without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, patients with a PaCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg who were treated with noninvasive ventilation had shorter durations of stay in the intensive care unit and a lower mortality rate than those treated with conventional ventilation.13
In conclusion, we found that noninvasive ventilation was as effective as conventional ventilation in improving gas exchange in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, and that when endotracheal intubation was avoided, the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia was unlikely.
Source Information
From the Institute of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Università La Sapienza, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome (M.A., G.C., M.R., M.B., R.A.D.B., G.V., A.G.); and the University of Tennessee, Memphis, Lung Research Program, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Memphis (G.U.M.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Antonelli at the Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università La Sapienza, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- References
References
1
Meduri GU . Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Clin Chest Med 1996;17:513-553
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Bott J ,Carroll MP ,Conway JH , et al. Randomised controlled trial of nasal ventilation in acute ventilatory failure due to chronic obstructive airways disease. Lancet 1993;341:1555-1557
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Ahmed AH ,Fenwick L ,Angus RM ,Peacock AJ . Nasal ventilationv doxapram in the treatment of type II respiratory failure complicating chronic airflow obstruction. Thorax 1992;1:858-858 abstract.4
Daskalopoulou E ,Tsara V ,Fekete K ,Koutsantas V ,Christaki P . Treatment of acute respiratory failure in COPD patients with positive airway pressure via nasal mask (NPPV). Chest 1993;103:Suppl:271S-271S abstract.
CrossRef | Web of Science5
Brochard L ,Mancebo J ,Wysocki M , et al. Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 1995;333:817-822
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline6
Martin TJ ,Sanders MH ,Bierman MI ,Hovis JD . Non-invasive application of bi-level positive airway pressure to prevent endotracheal intubation in acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 1994;23:Suppl:A129-A129 abstract.7
Kramer N ,Meyer TJ ,Meharg J ,Cece RD ,Hill NS . Randomized, prospective trial of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1799-1806
Web of Science | Medline8
Keenan SP ,Kernerman PD ,Cook DJ ,Martin CM ,McCormack D ,Sibbald WJ . The effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on mortality in patients admitted with acute respiratory failure: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 1997;25:1685-1692
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Meduri GU ,Turner RE ,Abou-Shala N ,Wunderink RG ,Tolley E . Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation via face mask: first-line intervention in patients with acute hypercapnic and hypoxemic respiratory failure. Chest 1996;109:179-193
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Rasanen J ,Heikkila J ,Downs J ,Nikki P ,Vaisanen I ,Viitanen A . Continuous positive airway pressure by face mask in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Am J Cardiol 1985;55:296-300
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Bersten AD ,Holt AW ,Vedig AE ,Skowronski GA ,Baggoley CJ . Treatment of severe cardiogenic pulmonary edema with continuous positive airway pressure delivered by face mask. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1825-1830
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline12
Lin M ,Yang YF ,Chiang HT ,Chang MS ,Chiang BN ,Cheitlin MD . Reappraisal of continuous positive airway pressure therapy in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema: short-term results and long-term follow-up. Chest 1995;107:1379-1386
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Wysocki M ,Tric L ,Wolff MA ,Millet H ,Herman B . Noninvasive pressure support ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure: a randomized comparison with conventional therapy. Chest 1995;107:761-768
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Goris RJA ,te Boekhorst TPA ,Nuytinck JKS ,Gimbrere JS . Multiple-organ failure: generalized autodestructive inflammation? Arch Surg 1985;120:1109-1115
Web of Science | Medline15
Brochard L ,Harf A ,Lorino H ,Lemaire F . Inspiratory pressure support prevents diaphragmatic fatigue during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;139:513-521
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Brochard L ,Rauss A ,Benito S , et al. Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:896-903
Web of Science | Medline17
American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Meduri GU ,Mauldin GL ,Wunderink RG , et al. Causes of fever and pulmonary densities in patients with clinical manifestations of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1994;106:221-235
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Antonelli M ,Moro ML ,Capelli O , et al. Risk factors for early onset pneumonia in trauma patients. Chest 1994;105:224-228
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Meduri GU ,Chastre J . The standardization of bronchoscopic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1992;102:Suppl 1:557S-564S
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Antonelli M ,Conti G ,Riccioni L ,Meduri GU . Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation via face mask during bronchoscopy with BAL in high-risk hypoxemic patients. Chest 1996;110:724-728
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Bernard GR ,Artigas A ,Brigham KL . The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:818-824
Web of Science | Medline23
Le Gall JR ,Loirat P ,Alperovitich A , et al. A simplified acute physiology score for ICU patients. Crit Care Med 1984;12:975-977
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. Statistical methods. 6th ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1967.
25
Gregoretti C ,Burbi L ,Berardino M , et al. Non invasive mask ventilation (NIMV) in trauma and major burn patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:Suppl:A75-A75 abstract.
CrossRef26
Estes RJ ,Meduri GU . The pathogenesis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. I. Mechanisms of bacterial transcolonization and airway inoculation. Intensive Care Med 1995;21:365-383
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (185)
Citing Articles
1
Andres Carrillo, Gumersindo Gonzalez-Diaz, Miquel Ferrer, Maria Elena Martinez-Quintana, Antonia Lopez-Martinez, Noemi Llamas, Maravillas Alcazar, Antoni Torres. (2012) Non-invasive ventilation in community-acquired pneumonia and severe acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Medicine
CrossRef2
Giuseppe Bello, Gennaro De Pascale, Massimo Antonelli. (2011) Noninvasive ventilation for the immunocompromised patient. Current Opinion in Critical Care1
CrossRef3
A. Belenguer-Muncharaz, R. Reig-Valero, S. Altaba-Tena, P. Casero-Roig, A. Ferrándiz-Sellés. (2011) Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in severe pneumonia due to H1N1 virus. Medicina Intensiva (English Edition)
CrossRef4
A. Belenguer-Muncharaz, R. Reig-Valero, S. Altaba-Tena, P. Casero-Roig, A. Ferrándiz-Sellés. (2011) Utilización de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva en neumonía grave por virus H1N1. Medicina Intensiva 35:8, 470-477
CrossRef5
Giuseppe R. Gristina, Massimo Antonelli, Giorgio Conti, Alessia Ciarlone, Silvia Rogante, Carlotta Rossi, Guido Bertolini. (2011) Noninvasive versus invasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure in patients with hematologic malignancies: A 5-year multicenter observational survey*. Critical Care Medicine 39:10, 2232-2239
CrossRef6
Jonathan Elmer, Daniel J. Pallin, Shan Liu, Catherine Pearson, Yuchiao Chang, Carlos A. Camargo, Steven M. Greenberg, Jonathan Rosand, Joshua N. Goldstein. (2011) Prolonged Emergency Department Length of Stay is not Associated with Worse Outcomes in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurocritical Care
CrossRef7
Joe E. Dib, Scott A. Matin, Amy Luckert. (2011) Prehospital Use of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Acute Severe Congestive Heart Failure. The Journal of Emergency Medicine
CrossRef8
Marco Piastra, Daniele Luca, Laura Marzano, Eleonora Stival, Orazio Genovese, Domenico Pietrini, Giorgio Conti. (2011) The number of failing organs predicts non-invasive ventilation failure in children with ALI/ARDS. Intensive Care Medicine 37:9, 1510-1516
CrossRef9
Saoussen Dimassi, Frédéric Vargas, Aissam Lyazidi, Ferran Roche-Campo, Jean Dellamonica, Laurent Brochard. (2011) Intrapulmonary percussive ventilation superimposed on spontaneous breathing: a physiological study in patients at risk for extubation failure. Intensive Care Medicine 37:8, 1269-1276
CrossRef10
Karen Sumner, Ghasem Yadegafar. (2011) The utility and futility of non-invasive ventilation in non-designated areas: Can critical care outreach nurses influence practice?. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing 27:4, 211-217
CrossRef11
Élie Azoulay, Alexandre Demoule, Samir Jaber, Achille Kouatchet, Anne-Pascale Meert, Laurent Papazian, Laurent Brochard. (2011) Palliative noninvasive ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Medicine 37:8, 1250-1257
CrossRef12
William E. Trick, Matthew Samore. (2011) Denominators for Device Infections: Who and How to Count. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 32:7, 641-643
CrossRef13
X. Combes, P. Jabre, B. Vivien, P. Carli. (2011) Ventilation non invasive en médecine d’urgence. Annales françaises de médecine d'urgence 1:4, 260-266
CrossRef14
Josiah C. Daily, Henry E. Wang. (2011) Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation: Resource Document for the National Association of EMS Physicians Position Statement. Prehospital Emergency Care 15:3, 432-438
CrossRef15
D. Chiumello, G. Chevallard, C. Gregoretti. (2011) Non-invasive ventilation in postoperative patients: a systematic review. Intensive Care Medicine 37:6, 918-929
CrossRef16
Marin H. Kollef. (2011) Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit: Beyond the Use of Bundles. Surgical Infections 12:3, 211-220
CrossRef17
Sven Riviere, Julien Monconduit, Véronique Zarka, Patrice Massabie, Stéphane Boulet, Philippe Dartevelle, François Stéphan. (2011) Failure of noninvasive ventilation after lung surgery: a comprehensive analysis of incidence and possible risk factors. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 39:5, 769-776
CrossRef18
Daniel C. Grinnan, Jonathon D. Truwit. 2011. Noninvasive Ventilation in Acute Respiratory Failure. , 51-62.
CrossRef19
H.J. Heppner, K. Singler, C.C. Sieber, M. Christ, F. Heirler, B. Schönhofer. (2011) Evidenzbasierte Medizin. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 44:2, 103-108
CrossRef20
Javier Muñoz Bono, Emilio Curiel Balsera, Juan Luis Galeas López. (2011) Indicaciones en ventilación mecánica no invasiva. ¿Evidencias en la bibliografía médica?. Medicina Clínica 136:3, 116-120
CrossRef21
Karina T Timenetsky, Silvia HCT Aquino, Cilene Saghabi, Corinne Taniguchi, Claudia V Silvia, Luci Correa, Alexandre R Marra, Raquel AC Eid, Oscar FP dos Santos. (2011) High success and low mortality rates with non-invasive ventilation in influenza A H1N1 patients in a tertiary hospital. BMC Research Notes 4:1, 375
CrossRef22
F. Piton, S. Evelinger, C. Dubreuil, C. Laplace. (2011) Cinesiterapia perioperatoria del paziente sottoposto a chirurgia toracica polmonare. EMC - Medicina Riabilitativa 18:2, 1-14
CrossRef23
Fernando Hauaji Chacur, Luis Marcelo Vilella Felipe, Cintia Gonçalves Fernandes, Luiz Claudio Oliveira Lazzarini. (2011) The Total Face Mask Is More Comfortable than the Oronasal Mask in Noninvasive Ventilation but Is Not Associated with Improved Outcome. Respiration 82:5, 426-430
CrossRef24
Abolfazl Najaf-Zadeh, Francis Leclerc. (2011) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure in children: a concise review. Annals of Intensive Care 1:1, 15
CrossRef25
Massimo Antonelli. (2011) The feasibility and safety of fiberoptic bronchoscopy during noninvasive ventilation in patients with established acute lung injury: another small brick in the wall. Critical Care 15:5, 191
CrossRef26
Byoung Chul Lee, Kyu Hyouck Kyoung, Young Hwan Kim, Suk-Kyung Hong. (2011) Non-invasive ventilation for surgical patients with acute respiratory failure. Journal of the Korean Surgical Society 80:6, 390
CrossRef27
Stéphane Dauger, Philippe Durand, Etienne Javouey, Jean-Christophe Mercier. 2011. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Children. , 706-716.
CrossRef28
João Carlos Winck, Miguel Gonçalves. (2010) H1N1 infection and acute respiratory failure: Can we give non-invasive ventilation a chance?. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia (English Edition) 16:6, 907-911
CrossRef29
Juan Ignacio Muñoz-Bonet, Eva M. Flor-Macián, Juan Brines, Patricia M. Roselló-Millet, M. Cruz Llopis, José L. López-Prats, Silvia Castillo. (2010) Predictive factors for the outcome of noninvasive ventilation in pediatric acute respiratory failure*. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 11:6, 675-680
CrossRef30
Karen EA Burns, Neill KJ Adhikari, Sean P Keenan, Maureen O Meade, Karen EA Burns. 2010. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as a weaning strategy for intubated adults with respiratory failure. .
CrossRef31
Lee E. Morrow, Marin H. Kollef. (2010) Recognition and prevention of nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit and infection control in mechanical ventilation. Critical Care Medicine 38, S352-S362
CrossRef32
R. Costa, P. Navalesi, G. Spinazzola, G. Ferrone, A. Pellegrini, F. Cavaliere, R. Proietti, M. Antonelli, G. Conti. (2010) Influence of ventilator settings on patient–ventilator synchrony during pressure support ventilation with different interfaces. Intensive Care Medicine 36:8, 1363-1370
CrossRef33
Lennart Magnusson. (2010) Role of spontaneous and assisted ventilation during general anaesthesia. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 24:2, 243-252
CrossRef34
Anke Kohlenberg, Frank Schwab, Michael Behnke, Christine Geffers, Petra Gastmeier. (2010) Pneumonia associated with invasive and noninvasive ventilation: an analysis of the German nosocomial infection surveillance system database. Intensive Care Medicine 36:6, 971-978
CrossRef35
Frederick W. Endorf, David J. Dries. (2010) Noninvasive Ventilation in the Burned Patient. Journal of Burn Care & Research 31:2, 217-228
CrossRef36
M. Westhoff, S. Rosseau. (2010) Nichtinvasive Beatmung bei akuter respiratorischer Insuffizienz. Der Pneumologe 7:2, 89-99
CrossRef37
Masato Narita, Kiminobu Tanizawa, Kazuo Chin, Iwao Ikai, Tomohiro Handa, Toru Oga, Akio Niimi, Tomomasa Tsuboi, Michiaki Mishima, Shinji Uemoto, Etsuro Hatano. (2010) Noninvasive Ventilation Improves the Outcome of Pulmonary Complications after Liver Resection. Internal Medicine 49:15, 1501-1507
CrossRef38
Emilio Bouza, Almudena Burillo. 2009. Nosocomial Pneumonia in Critical Care. , 178-207.
CrossRef39
L. Engelmann. (2009) Bedeutung und Einsatz der Beatmung bei akut dekompensierter Herzinsuffizienz. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 46:6, 391-398
CrossRef40
Javier Hortal, Maddalena Giannella, Maria Jesús Pérez, José Maria Barrio, Manuel Desco, Emilio Bouza, Patricia Muñoz. (2009) Incidence and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia after major heart surgery. Intensive Care Medicine 35:9, 1518-1525
CrossRef41
Stefano Nava, Nicholas Hill. (2009) Non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure. The Lancet 374:9685, 250-259
CrossRef42
Frédéric Vargas, Arnaud Thille, Aissam Lyazidi, Biomed Eng Master, Ferran Roche Campo, Laurent Brochard. (2009) Helmet with specific settings versus facemask for noninvasive ventilation*. Critical Care Medicine 37:6, 1921-1928
CrossRef43
Miguel Fernández-Vivas, Gumersindo González-Díaz, Juan Caturla-Such, Francisco José Delgado-Vílchez, José Manuel Serrano-Simón, Andrés Carrillo-Alcaraz, José Vayá-Moscardó, José Galcerá-Tomás, Francisco Ángel Jaime-Sánchez, Manuel Solera-Suárez. (2009) Utilización de la ventilación no invasiva en la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda. Estudio multicéntrico en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Medicina Intensiva 33:4, 153-160
CrossRef44
Tarek A. Dernaika, Jean I. Keddissi, Gary T. Kinasewitz. (2009) Update on ARDS: Beyond the Low Tidal Volume. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 337:5, 360-367
CrossRef45
Amanda Tarabini Fraticelli, François Lellouche, Erwan L’Her, Solenne Taillé, Jordi Mancebo, Laurent Brochard. (2009) Physiological effects of different interfaces during noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure*. Critical Care Medicine 37:3, 939-945
CrossRef46
Masato Narita, Etsuro Hatano, Hiromitsu Nagata, Atsuko Yanagida, Hiroyuki Asechi, Ken-ichi Takahashi, Iwao Ikai, Shinji Uemoto, Kazuo Chin. (2009) Prophylactic respiratory management after liver resection with bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation: Report of three cases. Surgery Today 39:2, 172-174
CrossRef47
Diego de Mendoza-Asensi. (2009) Breathing for Two. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 16:1, 21-27
CrossRef48
P. Michelet, X. B. D'Journo, F. Seinaye, J. M. Forel, L. Papazian, P. Thomas. (2009) Non-invasive ventilation for treatment of postoperative respiratory failure after oesophagectomy. British Journal of Surgery 96:1, 54-60
CrossRef49
Antoni Torres, Santiago Ewig, Harmut Lode, Jean Carlet, . (2009) Defining, treating and preventing hospital acquired pneumonia: European perspective. Intensive Care Medicine 35:1, 9-29
CrossRef50
Sylvie Aubreton, François Bridon, Stéphanie Delaere, Pascal Matte. 2009. Kinésithérapie et chirurgie thoracoabdominale. , 193-203.
CrossRef51
Pierre Delguste, Thierry Detaille, Frédéric Thys. 2009. Aspects de la ventilation mécanique non invasive chez l'enfant et l'adulte. , 339-352.
CrossRef52
C. Perrin, V. Jullien, Y. Duval, C. Defrance. (2008) Place de la ventilation non invasive dans les soins palliatifs et en fin de vie. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 25:10, 1227-1236
CrossRef53
Mark A. Hostetler. (2008) Use of Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation in the Emergency Department. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 26:4, 929-939
CrossRef54
Mélanie Adda, Isaline Coquet, Michaël Darmon, Guillaume Thiery, Benoît Schlemmer, Élie Azoulay. (2008) Predictors of noninvasive ventilation failure in patients with hematologic malignancy and acute respiratory failure*. Critical Care Medicine 36:10, 2766-2772
CrossRef55
Susan E. Coffin, Michael Klompas, David Classen, Kathleen M. Arias, Kelly Podgorny, Deverick J. Anderson, Helen Burstin, David P. Calfee, Erik R. Dubberke, Victoria Fraser, Dale N. Gerding, Frances A. Griffin, Peter Gross, Keith S. Kaye, Evelyn Lo, Jonas Marschall, Leonard A. Mermel, Lindsay Nicolle, David A. Pegues, Trish M. Perl, Sanjay Saint, Cassandra D. Salgado, Robert A. Weinstein, Robert Wise, Deborah S. Yokoe. (2008) Strategies to Prevent Ventilator‐Associated Pneumonia in Acute Care Hospitals • . Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 29:S1, S31-S40
CrossRef56
Etienne Javouhey, Audrey Barats, Nathalie Richard, Didier Stamm, Daniel Floret. (2008) Non-invasive ventilation as primary ventilatory support for infants with severe bronchiolitis. Intensive Care Medicine 34:9, 1608-1614
CrossRef57
Leticia J. Yañez, Mauricio Yunge, Marcos Emilfork, Michelangelo Lapadula, Alex Alcántara, Carlos Fernández, Jaime Lozano, Mariana Contreras, Luis Conto, Carlos Arevalo, Alejandro Gayan, Flora Hernández, Mariela Pedraza, Marion Feddersen, Marcela Bejares, Marta Morales, Fernando Mallea, Maritza Glasinovic, Gabriel Cavada. (2008) A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of noninvasive ventilation in pediatric acute respiratory failure*. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 9:5, 484-489
CrossRef58
Serdar Celebi, Özge Köner, Ferdi Menda, Oğuz Omay, İlhan Günay, Kaya Suzer, Nahit Cakar. (2008) Pulmonary Effects of Noninvasive Ventilation Combined with the Recruitment Maneuver After Cardiac Surgery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 107:2, 614-619
CrossRef59
Mei-Ean Yeow, Jairo I. Santanilla. (2008) Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in the Emergency Department. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 26:3, 835-847
CrossRef60
Yuko Yoshida, Shinhiro Takeda, Shinji Akada, Takashi Hongo, Keiji Tanaka, Atsuhiro Sakamoto. (2008) Factors predicting successful noninvasive ventilation in acute lung injury. Journal of Anesthesia 22:3, 201-206
CrossRef61
Nereo Zamperetti, Nicola Latronico. (2008) Clinical research in critically ill patients: the situation in Italy. Intensive Care Medicine 34:7, 1330-1332
CrossRef62
Jamie N. Deis, Thomas J. Abramo, Lee Crawley. (2008) Noninvasive Respiratory Support. Pediatric Emergency Care 24:5, 331-338
CrossRef63
Axel F. G. Bierbrauer, Kareem Khan, Heinrich F. Becker. (2008) Objektive, quantitative Messung des therapeutisch-pflegerischen Aufwandes für die Beatmungsbehandlung in der internistischen Intensivmedizin. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 45:3, 132-141
CrossRef64
Leonardo Lorente. (2008) Nonpharmacologic Measures to Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 15:2, 63-70
CrossRef65
Ross Freebairn. (2008) Noninvasive ventilation, a thing of beauty!*. Critical Care Medicine 36:2, 630-631
CrossRef66
Guilherme Schettino, Neila Altobelli, Robert M. Kacmarek. (2008) Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure outside clinical trials: Experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital*. Critical Care Medicine 36:2, 441-447
CrossRef67
Tomoyuki Soma, Mitsunori Hino, Kozui Kida, Shoji Kudoh. (2008) A Prospective and Randomized Study for Improvement of Acute Asthma by Non-invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NPPV). Internal Medicine 47:6, 493-501
CrossRef68
R. Phillip Dellinger, Mitchell M. Levy, Jean M. Carlet, Julian Bion, Margaret M. Parker, Roman Jaeschke, Konrad Reinhart, Derek C. Angus, Christian Brun-Buisson, Richard Beale, Thierry Calandra, Jean-Francois Dhainaut, Herwig Gerlach, Maurene Harvey, John J. Marini, John Marshall, Marco Ranieri, Graham Ramsay, Jonathan Sevransky, B. Taylor Thompson, Sean Townsend, Jeffrey S. Vender, Janice L. Zimmerman, Jean-Louis Vincent. (2008) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Intensive Care Medicine 34:1, 17-60
CrossRef69
Yan Chen, Ping Chen, Masayuki Hanaoka, Xingang Huang, Yunden Droma, Keishi Kubo. (2008) Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with Hypoxemia due to Refractory Heart Failure. Internal Medicine 47:5, 367-373
CrossRef70
R Phillip Dellinger, Mitchell M. Levy, Jean M. Carlet, Julian Bion, Margaret M. Parker, Roman Jaeschke, Konrad Reinhart, Derek C. Angus, Christian Brun-Buisson, Richard Beale, Thierry Calandra, Jean-Francois Dhainaut, Herwig Gerlach, Maurene Harvey, John J. Marini, John Marshall, Marco Ranieri, Graham Ramsay, Jonathan Sevransky, B Taylor Thompson, Sean Townsend, Jeffrey S. Vender, Janice L. Zimmerman, Jean-Louis Vincent. (2008) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Critical Care Medicine 36:1, 296-327
CrossRef71
Raffaele Scala, Stefano Nava, Giorgio Conti, Massimo Antonelli, Mario Naldi, Ivano Archinucci, Giovanni Coniglio, Nicholas S. Hill. (2007) Noninvasive versus conventional ventilation to treat hypercapnic encephalopathy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Intensive Care Medicine 33:12, 2101-2108
CrossRef72
Nora Cheung, Gerard Betro, Gina Luckianow, Lena Napolitano, Lewis J. Kaplan. (2007) Endotracheal Intubation: The Role of Sterility. Surgical Infections 8:5, 545-552
CrossRef73
C. G. Mayhall. (2007) In Pursuit of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Prevention: The Right Path. Clinical Infectious Diseases 45:6, 712-714
CrossRef74
Rani Ganesan, Kim D. Watts, Steven Lestrud. (2007) Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine 8:3, 139-144
CrossRef75
Arthur P Wheeler, Gordon R Bernard. (2007) Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a clinical review. The Lancet 369:9572, 1553-1564
CrossRef76
Anthony J Yun, Patrick Y Lee, John D Doux. (2007) Negative pressure ventilation via diaphragmatic pacing: a potential gateway for treating systemic dysfunctions. Expert Review of Medical Devices 4:3, 315-319
CrossRef77
Vahid Mohsenin. (2007) Sleep in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Sleep Medicine Clinics 2:1, 1-8
CrossRef78
Brian L. Pettiford, James D. Luketich, Rodney J. Landreneau. (2007) The Management of Flail Chest. Thoracic Surgery Clinics 17:1, 25-33
CrossRef79
François Lellouche. (2007) Noninvasive ventilation in patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure. Current Opinion in Critical Care 13:1, 12-19
CrossRef80
Paolo Navalesi, Roberta Costa, Piero Ceriana, Annalisa Carlucci, George Prinianakis, Massimo Antonelli, Giorgio Conti, Stefano Nava. (2007) Non-invasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: helmet versus facial mask. Intensive Care Medicine 33:1, 74-81
CrossRef81
Jairo I. Santanilla, Peter M. C. DeBlieux. 2007. Management of the Dyspneic Patient in the ED. , 17-24.
CrossRef82
Massimo Antonelli, Giorgio Conti, Antonio Esquinas, Luca Montini, Salvatore Maurizio Maggiore, Giuseppe Bello, Monica Rocco, Riccardo Maviglia, Mariano Alberto Pennisi, Gumersindo Gonzalez-Diaz, Gianfranco Umberto Meduri. (2007) A multiple-center survey on the use in clinical practice of noninvasive ventilation as a first-line intervention for acute respiratory distress syndrome*. Critical Care Medicine 35:1, 18-25
CrossRef83
Pierre Delguste, Thierry Detaille, Frédéric Thys. 2007. Aspects de la ventilation mécanique non invasive chez l'enfant et l'adulte. , 285-298.
CrossRef84
Sylvie Aubredon, François Bridon, Stéphanie Delaere, Pascal Matte. 2007. Kinésithérapie et chirurgie thoracoabdominale. , 169-179.
CrossRef85
R. Sindjelic, G. Vlajkovic, D. Markovic. (2007) Perspective of mechanical ventilation of lungs. Acta chirurgica iugoslavica 54:2, 109-113
CrossRef86
Jason R. Leong, David T. Huang. (2006) Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Surgical Clinics of North America 86:6, 1409-1429
CrossRef87
J. Fernández-Bujarrabal Villoslada. (2006) Actitud terapéutica en la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda y crónica. Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado 9:68, 4368-4375
CrossRef88
Younsuck Koh. (2006) Indications for Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation. International Anesthesiology Clinics 43:4, 109-117
CrossRef89
Alexandre Demoule, Emmanuelle Girou, Jean-Christophe Richard, Solenne Taille, Laurent Brochard. (2006) Benefits and risks of success or failure of noninvasive ventilation. Intensive Care Medicine 32:11, 1756-1765
CrossRef90
Alexandre Demoule, Emmanuelle Girou, Jean-Christophe Richard, Solenne Taillé, Laurent Brochard. (2006) Increased use of noninvasive ventilation in French intensive care units. Intensive Care Medicine 32:11, 1747-1755
CrossRef91
S. Paredes Vila, U. Calvo Álvarez, R. Arias Castells, J.R. Rodríguez Suárez. (2006) Neumonía nosocomial. Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado 9:65, 4198-4204
CrossRef92
Daniela Codazzi, Mirco Nacoti, Maurizio Passoni, Ezio Bonanomi, Lidia Rota Sperti, Roberto Fumagalli. (2006) Continuous positive airway pressure with modified helmet for treatment of hypoxemic acute respiratory failure in infants and a preschool population: A feasibility study*. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 7:5, 455-460
CrossRef93
T. Köhnlein, T. Welte. (2006) Nichtinvasive Beatmung. Der Internist 47:9, 917-928
CrossRef94
Sandrine Essouri, Laurent Chevret, Philippe Durand, Vincent Haas, Brigitte Fauroux, Denis Devictor. (2006) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: Five years of experience in a pediatric intensive care unit*. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 7:4, 329-334
CrossRef95
Alice Ackerman. (2006) Noninvasive ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit: Is the time now?*. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 7:4, 391-393
CrossRef96
D. Legner, A. Gröschel. (2006) Nichtinvasive Beatmung bei der Entwöhnung vom Respirator. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 43:4, 279-285
CrossRef97
M. Kurt, U. Boeken, J. Litmathe, P. Feindt, E. Gams. (2006) Oxygenierungsversagen nach herzchirurgischen Operationen. Zeitschrift für Herz-,Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie 20:2, 69-74
CrossRef98
T. O. F. Wagner. (2006) Bronchialobstruktion in der Intensivmedizin. Der Internist 47:4, 342-355
CrossRef99
Marin H. Kollef. (2006) The Intensive Care Unit as a Research Laboratory: Developing Strategies to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance. Surgical Infections 7:2, 85-99
CrossRef100
Karen E.A.Burns, Neill K.J Adhikari, Maureen O Meade. (2006) Neuroanesthesia and Intensive Care A meta-analysis of noninvasive weaning to facilitate liberation from mechanical ventilation. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie 53:3, 305-305
CrossRef101
Stefano Nava, Paolo Navalesi, Giorgio Conti. (2006) Time of non-invasive ventilation. Intensive Care Medicine 32:3, 361-370
CrossRef102
Anne-Pascale Meert, Thierry Berghmans, Michel Hardy, Eveline Markiewicz, Jean-Paul Sculier. (2006) Non-invasive ventilation for cancer patients with life-support techniques limitation. Supportive Care in Cancer 14:2, 167-171
CrossRef103
Jean-Louis Vincent, Fr??d??rique Jacobs. (2006) Initial Empirical Antibacterial Therapy of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Treatments in Respiratory Medicine 5:2, 85-91
CrossRef104
Paolo G. Merlani, Patrick Pasquina, Jean Max Granier, Miriam Treggiari, Olivier Rutschmann, Bara Ricou. (2005) Factors Associated with Failure of Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in the Emergency Department. Academic Emergency Medicine 12:12, 1206-1215
CrossRef105
Sean M. Caples, Peter C. Gay. (2005) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the intensive care unit: A concise review. Critical Care Medicine 33:11, 2651-2658
CrossRef106
T. Köhnlein, T. Welte. (2005) Nichtinvasive Beatmung bei Patienten mit Lungenödem und akuter respiratorischer Insuffizienz. Der Pneumologe 2:5, 339-347
CrossRef107
Guilherme Schettino, Neila Altobelli, Robert M. Kacmarek. (2005) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation reverses acute respiratory failure in select ???do-not-intubate??? patients. Critical Care Medicine 33:9, 1976-1982
CrossRef108
Marin H. Kollef, Scott T. Micek. (2005) Strategies to prevent antimicrobial resistance in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine 33:8, 1845-1853
CrossRef109
BRIAN P. KAVANAGH, LAWRENCE ROY. (2005) Pediatric ventilation - towards simpler approaches for complex diseases. Pediatric Anesthesia 15:8, 627-629
CrossRef110
C.M. Luna, A. Monteverde, A. Rodríguez, C. Apezteguia, G. Zabert, S. Ilutovich, G. Menga, W. Vasen, A.R. Díez, J. Mera. (2005) Neumonía intrahospitalaria: guía clínica aplicable a Latinoamérica preparada en común por diferentes especialistas. Archivos de Bronconeumología 41:8, 439-456
CrossRef111
P. Schütt, T. Konorza, P. Ebeling, P. Lütkes, M. Flasshove, T. Moritz, M. R. Nowrousian, S. Seeber, M. Haude, R. Erbel. (2005) Intensivmedizinische Behandlung von Patienten mit einer malignen Tumorerkrankung: Analyse von prognostischen Faktoren. Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 42:5, 440-448
CrossRef112
Stephen B. Osmon, Marin H. Kollef. (2005) Prevention of Pneumonia in the Hospital Setting. Clinics in Chest Medicine 26:1, 135-142
CrossRef113
Zsolt Iv??nyi, Peter Radermacher, Ralf Kuhlen, Enrico Calzia. (2005) How to choose a mechanical ventilator. Current Opinion in Critical Care 11:1, 50-55
CrossRef114
David K. Warren, Marin H. Kollef. (2005) Prevention of hospital infection. Microbes and Infection 7:2, 268-274
CrossRef115
G. Adler, H. Woehrle. (2005) Diagnostik und Therapie der akuten Pankreatitis. Der Internist 46:2, 131-144
CrossRef116
Reto Stocker, Peter Biro. (2005) Airway management and artificial ventilation in intensive care. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 18:1, 35-45
CrossRef117
Lola Rodríguez Mulero, Andrés Carrillo Alcaraz, Antonio Melgarejo Moreno, Ana Renedo Villarroya, Manuel Párraga Ramírez, Pedro Jara Pérez, María José Millán, Gumersindo González Díaz. (2005) Factores de predicción del éxito de la ventilación no invasiva en el tratamiento del edema agudo de pulmón cardiogénico. Medicina Clínica 124:4, 126-131
CrossRef118
Lawrence Shulman, David Ost. (2005) Managing infection in the critical care unit: how can infection control make the ICU safe?. Critical Care Clinics 21:1, 111-128
CrossRef119
Sally-Ann Nortcliffe, Donal J. Buggy. (2004) Implications of Anesthesia for Infection and Wound Healing. International Anesthesiology Clinics 41:1, 31-64
CrossRef120
Sean P. Keenan, Tasnim Sinuff, Deborah J. Cook, Nicholas S. Hill. (2004) Does noninvasive positive pressure ventilation improve outcome in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure? A systematic review. Critical Care Medicine 32:12, 2516-2523
CrossRef121
Jonathan E. Sevransky, Mitchell M. Levy, John J. Marini. (2004) Mechanical ventilation in sepsis-induced acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome: An evidence-based review. Critical Care Medicine 32:Supplement, S548-S553
CrossRef122
Steve YANG, Keng-Leong TAN, Anantham DEVANAND, Stephanie FOOK-CHONG, Philip ENG. (2004) Acute exacerbation of COPD requiring admission to the intensive care unit. Respirology 9:4, 543-549
CrossRef123
Patrick Pasquina, Paolo Merlani, Jean Max Granier, Bara Ricou. (2004) Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Versus Noninvasive Pressure Support Ventilation to Treat Atelectasis After Cardiac Surgery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 99:4, 1001-1008
CrossRef124
Tawee Tanvetyanon. (2004) Which patient with a do-not-intubate order is a candidate for noninvasive ventilation?*. Critical Care Medicine 32:10, 2148-2150
CrossRef125
Joseph John, Steven Idell. (2004) Strategies for Optimizing Oxygenation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 11:5, 318-327
CrossRef126
Gonzalo Hernández, Paloma Rico, Emili Díaz, Jordi Rello. (2004) Nosocomial lung infections in adult intensive care units. Microbes and Infection 6:11, 1004-1014
CrossRef127
J.-L Vincent. (2004) Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Journal of Hospital Infection 57:4, 272-280
CrossRef128
John J Marini. (2004) Advances in the understanding of acute respiratory distress syndrome: summarizing a decade of progress. Current Opinion in Critical Care 10:4, 265-271
CrossRef129
Mark J. Rumbak, Michael Newton, Thomas Truncale, Skai W. Schwartz, James W Adams, Patrick B. Hazard. (2004) A prospective, randomized, study comparing early percutaneous dilational tracheotomy to prolonged translaryngeal intubation (delayed tracheotomy) in critically ill medical patients*. Critical Care Medicine 32:8, 1689-1694
CrossRef130
Stefano Nava, Anna Maria Cuomo. (2004) Acute respiratory failure in the cancer patient: the role of non-invasive mechanical ventilation. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 51:2, 91-103
CrossRef131
Felix SF Ram, Joanna Picot, Josephine Lightowler, Jadwiga A Wedzicha, Toby J Lasserson. 2004. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. .
CrossRef132
Esteban, Andrés, Frutos-Vivar, Fernando, Ferguson, Niall D., Arabi, Yaseen, Apezteguía, Carlos, González, Marco, Epstein, Scott K., Hill, Nicholas S., Nava, Stefano, Soares, Marco-Antonio, D'Empaire, Gabriel, Alía, Inmaculada, Anzueto, Antonio, . (2004) Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation for Respiratory Failure after Extubation. New England Journal of Medicine 350:24, 2452-2460
Full Text133
Marin H. Kollef. (2004) Prevention of hospital-associated pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Critical Care Medicine 32:6, 1396-1405
CrossRef134
Tasnim Sinuff, Sean P Keenan. (2004) Clinical practice guideline for the use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in COPD patients with acute respiratory failure. Journal of Critical Care 19:2, 82-91
CrossRef135
Gilles Hilbert, Didier Gruson, Fr??deric Vargas. (2004) Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation in Immunocompromised Patients. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 11:3, 175-182
CrossRef136
Marc J. M. Bonten, Marin H. Kollef, Jesse B. Hall. (2004) Risk Factors for Ventilator‐Associated Pneumonia: From Epidemiology to Patient Management. Clinical Infectious Diseases 38:8, 1141-1149
CrossRef137
J. Steven Hata. (2004) Minimizing Pulmonary Complications during the Perioperative Period. ASA Refresher Courses in Anesthesiology 32:1, 97-103
CrossRef138
Massimo Antonelli, Mariano Alberto Pennisi, Paolo Pelosi, Cesare Gregoretti, Vincenzo Squadrone, Monica Rocco, Luca Cecchini, Davide Chiumello, Paolo Severgnini, Rodolfo Proietti, Paolo Navalesi, Giorgio Conti. (2004) Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation Using a Helmet in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Anesthesiology 100:1, 16-24
CrossRef139
M ELLIOTT. (2004) Non-invasive mechanical ventilation. Medicine 32:1, 99-101
CrossRef140
Karen E. A. Burns, Neill K. J. Adhikari, Maureen O. Meade, Karen E. A. Burns. 2003. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as a weaning strategy for intubated adults with respiratory failure. .
CrossRef141
FSF Ram, J Picot, J Lightowler, JA Wedzicha. 2003. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. .
CrossRef142
Maureen McCunn, Nader M. Habashi. (2003) Airway Pressure Release Ventilation in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Following Traumatic Injury. International Anesthesiology Clinics 40:3, 89-102
CrossRef143
Werner Rabitsch, Peter Schellongowski, Wolfgang J. Köstler, Brigitte Stoiser, Paul Knöbl, Gottfried J. Locker, Wolfgang Sperr, Heinz Burgmann, Harald Herkner, Felix Keil, Michael Frass, Thomas Staudinger. (2003) Efficacy and tolerability of non-invasive ventilation delivered via a newly developed helmet in immunosuppressed patients with acute respiratory failure. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 115:15-16, 590-594
CrossRef144
N. Malarkkan, N. J. Snook, A. B. Lumb. (2003) New aspects of ventilation in acute lung injury. Anaesthesia 58:7, 647-667
CrossRef145
Nicolo Patroniti, Muriel Verweij, Theodor Kolobow. (2003) Glottic-modulated lung ventilation during continuous transtracheal gas insufflation: An experimental study. Critical Care Medicine 31:5, 1461-1467
CrossRef146
Tobias Welte. (2003) Nicht-invasive Beatmung auf der Intensivstation — Geht es noch ohne?. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 115:3-4, 89-98
CrossRef147
Vincent N. Mosesso, James Dunford, Thomas Blackwell, John K. Griswell. (2003) P REHOSPITAL T HERAPY FOR A CUTE C ONGESTIVE H EART F AILURE : S TATE OF THE A RT. Prehospital Emergency Care 7:1, 13-23
CrossRef148
S Smailes. (2002) Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in burns. Burns 28:8, 795-801
CrossRef149
L Brochard. (2002) Points forts en réanimation. La Revue de Médecine Interne 23:10, 847-852
CrossRef150
Santiago Ewig, Antoni Torres. (2002) Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Current Opinion in Critical Care 8:5, 453-460
CrossRef151
Robert D. Acton, John R. Hotchkiss, David J. Dries. (2002) Noninvasive Ventilation. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 53:3, 593-601
CrossRef152
Craig T Hore. (2002) Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Emergency Medicine Australasia 14:3, 281-295
CrossRef153
Gilles Hilbert, Fréderic Vargas, Ruddy Valentino, Didier Gruson, Georges Gbikpi-Benissan, Jean-Pierre Cardinaud, Hervé Guenard. (2002) Noninvasive ventilation in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with and without home noninvasive ventilation. Critical Care Medicine 30:7, 1453-1458
CrossRef154
D SCHEINHORN, D CHAO, M STEARNHASSENPFLUG. (2002) Liberation from prolonged mechanical ventilation. Critical Care Clinics 18:3, 569-595
CrossRef155
Massimo Antonelli, Giorgio Conti, Paolo Pelosi, Cesare Gregoretti, Mariano Alberto Pennisi, Roberta Costa, Paolo Severgnini, Maurizio Chiaranda, Rodolfo Proietti. (2002) New treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: Noninvasive pressure support ventilation delivered by helmet—A pilot controlled trial. Critical Care Medicine 30:3, 602-608
CrossRef156
Santiago Ewig, Antoni Torres. (2002) Prevention and management of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Current Opinion in Critical Care 8:1, 58-69
CrossRef157
S KEENAN, D HEYLAND, M JACKA, D COOK, P DODEK. (2002) Ventilator-associated pneumonia: Prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Critical Care Clinics 18:1, 107-125
CrossRef158
Emmanuelle Girou. (2001) Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation and Prevention of Nosocomial Infection. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 8:6, 340-345
CrossRef159
Ricard Ferrer, Teresa Pont, Francisco Jos?? de Latorre. (2001) Airway Colonization in Intubated Patients. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 8:4, 207-213
CrossRef160
(2001) Noninvasive Ventilation in Immunosuppressed Patients. New England Journal of Medicine 344:26, 2027-2028
Full Text161
Martin R. Lessard. (2001) Noninvasive ventilation in the ICU / La ventilation non invasive aux soins intensifs. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie 48:S1, R6-R12
CrossRef162
Marin H. Kollef. (2001) What’s New about Ventilator-associated Pneumonia. Anesthesiology 94:4, 551-553
CrossRef163
Nicholas Hill. (2001) Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation for Post Acute Care. Clinics in Chest Medicine 22:1, 35-54
CrossRef164
Elie Azoulay, Corinne Alberti, Caroline Bornstain, Ghislaine Leleu, Delphine Moreau, Christian Recher, Sylvie Chevret, Jean-Roger Le Gall, Laurent Brochard, Benoît Schlemmer. (2001) Improved survival in cancer patients requiring mechanical ventilatory support: Impact of noninvasive mechanical ventilatory support. Critical Care Medicine 29:3, 519-525
CrossRef165
Hill, Nicholas S., . (2001) Noninvasive Ventilation for Immunocompromised Patients. New England Journal of Medicine 344:7, 522-524
Full Text166
Hilbert, Gilles, Gruson, Didier, Vargas, Fréderic, Valentino, Ruddy, Gbikpi-Benissan, Georges, Dupon, Michel, Reiffers, Josy, Cardinaud, Jean P., . (2001) Noninvasive Ventilation in Immunosuppressed Patients with Pulmonary Infiltrates, Fever, and Acute Respiratory Failure. New England Journal of Medicine 344:7, 481-487
Full Text167
Joseph B. Zwischenberger, Scott K. Alpard, Akhil Bidani. (2001) Severe respiratory failure. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 71:1, 394-396
CrossRef168
Josep Masip, Antoni J Betbesé, Joaquim Páez, Francisco Vecilla, Rosario Cañizares, Jaume Padró, Marco A Paz, Jordi de Otero, Josep Ballús. (2000) Non-invasive pressure support ventilation versus conventional oxygen therapy in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a randomised trial. The Lancet 356:9248, 2126-2132
CrossRef169
Roy G. Brower, Henry E. Fessler. (2000) MECHANICAL VENTILATION IN ACUTE LUNG INJURY AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME. Clinics in Chest Medicine 21:3, 491-510
CrossRef170
Barnes, Peter J., . (2000) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 343:4, 269-280
Full Text171
Robert M. Jasmer, Michael A. Matthay. (2000) Cost-effectiveness of noninvasive ventilation for acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Cashing in too quickly. Critical Care Medicine 28:6, 2170-2171
CrossRef172
Laurent Brochard. (2000) What is really important to make noninvasive ventilation work. Critical Care Medicine 28:6, 2139
CrossRef173
Jean-Louis Vincent. (2000) Which therapeutic interventions in critical care medicine have been shown to reduce mortality in prospective, randomized, clinical trials? A survey of candidates for the Belgian Board Examination in Intensive Care Medicine. Critical Care Medicine 28:5, 1616-1620
CrossRef174
Francois Lemaire. (2000) Pressure support for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: Less is more. Critical Care Medicine 28:5, 1652-1653
CrossRef175
John F. Pope, David J. Birnkrant. (2000) Noninvasive Ventilation to Facilitate Extubation in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 15:2, 99-103
CrossRef176
A. Larsson. (2000) A step in the right direction. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 44:3, 221-222
CrossRef177
Robert M. Kacmarek. (2000) Patient-ventilator interactions. Current Opinion in Critical Care 6:1, 30-37
CrossRef178
Massimo Antonelli, Giorgio Conti. (2000) Noninvasive ventilation in intensive care unit patients. Current Opinion in Critical Care 6:1, 11-16
CrossRef179
Dean Hess, Sunisa Chatmongkolchart. (2000) Techniques to Avoid Intubation: Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation and Heliox Therapy. International Anesthesiology Clinics 38:3, 161-187
CrossRef180
Duncan LA Wyncoll, Timothy W Evans. (1999) Acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Lancet 354:9177, 497-501
CrossRef181
J T Rabatin, P C Gay. (1999) Noninvasive ventilation.. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 74:8, 817-820
CrossRef182
Robert M. Kacmarek. (1999) Newer ventilatory strategies. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 12:2, 133-141
CrossRef183
Gerald O’Brien, Gerard J. Criner. (1999) Mechanical ventilation as a bridge to lung transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 18:3, 255-265
CrossRef184
Laurent Brochard. (1999) Noninvasive ventilatory support. Current Opinion in Critical Care 5:1, 28
CrossRef185
(1999) Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation. New England Journal of Medicine 340:2, 150-151
Full Text
- Letters
