Original Article
Oral Contraceptives and the Risk of Hereditary Ovarian Cancer
N Engl J Med 1998; 339:424-428August 13, 1998
- Abstract
Background
Women with mutations in either the BRCA1 or the BRCA2 gene have a high lifetime risk of ovarian cancer. Oral contraceptives protect against ovarian cancer in general, but it is not known whether they also protect against hereditary forms of ovarian cancer.
Methods
We enrolled 207 women with hereditary ovarian cancer and 161 of their sisters as controls in a case–control study. All the patients carried a pathogenic mutation in either BRCA1 (179 women) or BRCA2 (28 women). The control women were enrolled regardless of whether or not they had either mutation. Lifetime histories of oral-contraceptive use were obtained by interview or by written questionnaire and were compared between patients and control women, after adjustment for year of birth and parity.
Results
The adjusted odds ratio for ovarian cancer associated with any past use of oral contraceptives was 0.5 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.3 to 0.8). The risk decreased with increasing duration of use (P for trend, <0.001); use for six or more years was associated with a 60 percent reduction in risk. Oral-contraceptive use protected against ovarian cancer both for carriers of the BRCA1 mutation (odds ratio, 0.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.3 to 0.9) and for carriers of the BRCA2 mutation (odds ratio, 0.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.2 to 1.1).
Conclusions
Oral-contraceptive use may reduce the risk of ovarian cancer in women with pathogenic mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene.
Media in This Article
Table 1
Characteristics of Patients with Ovarian Cancer and Control Women.Table 2
Association between Oral-Contraceptive Use and Risk of Ovarian Cancer.Article Activity
- Article
Approximately 10 percent of cases of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer are hereditary, occurring predominantly in women with germ-line mutations in the BRCA1 or the BRCA2 gene (unpublished data). The lifetime risk of ovarian cancer is approximately 45 percent among women with BRCA1 mutations and 25 percent among those with BRCA2 mutations.1-3
Current strategies for reducing the risk of ovarian cancer in women carrying BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations include prophylactic oophorectomy and ultrasound screening, but the extent of risk reduction associated with either of these procedures is not known.4 A third potential strategy is chemoprevention. The risk of ovarian cancer is reduced by 50 percent or more in unselected women with long-term use of oral contraceptives.5,6 An oral contraceptive agent is appealing as a possible preventive treatment, because these agents are well tolerated and their side effects are known. To evaluate the potential benefit of oral-contraceptive use in women at high risk for ovarian cancer, we studied 207 patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations and ovarian cancer and 161 of their sisters, who served as controls.
Methods
Subjects
The patients were 207 women born between 1925 and 1960 in whom invasive epithelial ovarian cancer had been diagnosed and who were found by molecular testing to carry a germ-line mutation in either the BRCA1 or the BRCA2 gene (Table 1Table 1
Characteristics of Patients with Ovarian Cancer and Control Women.). They were identified in three ways. Sixteen were women in whom ovarian cancer had been diagnosed in Ontario, Canada, after January 1, 1995. Twenty-six were Ashkenazi Jewish women with a history of ovarian cancer who were identified from the gynecology–oncology records of 11 hospitals in North America. One hundred sixty-five were women identified by members of the Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium: 37 from the United Kingdom, 39 from other European countries, 67 from the United States, and 22 from Canada. The women's average ages at the time of diagnosis in the three groups were 49, 52, and 49 years, respectively.All living sisters of the patients who were born between 1925 and 1960 were eligible to be control subjects. The use of these women as controls ensured that the geographic and ethnic characteristics of the patients and the control women would be similar. Furthermore, the sisters had the same a priori familial risk of ovarian cancer as the patients; that is, before the diagnosis of breast or ovarian cancer in the latter, both a patient and her sister would have had the same risk of ovarian cancer on the basis of family history alone. Fifty-one of the patients had no sisters, and no information on family history was available for another 12 patients. The remaining 144 patients had a total of 328 sisters. Of these, 167 sisters were not studied because they had died, had ovarian cancer (these women were invited to be study patients), were born before 1925 or after 1960, were too ill to respond, or were unwilling to be questioned. Thus, there were 161 control women, or 0.8 per patient (range, 0 to 7).
Data on mutations were available for 95 of the 161 control women. According to molecular testing, 53 were carriers of the same BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations as their sisters, and 42 were not carriers. Ideally, the group of control women would have been restricted to mutation-positive women who did not have ovarian cancer and had not undergone oophorectomy at the age at which ovarian cancer was diagnosed in their sisters. However, this approach was impractical, because there were only 42 unaffected mutation-positive sisters who had both ovaries at the time of the diagnosis of ovarian cancer in their sisters. Women with a history of breast cancer were not excluded from the study; 63 of the patients (30 percent) and 29 of the control women (18 percent) had a previous diagnosis of breast cancer.
Analysis of Mutations
Mutation analysis was performed by several established detection techniques, and all mutations were confirmed by direct sequencing of DNA samples. For the women in Ontario, DNA samples were screened by the protein-truncation test for mutations in exons 10 and 11 of BRCA1 and exon 11 of BRCA2. 7 The Ashkenazi Jewish women were screened for three founder mutations, two in BRCA1 (185delAG and 5382insC) and one in BRCA2 (6174delT).8 The women in the group identified by the Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium were screened for mutations by techniques routinely used in the participating laboratories. These techniques included direct sequencing of DNA, heteroduplex analysis, single-strand conformation analysis, and allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization. In every woman, the actual sequence variant in BRCA1 or BRCA2 was established by direct sequencing of DNA.
Study Protocol
The patients and control women were asked about their reproductive histories, methods of contraception (including use of oral contraceptive agents and tubal ligation), and history with respect to oophorectomy. The women were asked at what age they first took an oral contraceptive, at what age they stopped, and the total duration of oral-contraceptive use. No information was requested about the specific oral contraceptive agent taken. Two patients had undergone unilateral oophorectomy for a benign condition before the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Among the control women, 72 had undergone oophorectomy (5 unilateral and 67 bilateral). The average age at the time of bilateral oophorectomy was 45 years.
Statistical Analysis
The mean duration of oral-contraceptive use in the patients and control women was compared by the nonparametric Wilcoxon two-sample test. Odds ratios were estimated by unconditional logistic-regression analysis with control for other covariates, including geographic area of residence (United States, Canada, United Kingdom, or elsewhere in Europe), year of birth, parity, and age at delivery of a first child. The last three variables were included as continuous terms.
To control for possible confounding effects of ethnic group, a separate matched analysis was performed. Patients were matched with their sisters, and conditional logistic regression for matched sets (with variable ratios of patients to controls) was performed. This analysis was based on 89 case–control pairs, because patients with no sisters were excluded. All statistical tests were two-sided.
Results
The characteristics of the 207 patients with ovarian cancer and the 161 controls were similar (Table 1). Fifty percent of the patients and 70 percent of the control women reported a history of oral-contraceptive use (P<0.001). The average duration of oral-contraceptive use for the patients was four years, significantly less than the average duration for the control women (six years; P=0.01).
Among the 207 patients, 179 had BRCA1 mutations and 28 had BRCA2 mutations. Among the 161 control women, 53 were known to have mutations (50 had BRCA1 mutations and 3 had BRCA2 mutations) and 42 were known to be noncarriers; the remaining 66 were not tested. In these three subgroups of women, a history of oral-contraceptive use was reported by 77 percent, 64 percent, and 67 percent, respectively (as compared with 50 percent of the patients). The average duration of use was also greater for each of the three subgroups of control women (five, five, and seven years, respectively) than for the patients (four years). Because the duration of oral-contraceptive use was similar in the three subgroups of control women, and because of the small sizes of those subgroups, they were combined for most of the multivariate analyses. The pattern of oral-contraceptive use did not differ significantly between the control women who had undergone bilateral oophorectomy (69 percent; mean duration of use, five years) and those with both ovaries (72 percent; mean duration of use, six years; P=0.37).
The odds ratios for ovarian cancer associated with oral-contraceptive use according to unconditional logistic-regression analysis are shown in Table 2Table 2
Association between Oral-Contraceptive Use and Risk of Ovarian Cancer.. The risk of ovarian cancer decreased with the duration of use (multivariate P for trend, <0.001). Women who took an oral contraceptive agent for six or more years had a reduction in risk of 60 percent. The reduction in risk was similar for carriers of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. The odds ratio for carriers of the BRCA1 mutation who had used oral contraceptives, as compared with those who had not, was 0.5 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.3 to 0.9), and that for carriers of the BRCA2 mutation was 0.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.2 to 1.1). Adjustments for parity, age at the delivery of a first child, and age at the delivery of a last child did not significantly change the magnitude of the odds-ratio estimates associated with oral-contraceptive use.The results of the matched analysis were very similar to those shown in Table 2. The odds ratios for ovarian cancer were 0.9 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.4 to 2.1), 0.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.2 to 1.2), and 0.3 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.7) for oral-contraceptive use for less than three years, three to less than six years, and six or more years, respectively (P=0.02).
Among the 63 patients who had had breast cancer in addition to ovarian cancer, the average duration of oral-contraceptive use was five years, as compared with four years among those who had not had breast cancer. The average duration of oral-contraceptive use was six years among the 29 control women who had had breast cancer and among those who had not had breast cancer.
Discussion
In this multicenter case–control study, the use of oral contraceptives was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of ovarian cancer among women with a mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. The reduction in risk was 20 percent for up to three years of use, rising to 60 percent for six or more years of use.
The magnitude of the protective effect of oral contraceptives in carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is consistent with that previously found in the general population. In a meta-analysis of 12 case–control studies of oral-contraceptive use and the risk of ovarian cancer in the United States,9 the risk decreased with increasing length of oral-contraceptive use. In the six population-based studies, the risk reduction was 34 percent for those who had ever used oral contraceptives and 70 percent for those with six or more years of use. In the six hospital-based studies, the corresponding risk reductions were 30 percent and 45 percent, respectively.
The strengths of the present study are that the cases of ovarian cancer were identified through a large international consortium, all patients with ovarian cancer were confirmed carriers of mutations, and the control group consisted of sisters of the patients. We think the smaller size of the control group is counterbalanced by the similarity of the control women to the patients, because by definition they shared the same family history, were members of the same ethnic group, and were from the same geographic region.
Ashkenazi Jewish women were somewhat overrepresented among the patients and French-Canadian women among the controls. These differences reflect the average family size of women from the two ethnic groups, rather than the willingness of the sisters of the patients to participate. On average, a Jewish woman had 1.2 sisters, and a French-Canadian woman had 4.5 sisters. In other respects, the patients and control women were well matched.
The ideal control group for this study might be sisters of the patients who still had both their ovaries and who carried the same mutation but in whom ovarian cancer had not developed by the age at which it was diagnosed in their sisters. Unfortunately, we could not identify sufficient numbers of control women with these characteristics, and we therefore extended the control group to include all unaffected living sisters of the patients. Nevertheless, more of the sisters with and without mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 than patients had used oral contraceptives. The extent of misclassification introduced by the inclusion of sisters without mutations is likely to be minimal, given the similarity of the results of the analysis based on all control women and on only sisters with mutations. Furthermore, if the use of oral contraceptives protects against ovarian cancer, then a higher proportion of women with mutations who did not have ovarian cancer would have been expected to have taken oral contraceptives. This was true: 77 percent of the control women with mutations had taken oral contraceptives, as compared with 64 percent of those without mutations.
Our study included control women who had undergone oophorectomy. Fewer of these women might have taken oral contraceptives than expected if the oophorectomy was performed before menopause. However, there was little difference in the frequency of use of oral contraceptives between control women who had had their ovaries removed and those who had not. Selection bias of this type should lead to underestimation of the magnitude of the risk reduction associated with oral-contraceptive use.
Adjustment for parity, the presence or absence of tubal ligation, and ages at the delivery of a first and last child did not influence the protective effect of oral-contraceptive use. Increasing parity appears to be protective against hereditary ovarian cancer, as it is for ovarian cancer in the general population.9 There are no other known risk factors for ovarian cancer that are likely to have been confounders in the present study.
A limitation of this study is that it included only living women with ovarian cancer as case patients. This was true because of the difficulty of ascertaining whether deceased patients had carried mutations and of obtaining an accurate history of contraceptive use in interviews with surrogates. If oral-contraceptive use is associated with a higher case fatality rate for ovarian cancer, then this selection strategy will exaggerate the protective effect of oral contraceptives. On average, the women in our study stopped using oral contraceptives 17 years before the diagnosis of ovarian cancer, and only 12 women had taken an oral contraceptive agent during the 5-year period before diagnosis.
It is important to establish whether the risk of breast cancer in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations is influenced by oral-contraceptive use, especially if oral contraceptives are to be recommended to healthy carriers as chemopreventive agents. Oral-contraceptive use has been associated with a small increase in the risk of breast cancer in young9 and older10 women. In a large meta-analysis, current use of oral contraceptives was associated with a relative risk of 1.2 for breast cancer, and past use was associated with a relative risk of 1.1. However, there was no increased risk in the subgroup of women with a family history of breast cancer (defined as having a mother or sister affected). In one study of Jewish women with breast cancer, the frequency of long-term oral-contraceptive use was higher among women who had a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation than among women without a mutation.11 We found no difference in the history of oral-contraceptive use between women who had had breast cancer and those who had not, but our study was not specifically designed to evaluate this issue.
Our data suggest that the administration of an oral contraceptive agent should be considered as part of a program of prevention for women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations who have not had ovarian cancer. However, our data do not allow us to address the specific formulation to be recommended or the age at which treatment should begin.
Supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (1R01 CA63682, CA63678, CA57601, CA61231, and CA55914), the National Cancer Institute of Canada Breast Cancer Initiative, the Department of the Army (DAMD17-94-J-4299 and DAMD 17-94-J-4260), the Canadian Genetic Diseases Network, the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation (Ontario chapter), the Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec, the Women's Cancer Program of the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, and the Norwegian and Dutch Cancer Societies.
Source Information
From the Centre for Research on Women's Health, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.A.N., S.B., J.-S.B.); the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. (H.R.); the Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.M.); the Unit of Medical Genetics, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (A.D.); the Department of Medical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (S.N.); the Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (H.O.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Notre Dame Hospital, Montreal (D.P.); the Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy (P.R.); the Department of Medical Genetics, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom (G.E.); and the Cancer Research Campaign Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.A.J.P.). Jan G.M. Klijn, M.D. (Department of Medical Oncology, Rotterdam Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands), was also an author.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Narod at the Centre for Research on Women's Health, Women's College Hospital, 790 Bay St., Rm. 750a, Toronto, ON M5G 1N8, Canada.
Other members of the study group are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
Other members of the Hereditary Ovarian Cancer Clinical Study Group are as follows: Montreal: W. Foulkes, P. Tonin, J. Rosenblatt, P. Ghadirian, C. Perret, A.-M. Mes-Masson, and B. Godard; Toronto: B. Rosen, D. Cole, J. McLaughlin, J. Murphy, L. Bradley, I. Fan, J. Abrahamson, and E. Warner; Philadelphia: T. Rebbeck, B. Weber, F. Couch, M. Daly, A. Godwin, and J. Wagner-Costalos; Washington, D.C.: C. Lerman and B. Peshkin; Durham, N.C.: A. Futreal and J. Lancaster; Chicago: O. Olopade and S. Cummings; Salt Lake City: L. Cannon-Albright and L. Steele; Boston: J. Garber and N. Tung; Omaha, Nebr.: H. Lynch, J. Lynch, C. Snyder, and C. Durham; Los Angeles: B. Karlan; New Hyde Park, N.Y.: D. Smotkin; New York: A. Fields, D. Russo, and K. Antman; Cambridge, United Kingdom: D. Ford and D. Easton; Lyons, France: G. Lenoir, O. Serova, and S. Mazoyer; Rotterdam, the Netherlands: E. Meijers-HeijBoer and L. Verhoog; Manchester, United Kingdom: F. Laloo; Lund, Sweden: O. Johannson and A. Borg; and Oslo, Norway: P. Moller.
- References
References
1
Ford D ,Easton DF ,Bishop DT ,Narod SA ,Goldgar DE . Risks of cancer in BRCA1-mutation carriers. Lancet 1994;343:692-695
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Ford D ,Easton DF ,Stratton M , et al. Genetic heterogeneity and penetrance analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer families. Am J Hum Genet 1998;62:676-689
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Easton DF ,Ford D ,Bishop DT . Breast and ovarian cancer incidence in BRCA1-mutation carriers. Am J Hum Genet 1995;56:265-271
Web of Science | Medline4
Burke W ,Daly M ,Garber J , et al. Recommendations for follow-up care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to cancer. II. BRCA1 and BRCA2. JAMA 1997;277:997-1003
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Whittemore AS, Harris R, Itnyre J, Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group
Web of Science | Medline6
Franceschi S ,Parazzini F ,Negri E , et al. Pooled analysis of 3 European case-control studies of epithelial ovarian cancer. III. Oral contraceptive use. Int J Cancer 1991;49:61-65
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline7
Hogervorst FB ,Cornelis RS ,Bout M , et al. Rapid detection of BRCA1 mutations by the protein truncation test. Nat Genet 1995;10:208-212
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Tonin P ,Weber B ,Offit K , et al. Frequency of recurrent BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Ashkenazi Jewish breast cancer families. Nat Med 1996;2:1179-1183
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Risch HA ,Howe GR . Menopausal hormone usage and breast cancer in Saskatchewan: a record-linkage cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:670-683
Web of Science | Medline11
Ursin G ,Henderson BE ,Haile RW , et al. Does oral contraceptive use increase the risk of breast cancer in women with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations more than in other women? Cancer Res 1997;57:3678-3681
Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (187)
Citing Articles
1
Laura L. Holman, Karen H. Lu. (2012) Genetic Risk and Gynecologic Cancers. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 26:1, 13-29
CrossRef2
Maria Koutsaki, Apostolos Zaravinos, Demetrios A. Spandidos. (2011) Modern Trends into the Epidemiology and Screening of Ovarian Cancer. Genetic Substrate of the Sporadic Form. Pathology & Oncology Research
CrossRef3
Silvia Orciari, Carla Micucci, Antonio D. Procopio, Roberto Testa, Alfonso Catalano. (2011) Il carcinoma ovarico: nuove acquisizioni sulla patogenesi e nella diagnostica di laboratorio. La Rivista Italiana della Medicina di Laboratorio - Italian Journal of Laboratory Medicine 7:4, 195-204
CrossRef4
David Cibula, Michal Zikan, Ladislav Dusek, Ondrej Majek. (2011) Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian and breast cancers in BRCA mutation carriers: a meta-analysis. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 11:8, 1197-1207
CrossRef5
Shiyu Zhang, Robert Royer, Song Li, John R. McLaughlin, Barry Rosen, Harvey A. Risch, Isabel Fan, Linda Bradley, Patricia A. Shaw, Steven A. Narod. (2011) Frequencies of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among 1,342 unselected patients with invasive ovarian cancer. Gynecologic Oncology 121:2, 353-357
CrossRef6
Roberta B. Ness, Rhiannon C. Dodge, Robert P. Edwards, Julie A. Baker, Kirsten B. Moysich. (2011) Contraception Methods, Beyond Oral Contraceptives and Tubal Ligation, and Risk of Ovarian Cancer. Annals of Epidemiology 21:3, 188-196
CrossRef7
Do Hoon Koo, Il Yong Chung, Eunyoung Kang, Sang Ah Han, Sung-Won Kim. (2011) Usage Patterns of Surveillance, Chemoprevention and Risk-Reducing Surgery in Korean BRCA Mutation Carriers: 5 Years of Experience at a Single Institution. Journal of Breast Cancer 14:Suppl 1, S17
CrossRef8
David Serfaty. 2011. Contraception hormonale. , 82-202.
CrossRef9
S. Pruthi, B. S. Gostout, N. M. Lindor. (2010) Identification and Management of Women With BRCA Mutations or Hereditary Predisposition for Breast and Ovarian Cancer. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 85:12, 1111-1120
CrossRef10
Katharina Wimmer, Stefanie Kalb, Peter Schütz, Johannes Zschocke. (2010) Familiäre Tumorerkrankungen. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift Education 5:2, 73-94
CrossRef11
Jonathan S. Berek, Eva Chalas, Mitchell Edelson, David H. Moore, William M. Burke, William A. Cliby, Andrew Berchuck. (2010) Prophylactic and Risk-Reducing Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 116:3, 733-743
CrossRef12
M. M. Blokhuis, G. E. Pietersen, P. A. Goldberg, U. Algar, L. Merwe, N. Mbatani, A. A. Vorster, R. S. Ramesar. (2010) Lynch syndrome: the influence of environmental factors on extracolonic cancer risk in hMLH1 c.C1528T mutation carriers and their mutation-negative sisters. Familial Cancer 9:3, 357-363
CrossRef13
Laurel W. Rice. (2010) Hormone prevention strategies for breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers. Gynecologic Oncology 118:2, 202-207
CrossRef14
Nancie Petrucelli, Mary B. Daly, Gerald L. Feldman. (2010) Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer due to mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Genetics in Medicine 12:5, 245-259
CrossRef15
Grigoris F. Grimbizis, Basil C. Tarlatzis. (2010) The use of hormonal contraception and its protective role against endometrial and ovarian cancer. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 24:1, 29-38
CrossRef16
Helen Hanson, Shirley Hodgson. (2010) Cancer genetics and reproduction. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 24:1, 3-18
CrossRef17
Wendy K. Chung. 2010. Gender Differences in Hereditary Cancer SyndromesRisks, Management, and Testing for Inherited Predisposition to Cancer. , 481-494.
CrossRef18
Goran Malenkovic, Tihomir Dugandzija, Aljosa Mandic, Marija Velaga, Olivera Tesic, Marina Popovic. (2010) Linear trend in patients with ovarian cancer in period 2001-2008 at Oncology Institute of Vojvodina. Medicinski pregled 63:9-10, 607-610
CrossRef19
Ram Eitan, Rachel Michaelson-Cohen, Hanoch Levavi, Uziel Beller. (2009) The Counseling and Management of Young Healthy BRCA Mutation Carriers. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 19:7, 1156-1159
CrossRef20
Vallipuram Sivanesaratnam. (2009) Third S. S. Ratnam Memorial Lecture 2007. Ovarian cancer: Is there hope for women?. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 35:3, 393-404
CrossRef21
Trond M. Michelsen, Anne Dørum, Alv A. Dahl. (2009) A controlled study of mental distress and somatic complaints after risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in women at risk for hereditary breast ovarian cancer. Gynecologic Oncology 113:1, 128-133
CrossRef22
(2009) Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome. Gynecologic Oncology 113:1, 6-11
CrossRef23
T. R. Rebbeck, N. D. Kauff, S. M. Domchek. (2009) Meta-analysis of Risk Reduction Estimates Associated With Risk-Reducing Salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation Carriers. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101:2, 80-87
CrossRef24
Trond M. Michelsen, Are H. Pripp, Serena Tonstad, Claes G. Tropé, Anne Dørum. (2009) Metabolic syndrome after risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in women at high risk for hereditary breast ovarian cancer: A controlled observational study. European Journal of Cancer 45:1, 82-89
CrossRef25
Sung-Won Kim. (2009) Korean Hereditary Breast Cancer. Journal of the Korean Medical Association 52:10, 952
CrossRef26
Antonio Russo, Valentina Calò, Loredana Bruno, Sergio Rizzo, Viviana Bazan, Gaetana Di Fede. (2009) Hereditary ovarian cancer. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 69:1, 28-44
CrossRef27
(2008) Hormonal contraception: recent advances and controversies. Fertility and Sterility 90:5, S103-S113
CrossRef28
M. Kiechle, N. Arnold, B. Schlegelberger. (2008) Hereditäres Ovarialkarzinom. Der Onkologe 14:11, 1120-1129
CrossRef29
A. Eisen, J. Lubinski, J. Gronwald, P. Moller, H. T. Lynch, J. Klijn, C. Kim-Sing, S. L. Neuhausen, L. Gilbert, P. Ghadirian, S. Manoukian, G. Rennert, E. Friedman, C. Isaacs, E. Rosen, B. Rosen, M. Daly, P. Sun, S. A. Narod, . (2008) Hormone Therapy and the Risk of Breast Cancer in BRCA1 Mutation Carriers. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 100:19, 1361-1367
CrossRef30
Dawn C. Allain. (2008) Genetic Counseling and Testing for Common Hereditary Breast Cancer Syndromes. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 10:5, 383-395
CrossRef31
Janice S. Kwon, Charlotte C. Sun, Susan K. Peterson, Kristin G. White, Molly S. Daniels, Stephanie G. Boyd‐Rogers, Karen H. Lu. (2008) Cost‐effectiveness analysis of prevention strategies for gynecologic cancers in Lynch syndrome. Cancer 113:2, 326-335
CrossRef32
K.H. Baumann, U. Wagner. (2008) Präventionsstrategien beim Ovarialkarzinom. Der Gynäkologe 41:7, 513-522
CrossRef33
N. Biglia, L. Mariani, R. Ponzone, P. Sismondi. (2008) Oral contraceptives, salpingo-oophorectomy and hormone replacement therapy in BRCA1–2 mutation carriers. Maturitas 60:2, 71-77
CrossRef34
Fariba Salehi, Lesley Dunfield, Karen P. Phillips, Daniel Krewski, Barbara C. Vanderhyden. (2008) Risk Factors for Ovarian Cancer: An Overview with Emphasis on Hormonal Factors. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 11:3-4, 301-321
CrossRef35
Kaunitz, Andrew M., . (2008) Hormonal Contraception in Women of Older Reproductive Age. New England Journal of Medicine 358:12, 1262-1270
Full Text36
Anthony P. Gulati, Susan M. Domchek. (2008) The clinical management of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Current Oncology Reports 10:1, 47-53
CrossRef37
James C. Pavelka, Andrew J. Li, Beth Y. Karlan. (2007) Hereditary Ovarian Cancer—Assessing Risk and Prevention Strategies. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 34:4, 651-665
CrossRef38
Siobhan M. Kehoe, Noah D. Kauff. (2007) Screening and Prevention of Hereditary Gynecologic Cancers. Seminars in Oncology 34:5, 406-410
CrossRef39
M.J. Bermejo-Pérez, S. Márquez-Calderón, A. Llanos-Méndez. (2007) Effectiveness of preventive interventions inBRCA1/2 gene mutation carriers: A systematic review. International Journal of Cancer 121:2, 225-231
CrossRef40
Robson, Mark, Offit, Kenneth, . (2007) Management of an Inherited Predisposition to Breast Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 357:2, 154-162
Full Text41
Beth Y. Karlan, Andrew Berchuck, David Mutch. (2007) The Role of Genetic Testing for Cancer Susceptibility in Gynecologic Practice. Obstetrics & Gynecology 110:1, 155-167
CrossRef42
Janice L. Berliner, Angela Musial Fay. (2007) Risk Assessment and Genetic Counseling for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. Journal of Genetic Counseling 16:3, 241-260
CrossRef43
Giovanni D. Aletti, Mary M. Gallenberg, William A. Cliby, Aminah Jatoi, Lynn C. Hartmann. (2007) Current Management Strategies for Ovarian Cancer. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82:6, 751-770
CrossRef44
G. D. Aletti, M. M. Gallenberg, W. A. Cliby, A. Jatoi, L. C. Hartmann. (2007) Current Management Strategies for Ovarian Cancer. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82:6, 751-770
CrossRef45
J Gronwald, T Byrski, T Huzarski, C Cybulski, M Stawicka, M Szwiec, T Dębniak, A Tulman, P Sun, O Oszurek, J Lubinski, SA Narod. (2007) A survey of preventive measures among BRCA1 mutation carriers from Poland. Clinical Genetics 71:2, 153-157
CrossRef46
Jennifer Scalia Wilbur, Adam A. Rojan, Robert D. Legare. 2007. The Genetics of Breast and Gynecologic Cancers. , 43-71.
CrossRef47
Sergio Pecorelli, Roberto Angioli, Brunella Pasinetti, Giancarlo Tisi, Franco Odicino. (2006) Systemic therapy for gynecological neoplasms: Ovary, cervix and endometrium. Update on Cancer Therapeutics 1:4, 515-538
CrossRef48
José G. Guillem, William C. Wood, Jeffrey F. Moley, Andrew Berchuck, Beth Y. Karlan, David G. Mutch, Robert F. Gagel, Jeffrey Weitzel, Monica Morrow, Barbara L. Weber, Francis Giardiello, Miguel A. Rodriguez-Bigas, James Church, Stephen Gruber, Kenneth Offit. (2006) ASCO/SSO Review of Current Role of Risk-Reducing Surgery in Common Hereditary Cancer Syndromes. Annals of Surgical Oncology 13:10, 1296-1321
CrossRef49
S M Domchek, B L Weber. (2006) Clinical management of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Oncogene 25:43, 5825-5831
CrossRef50
S A Narod. (2006) Modifiers of risk of hereditary breast cancer. Oncogene 25:43, 5832-5836
CrossRef51
E Winchester, Shirley V Hodgson. (2006) Psychosocial and ethical issues relating to genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 breast cancer susceptibility genes. Women's Health 2:3, 357-373
CrossRef52
Carlo La Vecchia. (2006) Oral contraceptives and ovarian cancer: an update, 1998???2004. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 15:2, 117-124
CrossRef53
A ROSENTHAL, I JACOBS. (2006) Familial ovarian cancer screening. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 20:2, 321-338
CrossRef54
L HANNA, M ADAMS. (2006) Prevention of ovarian cancer. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 20:2, 339-362
CrossRef55
S.C. KIM, W. JU, V. MAHAVNI, J.P. GEISLER, R.E. BULLER. (2006) CAG repeat length in exon 1 of the androgen receptor gene is related to age of diagnosis but not germ line BRCA1 mutation status in ovarian cancer. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 16:S1, 190-194
CrossRef56
G.C. RIECK, K. LIM, M.T. ROGERS, E. FRANCE, J.R. GRAY, N. AMSO, A.S. EVANS, R.H. HOWELLS, A.N. FIANDER. (2006) Screening for familial ovarian cancer-management and outcome of women with moderate to high risk of developing ovarian cancer. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 16:S1, 86-91
CrossRef57
Bettina Kuschel, Evelyn Hauenstein, Marion Kiechle, Alfons Meindl. (2006) Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer – Current Clinical Guidelines in Germany. Breast Care 1:1, 8-14
CrossRef58
Michael P. Lux, Peter A. Fasching, Matthias W. Beckmann. (2006) Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: review and future perspectives. Journal of Molecular Medicine 84:1, 16-28
CrossRef59
Joanne Kotsopoulos, Jan Lubinski, Susan L. Neuhausen, Henry T. Lynch, Barry Rosen, Peter Ainsworth, Pal Moller, Parviz Ghadirian, Claudine Isaacs, Beth Karlan, Ping Sun, Steven A. Narod. (2006) Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of ovarian cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Gynecologic Oncology 100:1, 83-88
CrossRef60
Susan M Domchek, Katrina Armstron, Barbara L Weber. (2006) Clinical management of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Nature Clinical Practice Oncology 3:1, 2-3
CrossRef61
Amy N. Brunsvold, Shu-Fen Wung, Carrie J. Merkle. (2005) BRCA1 Genetic Mutation and Its Link to Ovarian Cancer: Implications for Advanced Practice Nurses. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 17:12, 518-526
CrossRef62
Stephanie A. N. Silvera, Anthony B. Miller, Thomas E. Rohan. (2005) Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Breast Cancer among Women with a Family History of Breast Cancer: a Prospective Cohort Study. Cancer Causes & Control 16:9, 1059-1063
CrossRef63
David J. Hughes, Sophie M. Ginolhac, Isabelle Coupier, Laure Barjhoux, Valérie Gaborieau, Brigitte Bressac-de-Paillerets, Agnès Chompret, Yves-Jean Bignon, Nancy Uhrhammer, Christine Lasset, Sophie Giraud, Hagay Sobol, Agnès Hardouin, Pascaline Berthet, Jean-Philippe Peyrat, Joelle Fournier, Catherine Nogues, Rosette Lidereau, Danièle Muller, Jean-Pierre Fricker, Michel Longy, Christine Toulas, Rosine Guimbaud, Drakoulis Yannoukakos, Sylvie Mazoyer, Henry T. Lynch, Gilbert M. Lenoir, David E. Goldgar, Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet, Olga M. Sinilnikova. (2005) Breast cancer risk inBRCA1 andBRCA2 mutation carriers and polyglutamine repeat length in theAIB1 gene. International Journal of Cancer 117:2, 230-233
CrossRef64
Francisco J. Dominguez, Julie L. Jones, Katherina Zabicki, Barbara L. Smith, Michele A. Gadd, Michele Specht, Daniel B. Kopans, Richard H. Moore, James S. Michaelson, Kevin S. Hughes. (2005) Prevalence of hereditary breast/ovarian carcinoma risk in patients with a personal history of breast or ovarian carcinoma in a mammography population. Cancer 104:9, 1849-1853
CrossRef65
A. AURANEN, S. HIETANEN, T. SALMI, S. GRENMAN. (2005) Hormonal treatments and epithelial ovarian cancer risk. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 15:5, 692-700
CrossRef66
Jaime Prat, Adriana Ribé, Alberto Gallardo. (2005) Hereditary ovarian cancer. Human Pathology 36:8, 861-870
CrossRef67
Hermann P. G. Schneider, Christian Jackisch. (2005) Endocrine management of breast cancer—biology and current practice. European Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1:2, 102-114
CrossRef68
Tal Grenader, Tamar Peretz, Meyer Lifchitz, Linda Shavit. (2005) BRCA1 and BRCA2 germ-line mutations and oral contraceptives: to use or not to use. The Breast 14:4, 264-268
CrossRef69
Antonis C. Antoniou, David E. Goldgar, Nadine Andrieu, Jenny Chang-Claude, Richard Brohet, Matti A. Rookus, Douglas F. Easton. (2005) A weighted cohort approach for analysing factors modifying disease risks in carriers of high-risk susceptibility genes. Genetic Epidemiology 29:1, 1-11
CrossRef70
Steven A Narod. (2005) Clinical implications of the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Women's Health 1:1, 27-34
CrossRef71
Anil K Sood, Robert L Coleman, Judith K Wolf, David M Gershenson. (2005) Selected highlights from the 5th International Conference on Ovarian Cancer. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 6:7, 1269-1275
CrossRef72
Paul A.M. Meeuwissen, Caroline Seynaeve, Cecile T.M. Brekelmans, Hanne J. Meijers-Heijboer, Jan G.M. Klijn, Curt W. Burger. (2005) Outcome of surveillance and prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy in asymptomatic women at high risk for ovarian cancer. Gynecologic Oncology 97:2, 476-482
CrossRef73
K. Tiller, B. Meiser, L. Gould, K. Tucker, T. Dudding, J. Franklin, M. Friedlander, L. Andrews. (2005) Knowledge of risk management strategies, and information and risk management preferences of women at increased risk for ovarian cancer. Psycho-Oncology 14:4, 249-261
CrossRef74
Morteza Aghmesheh, Lyndal Edwards, Christine L. Clarke, Karen Byth, Benita S. Katzenellenbogen, Pamela J. Russell, Michael Friedlander, Katherine M. Tucker, Anna de Fazio. (2005) Expression of steroid hormone receptors in BRCA1-associated ovarian carcinomas. Gynecologic Oncology 97:1, 16-25
CrossRef75
Maren T. Scheuner. 2005. Approach to common chronic disorders of adulthood. .
CrossRef76
S Eliza Griffiths, Tito Lopes, Richard J Edmondson. (2005) The role of prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy in women who carry mutations of the BRCA genes. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 7:1, 23-27
CrossRef77
Cannistra, Stephen A., . (2004) Cancer of the Ovary. New England Journal of Medicine 351:24, 2519-2529
Full Text78
Nader Hanna, Heather Pierce. 2004. Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome. , 594-599.
CrossRef79
Carlo La Vecchia, Cristina Bosetti. (2004) Benefits and risks of oral contraceptives on cancer. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 13:6, 467-470
CrossRef80
A S Whittemore, R R Balise, P D P Pharoah, R A DiCioccio, I Oakley-Girvan, S J Ramus, M Daly, M B Usinowicz, K Garlinghouse-Jones, B A J Ponder, S Buys, R Senie, I Andrulis, E John, J L Hopper, M S Piver. (2004) Oral contraceptive use and ovarian cancer risk among carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. British Journal of Cancer 91:11, 1911-1915
CrossRef81
Sean C. Dowdy, Michael Stefanek, Lynn C. Hartmann. (2004) Surgical risk reduction: Prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy and prophylactic mastectomy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 191:4, 1113-1123
CrossRef82
(2004) Hormonal contraception: Recent advances and controversies. Fertility and Sterility 82, 26-32
CrossRef83
Alexander Olawaiye, Lori Caesar, Debra Walsh, Mollie Lyman, John Yeh, Kerry Rodabaugh, David Marchetti, Shashikant Lele, Kunle Odunsi. (2004) Analysis of the time interval between diagnoses in women with double primary breast and ovarian or primary peritoneal cancers. Gynecologic Oncology 94:3, 796-802
CrossRef84
S. Wacholder. (2004) Bias in Intervention Studies That Enroll Patients From High-Risk Clinics. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 96:16, 1204-1207
CrossRef85
(2004) Hormonal contraception: Recent advances and controversies. Fertility and Sterility 82:2, 520-526
CrossRef86
Fady Khoury-Collado, Allan T. Bombard. (2004) Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer: What the Primary Care Physician Should Know. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 59:7, 537-542
CrossRef87
Sonya Kashyap, David Moher, Michael Fung Kee Fung, Zev Rosenwaks. (2004) Assisted Reproductive Technology and the Incidence of Ovarian Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Obstetrics & Gynecology 103:4, 785-794
CrossRef88
Alessandra Tavani, Cristina Bosetti, Luigino Dal Maso, Laura Giordano, Silvia Franceschi, Carlo La Vecchia. (2004) Influence of selected hormonal and lifestyle factors on familial propensity to ovarian cancer. Gynecologic Oncology 92:3, 922-926
CrossRef89
Jurgen M.J Piek, Josephine C Dorsman, Avi Shvarts, Anca C Ansink, Leon F.A.G Massuger, Piet Scholten, Paul J van Diest, Jan C Dijkstra, Jitske Weegenaar, Peter Kenemans, René H.M Verheijen. (2004) Cultures of ovarian surface epithelium from women with and without a hereditary predisposition to develop female adnexal carcinoma. Gynecologic Oncology 92:3, 819-826
CrossRef90
Luis Robles-d
az, Deborah J Goldfrank, Noah D Kauff, Mark Robson, Kenneth Offit. (2004) Hereditary ovarian cancer in Ashkenazi Jews. Familial Cancer 3:3-4, 259-264
CrossRef91
Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, Grazia Artioli. (2004) Efficacy of Risk-Reducing Salpingo-Oophorectomy in Women with BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 Mutations. The Breast Journal 10:s1, S5-S9
CrossRef92
Therese L. Luce, Karen Hassey Dow, Lygia Holcomb. (2003) Early Diagnosis Key to Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Detection. The Nurse Practitioner 28:12, 41-47
CrossRef93
Maria de Carvalho, Jean Jenkins, Michele Nehrebecky, Lynda Lahl. (2003) The Role of Estrogens in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers. Cancer Nursing 26:6, 421???430
CrossRef94
E. DELIGEOROGLOU, E. MICHAILIDIS, G. CREATSAS. (2003) Oral Contraceptives and Reproductive System Cancer. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 997:1, 199-208
CrossRef95
Janusz Menkiszak, Jacek Gronwald, Bohdan G
CrossRef96
Petitti, Diana B., . (2003) Combination Estrogen–Progestin Oral Contraceptives. New England Journal of Medicine 349:15, 1443-1450
Full Text97
Francesmary Modugno. (2003) Ovarian cancer and high-risk women—implications for prevention, screening, and early detection. Gynecologic Oncology 91:1, 15-31
CrossRef98
Annie J Sasco, Rudolf Kaaks, Ruth E Little. (2003) Breast cancer: occurrence, risk factors and hormone metabolism. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 3:4, 546-562
CrossRef99
J. L. Rutter, S. Wacholder, A. Chetrit, F. Lubin, J. Menczer, S. Ebbers, M. A. Tucker, J. P. Struewing, P. Hartge. (2003) Gynecologic Surgeries and Risk of Ovarian Cancer in Women With BRCA1 and BRCA2 Ashkenazi Founder Mutations: An Israeli Population-Based Case-Control Study. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95:14, 1072-1078
CrossRef100
Elizabeth Swisher. (2003) Prophylactic surgery and other strategies for reducing the risk of familial ovarian cancer. Current Treatment Options in Oncology 4:2, 105-110
CrossRef101
Christopher A. Friedrich. (2003) The Role of DNA Testing in Breast, Ovarian, and Colon Cancers. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 325:3, 120-124
CrossRef102
Stefano Greggi, Felice Scala, Giuseppe Laurelli. (2003) Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Current Problems in Cancer 27:1, 24-28
CrossRef103
Cecile T.M. Brekelmans. (2003) Risk factors and risk reduction of breast and ovarian cancer. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 15:1, 63-68
CrossRef104
Kevin S. Hughes, Constance Roche, Curtis T. Campbell, Nancy Siegel, Lisa Salisbury, Amy Chekos, Maya S. Katz, Erica Edell. (2003) Prevalence of Family History of Breast and Ovarian Cancer in a Single Primary Care Practice Using a Self-Administered Questionnaire. The Breast Journal 9:1, 19-25
CrossRef105
Robert F. Ozols, Mary B. Daly, Andres Klein-Szanto, Thomas C. Hamilton, Robert C. Bast, Molly A. Brewer. (2003) Specific Keynote: Chemoprevention of Ovarian Cancer: The Journey Begins. Gynecologic Oncology 88:1, S59-S66
CrossRef106
Jeff Boyd. (2003) Specific Keynote: Hereditary Ovarian Cancer: What We Know. Gynecologic Oncology 88:1, S8-S10
CrossRef107
k. tiller, b. meiser, e. reeson, m. tucker, l. andrews, c. gaff, j. kirk, k. a. phillips, m. friedlander. (2003) A decision aid for women at increased risk for ovarian cancer. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 13:1, 15-22
CrossRef108
Jennifer O'Rourke, Suzanne M. Mahon. (2003) A Comprehensive Look at the Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing 7:1, 41-47
CrossRef109
Cristina Bosetti, Eva Negri, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Silvia Franceschi, Valerie Beral, Anastasia Tzonou, Fabio Parazzini, Stefano Greggi, Carlo La Vecchia. (2002) Long-term effects of oral contraceptives on ovarian cancer risk. International Journal of Cancer 102:3, 262-265
CrossRef110
T FRANK, G CRITCHFIELD. (2002) Hereditary risk of women's cancers. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 16:5, 703-713
CrossRef111
Richard D Kennedy, Jennifer E Quinn, Patrick G Johnston, D Paul Harkin. (2002) BRCA1: mechanisms of inactivation and implications for management of patients. The Lancet 360:9338, 1007-1014
CrossRef112
THOMAS S. FRANK, GREGORY C. CRITCHFIELD. (2002) Inherited Risk of Women's Cancers: What's Changed for the Practicing Physician?. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 45:3, 671-683
CrossRef113
R BURKMAN. (2002) Reproductive hormones and cancerOvarian and colon cancer. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 29:3, 527-540
CrossRef114
J WILLIAMS. (2002) Contraceptive needs of the perimenopausal woman. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 29:3, 575-588
CrossRef115
Hermann P.G Schneider. (2002) HRT and cancer risks. Maturitas 43, 35-52
CrossRef116
G COUKOS, S RUBIN. (2002) Prophylactic oophorectomy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 16:4, 597-609
CrossRef117
Bruce R. Carr, Anthony DelConte. (2002) Using a low-dose contraceptive in women 35 years of age and over: 20 μg estradiol/100 μg levonorgestrel
. Contraception 65:6, 397-402
CrossRef118
Kauff, Noah D., Satagopan, Jaya M., Robson, Mark E., Scheuer, Lauren, Hensley, Martee, Hudis, Clifford A., Ellis, Nathan A., Boyd, Jeff, Borgen, Patrick I., Barakat, Richard R., Norton, Larry, Castiel, Mercedes, Nafa, Khedoudja, Offit, Kenneth, . (2002) Risk-Reducing Salpingo-oophorectomy in Women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation. New England Journal of Medicine 346:21, 1609-1615
Full Text119
Rebbeck, Timothy R., Lynch, Henry T., Neuhausen, Susan L., Narod, Steven A., van't Veer, Laura, Garber, Judy E., Evans, Gareth, Isaacs, Claudine, Daly, Mary B., Matloff, Ellen, Olopade, Olufunmilayo I., Weber, Barbara L., . (2002) Prophylactic Oophorectomy in Carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutations. New England Journal of Medicine 346:21, 1616-1622
Full Text120
Jennifer T. Loud, June A. Peters, Mary Fraser, Jean Jenkins. (2002) Applications of Advances in Molecular Biology and Genomics to Clinical Cancer Care. Cancer Nursing 25:2, 110-122
CrossRef121
M.Steven Piver. (2002) Hereditary Ovarian Cancer. Gynecologic Oncology 85:1, 9-17
CrossRef122
Steven A. Narod. (2002) MODIFIERS OF RISK OF HEREDITARY BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER. Nature Reviews Cancer 2:2, 113-123
CrossRef123
Steven A. Narod, Jeff Boyd. (2002) Current understanding of the epidemiology and clinical implications of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations for ovarian cancer. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 14:1, 19-26
CrossRef124
Rajas Chodankar, Louis Dubeau. 2002. Ovarian Cancer: Molecular and Cellular Abnormalities. , 361-368.
CrossRef125
Timothy R. Rebbeck. (2002) Inherited predisposition and breast cancer: Modifiers ofBRCA1/2-associated breast cancer risk. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 39:2-3, 228-234
CrossRef126
Robert F. Ozols. 2002. Ovarian Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment. , 353-360.
CrossRef127
S. Laframboise, R. Nedelcu, J. Murphy, D.E.C. Cole, B. Rosen. (2002) Use of CA-125 and ultrasound in high-risk women. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 12:1, 86-91
CrossRef128
(2001) Ovarian Cancer, Oral Contraceptives, and BRCA Mutations. New England Journal of Medicine 345:23, 1706-1707
Full Text129
P SCHWARTZ. (2001) Nongenetic Screening of Ovarian Malignancies. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 28:4, 637-651
CrossRef130
Noah D. Kauff, Lauren Scheuer, Mark E. Robson, Emily Glogowski, Bridget Kelly, Richard Barakat, Alexandra Heerdt, Patrick I. Borgen, Jessica G. Davis, Kenneth Offit. (2001) Insurance reimbursement for risk-reducing mastectomy and oophorectomy in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Genetics in Medicine 3:6, 422-425
CrossRef131
Olavi Ylikorkala. (2001) Tubal ligation reduces the risk of ovarian cancer. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 80:10, 875-877
CrossRef132
Ingo Runnebaum, Shan Wang-Gohrke, Danny Vesprini, Rolf Kreienberg, Henry Lynch, Roxana Moslehi, Parviz Ghadirian, Barbara Weber, Andrew Godwin, Harvey Risch, Judy Garber, Caryn Lerman, Olufunmilayo Olopade, William Foulkes, Beth Karlan, Ellen Warner, Barry Rosen, Timothy Rebbeck, Patricia Tonin, Marie-Pierre Dube, Dirk Kieback, Steven Narod. (2001) Pharmacogenetics 11:7, 635-638
CrossRef133
M.O. Nicoletto, M. Donach, A. De Nicolo, G. Artioli, G. Banna, S. Monfardini. (2001) BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 mutations as prognostic factors in clinical practice and genetic counselling. Cancer Treatment Reviews 27:5, 295-304
CrossRef134
Vikas Mahavni, Anil K. Sood. (2001) Hormone replacement therapy and cancer risk. Current Opinion in Oncology 13:5, 384-389
CrossRef135
ELIZABETH SWISHER. (2001) Hereditary Cancers in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 44:3, 450-463
CrossRef136
Jenny Chang, Richard M. Elledge. (2001) Clinical management of women with genomic BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations*. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 69:2, 101-113
CrossRef137
K. A. Phillips. (2001) Current perspectives on BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated breast cancers. Internal Medicine Journal 31:6, 349-356
CrossRef138
Kathleen Lin, Carolyn D. Runowicz. (2001) THE WISDOM OF HORMONE-REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN SURVIVORS OF OVARIAN AND ENDOMETRIAL CANCER. Surgical Clinics of North America 81:4, 987-993
CrossRef139
Modan, Baruch, Hartge, Patricia, Hirsh-Yechezkel, Galit, Chetrit, Angela, Lubin, Flora, Beller, Uzi, Ben-Baruch, Gilad, Fishman, Amiram, Menczer, Joseph, Struewing, Jeffery P., Tucker, Margaret A., Ebbers, Sara M., Friedman, Eitan, Piura, Benjamin, Wacholder, Sholom, . (2001) Parity, Oral Contraceptives, and the Risk of Ovarian Cancer among Carriers and Noncarriers of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation. New England Journal of Medicine 345:4, 235-240
Full Text140
Jon Emery, Anneke Lucassen, Michael Murphy. (2001) Common hereditary cancers and implications for primary care. The Lancet 358:9275, 56-63
CrossRef141
Ruth Warren. (2001) Screening women at high risk of breast cancer on the basis of evidence. European Journal of Radiology 39:1, 50-59
CrossRef142
Roberta B. Ness, Jeane Ann Grisso, Ron Vergona, Jennifer Klapper, Mark Morgan, James E. Wheeler. (2001) Oral Contraceptives, Other Methods of Contraception, and Risk Reduction for Ovarian Cancer. Epidemiology 12:3, 307-312
CrossRef143
Steven A Narod, Ping Sun, Parviz Ghadirian, Henry Lynch, Claudine Isaacs, Judy Garber, Barbara Weber, Beth Karlan, David Fishman, Barry Rosen, Nadine Tung, Susan L Neuhausen. (2001) Tubal ligation and risk of ovarian cancer in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations: a case-control study. The Lancet 357:9267, 1467-1470
CrossRef144
U. Veronesi, A. Decensi. (2001) Retinoids for Ovarian Cancer Prevention: Laboratory Data Set the Stage for Thoughtful Clinical Trials. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 93:7, 486-488
CrossRef145
Paula C Fletcher, Pamela J Bryden, Elissa Bonin. (2001) Preliminary examination of oral contraceptive use among university-aged females. Contraception 63:4, 229-233
CrossRef146
Karen E. Hurley, Suzanne M. Miller, Josephine W. Costalas, Doris Gillespie, Mary B. Daly. (2001) Anxiety/Uncertainty Reduction as a Motivation for Interest in Prophylactic Oophorectomy in Women with a Family History of Ovarian Cancer. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 10:2, 189-199
CrossRef147
Alfred Poindexter. (2001) The emerging use of the 20-μg oral contraceptive. Fertility and Sterility 75:3, 457-465
CrossRef148
V. Sivanesaratnam. (2001) Fertility and Gynaecologic Malignancies. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 27:1, 1-15
CrossRef149
Lisa A. Newman, Henry M. Kuerer, Kelly K. Hunt, George Vlastos, Frederick C. Ames, Merrick I. Ross, S. Eva Singletary. (2001) Educational Review: Role of the Surgeon in Hereditary Breast Cancer. Annals of Surgical Oncology 8:4, 368-378
CrossRef150
Carlo La Vecchia, Andrea Altieri, Silvia Franceschi, Alessandra Tavani. (2001) Oral Contraceptives and Cancer. Drug Safety 24:10, 741-754
CrossRef151
Duncan C. Thomas. (2000) Genetic epidemiology with a capital ?E?. Genetic Epidemiology 19:4, 289-300
CrossRef152
Duncan C. Thomas. (2000) Case-parents design for gene-environment interaction by Schaid. Genetic Epidemiology 19:4, 461-463
CrossRef153
L SHULMAN. (2000) ORAL CONTRACEPTIVESRisks. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 27:4, 695-704
CrossRef154
J JENSEN, L SPEROFF. (2000) HEALTH BENEFITS OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 27:4, 705-721
CrossRef155
Han K. Kang. (2000) Prevalence of Gynecologic Cancers Among Female Vietnam Veterans. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 42:11, 1121-1127
CrossRef156
Ellen T Matloff. (2000) The breast surgeon’s role in BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing. The American Journal of Surgery 180:4, 294-298
CrossRef157
Jack B. Basil, Janet S. Rader. (2000) Management of women at risk for malignancy. Current Opinion in Oncology 12:5, 508-513
CrossRef158
Marie E. Wood, Lisa Mullineaux, Alanna Kulchak Rahm, Diane Fairclough, Lari Wenzel. (2000) Impact of BRCA1 Testing on Women with Cancer: A Pilot Study. Genetic Testing 4:3, 265-272
CrossRef159
Daniel H. Tobias, Christine Eng, Leslie D. McCurdy, Tamara Kalir, John Mandelli, Peter R. Dottino, Carmel J. Cohen. (2000) Founder BRCA 1 and 2 Mutations among a Consecutive Series of Ashkenazi Jewish Ovarian Cancer Patients. Gynecologic Oncology 78:2, 148-151
CrossRef160
Walter H. Gotlieb, Gilad Ben Baruch, Eitan Friedman. (2000) Prophylactic oophorectomy: Clinical considerations. Seminars in Surgical Oncology 19:1, 20-27
CrossRef161
Pamela J. Goodwin. (2000) Management of familial breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 62:1, 19-33
CrossRef162
Christine H. Holschneider, Jonathan S. Berek. (2000) Ovarian cancer: Epidemiology, biology, and prognostic factors. Seminars in Surgical Oncology 19:1, 3-10
CrossRef163
Patricia N. Tonin. (2000) Genes implicated in hereditary breast cancer syndromes. Seminars in Surgical Oncology 18:4, 281-286
CrossRef164
Stephen E. Karp. (2000) Clinical management of BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated breast cancer. Seminars in Surgical Oncology 18:4, 296-304
CrossRef165
M.E. Flynn, W.L. Ledger. (2000) The pros and cons of the oral contraceptive pill. Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology 10:2, 91-98
CrossRef166
H Yoon, R Benamouzig, J Little, M François-Collange, D Tomé. (2000) Systematic review of epidemiological studies on meat, dairy products and egg consumption and risk of colorectal adenomas. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 9:3, 151-164
CrossRef167
Kathryn M. Kash, Karina Ortega-Verdejo, Mary Kay Dabney, Jimmie C. Holland, Daniel G. Miller, Michael P. Osborne. (2000) Psychosocial aspects of cancer genetics: Women at high risk for breast and ovarian cancer. Seminars in Surgical Oncology 18:4, 333-338
CrossRef168
Ellen S. Tambor, Barbara A. Bernhardt, Gail Geller, Kathy J. Helzlsouer, Teresa Doksum, Neil A. Holtzman. (2000) Should Women at Increased Risk for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Be Randomized to Prophylactic Surgery? An Ethical and Empirical Assessment. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 9:3, 223-233
CrossRef169
Jon Emery, Michael Murphy, Anneke Lucassen. (2000) Hereditary cancer – the evidence for current recommended management. The Lancet Oncology 1, 9-16
CrossRef170
Henry M. Kuerer, E. Shelley Hwang, James P. Anthony, R. Adams Dudley, Beth Crawford, Wade M. Aubry, Laura J. Esserman. (2000) Current National Health Insurance Coverage Policies for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Prophylactic Surgery. Annals of Surgical Oncology 7:5, 325-332
CrossRef171
Antonis C. Antoniou, Simon A. Gayther, John F. Stratton, Bruce A.J. Ponder, Douglas F. Easton. (2000) Risk models for familial ovarian and breast cancer. Genetic Epidemiology 18:2, 173-190
CrossRef172
Nenad Bukvic, Francesco Susca, Dragoslav Bukvic, Margherita Fanelli, Ginevra Guanti. (2000) 17 ?ethynylestradiol and norgestrel in combination induce micronucleus increases and aneuploidy in human lymphocyte and fibroblast cultures. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis 20:3, 147-159
CrossRef173
Ephrat Levy-Lahad, Michal Krieger, Orit Gottfeld, Paul Renbaum, Gaya Klein, Shlomit Eisenberg, Amnon Lahad, Bella Kaufman, Raphael Catane. (2000) BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers as potential candidates for chemoprevention trials. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 77:S34, 13-18
CrossRef174
William E. Richards, Holly H. Gallion, Jason P. Schmittschmitt, Dawn V. Holladay, Simon A. Smith. (1999) BRCA1-Related and Sporadic Ovarian Cancer in the Same Family: Implications for Genetic Testing. Gynecologic Oncology 75:3, 468-472
CrossRef175
Suzanne M. Miller, Carolyn Y. Fang, Sharon L. Manne, Paul F. Engstrom, Mary B. Daly. (1999) Decision Making about Prophylactic Oophorectomy among At-Risk Women: Psychological Influences and Implications. Gynecologic Oncology 75:3, 406-412
CrossRef176
Timothy R. Rebbeck. (1999) Inherited genetic predisposition in breast cancer. Cancer 86:S11, 2493-2501
CrossRef177
R Eeles. (1999) Screening for hereditary cancer and genetic testing, epitomised by breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer 35:14, 1954-1962
CrossRef178
Timothy R. Rebbeck. (1999) Inherited genetic predisposition in breast cancer. Cancer 86:S8, 1673-1681
CrossRef179
Imad Shureiqi, Dean E. Brenner. (1999) Chemoprevention of epithelial cancers. Current Opinion in Oncology 11:5, 408
CrossRef180
K. J. Helzlsouer. (1999) Bad News/Good News: Information About Breast Cancer Risk Following Prophylactic Oophorectomy. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 91:17, 1442-1443
CrossRef181
Thomas S Frank. (1999) Laboratory identification of hereditary risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 10:3, 289-294
CrossRef182
Beth Y. Karlan, Rae Lynn Baldwin, Eloise Lopez-Luevanos, Leslie J. Raffel, Denise Barbuto, Steven Narod, Lawrence D. Platt. (1999) Peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma, a phenotypic variant of familial ovarian cancer: Implications for ovarian cancer screening. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 180:4, 917-928
CrossRef183
Diane L. Maresco, Patricia H. Arnold, Yukio Sonoda, Mark G. Federici, Faina Bogomolniy, Esther Rhei, Jeff Boyd. (1999) The APC I1307K Allele and BRCA-Associated Ovarian Cancer Risk. The American Journal of Human Genetics 64:4, 1228-1230
CrossRef184
Jeffrey N. Weitzel. (1999) The current social, political, and medical role of genetic testing in familial breast and ovarian carcinomas. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 11:1, 65-70
CrossRef185
(1999) Oral Contraceptives and Hereditary Ovarian Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 340:1, 59-60
Full Text186
Andrew M Kaunitz. (1999) Oral contraceptive health benefits: perception versus reality. Contraception 59:1, 29S-33S
CrossRef187
Rubin, Stephen C., . (1998) Chemoprevention of Hereditary Ovarian Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 339:7, 469-471
Full Text
- Letters
