Original Article
Liver Failure and Death after Exposure to Microcystins at a Hemodialysis Center in Brazil
N Engl J Med 1998; 338:873-878March 26, 1998
- Abstract
Background
Hemodialysis is a common but potentially hazardous procedure. From February 17 to 20, 1996, 116 of 130 patients (89 percent) at a dialysis center (dialysis center A) in Caruaru, Brazil, had visual disturbances, nausea, and vomiting associated with hemodialysis. By March 24, 26 of the patients had died of acute liver failure.
Methods
A case patient was defined as any patient undergoing dialysis at dialysis center A or Caruaru's other dialysis center (dialysis center B) during February 1996 who had acute liver failure. To determine the risk factors for and the source of the outbreak, we conducted a cohort study of the 130 patients at dialysis center A and the 47 patients at dialysis center B, reviewed the centers' water supplies, and collected water, patients' serum, and postmortem liver tissue for microcystin assays.
Results
One hundred one patients (all at dialysis center A) met the case definition, and 50 died. Affected patients who died were older than those who survived (median age, 47 vs. 35 years; P<0.001). Furthermore, all 17 patients undergoing dialysis on the Tuesday-, Thursday-, and Saturday-night schedule became ill, and 13 of them (76 percent) died. Both centers received water from a nearby reservoir. However, the water supplied to dialysis center B was treated, filtered, and chlorinated, whereas the water supplied to dialysis center A was not. Microcystins produced by cyanobacteria were detected in water from the reservoir and from dialysis center A and in serum and liver tissue of case patients.
Conclusions
Water used for hemodialysis can contain toxic materials, and its quality should therefore be carefully monitored.
Media in This Article
Figure 2
System of Water Treatment and Distribution in Caruaru, Brazil.Figure 1
Attack Rate According to Dialysis Shift, Caruaru, Brazil, February 20 to September 15, 1996.Article Activity
- Article
In the past 30 years, knowledge about end-stage renal disease and the use of maintenance hemodialysis for patients with the disease have both increased dramatically, and technological developments in dialyzer membranes, dialysis machines, and vascular access have made hemodialysis a common procedure. Nonetheless, it remains potentially hazardous, because of mechanical malfunctions and human error.1 Hemodialysis may be especially hazardous in places where municipal water treatment or appropriate infection-control practices are inadequate.2 Furthermore, water used for hemodialysis may contain various harmful agents, including toxins produced by naturally occurring cyanobacteria (i.e., blue-green algae). These toxins can have anticholinesterase activity (e.g., anatoxin-a(s)) or cause hepatic injury (e.g., microcystins and nodularins) in animals that ingest large quantities of contaminated water.
During the period February 17 to 20, 1996, patients at a dialysis center (dialysis center A) in Caruaru, Brazil, had visual disturbances, nausea, and vomiting associated with hemodialysis. From February 20 through March 6, 1996, 12 patients died of seizures or hemorrhages attributed to acute liver failure. On March 7, the secretary of health for the state of Pernambuco was notified, an epidemiologic investigation was begun, and dialysis center A was closed. By March 24, a total of 26 patients had died of liver failure, approximately 20 others were hospitalized, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention had been invited to assist with the investigation. This report describes the results of that investigation.
Methods
Case Definition
A case patient was defined as any patient who underwent hemodialysis in Caruaru at dialysis center A or the city's other dialysis center, dialysis center B, during February 1996 and who had acute liver failure. Liver failure was defined as a serum conjugated bilirubin concentration >1.0 mg per deciliter (17.1 μmol per liter) or a serum aspartate aminotransferase concentration >68 U per liter in a patient who had previously documented normal serum liver-enzyme concentrations or as death from acute liver failure, as indicated on a death certificate.
Non–case patients were patients who underwent dialysis in Caruaru during February 1996 and who did not have liver failure.
Cohort Study
To identify case patients and determine risk factors for liver failure and death, we compared the patients who underwent dialysis at center A during February 1996 with the patients who underwent dialysis at center B. In April 1996, all the available patients and the relatives of patients who had died were interviewed. All medical and dialysis records were reviewed. Laboratory results, including white-cell counts, serum liver-enzyme and bilirubin values, and coagulation studies, were obtained for each patient for the period February to April 1996. Autopsy reports were reviewed to determine the causes of death of the patients who had died. Variables examined in the cohort study included age, underlying diseases, history of hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection, the timing of dialysis, the room number, and the number of the dialysis machine used.
Observational Studies
Procedures for water treatment at the municipal water-treatment plant and at both dialysis centers were reviewed. Personnel responsible for water treatment and transport were interviewed. Procedures for disinfecting the dialysis machines, reprocessing the dialyzers, and administering hemodialysis were reviewed, and the practices observed.
Toxicologic Studies
Samples of water from Tabocas Reservoir (Caruaru's water source), the municipal water-treatment plant, a truck used to transport water to dialysis center A, and multiple sites at both dialysis centers were collected for toxicologic evaluation. Dialysis water-treatment devices used at center A during the outbreak period, serum samples from some of the patients who underwent dialysis at both centers, and samples of liver tissue from some of the patients who died were obtained for analysis.
Water samples, methanol extracts of dialysis water-treatment filters, and serum and liver-tissue samples from patients were tested for microcystins by high-performance liquid chromatography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, protein phosphatase–inhibition assay, and mass spectrometry.3
All the water samples were extracted, concentrated, and analyzed for the presence of pesticides, including organophosphates, by personnel of the Food and Drug Administration's National Center for Toxicological Research, in Jefferson, Arkansas.
Pathological Studies
Liver tissue was obtained at autopsy from 16 patients and was examined by light and electron microscopy.
Statistical Analysis
The results were analyzed with the use of Epi Info software.4 Categorical variables were compared by using chi-square or Fisher's exact two-tailed tests. Continuous variables were compared by using the Kruskal–Wallis rank-sum test or Student's t-test, and probability values were determined.
Results
Cohort Study
During February 1996, 130 patients underwent hemodialysis at dialysis center A and 47 patients underwent hemodialysis at dialysis center B. Eighty percent resided in rural areas within 250 km of Caruaru. The patients' underlying diseases were primarily hypertension, acute glomerulonephritis, and chronic pyelonephritis. There were no significant demographic differences between the patients from center A and those from center B. The median age of the patients was similar at the two centers (40 years at center A and 45 years at center B, P = 0.22), and both centers had similar percentages of men (58 percent and 64 percent, respectively; P = 0.57). At both centers, dialysis was administered by a conventional hemodialysis system, with low-flux polysulfone membranes. The patients were treated for four hours three times per week, with a blood-flow rate of 300 ml per minute and a dialysate-flow rate of 500 ml per minute. Dialyzers were reused at both centers until there was a reduction of >20 percent in fiber-bundle volume or they had been used 40 times. At each center, dialyzers were used an average of 18 times. The underlying nutritional status of the patients at both centers was poor. The mean serum albumin concentration was 4.2 g per deciliter, the mean urea reduction was 63 percent, and the mean hematocrit was 23 percent; 35 percent of the patients at each center received erythropoietin therapy.
Laboratory or death-certificate data were available for 124 of the 130 patients (95 percent) from dialysis center A and 41 of the 47 patients (87 percent) from dialysis center B. One hundred one patients met the case definition; all underwent dialysis at center A. The attack rate was significantly higher at dialysis center A than at dialysis center B (101 of 124 patients [81 percent] vs. 0 of 47 patients, P<0.001). Of the 101 case patients, 50 had died of acute liver failure by September 15, 1996. No deaths have been attributed to liver failure since that date, although autopsy data regarding three case patients who died after September 1996 are not available. Two of 23 non–case patients (9 percent) at dialysis center A and 7 of 41 patients (17 percent) at dialysis center B died between February 20, 1996, and September 15, 1996, of causes unrelated to the outbreak; none died of liver failure. The median ages of case patients and non–case patients were similar (39 vs. 45 years, P = 0.11). However, the case patients who died were significantly older than the case patients who survived (47 vs. 35 years, P<0.001).
The symptoms most frequently reported by interviewed case patients were visual disturbance (i.e., blurred vision, scotoma, or night blindness), nausea and vomiting, headache, and muscle weakness (Table 1Table 1
Symptoms and Signs Reported by Case Patients in Caruaru, Brazil, February 1996.). The majority of patients (42 of 83 [51 percent]) stated that their symptoms began between Saturday, February 17, and Tuesday, February 20, 1996. The visual symptoms resolved within approximately one week, but some patients continued to have muscle weakness and epigastric pain, even when the interviews were conducted in April.We compared the median laboratory values for case patients and non–case patients before (i.e., February 1996) and after (i.e., March 1996) the probable exposure period (Table 2Table 2
Median Laboratory Values for Case Patients and Non–Case Patients in Caruaru, Brazil, February and March 1996.). In February 1996, all the patients tested had normal white-cell counts and serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase and total and conjugated bilirubin. In March 1996, however, the case patients had a small increase in white-cell count, a more-than-sevenfold increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase concentrations, a more-than-fourfold increase in serum concentrations of total and conjugated bilirubin, and prolonged prothrombin times. In contrast, the median values for white-cell counts and serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase and bilirubin in the non–case patients were within the normal ranges in February and March 1996. Although prothrombin times were abnormal in the non–case patients, the values were significantly lower than those in the case patients.Among the other variables examined, only the dialysis schedule differed according to patient outcome. At dialysis center A, the patients were treated in six shifts, each scheduled at different times (i.e., Monday, Wednesday, and Friday mornings, afternoons, or nights; and Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday mornings, afternoons, or nights). On the basis of the results of the chi-square test for heterogeneity, the six shifts differed significantly with regard to mortality rate (P = 0.02) but not with regard to attack rate (P = 0.10); the highest rates occurred among the patients who underwent dialysis on the Tuesday-, Thursday-, and Saturday-night shift (Figure 1Figure 1
Attack Rate According to Dialysis Shift, Caruaru, Brazil, February 20 to September 15, 1996.).Observational Studies
Tabocas Reservoir is located approximately 40 km from Caruaru. A pipeline carries water from the reservoir to the municipal water-treatment plant (Figure 2Figure 2
System of Water Treatment and Distribution in Caruaru, Brazil.). There, alum was added to the water. After settling for two to three hours, the water was filtered through a large-particle sand filter, and then chlorine was added. This “finished” water was distributed through a water-distribution system to most of Caruaru, including dialysis center B. Dialysis center A was not included in this water-distribution system during the 1996 summer drought. Instead, dialysis center A received “unfinished” water, trucked from the municipal water-treatment plant twice daily. This water was treated with alum but not filtered or chlorinated. Occasionally, personnel at the water-treatment plant gave the truck driver chlorine to add to the water in his truck. However, there are no records to indicate whether or when chlorine was added during February and March 1996. After arriving at dialysis center A, the water was passed through a sand filter, a carbon-adsorption tank, a deionizer unit comprising cation and anion tanks, and a micropore filter before being used for hemodialysis. No chemicals were added to the water at the dialysis center. According to maintenance workers at dialysis center A, the carbon tank was changed approximately every six months, and the sand and micropore filters were changed approximately every three months; however, these devices had not been changed in the three months before the probable exposure, even though the center was receiving visibly turbid water from the delivery truck. On Saturday, February 17, 1996, after patients first reported symptoms, the sand and micropore filters at dialysis center A were changed. The carbon in the adsorption tank was changed on February 25, 1996.Toxicologic Studies
No pesticides, including organophosphates, were found in samples of water from the reservoir, the municipal water-treatment plant, the truck used to transport water to dialysis center A, or the water-distribution systems of either dialysis center. Water from the city's distribution system and treated water from dialysis center B contained no microcystins. By contrast, microcystins were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in reservoir water, water obtained from the delivery truck, the water-holding tank and water-treatment devices (carbon and ion resins) at dialysis center A, and samples (serum and liver) taken before and after death from patients treated at this center. In March 1996, five persons in the region had been referred to the secretary of health for evaluation of dengue; serum samples from these persons tested as controls were negative for microcystins. The concentration of microcystins found in liver tissue from 17 case patients who died, including 4 who were exhumed, ranged from 0.03 to 0.60 g per kilogram of liver tissue (median, 0.18).
Pathological Studies
Examination by light microscopy of liver tissue obtained at autopsy from 16 case patients revealed a very uniform pathological picture, with disruption of liver plates and cell deformity, extensive necrosis, apoptosis, severe cholestasis, cytoplasmic vacuolization, mixed-leukocyte infiltration, and occasional multinucleated hepatocytes; electron microscopy showed intracellular edema, mitochondrial changes, injuries to the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula, lipid vacuoles, and residual bodies.
Discussion
Water used for dialysis should be treated to remove potentially toxic materials.5 Certain substances in water are harmful to patients undergoing hemodialysis, who may be exposed to 150 liters of water per treatment. Adverse reactions have been traced to dialysis water containing elevated concentrations of aluminum,6-8 calcium,9 chloramines,10,11 copper,12 fluoride,13 formaldehyde,14 hydrogen peroxide,15 sodium,16 sodium azide,17,18 sodium hypochlorite,19 and zinc.20
In this outbreak, 101 of 124 patients (81 percent) who underwent dialysis at center A during February 1996 had acute liver injury, and 50 died. The highest attack and fatality rates were among patients who underwent dialysis during the Tuesday-, Thursday-, and Saturday-night shift. We hypothesize that a water shipment with a particularly high concentration of microcystins arrived during this shift. Patients first reported symptoms on Saturday, February 17, 1996. As a result of these reports, sand and micropore filters were changed that night. Multiple water shipments probably contained microcystins, and patients on all shifts were exposed to them. However, the filter changes and cleaning procedures performed after the February 17 night shift and the dilutional effect of additional water shipments may have resulted in lower exposure for the patients treated on other shifts.
Inadequate water treatment at both the municipal water plant and the dialysis center facilitated this outbreak. The water from the municipal plant contained microcystins not removed by the inadequately maintained treatment system at the dialysis center. Infectious diseases (e.g., viral hepatitis), hyperchlorination, and pesticide contamination were excluded as possible causes of the outbreak.
Microcystins are cyclic peptides that are potent liver toxins. They are produced by several genera of cyanobacteria and have been detected in water worldwide, particularly in Brazil.21 Hepatotoxicity of microcystins occurs in domestic and wild animals. Animals die within hours to days after the initial exposure, often as a result of intrahepatic hemorrhage and hypovolemic shock. Microcystins cause liver injury through damage to the DNA by the activation of endonucleases.22 The liver accumulates these toxins preferentially and is their chief target organ; the liver rapidly removes microcystins from the blood, but at potentially lethal doses clearance is reduced.23
In laboratory animals, the concentration of microcystins in the liver that is associated with acute hemorrhagic shock syndrome is approximately 60 to 70 μg per kilogram of body weight (intraperitoneal median lethal dose).24 In animals that survive the initial shock syndrome, hepatic insufficiency may develop to a degree that causes death. The concentration of microcystins detected in the liver tissue of the case patients who died was similar to the concentrations associated with severe liver damage in animals. Furthermore, the pathological features of the liver tissue of the case patients were similar to those in animals (i.e., disruption of liver plates and other cell deformities).24
In humans, ingestion of toxins produced by cyanobacteria has been reported to cause epidemic gastroenteritis.25 Dermal exposure has caused skin and eye irritation, rhinorrhea, dizziness, and fatigue.26 We are not aware of reports of parenteral exposure to any microcystins among humans.
Our investigation had several limitations. Medical records at the dialysis center and water-treatment records at the city's water plant were poor. Water samples from the time of probable exposure were unavailable, so we could not quantitate exposure. We were unable to obtain serum from patients who received dialysis in Caruaru and were exposed to treated water only.
Cyanobacteria are widespread in natural water sources worldwide. This report of human parenteral exposure to microcystins demonstrates the importance of proper municipal water treatment and appropriate design, installation, monitoring, and maintenance of water-treatment systems in hemodialysis centers in preventing potential exposure to microcystins.
We are indebted to the following people for their assistance in this investigation: Dr. Cristina Pinheiro Rodrigues, Dr. Luiz Oscar Cardoso Ferreira, the epidemiologists (E. Cesse, E.F. Silva, F.R.F. Araújo, P.I. Carvalho, and R.J.G. Araújo), the surveillance team (A.G. Ferraz, A.T. Aguiar, A.F. Hora, A.F. Vasconcelos Júnior, H. Câmara, P.F. Queiroz, and S.N.M. Moura), and the investigation team (A. Baltr-ao, A.A.C.A. Veras, A.L.C.P. Rodrigues, D.P. Sena, E.C. Chaves, F.M.C. Almeida, J.R.R. Soares, J.G.M. Morais, M.M. Cavalcanti, M.A. Souza, M.C.S. Cardoso, M.F.F. Lima, M.C.F. Andrade, M.C.A. Carvalho, M. Domingos, M.F. Falc -ao, P.G. Frias, R.G. Veiga, R.J. Lira, S. Santos, and S.R. Oliveira) of the Secretaria de Saúde de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Dr. Jairo Cantos Barbosa and Dr. Fernando Raposo of Hospital Barão de Lucena, Recife, Brazil; Dr. Sandra Neiva Coelho of Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Dr. Jorge Ramon Arias of the Pan American Health Organization, Brasilia, Brazil; Mr. Harold C. Thompson, Jr., of the Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark.; and Dr. Matthew Arduino, Dr. Jerome Tokars, and Dr. Martin Favero of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
Source Information
From the Hospital Infections Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (E.M.J., D.M.C., S.T.C., W.R.J.); the Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio (W.W.C., J.A.); Secretaria de Saúde de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil (C.E.M.H., M.B.C.A., D.A.M.F., T.M.L.); Hospital Barão de Lucena, Recife, Brazil (V.S.T.B.); and Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.M.F.O.A.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Jochimsen at the Hospital Infections Program, Mailstop E-69, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30333.
- References
References
1
Levin NW, Kupin WL, Zasuwa G, Venkat KK. Complications during hemodialysis. In: Nissenson AR, Fine RN, Gentile DE, eds. Clinical dialysis. 2nd ed. Norwalk, Conn.: Appleton & Lange, 1990:172-201.
2
Velandia M ,Fridkin SK ,Cardenas V , et al. Transmission of HIV in dialysis centre. Lancet 1995;345:1417-1422
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
An JS ,Carmichael WW . Use of a colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the study of microcystins and nodularins. Toxicon 1994;32:1495-1507
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Dean AG, Dean JA, Coulombier D, et al. Epi Info, version 6: a word processing program for public health on IBM-compatible microcomputers. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994.
5
Hemodialysis systems, ANSI/AAMI RD-5-1992. In: AAMI standards and recommended practices. Vol. 3. Dialysis. Arlington, Va.: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 1996.
6
Alfrey AC ,Mishell JM ,Burks J , et al. Syndrome of dyspraxia and multifocal seizures associated with chronic hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1972;18:257-261
Medline7
Schreeder MT ,Favero MS ,Hughes JR ,Petersen NJ ,Bennett PH ,Maynard JE . Dialysis encephalopathy and aluminum exposure: an epidemiologic analysis. J Chronic Dis 1983;36:581-593
CrossRef | Medline8
Burwen DR ,Olsen SM ,Bland LA ,Arduino MJ ,Reid MH ,Jarvis WR . Epidemic aluminum intoxication in hemodialysis patients traced to use of an aluminum pump. Kidney Int 1995;48:469-474
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Freeman RM ,Lawton RL ,Chamberlain MA . Hard-water syndrome. N Engl J Med 1967;276:1113-1118
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline10
Eaton JW ,Kolpin CF ,Swofford HS ,Kjellstrand CM ,Jacob HS . Chlorinated urban water: a cause of dialysis-induced hemolytic anemia. Science 1973;181:463-464
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Tipple MA ,Shusterman N ,Bland LA , et al. Illness in hemodialysis patients after exposure to chloramine contaminated dialysate. ASAIO Trans 1991;37:588-591
Medline12
Manzler AD ,Schreiner AW . Copper-induced acute hemolytic anemia: a new complication of hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med 1970;73:409-412
Web of Science | Medline13
Arnow PM ,Bland LA ,Garcia-Houchins S ,Fridkin S ,Fellner SK . An outbreak of fatal fluoride intoxication in a long-term hemodialysis unit. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:339-344
Web of Science | Medline14
Orringer EP ,Mattern WD . Formaldehyde-induced hemolysis during chronic hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 1976;294:1416-1420
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline15
Gordon SM ,Bland LA ,Alexander SR ,Newman HF ,Arduino MJ ,Jarvis WR . Hemolysis associated with hydrogen peroxide at a pediatric dialysis center. Am J Nephrol 1990;10:123-127
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Nickey WA ,Chinitz VL ,Kim DE ,Onesti G ,Swartz C . Hypernatremia from water softener malfunction during home dialysis. JAMA 1970;214:915-916
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
FDA safety alert: sodium azide contamination of hemodialysis water supplies. Rockville, Md.: Food and Drug Administration, March 1989.
18
Gordon SM ,Drachman J ,Bland LA ,Reid MH ,Favero M ,Jarvis WR . Epidemic hypotension in a dialysis center caused by sodium azide. Kidney Int 1990;37:110-115
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Hoy RH . Accidental systemic exposure to sodium hypochlorite (Chlorox) during hemodialysis. Am J Hosp Pharm 1981;38:1512-1514
Medline20
Petrie JJB ,Row PG . Dialysis anaemia caused by subacute zinc toxicity. Lancet 1977;1:1178-1180
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Azevedo SMFO ,Evans WR ,Carmichael WW ,Namikoshi M . First report of microcystins from a Brazilian isolate of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. J Appl Phycology 1994;6:261-265
CrossRef | Web of Science22
Rao PVL ,Bhattacharya R . The cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR induced DNA damage in mouse liver in vivo. Toxicology 1996;114:29-36
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Stotts RR ,Twardock AR ,Koritz GD , et al. Toxicokinetics of tritiated dihydromicrocystin-LR in swine. Toxicon 1997;35:455-465
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Carmichael WW . Cyanobacteria secondary metabolites -- the cyanotoxins. J Appl Bacteriol 1992;72:445-459
CrossRef | Medline25
Teixeira M da G ,Costa M da C ,de Carvalho VLP ,Pereira M dos S ,Hage E . Gastroenteritis epidemic in the area of the Itaparica Dam, Bahia, Brazil. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1993;27:244-253
Medline26
Carmichael WW. The cyanotoxins. In: Callow JF, ed. Advances in botanical research. Vol. 27. London: Academic Press, 1997:211-56.
- Citing Articles (257)
Citing Articles
1
Timothy G Otten, Hai Xu, Boqiang Qin, Guangwei Zhu, Hans W. Paerl. (2012) Spatiotemporal patterns and ecophysiology of toxigenic <i>Microcystis</i> blooms in Lake Taihu, China: Implications for water quality management. Environmental Science & Technology120210131253003
CrossRef2
James H. Lewis, David E. Kleiner. 2012. Hepatic injury due to drugs, herbal compounds, chemicals and toxins. , 645-760.
CrossRef3
Anne M. Larson. 2011. Acute Liver Failure. , 445-473.
CrossRef4
Naveen K. Sharma, Sri Prakash Tiwari, Keshwanand Tripathi, Ashwani K. Rai. (2011) Sustainability and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae): facts and challenges. Journal of Applied Phycology 23:6, 1059-1081
CrossRef5
Grace Birungi, Sam Fong Yau Li. (2011) Investigation of the effect of exposure to non cytotoxic amounts of microcystins. Metabolomics 7:4, 485-499
CrossRef6
Katerina Vareli, Ekaterini Zarali, Georgios SA Zacharioudakis, Georgios Vagenas, Vasileios Varelis, George Pilidis, Evangelos Briasoulis, Ioannis Sainis. (2011) Microcystin producing cyanobacterial communities in Amvrakikos Gulf (Mediterranean Sea, NW Greece) and toxin accumulation in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Harmful Algae
CrossRef7
Veerle Lemaire, Silvia Brusciotti, Ineke van Gremberghe, Wim Vyverman, Joost Vanoverbeke, Luc De Meester. (2011) Genotype × genotype interactions between the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis and its grazer, the waterflea Daphnia. Evolutionary Applicationsno-no
CrossRef8
Ying Liu, Baoyu Gao, Qinyan Yue, Yuntao Guan, Yan Wang, Lihui Huang. (2011) Influences of two antibiotic contaminants on the production, release and toxicity of microcystins. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
CrossRef9
Xiaoming Zhang, Lirong Song, Pengcheng Zhang, Jiawan He, Yongding Liu, Hiroshi Matsuura, Makoto M. Watanabe. (2011) Grazing on toxic cyanobacterial blooms by tadpoles of edible frog Rana grylio. Phycological Researchno-no
CrossRef10
Marc Schumacher, Neil Wilson, Jioji N. Tabudravu, Christine Edwards, Linda A. Lawton, Cherie Motti, Anthony D. Wright, Marc Diederich, Marcel Jaspars. (2011) New nodulopeptins from Nodularia spumigena KAC 66. Tetrahedron
CrossRef11
Ian Stewart, Wayne W. Carmichael, Lorraine C. Backer. 2011. Toxic Cyanobacteria. , 95-109.
CrossRef12
Paulina V. F. Santos, Ilanna C. Lopes , Victor C. Diculescu, Mário César U. de Araújo, Ana Maria Oliveira-Brett. (2011) Redox Mechanisms of Nodularin and Chemically Degraded Nodularin. Electroanalysis 23:10, 2310-2319
CrossRef13
Xuezhen Zhang, Ping Xie, Dapeng Li, Zechao Shi, Jun Wang, Gailing Yuan, Yanyan Zhao, Rong Tang. (2011) Anemia induced by repeated exposure to cyanobacterial extracts with explorations of underlying mechanisms. Environmental Toxicology 26:5, 472-479
CrossRef14
Audrey Sassolas, Gaëlle Catanante, Didier Fournier, Jean Louis Marty. (2011) Development of a colorimetric inhibition assay for microcystin-LR detection: Comparison of the sensitivity of different protein phosphatases. Talanta 85:5, 2498-2503
CrossRef15
Dawen Zhang, Qiang Yang, Ping Xie, Xuwei Deng, Jun Chen, Ming Dai. (2011) The role of cysteine conjugation in the detoxification of microcystin-LR in liver of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis): a field and laboratory study. Ecotoxicology
CrossRef16
Huibin Chen, Xiaoping Wang, Shuyue Zhan, Zhaofeng Luo, Hongmin Zhou. (2011) A MINIATURE SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE BIOANALYTICAL SYSTEM FOR FIELD DETECTION OF MICROCYSTIN-LR IN SURFACE WATER. Instrumentation Science & Technology 39:5, 462-474
CrossRef17
Mónica Rouco, Victoria López-Rodas, Antonio Flores-Moya, Eduardo Costas. (2011) Evolutionary Changes in Growth Rate and Toxin Production in the Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Under a Scenario of Eutrophication and Temperature Increase. Microbial Ecology 62:2, 265-273
CrossRef18
Felipe Augusto Dörr, Diogo Oliveira-Silva, Norberto Peporine Lopes, Jacobo Iglesias, Dietrich A. Volmer, Ernani Pinto. (2011) Dissociation of deprotonated microcystin variants by collision-induced dissociation following electrospray ionization. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 25:14, 1981-1992
CrossRef19
N. N. Romanova, T. G. Tallo, I. I. Rybalko, N. V. Zyk, V. K. Shvyadas. (2011) Biologically active cyclic polypeptides with fragments of β-amino acid derivatives isolated from marine organisms (review). Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds 47:4, 395-417
CrossRef20
Marina Lifshits, Ella Zafrir-Ilan, Avi Raveh, Shmuel Carmeli. (2011) Protease inhibitors from three fishpond water blooms of Microcystis spp.. Tetrahedron 67:22, 4017-4024
CrossRef21
Afef Fathalli, Amel Ben Rejeb Jenhani, Cristiana Moreira, Martin Welker, Mohamed Romdhane, Agostinho Antunes, Vitor Vasconcelos. (2011) Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in Tunisian freshwaters. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 34:4, 303-310
CrossRef22
J.Z. Chen, J.Y. Ye, H.Y. Zhang, X.J. Jiang, Y.X. Zhang, Z.L. Liu. (2011) Freshwater toxic cyanobacteria induced DNA damage in apple (Malus pumila), rape (Brassica napus) and rice (Oryza sativa). Journal of Hazardous Materials 190:1-3, 240-244
CrossRef23
HONG SHEN, YUAN NIU, PING XIE, MIN TAO, XI YANG. (2011) Morphological and physiological changes in Microcystis aeruginosa as a result of interactions with heterotrophic bacteria. Freshwater Biology 56:6, 1065-1080
CrossRef24
Pasquale Ferranti, Antonella Nasi, Milena Bruno, Adriana Basile, Luigi Serpe, Pasquale Gallo. (2011) A peptidomic approach for monitoring and characterising peptide cyanotoxins produced in Italian lakes by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 25:9, 1173-1183
CrossRef25
Richard A. Ward. (2011) Avoiding Toxicity From Water-Borne Contaminants in Hemodialysis: New Challenges in an Era of Increased Demand for Water. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 18:3, 207-213
CrossRef26
Geetanjali Kaushik, Santosh Satya, S. N. Naik. (2011) Green tea: protective action against oxidative damage induced by xenobiotics. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 4:1, 11-31
CrossRef27
Allison Schaap, Yves Bellouard, Thomas Rohrlack. (2011) Optofluidic lab-on-a-chip for rapid algae population screening. Biomedical Optics Express 2:3, 658
CrossRef28
Susana R. Pereira, Vítor M. Vasconcelos, Agostinho Antunes. (2011) The phosphoprotein phosphatase family of Ser/Thr phosphatases as principal targets of naturally occurring toxins. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 41:2, 83-110
CrossRef29
Bojana Žegura, Alja Štraser, Metka Filipič. (2011) Genotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity of cyanobacterial toxins – a review. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 727:1-2, 16-41
CrossRef30
Jungju Lee, Harold W. Walker. (2011) Adsorption of microcystin-Lr onto iron oxide nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 373:1-3, 94-100
CrossRef31
Yanyan Zhao, Ping Xie, Huihui Fan, Sujuan Zhao. (2011) Impairment of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system and oxidative stress in liver of crucian carp (Carassius auratus L.) exposed to microcystins. Environmental Toxicologyn/a-n/a
CrossRef32
Chen Cheng, Zhang Zaichao, Ding Aizhong, Wu Jiayan, Xiao Jingfa, Sun Yujiao. (2011) Bar-Coded Pyrosequencing Reveals the Bacterial Community during Microcystis water Bloom in Guanting Reservoir, Beijing. Procedia Engineering 18, 341-346
CrossRef33
Jing Liang, Tan Li, Ya-li Zhang, Zong-lou Guo, Li-hong Xu. (2011) Effect of microcystin-LR on protein phosphatase 2A and its function in human amniotic epithelial cells. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B 12:12, 951
CrossRef34
Felipe Augusto Dörr, Ernani Pinto, Raquel Moraes Soares, Sandra Maria Feliciano de Oliveira e Azevedo. (2010) Microcystins in South American aquatic ecosystems: Occurrence, toxicity and toxicological assays. Toxicon 56:7, 1247-1256
CrossRef35
Abdulrahman M. Al-Shehri. (2010) Toxin-producing blooms of the cyanobacterium <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> in rainwater ponds in Saudi Arabia. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 39:4, 171-187
CrossRef36
Noel R Monks, Jeffrey A Moscow. (2010) Addressing the design of in vitro models for the investigation of microcystins: the essential role of transporter-mediated uptake. Cell Biology International 34:9, 907-909
CrossRef37
NanQin Gan, Qun Huang, LingLing Zheng, LiRong Song. (2010) Quantitative assessment of toxic and nontoxic Microcystis colonies in natural environments using fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry. Science China Life Sciences 53:8, 973-980
CrossRef38
George William Atwoki Nyakairu, Christine Betty Nagawa, Jolocam Mbabazi. (2010) Assessment of cyanobacteria toxins in freshwater fish: A case study of Murchison Bay (Lake Victoria) and Lake Mburo, Uganda. Toxicon 55:5, 939-946
CrossRef39
Lorraine C. Backer, Sandra V. McNeel, Terry Barber, Barbara Kirkpatrick, Christopher Williams, Mitch Irvin, Yue Zhou, Trisha B. Johnson, Kate Nierenberg, Mark Aubel, Rebecca LePrell, Andrew Chapman, Amanda Foss, Susan Corum, Vincent R. Hill, Stephanie M. Kieszak, Yung-Sung Cheng. (2010) Recreational exposure to microcystins during algal blooms in two California lakes. Toxicon 55:5, 909-921
CrossRef40
Sylvain Merel, Michel Clément, Olivier Thomas. (2010) State of the art on cyanotoxins in water and their behaviour towards chlorine. Toxicon 55:4, 677-691
CrossRef41
Jianzhong Chen, Jian Dai, Haiyang Zhang, Chenyi Wang, Guoqing Zhou, Zhiping Han, Zhili Liu. (2010) Bioaccumulation of microcystin and its oxidative stress in the apple (Malus pumila). Ecotoxicology 19:4, 796-803
CrossRef42
Ivanka Teneva, Rumen Mladenov, Detelina Belkinova, Ivanka Dimitrova-Dyulgerova, Balik Dzhambazov. (2010) Phytoplankton community of the drinking water supply reservoir Borovitsa (South Bulgaria) with an emphasis on cyanotoxins and water quality. Central European Journal of Biology 5:2, 231-239
CrossRef43
Seppo Salminen, Sonja Nybom, Jussi Meriluoto, Maria Carmen Collado, Satu Vesterlund, Hani El-Nezami. (2010) Interaction of probiotics and pathogens—benefits to human health?. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 21:2, 157-167
CrossRef44
Andrea Ziková, Achim Trubiroha, Claudia Wiegand, Sven Wuertz, Bernhard Rennert, Stephan Pflugmacher, Radovan Kopp, Jan Mareš, Werner Kloas. (2010) Impact of microcystin containing diets on physiological performance of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) concerning stress and growth. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29:3, 561-568
CrossRef45
Daniela Sedan, Darío Andrinolo, Luis Telese, Leda Giannuzzi, María J.T. de Alaniz, Carlos A. Marra. (2010) Alteration and recovery of the antioxidant system induced by sub-chronic exposure to microcystin-LR in mice: Its relation to liver lipid composition. Toxicon 55:2-3, 333-342
CrossRef46
Mitsuhiro Yoshida, Takashi Yoshida, Yukari Yoshida-Takashima, Aki Kashima, Shingo Hiroishi. (2010) Real-Time PCR Detection of Host-Mediated Cyanophage Gene Transcripts during Infection of a Natural Microcystis aeruginosa Population. Microbes and Environments 25:3, 211-215
CrossRef47
Yusuke JIMBO, Kunihiro OKANO, Kazuya SHIMIZU, Hideaki MASEDA, Naoshi FUJIMOTO, Motoo UTSUMI, Norio SUGIURA. (2010) Quantification of Microcystin-degrading Bacteria in a Biofilm from a Practical Biological Treatment Facility by Real-time PCR. Journal of Water and Environment Technology 8:3, 193-201
CrossRef48
Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira, Viviane Piccin-Santos, Selma Gouvêa-Barros. (2010) Microcystin-producing genotypes from cyanobacteria in Brazilian reservoirs. Environmental Toxicologyn/a-n/a
CrossRef49
Benedict M. Long. (2010) Evidence that sulfur metabolism plays a role in microcystin production by Microcystis aeruginosa. Harmful Algae 9:1, 74-81
CrossRef50
James S. Metcalf, Marianne Reilly, Fiona M. Young, Geoffrey A. Codd. (2009) LOCALIZATION OF MICROCYSTIN SYNTHETASE GENES IN COLONIES OF THE CYANOBACTERIUM MICROCYSTIS USING FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION1. Journal of Phycology 45:6, 1400-1404
CrossRef51
Tracie A. Caller, James W. Doolin, James F. Haney, Amanda J. Murby, Katherine G. West, Hannah E. Farrar, Andrea Ball, Brent T. Harris, Elijah W. Stommel. (2009) A cluster of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in New Hampshire: A possible role for toxic cyanobacteria blooms. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 10:s2, 101-108
CrossRef52
James S. Metcalf, Geoffrey A. Codd. (2009) Cyanobacteria, neurotoxins and water resources: Are there implications for human neurodegenerative disease?. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 10:s2, 74-78
CrossRef53
M.A. Labine, G.Y. Minuk. (2009) Cyanobacterial toxins and liver diseaseThis article is one of a selection of papers published in a special issue celebrating the 125th anniversary of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Manitoba.. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 87:10, 773-788
CrossRef54
D. L. Bigham, M. V. Hoyer, D. E. Canfield. (2009) Survey of toxic algal (microcystin) distribution in Florida lakes. Lake and Reservoir Management 25:3, 264-275
CrossRef55
Tsuyoshi Ikehara, Shihoko Imamura, Tomoharu Sano, Junichi Nakashima, Kyoko Kuniyoshi, Naomasa Oshiro, Masahiro Yoshimoto, Takeshi Yasumoto. (2009) The effect of structural variation in 21 microcystins on their inhibition of PP2A and the effect of replacing cys269 with glycine. Toxicon 54:4, 539-544
CrossRef56
Fu-Gang Xiao, Xiao-Lian Zhao, Jian Tang, Xiao-Hong Gu, Jing-Ping Zhang, Wei-Min Niu. (2009) Necessity of Screening Water Chestnuts for Microcystins After Cyanobacterial Blooms Break Out. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 57:2, 256-263
CrossRef57
Grace Birungi, Sam Fong Yau Li. (2009) Determination of cyanobacterial cyclic peptide hepatotoxins in drinking water using CE. ELECTROPHORESIS 30:15, 2737-2742
CrossRef58
Elise Billoir, Aloysio da Silva Ferrão-Filho, Marie Laure Delignette-Muller, Sandrine Charles. (2009) DEBtox theory and matrix population models as helpful tools in understanding the interaction between toxic cyanobacteria and zooplankton. Journal of Theoretical Biology 258:3, 380-388
CrossRef59
Fatma Gurbuz, James S. Metcalf, Aynur Gul Karahan, Geoffrey A. Codd. (2009) Analysis of dissolved microcystins in surface water samples from Kovada Lake, Turkey. Science of The Total Environment 407:13, 4038-4046
CrossRef60
Julien Gaudin, Ludovic Le Hegarat, Fabrice Nesslany, Daniel Marzin, Valérie Fessard. (2009) In vivo genotoxic potential of microcystin-LR: A cyanobacterial toxin, investigated both by the unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and the comet assays after intravenous administration. Environmental Toxicology 24:2, 200-209
CrossRef61
A.M. Chia, D.S. Abolude, Z. Ladan, O. Akanbi, A. Kalaboms. (2009) The Presence of Microcystins in Aquatic Ecosystems in Northern Nigeria: Zaria as a Case Study. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology 3:4, 170-178
CrossRef62
Paula Kujbida, Elaine Hatanaka, Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo, Kaline Waismam, Danielle Maia de Holanda Cavalcanti, Rui Curi, Sandra Helena Poliselli Farsky, Ernani Pinto. (2009) Microcystins -LA, -YR, and -LR action on neutrophil migration. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 382:1, 9-14
CrossRef63
Tong Qiu, Ping Xie, Ying Liu, Guangyu Li, Qian Xiong, Le Hao, Huiying Li. (2009) The profound effects of microcystin on cardiac antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial function and cardiac toxicity in rat. Toxicology 257:1-2, 86-94
CrossRef64
Aloysio da S. Ferrão-Filho, Maria Carolina S. Soares, Valeria de Freitas Magalhães, Sandra M.F.O. Azevedo. (2009) Biomonitoring of cyanotoxins in two tropical reservoirs by cladoceran toxicity bioassays. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72:2, 479-489
CrossRef65
Md. Sagir Ahmed. (2009) Isolation and Characterization of Microcystins (Heptapeptides Hepatotoxins) from Microcystis aeruginosa Bloom in a Homestead Pond, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences 3:2, 245-250
CrossRef66
J. Chen, P. Xie, L. Li, J. Xu. (2009) First Identification of the Hepatotoxic Microcystins in the Serum of a Chronically Exposed Human Population Together with Indication of Hepatocellular Damage. Toxicological Sciences 108:1, 81-89
CrossRef67
Katerina Vareli, George Pilidis, Maria-Christina Mavrogiorgou, Evangelos Briasoulis, Ioannis Sainis. (2009) Molecular characterization of cyanobacterial diversity and yearly fluctuations of Microcystin loads in a suburban Mediterranean Lake (Lake Pamvotis, Greece). Journal of Environmental Monitoring 11:8, 1506
CrossRef68
D. Feurstein, K. Holst, A. Fischer, D.R. Dietrich. (2009) Oatp-associated uptake and toxicity of microcystins in primary murine whole brain cells. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 234:2, 247-255
CrossRef69
Keiko Ozaki, Emiko Ito, Saori Tanabe, Kaori Natsume, Kiyomi Tsuji, Ken-ichi Harada. (2009) Electron Microscopic Study on Lysis of a Cyanobacterium Microcystis. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE 55:4, 578-585
CrossRef70
Kunihiro Okano, Kazuya Shimizu, Yukio Kawauchi, Hideaki Maseda, Motoo Utsumi, Zhenya Zhang, Brett A. Neilan, Norio Sugiura. (2009) Characteristics of a Microcystin-Degrading Bacterium under Alkaline Environmental Conditions. Journal of Toxicology 2009, 1-8
CrossRef71
SATOSHI SUGIYAMA. (2009) Nihon Toseki Igakkai Zasshi 42:6, 473-480
CrossRef72
Takahiko Noguchi, Azusa Shinohara, Akito Nishizawa, Munehiko Asayama, Tomoyo Nakano, Masateru Hasegawa, Ken-ichi Harada, Tomoyasu Nishizawa, Makoto Shirai. (2009) Genetic analysis of the microcystin biosynthesis gene cluster in Microcystis strains from four bodies of eutrophic water in Japan. The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 55:2, 111-123
CrossRef73
Hichem Nasri, Soumaya El Herry, Noureddine Bouaïcha. (2008) First reported case of turtle deaths during a toxic Microcystis spp. bloom in Lake Oubeira, Algeria. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 71:2, 535-544
CrossRef74
Qiujin Xu, Weimin Chen, Guang Gao. (2008) Seasonal variations in microcystin concentrations in Lake Taihu, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 145:1-3, 75-79
CrossRef75
Yinna Wei, Dan Weng, Feng Li, Xiao Zou, D. Owen Young, Jianguo Ji, Pingping Shen. (2008) Involvement of JNK regulation in oxidative stress-mediated murine liver injury by microcystin-LR. Apoptosis 13:8, 1031-1042
CrossRef76
M. Yoshida, T. Yoshida, M. Satomi, Y. Takashima, N. Hosoda, S. Hiroishi. (2008) Intra-specific phenotypic and genotypic variation in toxic cyanobacterial Microcystis strains. Journal of Applied Microbiology 105:2, 407-415
CrossRef77
Ming‐Luan Xing, Xiao‐Feng Wang, Li‐Hong Xu. (2008) Alteration of proteins expression in apoptotic FL cells induced by MCLR. Environmental Toxicology 23:4, 451-458
CrossRef78
Guangliang Liu, Yun Qian, Shugui Dai, Nan Feng. (2008) Adsorption of Microcystin LR and LW on Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) at Different pH. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 192:1-4, 67-76
CrossRef79
Tsuyoshi Ikehara, Shihoko Imamura, Naomasa Oshiro, Satsuki Ikehara, Fukiko Shinjo, Takeshi Yasumoto. (2008) A protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition assay using a recombinant enzyme for rapid detection of microcystins. Toxicon 51:8, 1368-1373
CrossRef80
Meghan Kreider Rogalus, Mary C. Watzin. (2008) Evaluation of sampling and screening techniques for tiered monitoring of toxic cyanobacteria in lakes. Harmful Algae 7:4, 504-514
CrossRef81
S. Wu, S. Wang, H. Yang, P. Xie, L. Ni, J. Xu. (2008) Field Studies on the Environmental Factors in Controlling Microcystin Production in the Subtropical Shallow Lakes of the Yangtze River. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 80:4, 329-334
CrossRef82
Miroslav Gantar, Zorica Svirčev. (2008) MICROALGAE AND CYANOBACTERIA: FOOD FOR THOUGHT. Journal of Phycology 44:2, 260-268
CrossRef83
D. P. Fewer, A. Tooming-Klunderud, J. Jokela, M. Wahlsten, L. Rouhiainen, T. Kristensen, T. Rohrlack, K. S. Jakobsen, K. Sivonen. (2008) Natural occurrence of microcystin synthetase deletion mutants capable of producing microcystins in strains of the genus Anabaena (Cyanobacteria). Microbiology 154:4, 1007-1014
CrossRef84
Guang-Zhao Li, Xu-Fang Liang, Wei Yao, Wan-Qin Liao, Wei-Feng Zhu. (2008) Molecular characterization of glutathione peroxidase gene from the liver of silver carp, bighead carp and grass carp. BMB Reports 41:3, 204-209
CrossRef85
Xuezhen Zhang, Ping Xie, Weimin Wang, Dapeng Li, Li Li, Rong Tang, Hehua Lei, Zechao Shi. (2008) Dose-dependent effects of extracted microcystins on embryonic development, larval growth and histopathological changes of southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis). Toxicon 51:3, 449-456
CrossRef86
Mirela Jukovic, Zorica Svircev, Vladimir Baltic, Dejan Stojanovic, Aleksandar Mihajlovic, Milan Baltic. (2008) Cyanotoxins: New health risk factor in Serbia. Archive of oncology 16:3-4, 55-58
CrossRef87
Masahiko Tachi, Susumu Y. Imanishi, Ken-ichi Harada. (2007) Phosphoprotein analysis for investigation ofin vivo relationship between protein phosphatase inhibitory activities and acute hepatotoxicity of microcystin-LR. Environmental Toxicology 22:6, 620-629
CrossRef88
Xu-Fang Liang, Guan-Gui Li, Shan He, Yan Huang. (2007) Transcriptional responses of alpha- and rho-class glutathione S-transferase genes in the liver of three freshwater fishes intraperitoneally injected with microcystin-LR: Relationship of inducible expression and tolerance. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 21:5, 289-298
CrossRef89
E. D. Hilborn, W. W. Carmichael, R. M. Soares, M. Yuan, J. C. Servaites, H. A. Barton, S. M. F. O. Azevedo. (2007) Serologic evaluation of human microcystin exposure. Environmental Toxicology 22:5, 459-463
CrossRef90
S. Li, P. Xie, J. Xu, L. Li, G. Liang, L. Zheng. (2007) Tissue Distribution of Microcystins in Bighead Carp via Intraperitoneal Injection. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 79:3, 297-300
CrossRef91
Chuan Xu, Wei-Qun Shu, Zhi-Qun Qiu, Ji-An Chen, Qing Zhao, Jia Cao. (2007) Protective effects of green tea polyphenols against subacute hepatotoxicity induced by microcystin-LR in mice. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 24:2, 140-148
CrossRef92
Raquel M. Soares, Viviane R. Cagido, Rodrigo B. Ferraro, José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes, Patrícia R.M. Rocco, Walter A. Zin, Sandra M.F.O. Azevedo. (2007) Effects of microcystin-LR on mouse lungs. Toxicon 50:3, 330-338
CrossRef93
Hichèm Nasri, Noureddine Bouaïcha, Merieme Kaid Harche. (2007) A new morphospecies ofMicrocystis sp. forming bloom in the Cheffia dam (Algeria): Seasonal variation of microcystin concentrations in raw water and their removal in a full-scale treatment plant. Environmental Toxicology 22:4, 347-356
CrossRef94
Christopher D. Williams, Mark T. Aubel, Andrew D. Chapman, Peter E. D'Aiuto. (2007) Identification of cyanobacterial toxins in Florida's freshwater systems. Lake and Reservoir Management 23:2, 144-152
CrossRef95
B. G. Kotak, R. W. Zurawell. (2007) Cyanobacterial toxins in Canadian freshwaters: A review. Lake and Reservoir Management 23:2, 109-122
CrossRef96
Ran Rosen. (2007) Mass spectrometry for monitoring micropollutants in water. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 18:3, 246-251
CrossRef97
Zakaria A. Mohamed, Hassan M. El-Sharouny, Wafaa S. Ali. (2007) Microcystin Concentrations in the Nile River Sediments and Removal of Microcystin-LR by Sediments During Batch Experiments. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 52:4, 489-495
CrossRef98
Alice Hudder, Weihua Song, Kevin E. O'Shea, Patrick J. Walsh. (2007) Toxicogenomic evaluation of microcystin-LR treated with ultrasonic irradiation. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 220:3, 357-364
CrossRef99
Thomas Rohrlack, Per Hyenstrand. (2007) Fate of intracellular microcystins in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (Chroococcales, Cyanophyceae). Phycologia 46:3, 277-283
CrossRef100
Dan Weng, Yan Lu, Yinna Wei, Ying Liu, Pingping Shen. (2007) The role of ROS in microcystin-LR-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury in mice. Toxicology 232:1-2, 15-23
CrossRef101
JOSE´PHINE LEFLAIVE, LOÏC TEN-HAGE. (2007) Algal and cyanobacterial secondary metabolites in freshwaters: a comparison of allelopathic compounds and toxins. Freshwater Biology 52:2, 199-214
CrossRef102
Yukimi KATAGAMI, Keisuke NAKAYAMA, Atsushi YOKOYAMA, Takamitsu HOMMA, Ho-dong PARK. (2007) Prediction for temporal changes of cell concentration of the cyanobacterium Microcystis in Tenryu River, using the fluid dynamic model of cyanobacteria. Japanese Journal of Limnology (Rikusuigaku Zasshi) 68:2, 241-251
CrossRef103
Mònica Campàs, Jean-Louis Marty. (2007) Highly sensitive amperometric immunosensors for microcystin detection in algae. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 22:6, 1034-1040
CrossRef104
Tomoyasu Nishizawa, Akito Nishizawa, Munehiko Asayama, Ken-ichi Harada, Makoto Shirai. (2007) Diversity within the Microcystin Biosynthetic Gene Clusters among the Genus Microcystis. Microbes and Environments 22:4, 380-390
CrossRef105
Jadwiga Palus, Elżbieta Dziubałtowska, Małgorzata Stańczyk, Dobrosława Lewińska, Joanna Mankiewicz-Boczek, Katarzyna Izydorczyk, Anita Bonisławska, Tomasz Jurczak, Maciej Zalewski, Wojciech Wąsowicz. (2007) Biomonitoring Of Cyanobacterial Blooms In Polish Water Reservoir And The Cytotoxicity And Genotoxicity Of Selected Cyanobacterial Extracts. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 20:1, 48-65
CrossRef106
Yan-Zhen Bu, Xiao-Yu Li, Bang-Jun Zhang, Ik-Kyo Chung, Jin-Ae Lee. (2006) Microcystins cause embryonic toxicity in mice. Toxicon 48:8, 966-972
CrossRef107
Bojana Žegura, Tamara T. Lah, Metka Filipič. (2006) Alteration of intracellular GSH levels and its role in microcystin-LR-induced DNA damage in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 611:1-2, 25-33
CrossRef108
Wei Chen, Lirong Song, Nanqin Gan, Lin Li. (2006) Sorption, degradation and mobility of microcystins in Chinese agriculture soils: risk assessment for groundwater protection. Environmental Pollution 144:3, 752-758
CrossRef109
P.J. Oberholster, A.-M. Botha, T.E. Cloete. (2006) Use of molecular markers as indicators for winter zooplankton grazing on toxic benthic cyanobacteria colonies in an urban Colorado lake. Harmful Algae 5:6, 705-716
CrossRef110
M Gomila, J Gascó, J Gil, R Bernabeu, V Iñigo, J Lalucat. (2006) A molecular microbial ecology approach to studying hemodialysis water and fluid. Kidney International 70:9, 1567-1576
CrossRef111
Moucun Yuan, Wayne W. Carmichael, Elizabeth D. Hilborn. (2006) Microcystin analysis in human sera and liver from human fatalities in Caruaru, Brazil 1996. Toxicon 48:6, 627-640
CrossRef112
Kaihong Lu, Chunhua Jin, Shuanglin Dong, Binhe Gu, Stephen H. Bowen. (2006) Feeding and control of blue-green algal blooms by tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus). Hydrobiologia 568:1, 111-120
CrossRef113
Fabyana Maria dos Anjos, Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira, Meron Petro Zajac, Susann Hiller, Bernd Christian, Katrin Erler, Bernd Luckas, Ernani Pinto. (2006) Detection of harmful cyanobacteria and their toxins by both PCR amplification and LC-MS during a bloom event. Toxicon 48:3, 239-245
CrossRef114
Fiona M. Young, James S. Metcalf, Jussi A.O. Meriluoto, Lisa Spoof, Louise F. Morrison, Geoffrey A. Codd. (2006) Production of antibodies against microcystin-RR for the assessment of purified microcystins and cyanobacterial environmental samples. Toxicon 48:3, 295-306
CrossRef115
Vania Rodríguez, Mauricio Yonamine, Ernani Pinto. (2006) Determination of anatoxin-a in environmental water samples by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Separation Science 29:13, 2085-2090
CrossRef116
V. Messineo, D. Mattei, S. Melchiorre, G. Salvatore, S. Bogialli, R. Salzano, R. Mazza, G. Capelli, M. Bruno. (2006) Microcystin diversity in a Planktothrix rubescens population from Lake Albano (Central Italy). Toxicon 48:2, 160-174
CrossRef117
Miquel Lürling, Wendy Beekman. (2006) Growth ofDaphnia magna males and females fed with the cyanobacteriumMicrocystis aeruginosa and the green algaScenedesmus obliquus in different proportions. Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica 34:4, 375-382
CrossRef118
M.Z. Iqbal, E.J. Brown, M.E. Clayton. (2006) Distribution of phosphorus in a biologically restricted lake in Iowa, USA. Journal of Hydrology 326:1-4, 349-366
CrossRef119
Elsa Alidia Petry Gonçalves, Maria Aparecida Dalboni, Aline Trevisan Peres, Ana Paula Manfredi, Silvia Regina Manfredi, Sandra Maria Azevedo, Valéria F. Magalhães, Sergio Draibe, Maria Eugenia F. Canziani, Miguel Cendoroglo. (2006) Effect of microcystin on leukocyte viability and function. Toxicon 47:7, 774-779
CrossRef120
Wan-Qin Liao, Xu-Fang Liang, Lin Wang, La-Mei Lei, Bo-Ping Han. (2006) Molecular cloning and characterization of alpha-class glutathioneS-transferase gene from the liver of silver carp, bighead carp, and other major chinese freshwater fishes. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 20:3, 114-126
CrossRef121
Zakaria A. Mohamed, Hassan M. El-Sharouny, Wafaa S.M. Ali. (2006) Microcystin production in benthic mats of cyanobacteria in the Nile River and irrigation canals, Egypt. Toxicon 47:5, 584-590
CrossRef122
Andrew DAVENPORT. (2006) Intradialytic complications during hemodialysis. Hemodialysis International 10:2, 162-167
CrossRef123
Paula Kujbida, Elaine Hatanaka, Ana Campa, Pio Colepicolo, Ernani Pinto. (2006) Effects of microcystins on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 341:1, 273-277
CrossRef124
Chien-Ming Li, Ricky Yuan-Yuan Chu, Dennis Paul Hsientang Hsieh. (2006) An enhanced LC-MS/MS method for microcystin-LR in lake water. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 41:2, 169-174
CrossRef125
M. Maidana, V. Carlis, F.G. Galhardi, J.S. Yunes, L.A. Geracitano, J.M. Monserrat, D.M. Barros. (2006) Effects of microcystins over short- and long-term memory and oxidative stress generation in hippocampus of rats. Chemico-Biological Interactions 159:3, 223-234
CrossRef126
Ronald W. Zurawell, Charles F. B. Holmes, Ellie E. Prepas. (2006) Elimination of the Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin Microcystin from the freshwater Pulmonate Snail Lymnaea stagnalis jugularis (SAY). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 69:4, 303-318
CrossRef127
Ciro TETTA, Salvatore DAVID, Daniele MARCELLI, Paolo COGLIATI, Marco FORMICA, Paola INGUAGGIATO, Vincenzo PANICHI. (2006) Clinical effects of online dialysate and infusion fluids. Hemodialysis International 10:s1, S60-S66
CrossRef128
Paul Elliott, David. C. Aldridge, Geoff D. Moggridge, Michael Chipps. (2005) THE INCREASING EFFECTS OF ZEBRA MUSSELS ON WATER INSTALLATIONS IN ENGLAND. Water and Environment Journal 19:4, 367-375
CrossRef129
Li Li, Ping Xie, Jun Chen. (2005) In vivo studies on toxin accumulation in liver and ultrastructural changes of hepatocytes of the phytoplanktivorous bighead carp i.p.-injected with extracted microcystins. Toxicon 46:5, 533-545
CrossRef130
M.L. Saker, A.-D. Jungblut, B.A. Neilan, D.F.K. Rawn, V.M. Vasconcelos. (2005) Detection of microcystin synthetase genes in health food supplements containing the freshwater cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Toxicon 46:5, 555-562
CrossRef131
M.L. Saker, J. Fastner, E. Dittmann, G. Christiansen, V.M. Vasconcelos. (2005) Variation between strains of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa isolated from a Portuguese river. Journal of Applied Microbiology 99:4, 749-757
CrossRef132
A. Camean, I. Moreno, T. Verdejo, F.J. González-Vila, J.A. González-Pérez. (2005) Pyrolytic behaviour of microcystins and microcystin-spiked algal blooms. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 74:1-2, 19-25
CrossRef133
Elizabeth D. Hilborn, Wayne W. Carmichael, Moucun Yuan, Sandra M.F.O. Azevedo. (2005) A simple colorimetric method to detect biological evidence of human exposure to microcystins. Toxicon 46:2, 218-221
CrossRef134
Wen-yu Fu, Jia-ping Chen, Xiu-min Wang, Li-hong Xu. (2005) Altered expression of p53, Bcl-2 and Bax induced by microcystin-LR in vivo and in vitro. Toxicon 46:2, 171-177
CrossRef135
Xiao-Yu Li, Ik-Kyo Chung, Jung-In Kim, Jin-Ae Lee. (2005) Oral exposure to Microcystis increases activity-augmented antioxidant enzymes in the liver of loach (Misgurnus mizolepis) and has no effect on lipid peroxidation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 141:3, 292-296
CrossRef136
Isabel Moreno, Guillermo Repetto, Esther Carballal, Ana Gago, Ana M. Cameán. (2005) Cyanobacteria and microcystins occurrence in the Guadiana River (SW Spain). International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 85:7, 461-474
CrossRef137
Noureddine Bouaïcha, Imed Maatouk, Marie-José Plessis, François Périn. (2005) Genotoxic potential of Microcystin-LR and nodularinin vitro in primary cultured rat hepatocytes andin vivo in rat liver. Environmental Toxicology 20:3, 341-347
CrossRef138
Danyun Ou, Lirong Song, Nanqin Gan, Wei Chen. (2005) Effects of microcystins on and toxin degradation byPoterioochromonas sp.. Environmental Toxicology 20:3, 373-380
CrossRef139
Xiaoguo Chen, Bangding Xiao, Jiantong Liu, Tao Fang, Xiaoqing Xu. (2005) Kinetics of the oxidation of MCRR by potassium permanganate. Toxicon 45:7, 911-917
CrossRef140
Kazuhiko Ozawa, Hiroki Fujioka, Minoru Muranaka, Atsushi Yokoyama, Yukimi Katagami, Takamitsu Homma, Kanako Ishikawa, Shigeo Tsujimura, Michio Kumagai, Mariyo F. Watanabe, Ho-Dong Park. (2005) Spatial distribution and temporal variation ofMicrocystis species composition and microcystin concentration in Lake Biwa. Environmental Toxicology 20:3, 270-276
CrossRef141
Stéphan Jacquet, Jean-François Briand, Christophe Leboulanger, Carol Avois-Jacquet, Laura Oberhaus, Bruno Tassin, Brigitte Vinçon-Leite, Gérard Paolini, Jean-Claude Druart, Orlane Anneville, Jean-François Humbert. (2005) The proliferation of the toxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens following restoration of the largest natural French lake (Lac du Bourget). Harmful Algae 4:4, 651-672
CrossRef142
Rui-Ping Qiao, Nan Li, Xin-Hua Qi, Qi-Shan Wang, Yuan-Yi Zhuang. (2005) Degradation of microcystin-RR by UV radiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Toxicon 45:6, 745-752
CrossRef143
Janet M. Benson, Julie A. Hutt, Kathleen Rein, Susan E. Boggs, Edward B. Barr, Lora E. Fleming. (2005) The toxicity of microcystin LR in mice following 7 days of inhalation exposure. Toxicon 45:6, 691-698
CrossRef144
Ivanka Teneva, Balik Dzhambazov, Lyubka Koleva, Rumen Mladenov, Kristin Schirmer. (2005) Toxic potential of five freshwater Phormidium species (Cyanoprokaryota). Toxicon 45:6, 711-725
CrossRef145
S.W. Zhao, P.P. Shen, Y. Zhou, Y. Wei, X.B. Xin, Z.C. Hua. (2005) Selecting peptide ligands of microcystin-LR from phage displayed random libraries. Environment International 31:4, 535-541
CrossRef146
Susan Mbedi, Martin Welker, Jutta Fastner, Claudia Wiedner. (2005) Variability of the microcystin synthetase gene cluster in the genus Planktothrix (Oscillatoriales, Cyanobacteria). FEMS Microbiology Letters 245:2, 299-306
CrossRef147
Ian R. Falconer. (2005) Is there a Human Health Hazard from Microcystins in the Drinking Water Supply?. Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica 33:1, 64-71
CrossRef148
Cariton Kubwabo, Natalia Vais, Frank M. Benoit. (2005) Characterization of microcystins using in-source collision-induced dissociation. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 19:5, 597-604
CrossRef149
I. Moreno, S. Pichardo, A. Jos, L. Gómez-Amores, A. Mate, C.M. Vazquez, A.M. Cameán. (2005) Antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney of rats exposed to microcystin-LR administered intraperitoneally. Toxicon 45:4, 395-402
CrossRef150
Richard A. Ward. (2005) Dialysis water as a determinant of the adequacy of dialysis. Seminars in Nephrology 25:2, 102-111
CrossRef151
Elke Dittmann, Thomas Börner. (2005) Genetic contributions to the risk assessment of microcystin in the environment. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 203:3, 192-200
CrossRef152
W.J. Fischer, S. Altheimer, V. Cattori, P.J. Meier, D.R. Dietrich, B. Hagenbuch. (2005) Organic anion transporting polypeptides expressed in liver and brain mediate uptake of microcystin. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 203:3, 257-263
CrossRef153
Mònica Campàs, Dorota Szydlowska, Marek Trojanowicz, Jean-Louis Marty. (2005) Towards the protein phosphatase-based biosensor for microcystin detection. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 20:8, 1520-1530
CrossRef154
Lorena Via-Ordorika, Jutta Fastner, Rainer Kurmayer, Michael Hisbergues, Elke Dittmann, Jiri Komarek, Marcel Erhard, Ingrid Chorus. (2004) Distribution of Microcystin-Producing and Non-Microcystin-Producing Microcystis sp. in European Freshwater Bodies: Detection of Microcystins and Microcystin Genes in Individual Colonies. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 27:5, 592-602
CrossRef155
Mónica Barco, Cintia Flores, Josep Rivera, Josep Caixach. (2004) Determination of microcystin variants and related peptides present in a water bloom of Planktothrix (Oscillatoria) rubescens in a Spanish drinking water reservoir by LC/ESI-MS. Toxicon 44:8, 881-886
CrossRef156
Xiao-Yu Li, Ik-Kyo Chung, Jung-In Kim, Jin-Ae Lee. (2004) Subchronic oral toxicity of microcystin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) exposed to Microcystis under laboratory conditions. Toxicon 44:8, 821-827
CrossRef157
Imed Maatouk, Noureddine Bouaïcha, Marie José Plessis, François Périn. (2004) Detection by 32P-postlabelling of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine in DNA as biomarker of microcystin-LR- and nodularin-induced DNA damage in vitro in primary cultured rat hepatocytes and in vivo in rat liver. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 564:1, 9-20
CrossRef158
Richard A. Ward. (2004) POOR NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND INFLAMMATION: Ultrapure Dialysate. Seminars in Dialysis 17:6, 489-497
CrossRef159
A.C.L. Nobre, S.M. Nunes-Monteiro, M.C.S.A. Monteiro, A.M.C. Martins, A. Havt, P.S.F. Barbosa, A.A.M. Lima, H.S.A. Monteiro. (2004) Microcystin-LR promote intestinal secretion of water and electrolytes in rats. Toxicon 44:5, 555-559
CrossRef160
Ken-ichi Harada, Susumu Imanishi, Hajime Kato, Masayoshi Mizuno, Emiko Ito, Kiyomi Tsuji. (2004) Isolation of Adda from microcystin-LR by microbial degradation. Toxicon 44:1, 107-109
CrossRef161
Erick R Bandala, Dolores Martı́nez, Evaristo Martı́nez, Dionysios D Dionysiou. (2004) Degradation of microcystin-LR toxin by Fenton and Photo-Fenton processes. Toxicon 43:7, 829-832
CrossRef162
James S. Metcalf, Abdellah Barakate, Geoffrey A. Codd. (2004) Inhibition of plant protein synthesis by the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, cylindrospermopsin. FEMS Microbiology Letters 235:1, 125-129
CrossRef163
Michelle M. Gehringer, Enid G. Shephard, Tim G. Downing, Claudia Wiegand, Brett A. Neilan. (2004) An investigation into the detoxification of microcystin-LR by the glutathione pathway in Balb/c mice. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 36:5, 931-941
CrossRef164
Clark Svrcek, Daniel W Smith. (2004) Cyanobacteria toxins and the current state of knowledge on water treatment options: a review. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science 3:3, 155-185
CrossRef165
Jianzhong Chen, Lirong Song, Jian Dai, Nanqin Gan, Zhili Liu. (2004) Effects of microcystins on the growth and the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase of rape (Brassica napus L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). Toxicon 43:4, 393-400
CrossRef166
Viktoria Weber, Ingrid Linsberger, Eva Rossmanith, Christoph Weber, Dieter Falkenhagen. (2004) Pyrogen Transfer across High- and Low-flux Hemodialysis Membranes. Artificial Organs 28:2, 210-217
CrossRef167
Tomoko Maruyama, Kenji Kato, Ho-Dong Park. (2004) Population Dynamics of Free-Living Bacteria Related to the Microcystin-Degrading Strain Y2 in Lake Suwa and in Microcystin Amended Enrichments. Microbes and Environments 19:2, 137-146
CrossRef168
Tina Batista, Georges de Sousa, Jerneja Strupi Suput, Roger Rahmani, Dušan Šuput. (2003) Microcystin-LR causes the collapse of actin filaments in primary human hepatocytes. Aquatic Toxicology 65:1, 85-91
CrossRef169
V.F Magalhães, M.M Marinho, P Domingos, A.C Oliveira, S.M Costa, L.O Azevedo, S.M.F.O Azevedo. (2003) Microcystins (cyanobacteria hepatotoxins) bioaccumulation in fish and crustaceans from Sepetiba Bay (Brasil, RJ). Toxicon 42:3, 289-295
CrossRef170
Aleksandra Milutinović, Marko Živin, Ruda Zorc-Pleskovič, Bojan Sedmak, Dušan Šuput. (2003) Nephrotoxic effects of chronic administration of microcystins -LR and -YR. Toxicon 42:3, 281-288
CrossRef171
T. Maruyama, K. Kato, A. Yokoyama, T. Tanaka, A. Hiraishi, H. -D. Park. (2003) Dynamics of microcystin-degrading bacteria in mucilage of Microcystis. Microbial Ecology 46:2, 279-288
CrossRef172
Vivekanand Jha, Kirpal S. Chugh. (2003) The Practice of Dialysis in the Developing Countries. Hemodialysis International 7:3, 239-249
CrossRef173
Miquel Lürling, Esther van der Grinten. (2003) Life-history characteristics of Daphnia exposed to dissolved microcystin-LR and to the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa with and without microcystins. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22:6, 1281-1287
CrossRef174
P.-J Senogles-Derham, A Seawright, G Shaw, W Wickramisingh, M Shahin. (2003) Toxicological aspects of treatment to remove cyanobacterial toxins from drinking water determined using the heterozygous P53 transgenic mouse model. Toxicon 41:8, 979-988
CrossRef175
Philip T Orr, Gary J Jones, Robert A Hunter, Kerry Berger. (2003) Exposure of beef cattle to sub-clinical doses of Microcystis aeruginosa: toxin bioaccumulation, physiological effects and human health risk assessment. Toxicon 41:5, 613-620
CrossRef176
Néstor Lagos. (2003) Paralytic shellfish poisoning phycotoxins: Occurrence in South America. Comments on Toxicology 9:2, 175-193
CrossRef177
Wen-Xing Ding, Choon Nam Ong. (2003) Role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial changes in cyanobacteria-induced apoptosis and hepatotoxicity. FEMS Microbiology Letters 220:1, 1-7
CrossRef178
Lisa Spoof, Svetlana Klimova, Andrey Mikhailov, John E Eriksson, Jussi Meriluoto. (2003) Synthesis and organotropism of 3H-dihydro derivatives of the cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxin nodularin. Toxicon 41:2, 153-162
CrossRef179
Anas Ghadouani, Bernadette Pinel-Alloul, Ellie E. Prepas. (2003) Effects of experimentally induced cyanobacterial blooms on crustacean zooplankton communities. Freshwater Biology 48:2, 363-381
CrossRef180
Ian R. Falconer. 2003. Cyanobacteria-Toxins in Drinking Water. .
CrossRef181
Zakaria A. Mohamed, Wayne W. Carmichael, Ahmed A. Hussein. (2003) Estimation of microcystins in the freshwater fishOreochromis niloticus in an Egyptian fish farm containing aMicrocystis bloom. Environmental Toxicology 18:2, 137-141
CrossRef182
Ivanka Teneva, Dafinka Asparuhova, Balik Dzhambazov, Rumen Mladenov, Kristin Schirmer. (2003) The freshwater cyanobacteriumLyngbya aerugineo-coerulea produces compounds toxic to mice and to mammalian and fish cells. Environmental Toxicology 18:1, 9-20
CrossRef183
Bojana Žegura, Bojan Sedmak, Metka Filipič. (2003) Microcystin-LR induces oxidative DNA damage in human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Toxicon 41:1, 41-48
CrossRef184
M. L
rling. (2003) Effects of microcystin-free and microcystin-containing strains of the cyanobacteriumMicrocystis aeruginosa on growth of the grazerDaphnia magna. Environmental Toxicology 18:3, 202-210
CrossRef185
Sandra M.F.O Azevedo, Wayne W Carmichael, Elise M Jochimsen, Kenneth L Rinehart, Sharon Lau, Glen R Shaw, Geoff K Eaglesham. (2002) Human intoxication by microcystins during renal dialysis treatment in Caruaru—Brazil. Toxicology 181-182, 441-446
CrossRef186
SK ACHARYA, Y BATRA, S HAZARI, V CHOUDHURY, SK PANDA, S DATTAGUPTA. (2002) Etiopathogenesis of acute hepatic failure: Eastern versus Western countries. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 17:s3, S268-S273
CrossRef187
N Bouaı̈cha, I Maatouk, G Vincent, Y Levi. (2002) A colorimetric and fluorometric microplate assay for the detection of microcystin-LR in drinking water without preconcentration. Food and Chemical Toxicology 40:11, 1677-1683
CrossRef188
Stefan J. Hoeger, Daniel R. Dietrich, Bettina C. Hitzfeld. (2002) Effect of Ozonation on the Removal of Cyanobacterial Toxins during Drinking Water Treatment. Environmental Health Perspectives 110:11, 1127-1132
CrossRef189
Aloysio da S. Ferrão-Filho, Betina Kozlowsky-Suzuki, Sandra M.F.O. Azevedo. (2002) Accumulation of microcystins by a tropical zooplankton community. Aquatic Toxicology 59:3-4, 201-208
CrossRef190
Fumio Kondo, Yuko Ito, Hisao Oka, Seiji Yamada, Kiyomi Tsuji, Minoru Imokawa, Yasumasa Niimi, Ken-ichi Harada, Yoshio Ueno, Yutaka Miyazaki. (2002) Determination of microcystins in lake water using reusable immunoaffinity column. Toxicon 40:7, 893-899
CrossRef191
Emiko Ito, Akira Takai, Fumio Kondo, Hiroaki Masui, Susumu Imanishi, Ken-ichi Harada. (2002) Comparison of protein phosphatase inhibitory activity and apparent toxicity of microcystins and related compounds. Toxicon 40:7, 1017-1025
CrossRef192
Mónica Barco, Josep Rivera, Josep Caixach. (2002) Analysis of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in water samples by microbore reversed-phase liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 959:1-2, 103-111
CrossRef193
Lorraine C. Backer. (2002) Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (CyanoHABs): Developing a Public Health Response. Lake and Reservoir Management 18:1, 20-31
CrossRef194
B. Oudra, M. Loudiki, B. Sbyyaa, B. Sabour, R. Martins, A. Amori, V. Vasconcelos. (2002) Detection and variation of microcystin contents of Microcystis blooms in eutrophic Lalla Takerkoust Lake, Morocco. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management 7:1, 35-44
CrossRef195
M. Prati, M. Molteni, F. Pomati, C. Rossetti, G. Bernardini. (2002) Biological effect of the Planktothrix sp. FP1 cyanobacterial extract. Toxicon 40:3, 267-272
CrossRef196
Wen-Xing Ding, Han-Ming Shen, Choon-Nam Ong. (2002) Calpain Activation after Mitochondrial Permeability Transition in Microcystin-Induced Cell Death in Rat Hepatocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 291:2, 321-331
CrossRef197
Kazunori Saito, Hiroshi Ishii, Fumiko Nishida, Hiroshi Saito, Toshihiko Abe, Yoshimasa Toyota. (2002) Purification of microcystins by DEAE and C18 cartridge chromatography. Toxicon 40:1, 97-101
CrossRef198
Brahim Sabour, Mohammed Loudiki, Brahim Oudra, Vitor Vasconcelos, Rosario Martins, Said Oubraim, Brahim Fawzi. (2002) Toxicology of aMicrocystis ichthyoblabe waterbloom from Lake Oued Mellah (Morocco). Environmental Toxicology 17:1, 24-31
CrossRef199
N. Chernoff, E. S. Hunter, L. L. Hall, M. B. Rosen, C. F. Brownie, D. Malarkey, M. Marr, J. Herkovits. (2002) Lack of teratogenicity of microcystin-LR in the mouse and toad. Journal of Applied Toxicology 22:1, 13-17
CrossRef200
Renhui Li, Wayne W. Carmichael, Scott Brittain, Geoffrey K. Eaglesham, Glen R. Shaw, Yongding Liu, Makoto M. Watanabe. (2001) FIRST REPORT OF THE CYANOTOXINS CYLINDROSPERMOPSIN AND DEOXYCYLINDROSPERMOPSIN FROM RAPHIDIOPSIS CURVATA (CYANOBACTERIA). Journal of Phycology 37:6, 1121-1126
CrossRef201
Philip T Orr, Gary J Jones, Robert A Hunter, Kerry Berger, Denise A De Paoli, Cheryl L.A Orr. (2001) Ingestion of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa by dairy cattle and the implications for microcystin contamination of milk. Toxicon 39:12, 1847-1854
CrossRef202
Wen-Xing Ding, Han-Ming Shen, Choon-Nam Ong. (2001) CRITICAL ROLE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES FORMATION IN MICROCYSTIN-INDUCED CYTOSKELETON DISRUPTION IN PRIMARY CULTURED HEPATOCYTES. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 64:6, 507-519
CrossRef203
Melanie Kaebernick, Thomas Rohrlack, Kirsten Christoffersen, Brett A. Neilan. (2001) A spontaneous mutant of microcystin biosynthesis: genetic characterization and effect on Daphnia. Environmental Microbiology 3:11, 669-679
CrossRef204
Ch. Hummert, J. Dahlmann, K. Reinhardt, H. Ph. H. Dang, D. K. Dang, B. Luckas. (2001) Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identification of microcystins inMicrocystis aeruginosa strain from lake Thanh Cong, Hanoi, Vietnam. Chromatographia 54:9-10, 569-575
CrossRef205
Piotr Gajdek, Zbigniew Lechowski, Tadeusz Bochnia, Mariusz Kępczyński. (2001) Decomposition of microcystin-LR by Fenton oxidation. Toxicon 39:10, 1575-1578
CrossRef206
Zakaria A. Mohamed. (2001) Accumulation of Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins by Daphnia in Some Egyptian Irrigation Canals. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 50:1, 4-8
CrossRef207
J. Pietsch, S. Fichtner, L. Imhof, W. Schmidt, H. -J. Brauch. (2001) Simultaneous determination of cyanobacterial hepato-and neurotoxins in water samples by ion-pair supported enrichment and HPLC-ESI-MS-MS. Chromatographia 54:5-6, 339-344
CrossRef208
B. Oudra, M. Loudiki, B. Sbiyyaa, R. Martins, V. Vasconcelos, N. Namikoshi. (2001) Isolation, characterization and quantification of microcystins (heptapeptides hepatotoxins) in Microcystis aeruginosa dominated bloom of Lalla Takerkoust lake–reservoir (Morocco). Toxicon 39:9, 1375-1381
CrossRef209
Wen-Xing Ding, Han-Ming Shen, Choon-Nam Ong. (2001) Pivotal Role of Mitochondrial Ca2+ in Microcystin-Induced Mitochondrial Permeability Transition in Rat Hepatocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 285:5, 1155-1161
CrossRef210
R. Li, W.W. Carmichael, S. Brittain, G.K. Eaglesham, G.R. Shaw, A. Mahakhant, N. Noparatnaraporn, W. Yongmanitchai, K. Kaya, M.M. Watanabe. (2001) Isolation and identification of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin and deoxy-cylindrospermopsin from a Thailand strain of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria). Toxicon 39:7, 973-980
CrossRef211
Valéria Freitas de Magalhães, Raquel Moraes Soares, Sandra M.F.O. Azevedo. (2001) Microcystin contamination in fish from the Jacarepaguá Lagoon (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): ecological implication and human health risk. Toxicon 39:7, 1077-1085
CrossRef212
Wayne W. Carmichael, Sandra M.F.O. Azevedo, Ji Si An, Renato J. R. Molica, Elise M. Jochimsen, Sharon Lau, Kenneth L. Rinehart, Glen R. Shaw, Geoff K. Eaglesham. (2001) Human Fatalities from Cyanobacteria: Chemical and Biological Evidence for Cyanotoxins. Environmental Health Perspectives 109:7, 663-668
CrossRef213
H Park, M Namikoshi, S.M Brittain, W.W Carmichael, T Murphy. (2001) [d-Leu1] microcystin-LR, a new microcystin isolated from waterbloom in a Canadian prairie lake. Toxicon 39:6, 855-862
CrossRef214
Ku, Nam-On, Gish, Robert, Wright, Teresa L., Omary, M. Bishr, . (2001) Keratin 8 Mutations in Patients with Cryptogenic Liver Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 344:21, 1580-1587
Full Text215
Kiyomi Tsuji, Hiroaki Masui, Hitoshi Uemura, Yasuaki Mori, Ken-ichi Harada. (2001) Analysis of microcystins in sediments using MMPB method. Toxicon 39:5, 687-692
CrossRef216
Kenrick Berend, Gijsbert Van Der Voet, Walther H. Boer. (2001) Acute aluminum encephalopathy in a dialysis center caused by a cement mortar water distribution pipe. Kidney International 59:2, 746-753
CrossRef217
Grethe Berven, Frank Sætre, Kathrine Halvorsen, Per O Seglen. (2001) Effects of the diarrhetic shellfish toxin, okadaic acid, on cytoskeletal elements, viability and functionality of rat liver and intestinal cells. Toxicon 39:2-3, 349-362
CrossRef218
Emiko Ito, Fumio Kondo, Ken-Ichi Harada. (2001) Intratracheal administration of microcystin-LR, and its distribution. Toxicon 39:2-3, 265-271
CrossRef219
Ho-Dong Park, Youhei Sasaki, Tomoko Maruyama, Eiji Yanagisawa, Akira Hiraishi, Kenji Kato. (2001) Degradation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin by a new bacterium isolated from a hypertrophic lake. Environmental Toxicology 16:4, 337-343
CrossRef220
Toshinori Yoshida, Makio Takeda, Tomoaki Tsutsumi, Satoshi Nagata, Fuyuko Yoshida, Keizo Maita, Takanori Harada, Yoshio Ueno. (2001) Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Expression and Kupffer Cell Activation in Hepatotoxicity Caused by Microcystin-LR in Mice. Journal of Toxicologic Pathology 14:4, 259
CrossRef221
Toshinori Yoshida, Tomoaki Tsutsumi, Satoshi Nagata, Fuyuko Yoshida, Keizo Maita, Takanori Harada, Yoshio Ueno. (2001) Quantitative Analysis of Intralobular Distribution of Microcystin-LR in the Mouse Liver.. Journal of Toxicologic Pathology 14:3, 205-212
CrossRef222
Fumio KONDO. (2001) Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 42:5, 289-297
CrossRef223
Ken-ichi Harada, Tsuyoshi Mayumi, Takayuki Shimada, Kiyonaga Fujii, Fumio Kondo, Ho-dong Park, Mariyo F. Watanabe. (2001) Co-production of microcystins and aeruginopeptins by natural cyanobacterial bloom. Environmental Toxicology 16:4, 298-305
CrossRef224
S. Brittain, Z.A. Mohamed, J. Wang, V.K.B. Lehmann, W.W. Carmichael, K.L. Rinehart. (2000) Isolation and characterization of microcystins from a River Nile strain of Oscillatoria tenuis Agardh ex Gomont. Toxicon 38:12, 1759-1771
CrossRef225
Geoffrey A Codd. (2000) Cyanobacterial toxins, the perception of water quality, and the prioritisation of eutrophication control. Ecological Engineering 16:1, 51-60
CrossRef226
Daniel Tillett, Elke Dittmann, Marcel Erhard, Hans von Döhren, Thomas Börner, Brett A Neilan. (2000) Structural organization of microcystin biosynthesis in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806: an integrated peptide–polyketide synthetase system. Chemistry & Biology 7:10, 753-764
CrossRef227
J.S. Metcalf, P. Hyenstrand, K.A. Beattie, G.A. Codd. (2000) Effects of physicochemical variables and cyanobacterial extracts on the immunoassay of microcystin-LR by two ELISA kits. Journal of Applied Microbiology 89:3, 532-538
CrossRef228
P Senogles, G Shaw, M Smith, R Norris, R Chiswell, J Mueller, R Sadler, G Eaglesham. (2000) Degradation of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin, from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, by chlorination. Toxicon 38:9, 1203-1213
CrossRef229
Barbara Ells, Kenneth Froese, Steve E. Hrudey, Randy W. Purves, Roger Guevremont, David A. Barnett. (2000) Detection of microcystins using electrospray ionization high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 14:16, 1538-1542
CrossRef230
Michael J. Flanigan. (2000) Role of sodium in hemodialysis. Kidney International 58:Suppl. 76, 72-78
CrossRef231
James S. Metcalf, Kenneth A. Beattie, Stephan Pflugmacher, Geoffrey A. Codd. (2000) Immuno-crossreactivity and toxicity assessment of conjugation products of the cyanobacterial toxin, microcystin-LR. FEMS Microbiology Letters 189:2, 155-158
CrossRef232
T Tsutsumi, S Nagata, A Hasegawa, Y Ueno. (2000) Immunoaffinity column as clean-up tool for determination of trace amounts of microcystins in tap water. Food and Chemical Toxicology 38:7, 593-597
CrossRef233
Fumio Kondo, Hiroshi Matsumoto, Seiji Yamada, Kiyomi Tsuji, Yoshio Ueno, Ken-ichi Harada. (2000) Immunoaffinity purification method for detection and quantification of microcystins in lake water. Toxicon 38:6, 813-823
CrossRef234
Wen-Xing Ding, Han-Ming Shen, Choon-Nam Ong. (2000) Microcystic Cyanobacteria Extract Induces Cytoskeletal Disruption and Intracellular Glutathione Alteration in Hepatocytes. Environmental Health Perspectives 108:7, 605-609
CrossRef235
George Ostapowicz, William M Lee. (2000) Acute hepatic failure: A Western perspective. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 15:5, 480-488
CrossRef236
John F. Dawson, Hue Anh Luu, John R. Bagu, Charles F.B. Holmes. (2000) Mutation of the Toxin Binding Site of PP-1c: Comparison with PP-2B. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 270:2, 543-549
CrossRef237
Virginia R. Roth, William R. Jarvis. (2000) Outbreaks of Infection and/or Pyrogenic Reactions in Dialysis Patients. Seminars in Dialysis 13:2, 92-96
CrossRef238
Matthew J. Arduino. (2000) CDC Investigations of Noninfectious Outbreaks of Adverse Events in Hemodialysis Facilities, 1979-1999. Seminars in Dialysis 13:2, 86-91
CrossRef239
James S. Metcalf, Geoffrey A. Codd. (2000) Microwave oven and boiling waterbath extraction of hepatotoxins from cyanobacterial cells. FEMS Microbiology Letters 184:2, 241-246
CrossRef240
Martin S. Favero. (2000) Role of the CDC in Hemodialysis: An Historical Perspective. Seminars in Dialysis 13:2, 64-67
CrossRef241
Robert J. Morris, David E. Williams, Hue A. Luu, Charles F.B. Holmes, Raymond J. Andersen, Stephen E. Calvert. (2000) The adsorption of microcystin-LR by natural clay particles. Toxicon 38:2, 303-308
CrossRef242
Emiko Ito, Fumio Kondo, Ken-Ichi Harada. (2000) First report on the distribution of orally administered microcystin-LR in mouse tissue using an immunostaining method. Toxicon 38:1, 37-48
CrossRef243
Hermann Fromme, Antje K
CrossRef244
Jean M Jacoby, Diane C Collier, Eugene B Welch, F Joan Hardy, Michele Crayton. (2000) Environmental factors associated with a toxic bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57:1, 231-240
CrossRef245
C. Hummert, M. Reichelt, C. Legrand, E. Graneli, B. Luckas. (1999) Rapid clean-up and effective sample preparation procedure for unambiguous determination of the cyclic peptides microcystin and nodularin. Chromatographia 50:3-4, 173-180
CrossRef246
Geoffrey A Codd, James S Metcalf, Kenneth A Beattie. (1999) Retention of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin by salad lettuce (Lactuca sativa) after spray irrigation with water containing cyanobacteria. Toxicon 37:8, 1181-1185
CrossRef247
D.M Toivola, J.E Eriksson. (1999) Toxins Affecting Cell Signalling and Alteration of Cytoskeletal Structure. Toxicology in Vitro 13:4-5, 521-530
CrossRef248
Chesley L. Richards, William R. Jarvis. (1999) Lessons from recent nosocomial epidemics. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 12:4, 327-334
CrossRef249
Álvaro Amorim, Vı́tor Vasconcelos. (1999) Dynamics of microcystins in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Toxicon 37:7, 1041-1052
CrossRef250
Lilia P Manangan, Lennox K Archibald, Michele L Pearson, Rosemary E Duffy, Denise O Garrett, Juan A Alonso-Echanove, Herve M Richet, Farah M Parvez, William R Jarvis. (1999) Selected global health care activities of the Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. American Journal of Infection Control 27:3, 270-274
CrossRef251
Elisa Yoko Hirooka, Maria Helena Pimenta Pinotti, Tomoaki Tsutsumi, Fuyuko Yoshida, Yoshio Ueno. (1999) Survey of Microcystins in water between 1995 and 1996 in Paraná, Brazil using ELISA. Natural Toxins 7:3, 103-109
CrossRef252
Victoriano Campos, Sergio Cantarero, Homero Urrutia, Rita Heinze, Birgit Wirsing, Uwe Neumann, Jürgen Weckesser. (1999) Microcystin in Cyanobacterial Blooms in a Chilean Lake. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 22:2, 169-173
CrossRef253
A. Obaid Shakil, George V. Mazariegos, David J. Kramer. (1999) FULMINANT HEPATIC FAILURE. Surgical Clinics of North America 79:1, 77-108
CrossRef254
Ian R. Falconer. (1999) An Overview of problems caused by toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in drinking and recreational water. Environmental Toxicology 14:1, 5-12
CrossRef255
D. James Fitzgerald, David A. Cunliffe, Michael D. Burch. (1999) Development of health alerts for cyanobacteria and related toxins in drinking water in South Australia. Environmental Toxicology 14:1, 203-209
CrossRef256
Richard A. Sherman. (1998) Briefly Noted. Seminars in Dialysis 11:5, 324-325
CrossRef257
Shideh Pouria, A de Andrade, J Barbosa, RL Cavalcanti, VTS Barreto, CJ Ward, W Preiser, Grace K Poon, GH Neild, GA Codd. (1998) Fatal microcystin intoxication in haemodialysis unit in Caruaru, Brazil. The Lancet 352:9121, 21-26
CrossRef
